The Ainu are the indigenous inhabitants of the Japanese islands. Ainu - the indigenous inhabitants of the Japanese islands photo

Initially, the Ainu lived on the islands of Japan (then called Ainumoshiri - land of the Ainu), until they were pushed north by the proto-Japanese. But the ancestral lands of the Ainu are on the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and Honshu. The Ainu came to Sakhalin in the 13th-14th centuries, “finishing” their settlement in the beginning. XIX century.

Traces of their appearance were also found in Kamchatka, Primorye and Khabarovsk Territory. Many toponymic names of the Sakhalin region have Ainu names: Sakhalin (from “SAKHAREN MOSIRI” - “wave-shaped land”); the islands of Kunashir, Simushir, Shikotan, Shiashkotan (the endings “shir” and “kotan” mean “plot of land” and “settlement”, respectively). It took the Japanese more than 2 thousand years to occupy the entire archipelago up to and including Hokkaido (then called “Ezo”) (the earliest evidence of skirmishes with the Ainu dates back to 660 BC). Subsequently, almost all of the Ainu degenerated or assimilated with the Japanese and Nivkhs.

Currently, there are only a few reservations on Hokkaido where Ainu families live. The Ainu are perhaps the most mysterious people in the Far East. The first Russian navigators who studied Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were surprised to note the Caucasoid facial features, thick hair and beards unusual for the Mongoloids. Russian decrees of 1779, 1786 and 1799 indicate that the inhabitants of the southern Kuril Islands - the Ainu - had been Russian subjects since 1768 (in 1779 they were exempt from paying tribute - yasak) to the treasury, and the southern Kuril Islands were considered Russia as its own territory. The fact of the Russian citizenship of the Kuril Ainu and the Russian ownership of the entire Kuril ridge is also confirmed by the Instruction of the Irkutsk Governor A.I. Bril to the chief commander of Kamchatka M.K. Bem in 1775, and the “yasash table” - the chronology of the collection in the 18th century. c Ainu - inhabitants of the Kuril Islands, including the southern ones (including the island of Matmai-Hokkaido), the mentioned tribute-yasaka. Iturup means “the best place”, Kunashir - Simushir means “a piece of land - a black island”, Shikotan - Shiashkotan (the ending words “shir” and “kotan” mean “a piece of land” and “settlement”, respectively).

With their good nature, honesty and modesty, the Ainu made the best impression on Krusenstern. When they were given gifts for the fish they delivered, they took them in their hands, admired them and then returned them. It was with difficulty that the Ainu managed to convince them that this was being given to them as property. In relation to the Ainu, Catherine the Second prescribed to be kind to the Ainu and not to tax them, in order to alleviate the situation of the new Russian sub-South Kuril Ainu. Decree of Catherine II to the Senate on the exemption from taxes of the Ainu - the population of the Kuril Islands who accepted Russian citizenship in 1779. Eya I.V. commands that the shaggy Kurilians - the Ainu, brought into citizenship on the distant islands - should be left free and no tax should be demanded from them, and henceforth the peoples living there should not be forced to do so, but try to continue what has already been done with them by friendly treatment and affection for the expected benefit in trades and trade acquaintance. The first cartographic description of the Kuril Islands, including their southern part, was made in 1711-1713. according to the results of the expedition of I. Kozyrevsky, who collected information about most of the Kuril Islands, including Iturup, Kunashir and even the “Twenty-Second” Kuril Island MATMAI (Matsmai), which later became known as Hokkaido. It was precisely established that the Kuril Islands were not subordinate to any foreign state. In the report of I. Kozyrevsky in 1713. it was noted that the South Kuril Ainu “live autocratically and are not subject to citizenship and trade freely.” It should be especially noted that Russian explorers, in accordance with the policy of the Russian state, discovering new lands inhabited by the Ainu, immediately announced the inclusion of these lands in Russia, began to study and economic development, carried out missionary activities, and imposed tribute (yasak) on the local population. During the 18th century, all the Kuril Islands, including their southern part, became part of Russia. This is confirmed by the statement made by the head of the Russian embassy N. Rezanov during negotiations with the commissioner of the Japanese government K. Toyama in 1805 that “north of Matsmaya (Hokkaido) all lands and waters belong to the Russian emperor and that the Japanese did not extend their possessions further." The 18th-century Japanese mathematician and astronomer Honda Toshiaki wrote that “... the Ainu look at the Russians as their own fathers,” since “true possessions are won by virtuous deeds. Countries forced to submit to force of arms remain, at heart, unconquered.”

By the end of the 80s. In the 18th century, enough evidence of Russian activity in the Kuril Islands was accumulated so that, in accordance with the norms of international law of that time, the entire archipelago, including its southern islands, belonged to Russia, which was recorded in Russian state documents. First of all, we should mention the imperial decrees (recall that at that time the imperial or royal decree had the force of law) of 1779, 1786 and 1799, which confirmed the Russian citizenship of the South Kuril Ainu (then called the “shaggy Kurilians”), and the islands themselves were declared possession Russia. In 1945, the Japanese evicted all the Ainu from occupied Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands to Hokkaido, while for some reason they left on Sakhalin a labor army of Koreans brought by the Japanese and the USSR had to accept them as stateless persons, then the Koreans moved to Central Asia. A little later, ethnographers wondered for a long time where in these harsh lands the people wearing the open (southern) type of clothing came from, and linguists discovered Latin, Slavic, Anglo-Germanic and even Indo-Aryan roots in the Ainu language. The Ainu were classified as Indo-Aryans, Australoids, and even Caucasians. In a word, the riddles became more and more, and the answers brought more and more new problems. The Ainu population consisted of socially stratified groups (“utar”), headed by families of leaders by the right of inheritance of power (it should be noted that the Ainu clan went through the female line, although the man was naturally considered the head of the family). "Uthar" was built on the basis of fictitious kinship and had a military organization. The ruling families, who called themselves “utarpa” (head of the Utar) or “nishpa” (leader), represented a layer of the military elite. Men of “high birth” were destined for military service from birth; high-born women spent their time doing embroidery and shamanic rituals (“tusu”).

The chief's family had a dwelling within a fortification ("chasi"), surrounded by an earthen mound (also called a "chasi"), usually under the cover of a mountain or rock jutting out over a terrace. The number of embankments often reached five or six, which alternated with ditches. Together with the leader's family, there were usually servants and slaves (“ushu”) inside the fortification. The Ainu did not have any centralized power. The Ainu preferred the bow as a weapon. No wonder they were called “people with arrows sticking out of their hair” because they carried quivers (and swords, by the way, too) on their backs. The bow was made from elm, beech or euonymus (a tall shrub, up to 2.5 m high with very strong wood) with whalebone guards. The bowstring was made from nettle fibers. The plumage of the arrows consisted of three eagle feathers. A few words about combat tips. Both "regular" armor-piercing and spiked arrowheads were used in combat (possibly to better cut through armor or to get an arrow stuck in a wound). There were also tips of an unusual, Z-shaped cross-section, which were most likely borrowed from the Manchus or Jurgens (information has been preserved that in the Middle Ages the Sakhalin Ainu fought back a large army that came from the mainland). Arrowheads were made of metal (early ones were made of obsidian and bone) and then coated with aconite poison “suruku”. The root of aconite was crushed, soaked and placed in a warm place to ferment. A stick with poison was applied to the spider's leg; if the leg fell off, the poison was ready. Due to the fact that this poison decomposed quickly, it was widely used in hunting large animals. The arrow shaft was made of larch.

The Ainu swords were short, 45-50 cm long, slightly curved, with one-sided sharpening and a one-and-a-half-handed handle. The Ainu warrior - dzhangin - fought with two swords, not recognizing shields. The guards of all swords were removable and were often used as decoration. There is evidence that some guards were specially polished to a mirror shine to repel evil spirits. In addition to swords, the Ainu carried two long knives (“cheyki-makiri” and “sa-makiri”), which were worn on the right hip. Cheiki-makiri was a ritual knife for making sacred shavings "inau" and performing the ritual "pere" or "erytokpa" - ritual suicide, which was later adopted by the Japanese, calling it "harakiri" or "seppuku" (as, by the way, the cult of the sword, special shelves for sword, spear, bow). Ainu swords were put on public display only during the Bear Festival. An old legend says: Long ago, after this country was created by God, there lived an old Japanese man and an old Ain. The Ainu grandfather was ordered to make a sword, and the Japanese grandfather: money (it is further explained why the Ainu had a cult of swords, and the Japanese had a thirst for money. The Ainu condemned their neighbors for money-grubbing). They treated spears rather coolly, although they exchanged them with the Japanese.

Another detail of the Ainu warrior’s weapons were battle mallets - small rollers with a handle and a hole at the end, made of hard wood. The sides of the beaters were equipped with metal, obsidian or stone spikes. The beaters were used both as a flail and as a sling - a leather belt was threaded through the hole. A well-aimed blow from such a mallet killed immediately, or at best (for the victim, of course) disfigured him forever. The Ainu did not wear helmets. They had natural long thick hair that was matted together, forming something like a natural helmet. Now let's move on to the armor. Sundress-type armor was made from bearded seal leather (“sea hare” - a type of large seal). In appearance, such armor (see photo) may seem bulky, but in reality it practically does not restrict movement, allowing you to bend and squat freely. Thanks to numerous segments, four layers of skin were obtained, which with equal success repelled the blows of swords and arrows. The red circles on the chest of the armor symbolize the three worlds (upper, middle and lower worlds), as well as shamanic “toli” disks, which scare away evil spirits and generally have magical significance. Similar circles are also depicted on the back. Such armor is fastened at the front using numerous ties. There was also short armor, like sweatshirts with planks or metal plates sewn on them. Very little is currently known about the martial art of the Ainu. It is known that the proto-Japanese adopted almost everything from them. Why not assume that some elements of martial arts were also not adopted?

Only such a duel has survived to this day. The opponents, holding each other by the left hand, struck with clubs (the Ainu specially trained their backs to pass this test of endurance). Sometimes these clubs were replaced with knives, and sometimes they fought simply with their hands until the opponents lost their breath. Despite the cruelty of the fight, no cases of injury were observed. In fact, the Ainu fought not only with the Japanese. Sakhalin, for example, they conquered from the “Tonzi” - a short people, truly the indigenous population of Sakhalin. From “tonzi”, Ainu women adopted the habit of tattooing their lips and the skin around their lips (the result was a kind of half-smile - half-mustache), as well as the names of some (very good quality) swords - “toncini”. It is curious that the Ainu warriors - Dzhangins - were noted as very warlike; they were incapable of lying. Information about the signs of ownership of the Ainu is also interesting - they put special signs on arrows, weapons, and dishes, passed down from generation to generation, so as not to confuse, for example, whose arrow hit the beast, or who owns this or that thing. There are more than one hundred and fifty such signs, and their meanings have not yet been deciphered. Rock inscriptions were discovered near Otaru (Hokkaido) and on the island of Urup.

It remains to add that the Japanese were afraid of open battle with the Ainu and conquered them by cunning. An ancient Japanese song said that one “emishi” (barbarian, ain) is worth a hundred people. There was a belief that they could create fog. Over the years, the Ainu repeatedly rebelled against the Japanese (in Ainu “chizhem”), but lost each time. The Japanese invited the leaders to their place to conclude a truce. Piously honoring the customs of hospitality, the Ainu, trusting like children, did not think anything bad. They were killed during the feast. As a rule, the Japanese were unsuccessful in other ways to suppress the uprising.

“The Ainu are a meek, modest, good-natured, trusting, sociable, polite people who respect property; brave on the hunt

and... even intelligent.” (A.P. Chekhov - Sakhalin Island)

From the 8th century The Japanese did not stop slaughtering the Ainu, who fled from extermination to the north - to Hokkaido - Matmai, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Unlike the Japanese, the Russian Cossacks did not kill them. After several skirmishes, normal friendly relations were established between the similar-looking blue-eyed and bearded aliens on both sides. And although the Ainu flatly refused to pay the yasak tax, no one killed them for it, unlike the Japanese. However, 1945 became a turning point for the fate of this people. Today only 12 of its representatives live in Russia, but there are many “mestizo” from mixed marriages. The destruction of the “bearded people” - the Ainu in Japan stopped only after the fall of militarism in 1945. However, cultural genocide continues to this day.

It is significant that no one knows the exact number of Ainu on the Japanese islands. The fact is that in “tolerant” Japan there is often still a rather arrogant attitude towards representatives of other nationalities. And the Ainu were no exception: their exact number is impossible to determine, since according to Japanese censuses they are not listed either as a people or as a national minority. According to scientists, the total number of Ainu and their descendants does not exceed 16 thousand people, of which no more than 300 are purebred representatives of the Ainu people, the rest are “mestizo”. In addition, the Ainu are often left with the least prestigious jobs. And the Japanese are actively pursuing a policy of assimilation and there is no talk of any “cultural autonomy” for them. People from mainland Asia came to Japan around the same time that people first reached America. The first settlers of the Japanese islands - YOMON (ancestors of the AIN) reached Japan twelve thousand years ago, and YOUI (ancestors of the Japanese) came from Korea in the last two and a half millennia.

Work has been done in Japan that gives hope that genetics can resolve the question of who the ancestors of the Japanese are. Along with the Japanese living on the central islands of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, anthropologists distinguish two other modern ethnic groups: the Ainu from the island of Hokkaido in the north and the Ryukyu people living mainly on the southernmost island of Kinawa. One theory is that these two groups, the Ainu and Ryukyuan, are descendants of the original Yomon settlers who once occupied all of Japan and were later driven from the central islands north to Hokkaido and south to Okinawa by the Youi newcomers from Korea. Mitochondrial DNA research conducted in Japan only partially supports this hypothesis: it showed that modern Japanese from the central islands have much in common genetically with modern Koreans, with whom they share much more of the same and similar mitochondrial types than with the Ainu and Ryukuyans. However, it is also shown that there are practically no similarities between the Ainu and Ryukyu people. Age assessments have shown that both of these ethnic groups have accumulated certain mutations over the past twelve thousand years - suggesting that they are indeed descendants of the original Yeomon people, but also proving that the two groups have not had contact with each other since then.

There is one ancient People on earth that we have simply ignored for more than one century, and more than once was subjected to persecution and genocide in Japan due to the fact that with its existence it simply breaks the established official false history of both Japan and Russia.

Now, there is reason to believe that not only in Japan, but also on the territory of Russia there is a part of this ancient indigenous people. According to preliminary data from the latest population census, held in October 2010, there are more than 100 Ainov in our country. The fact itself is unusual, because until recently it was believed that the Ainu live only in Japan. They guessed about this, but on the eve of the population census, employees of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences noticed that, despite the absence of Russian peoples in the official list, some of our fellow citizens stubbornly continue to consider themselves Ain and have good reason for this.

As research has shown, the Ainu, or KAMCHADAL SMOKIANS, did not disappear anywhere, they just did not want to recognize them for many years. But Stepan Krasheninnikov, a researcher of Siberia and Kamchatka (XVIII century), described them as Kamchadal Kurils. The name "Ainu" itself comes from their word for "man", or "worthy man", and is associated with military operations. And as one of the representatives of this nation claims in a conversation with the famous journalist M. Dolgikh, the Ainu fought with the Japanese for 650 years. It turns out that this is the only people remaining to this day who, from ancient times, restrained the occupation, resisted the aggressor - now the Japanese, who were, in fact, Koreans with perhaps a certain percentage of the Chinese population, who moved to the islands and formed another state.

It has been scientifically established that the Ainu already inhabited the north of the Japanese archipelago, the Kuril Islands and part of Sakhalin and, according to some data, part of Kamchatka and even the lower reaches of the Amur about 7 thousand years ago. The Japanese who came from the south gradually assimilated and pushed the Ainu to the north of the archipelago - to Hokkaido and the southern Kuril Islands.

The largest concentrations of Ainu families are now located in Hokaido.
According to experts, in Japan the Ainu were considered “barbarians”, “savages” and social outcasts. The hieroglyph used to designate the Ainu means “barbarian”, “savage”, now the Japanese also call them “hairy Ainu”, for which the Japanese do not like the Ainu.

And here the Japanese policy against the Ainu is very clearly visible, since the Ainu lived on the islands even before the Japanese and had a culture many times, or even orders of magnitude, higher than that of the ancient Mongoloid settlers.
But the topic of the Ainu’s hostility towards the Japanese probably exists not only because of the ridiculous nicknames addressed to them, but also probably because the Ainu, let me remind you, were subjected to genocide and persecution by the Japanese for centuries.

At the end of the 19th century. About one and a half thousand Ainu lived in Russia. After World War II, they were partly evicted, partly they left along with the Japanese population, others remained, returning, so to speak, from their difficult and centuries-long service. This part mixed with the Russian population of the Far East.

In appearance, representatives of the Ainu people very little resemble their closest neighbors - the Japanese, Nivkhs and Itelmens.
The Ainu are the White Race.

According to the Kamchadal Kurils themselves, all the names of the islands of the southern ridge were given by the Ainu tribes who once inhabited these territories. By the way, it is wrong to think that the names of the Kuril Islands, Kuril Lake, etc. originated from hot springs or volcanic activity.
It’s just that the Kuril Islands, or Kurilians, live here, and “Kuru” in Ainsk means the People.

It should be noted that this version destroys the already flimsy basis of the Japanese claims to our Kuril Islands. Even if the name of the ridge comes from our Ainu. This was confirmed during the expedition to the island. Matua. There is Ainu Bay, where the oldest Ainu site was discovered.
Therefore, according to experts, it is very strange to say that the Ainu have never been in the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, as the Japanese are doing now, assuring everyone that the Ainu live only in Japan (after all, archeology says the opposite), so they, the Japanese, supposedly the Kuril Islands need to be given back. This is completely untrue. In Russia there are the Ainu - the indigenous White People who have the direct right to consider these islands their ancestral lands.
American anthropologist S. Lorin Brace, from Michigan State University in the journal Science Horizons, No. 65, September-October 1989. writes: “a typical Ainu is easy to distinguish from the Japanese: he has lighter skin, thicker body hair, beards, which is unusual for the Mongoloids, and a more protruding nose.”

Brace studied about 1,100 crypts of Japanese, Ainu and other ethnic groups and came to the conclusion that members of the privileged samurai class in Japan are in fact descendants of the Ainu, and not the Yayoi (Mongoloids), the ancestors of most modern Japanese.
The story of the Ainu classes is reminiscent of the story of the upper castes in India, where the highest percentage of the White man's haplogroup is R1a1.
Brace further writes: “.. this explains why the facial features of representatives of the ruling class are so often different from modern Japanese. The real Samurai - the descendants of Ainu warriors - gained such influence and prestige in medieval Japan that they intermarried with the rest of the ruling circles and introduced Ainu blood into them, while the rest of the Japanese population were mainly descendants of Yayoi.
It should also be noted that in addition to archaeological and other features, the language has been partially preserved. There is a dictionary of the Kuril language in “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” by S. Krasheninnikov.

In Hokkaido, the dialect spoken by the Ainu is called saru, but in SAKHALIN it is called reichishka.
As it is not difficult to understand, the Ainu language differs from the Japanese language in syntax, phonology, morphology and vocabulary, etc. Although there have been attempts to prove that they are related, the vast majority of modern scientists reject the assumption that the relationship between the languages ​​goes beyond contact relations, involving the mutual borrowing of words in both languages. In fact, no attempt to link the Ainu language to any other language has gained widespread acceptance.

In principle, according to the famous Russian political scientist and journalist P. Alekseev, the problem of the Kuril Islands can be solved politically and economically. To do this, it is necessary to allow the Ainu (partially evicted to Japan in 1945) to return from Japan to the land of their ancestors (including their ancestral habitat - the Amur region, Kamchatka, Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands, creating at least following the example of the Japanese (it is known that the Japanese Parliament only in 2008 did it recognize the Ainov as an independent national minority), the Russian dispersed autonomy of an “independent national minority” with the participation of the Ainov from the islands and the Ainov of Russia.

We have neither the people nor the funds for the development of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, but the Ainu do. The Ainu who migrated from Japan, according to experts, can give impetus to the economy of the Russian Far East by forming national autonomy not only in the Kuril Islands, but also within Russia and reviving their clan and traditions in the land of their ancestors.

Japan, according to P. Alekseev, will be out of business, because there the displaced Ainu will disappear, but here they can settle not only in the southern part of the Kuril Islands, but throughout their entire original range, our Far East, eliminating the emphasis on the southern Kuril Islands. Since many of the Ainu deported to Japan were our citizens, it is possible to use the Ainu as allies against the Japanese, restoring the dying Ainu language.
The Ainu were not allies of Japan and never will be, but they can become allies of Russia. But unfortunately, we still ignore this ancient People.
With our pro-Western government, which feeds Chechnya for free, which deliberately filled Russia with people of Caucasian nationality, opened unhindered entry for emigrants from China, and those who are clearly not interested in preserving the Peoples of Russia should not think that they will pay attention to the Ainu, only a CIVIL INITIATIVE will help here.

As noted by leading researcher at the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Academician K. Cherevko, Japan exploited these islands. Their law includes such a concept as “development through trade exchange.” And all the Ainu - both conquered and unconquered - were considered Japanese and were subject to their emperor. But it is known that even before that the Ainu gave taxes to Russia. True, this was irregular.
Thus, we can say with confidence that the Kuril Islands belong to the Ainu, but, one way or another, Russia must proceed from international law. According to him, i.e. According to the San Francisco Peace Treaty, Japan renounced the islands. Today there are simply no legal grounds for revising the documents signed in 1951 and other agreements. But such matters are resolved only in the interests of big politics, and I repeat that only its Brotherly people, that is, We, can help this people.

There is one ancient People on earth that has been simply ignored for more than one century, and has been persecuted more than once in Japan due to the fact that by its existence it simply breaks the established official false history of both Japan and Russia.
In order for you to better understand what the Great Border People of the Ainov, who have survived to this day, are a part of, let’s make a small digression and clarify what Rus' used to be.

As you know, Rus' used to be different from what it is now, small nations did not live separately from us, we existed together as a single people, we are Rus, Ukrainians are Little Russians and Belarusians. At least half of Europe belonged to us, there were neither the countries of Scandinavia (later the countries gained their status, but for a long time remained satellites of Rus'), nor Germany (East Prussia was conquered by the Teutonic Order in the 13th century and the Germans are not the indigenous population of East Prussia.) nor Denmark, etc. It didn’t exist then, all this was part of Rus'. Old maps speak about this, where Rus' is Tartaria, or Grande Tartarie or Mogolo, Mongolo Tartarie, Mongolo (with the emphasis) Tartary.

Here is one of Mercator's maps

Is it worth mentioning that Mercator was persecuted by the church, but this is already a topic rather about his map Septentrionalium Terrarum Descriptio. ancient land, present-day Antarctica, our forbidden past.

Here is a map from 1512, naturally Germany is already on it, but the territory of Rus' is also clearly indicated, which borders on the German conquered lands. The territory of Rus' there is designated not by Tartary as usual, but in general, together with Muscovy - Rvssiae, Rus, Rosy, Russia. The current Barents Sea was then called the Murmansk Sea

Here is a map from 1663, here the territory of Muscovy is highlighted in white, and through it there are inscriptions that stand out the most

this is Pars Europa Russia Moskovia on the white part where is today's Europe

Siberia In the red territory, also called Tartaria by the Greeks and pro-Westerners, Tartaria

Below on the green Tartaria Vagabundorum Independens, where Mongolia and Tibet were previously and still are, which were under the protectorate and protection of Rus', them from China.

Through the green and red regions of Tartaria Magna, Great Tartaria, that is, Rus'

Well, below on the right is the yellow region of Tartaria Chinensis, Sinarium, China Extra Muros, a border and trade territory also controlled by Russia.

Below is the light green region of Imperum China, China, it is easy to imagine how relatively small it was then and how much land, under Peter and the Romanov Jews in general, was given to them.

Below is the yellow area Magni Mogolis Imperium India, Indian Empire. etc.

This myth was necessary for the Jews who carried out bloody baptism in order to justify the huge number of Slavs they killed (after all, in the then Kiev region alone, nine out of twelve million people, Slavs, were destroyed, which is also proven by archaeologists, confirming the fact of a sharp reduction in the population, villages, at the time of baptism), and wash your hands with this lie before the people. Well, most of the current rednecks, marinated and zombified in advance since their school years by the state program, still believe in them and figure it out, even if they’re just in no hurry for themselves
Somewhere in the middle of this time, these centuries, while there was pro-church turmoil in Rus' and many peoples remained abandoned, some of them were the Ainu, the inhabitants of what was once our Far Eastern islands.

Now, there is reason to believe that not only in Japan, but also on the territory of Russia there is a part of this ancient indigenous people. According to preliminary data from the latest population census, held in October 2010, there are more than 100 Ainov in our country. The fact itself is unusual, because until recently it was believed that the Ainu lived only in Japan. They guessed about this, but on the eve of the population census, employees of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences noticed that, despite the absence of Russian peoples in the official list, some of our fellow citizens stubbornly continue to consider themselves Ainu and have good reason for this.

As research has shown, the Ainu, or Kamchadal Kurils, did not disappear anywhere, they simply did not want to be recognized for many years. But Stepan Krasheninnikov, a researcher of Siberia and Kamchatka (XVIII century), described them as Kamchadal Kurils. The name "Ainu" itself comes from their word for "man", or "worthy man", and is associated with military operations. And as one of the representatives of this nation claims in a conversation with the famous journalist M. Dolgikh, the Ainu fought with the Japanese for 650 years. It turns out that this is the only people remaining to this day who, from ancient times, restrained the occupation and resisted the aggressor - the Japanese, who were, in fact, Koreans who moved to the islands and formed another state.

It has been scientifically established that the Ainu about 7 thousand years ago inhabited the north of the Japanese archipelago, the Kuril Islands and part of Sakhalin and, according to some data, part of Kamchatka and even the lower reaches of the Amur. The Japanese who came from the south gradually assimilated and pushed the Ainu to the north of the archipelago - to Hokkaido and the southern Kuril Islands.

According to experts, in Japan the Ainu were considered “barbarians”, “savages” and social outcasts. The hieroglyph used to designate the Ainu means “barbarian”, “savage”, now the Japanese also call them “hairy Ainu”, for which the Japanese do not like the Ainu. At the end of the 19th century. About one and a half thousand Ainu lived in Russia. After World War II, they were partly evicted, partly they left along with the Japanese population. Some mixed with the Russian population of the Far East.

In appearance, representatives of the Ainu people very little resemble their closest neighbors - the Japanese, Nivkhs and Itelmens. The Ainu are the White Race.

According to the Kamchadal Kurils themselves, all the names of the islands of the southern ridge were given by the Ainu tribes who once inhabited these territories. By the way, it is wrong to think that the names of the Kuril Islands, Kuril Lake, etc. originated from hot springs or volcanic activity. It’s just that the Kuril Islands, or Kurilians, live here, and “Kuru” in Ainu means people. It should be noted that this version destroys the already flimsy basis of the Japanese claims to our Kuril Islands. Even if the name of the ridge comes from our Ainu. This was confirmed during the expedition to the island. Matua. There is Ainu Bay, where the oldest Ainu site was discovered. From the artifacts it became clear that from about 1600 it was the Ainu.

Therefore, according to experts, it is very strange to say that the Ainu have never been in the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, as the Japanese are doing now, assuring everyone that the Ainu live only in Japan, so they supposedly need to give the Kuril Islands. This is completely untrue. In Russia there are the Ainu - an indigenous people who also have the right to consider these islands their ancestral lands.

American anthropologist S. Lorin Brace, from Michigan State University in the journal Science Horizons, No. 65, September-October 1989. writes: “a typical Ainu is easy to distinguish from the Japanese: he has lighter skin, thicker body hair, beards, which is unusual for the Mongoloids, and a more protruding nose.”

Brace studied about 1,100 crypts of Japanese, Ainu and other Asian ethnic groups and came to the conclusion that representatives of the privileged samurai class in Japan are in fact descendants of the Ainu, and not the Yayoi (Mongoloids), the ancestors of most modern Japanese. Brace further writes: “.. this explains why the facial features of representatives of the ruling class are so often different from modern Japanese. The samurai, descendants of the Ainu, gained such influence and prestige in medieval Japan that they intermarried with the ruling circles and introduced Ainu blood into them, while the rest of the Japanese population were mainly descendants of the Yayoi."

It should also be noted that in addition to archaeological and other features, the language has been partially preserved. There is a dictionary of the Kuril language in “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” by S. Krasheninnikov. In Hokkaido, the dialect spoken by the Ainu is called saru, in Sakhalin it is called reichishka. The Ainu language differs from Japanese in syntax, phonology, morphology and vocabulary. Although there have been attempts to prove that they are related, the vast majority of modern scientists reject the assumption that the relationship between the languages ​​goes beyond contact relations, involving the mutual borrowing of words in both languages. In fact, no attempt to link the Ainu language to any other language has been widely accepted, so it is currently assumed that the Ainu language is a separate language.

In principle, according to the famous Russian political scientist and journalist P. Alekseev, the problem of the Kuril Islands can be solved politically and economically. To do this, it is necessary to allow the Ainu (who were evicted by the Soviet government to Japan in 1945) to return from Japan to the land of their ancestors (including their ancestral habitat - the Amur region, Kamchatka, Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands, creating at least following the example of the Japanese (it is known that the parliament Japan only in 2008 did the Ainu still recognize an independent national minority), Russian dispersed autonomy of an “independent national minority” with the participation of the indigenous Ainu of Russia. We have neither the people nor the means to develop Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, but the Ainu do. The Ainu who migrated from Japan, according to experts, can give impetus to the economy of the Russian Far East, precisely by forming national autonomy not only on the Kuril Islands, but also within Russia.

Japan, according to P. Alekseev, will be out of business, because there the displaced Ainu will disappear (there are negligible numbers of displaced pure Japanese), but here they can settle not only in the southern part of the Kuril Islands, but throughout their entire original range, our Far East, eliminating the emphasis on the southern Kuril Islands. Since many of the Ainu deported to Japan were our citizens, it is possible to use the Ainu as allies against the Japanese by restoring the dying Ainu language. The Ainu were not allies of Japan and never will be, but they can become allies of Russia. But unfortunately, we still ignore this ancient People. With our pro-Western government, which feeds Chechnya for free, which deliberately filled Russia with people of Caucasian nationality, opened unimpeded entry for emigrants from China, and those who are clearly not interested in preserving the Peoples of Russia should not think that they will pay attention to the Ainov, Only civil initiative will help here.

As noted by leading researcher at the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Academician K. Cherevko, Japan exploited these islands. Their law includes such a concept as “development through trade exchange.” And all the Ainu - both conquered and unconquered - were considered Japanese and were subject to their emperor. But it is known that even before that the Ainu gave taxes to Russia. True, this was irregular.

Thus, we can say with confidence that the Kuril Islands belong to the Ainu, but, one way or another, Russia must proceed from international law. According to him, i.e. According to the San Francisco Peace Treaty, Japan renounced the islands. Today there are simply no legal grounds for revising the documents signed in 1951 and other agreements. But such matters are resolved only in the interests of big politics, and I repeat that only its fraternal people, that is, we, can help this people.

"All human culture, all the achievements of art,
science and technology that we are witnessing today,
- the fruits of the creativity of the Aryans...
He [the Aryan] is the Prometheus of humanity,
from whose bright brow at all times
sparks of genius flew, igniting the fire of knowledge,
illuminating the darkness of gloomy ignorance,
what allowed a person to rise above others
creatures of the Earth."
A. Hitler

I’m moving on to the most difficult topic, in which everything is mixed up, discredited and deliberately confused - the spread of the descendants of settlers from Mars across Eurasia (and beyond).
While preparing this article in the institute, I found about 10 definitions of who the Aryans are, the Aryans, their relationship with the Slavs, etc. Each author has his own view on the question. But no one takes it broadly and deeply into millennia. The most profound thing is the self-name of the historical peoples of Ancient Iran and Ancient India, but this is only the 2nd millennium BC. Moreover, in the legends of the Iranian-Indian Aryans there are indications that they came from the north, i.e. The geography and time period are expanding.
Whenever possible, I will refer to external data and the y-chromosome R1a1, but as observations show, this is only “approximate” data. Over the millennia, the Martians (Aryans) mixed their blood with many peoples on the territory of Eurasia, and the y-chromosome R1a1 (which for some reason is considered a marker of true Aryans) appeared only 4,000 years ago (though I already saw that 10,000 years ago, but that’s still has not yet beaten 40,000 years ago, when the first Cro-Magnon man, also known as a Martian migrant, appeared).
The most faithful remain the legends of peoples and their symbols.
I’ll start with the most “lost” people - the Ainu.

Ainy ( アイヌ Ainu, lit.: “man”, “real person”) - the people, the oldest population of the Japanese islands. The Ainu once also lived on the territory of Russia in the lower reaches of the Amur River, in the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Currently, the Ainu remain mainly only in Japan. According to official figures, their number in Japan is 25,000, but according to unofficial statistics, it can reach up to 200,000 people. In Russia, according to the results of the 2010 census, 109 Ainu were recorded, of which 94 people were in the Kamchatka Territory.

A group of Ainu, photo from 1904.

The origin of the Ainu remains unclear at present. Europeans who encountered the Ainu in the 17th century were amazed by their appearance. Unlike the usual appearance of people of the Mongoloid race with yellow skin, a Mongolian fold of the eyelid, sparse facial hair, the Ainu had unusually thick hair covering their heads, wore huge beards and mustaches (holding them with special chopsticks while eating), their facial features were similar to European ones. Despite living in a temperate climate, in the summer the Ainu wore only loincloths, like the inhabitants of equatorial countries. There are many hypotheses about the origin of the Ainu, which can generally be divided into three groups:

• The Ainu are related to the Indo-Europeans of the Caucasian race - this theory was adhered to by J. Batchelor and S. Murayama.

• The Ainu are related to the Austronesians and came to the Japanese Islands from the south - this theory was put forward by L. Ya. Sternberg and it dominated Soviet ethnography. (This theory has not currently been confirmed, if only because the Ainu culture in Japan is much older than the Austronesian culture in Indonesia).

• The Ainu are related to Paleo-Asian peoples and came to the Japanese Islands from the north/from Siberia—this point of view is held mainly by Japanese anthropologists.

So far, it is known for certain that, according to basic anthropological indicators, the Ainu are very different from the Japanese, Koreans, Nivkhs, Itelmens, Polynesians, Indonesians, aborigines of Australia, the Far East and the Pacific Ocean, and are close only to the people of the Jomon era, who are the direct ancestors of the historical Ainu . In principle, there is no big mistake in equating the people of the Jomon era with the Ainu.

The Ainu appeared on the Japanese Islands about 13 thousand years ago. n. e. and created the Neolithic Jomon culture. It is not known for certain where the Ainu came to the Japanese islands, but it is known that in the Jomon era the Ainu inhabited all the Japanese islands - from Ryukyu to Hokkaido, as well as the southern half of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and the southern third of Kamchatka - as evidenced by the results of archaeological excavations and toponymic data , for example: Tsushima— Tuima— “distant”, Fuji — Huqi- "grandmother" - kamui of the hearth, Tsukuba— tu ku pa- “head of two bows” / “two-bow mountain”, Yamatai mdash; I'm mom and- “a place where the sea cuts the land” (It is very possible that the legendary state of Yamatai, which is mentioned in Chinese chronicles, was an ancient Ainu state.) Also, a lot of information about place names of Ainu origin in Honshu can be found in the institute.

Historians have discovered that The Ainu created extraordinary ceramics without a potter's wheel, decorating it with intricate rope patterns.

Here is another link to those who decorated pots with a pattern by wrapping a rope around it, although in this article they are called “laces.”

The Ainu sculpted dogu figurines, similar to a modern man in a spacesuit.

Ethnographers are also grappling with the question of where people wearing swinging (southern) type of clothing came from in these harsh lands. Their national everyday clothing is robe-dresses decorated with traditional ornaments; festive clothing is white, the material is made from nettle fibers.

Here are some beauties in traditional clothes.


And here the beauty is not only in traditional clothes, but also against the background of a traditional ornament (doesn’t it resemble our “sown field”)?

And perhaps the Ainu were also the very first farmers in the Far East, and perhaps in the world. For a reason that is completely unclear today, they left their agriculture and crafts, taking a step back in their development, and turned into simple fishermen and hunters. The legends of the Ainu people testify to countless treasures, castles and fortresses. However, travelers from Europe found representatives of this tribe living in dugouts and huts, where the floor was 30-50 cm below ground level.


No satisfactory explanation has yet been found for why the Jomon people dug their homes into the ground. The assumption that this was done with the aim of increasing the height of housing seems to us too shaky. It was possible to raise the ceiling using other techniques available at that time. (My version, please note they live in semi-dugouts).
What were the Jomon dwellings like? All of them, or almost all, have the shape of a circle or rectangle. The arrangement of the pillars supporting the roof indicates that it was conical if the base of the building was a circle, or pyramidal when the base was a quadrangle. During the excavations, no materials were found that could cover the roof, so we can only assume that branches or reeds were used for this purpose. The hearth, as a rule, was located in the house itself (only in the early period it was outside) - near the wall or in the middle. The smoke came out through smoke holes, which were made on two opposite sides of the roof.



Ainu language- also a mystery (it has Latin, Slavic, Anglo-Germanic and even Sanskrit roots). The research of Valery Kosarev is interesting in this regard. He says: "

“I don’t think that 12 thousand years ago Indo-European languages ​​already existed. Taking into account such a venerable historical period, one can only assume that the Proto-Ainu or Proto-Ainu language once stood out from the previous language array. And at the designated time it was a Nostratic community (Nostratic proto-language, Nostratic linguistic unity). If the ancestors of the Ainu separated from some Paleolithic intertribal community, migrated and then found themselves in long-term isolation on the island periphery of Asia, then this well explains the relict nature of the Ainu language, which preserved very archaic linguistic features." Then he compares Ainu words with Indo-European ones.
The structure of the Ainu language is agglutinative, with a predominance of suffixation. In the grammar, it should be noted that the designation of units is optional. or more numbers, which brings the Ainu language closer to some languages ​​of the isolating system. The Ainu language has an original counting system (in “twenties”: 90 is designated as “five twenty to ten”). Genealogical connections of the Ainu language have not been established.
For reference: Agglutinative languages(from lat. agglutinatio- gluing) - languages ​​that have a structure in which the dominant type of inflection is agglutination (“gluing”) of various formants (suffixes or prefixes), and each of them carries only one meaning. Agglutinative languages ​​- Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu, Korean, Japanese, Kartvelian, part of the Indian and some African languages. The Sumerian language (the language of the ancient Sumerians) also belonged to agglutinative languages.

According to the official version, the Ainu language was an unwritten language (literate Ainu used Japanese). At the same time, Pilsutsky wrote down the following Ainu symbols:


Here they compare Ainu runes with runes found on the territory of Rus'. Of course, I understand that crosses and curls are also crosses and curls in Africa, but nevertheless, they are very similar!

Conquest. About two thousand years BC. Other ethnic groups begin to arrive on the Japanese islands. First, migrants arrive from Southeast Asia (SEA) and Southern China. Migrants from Southeast Asia mainly speak Austronesian languages. They settle mainly on the southern islands of the Japanese archipelago and begin to practice agriculture, namely rice growing. Since rice is a very productive crop, it allows a fairly large number of people to live in a very small area. Gradually, the number of farmers increases and they begin to put pressure on the natural environment and thus threaten the natural balance, which is so important for the normal existence of the Neolithic Ainu culture. The migration of the Ainu to Sakhalin, the lower Amur, Primorye and the Kuril Islands begins. Then, at the end of the Jomon era and the beginning of the Yayoi era, several ethnic groups from Central Asia arrived on the Japanese islands. They were engaged in cattle breeding and hunting and spoke Altai languages. (These ethnic groups gave rise to the Korean and Japanese ethnic groups.) According to the Japanese anthropologist Oka Masao, the most powerful clan of those Altai migrants who settled on the Japanese islands developed into what later became known as the “Tenno clan.”

When the state of Yamato takes shape, an era of constant war begins between the state of Yamato and the Ainu. (At present, there is every reason to believe that the state of Yamato is a development of the ancient Ainu state of Yamatai.

The confrontation between the state of Yamato and the Ainu lasted almost one and a half thousand years. For a long time (from the eighth to almost the fifteenth century), the border of the Yamato state passed in the area of ​​the modern city of Sendai, and the northern part of the island of Honshu was very poorly developed by the Japanese. Militarily, the Japanese were inferior to the Ainu for a very long time. As a result of these wars, the Japanese even developed a special culture - samuraiism, which has many Ainu elements. And some of the samurai clans, by their origin, are considered Ainu. For example, the Ainu warrior had two long knives. The first was ritual - to perform a suicide ritual, which was later adopted by the Japanese, calling it “harakiri” or “seppuku”. It is also known that the Ainam helmets were replaced by thick long hair, which was tangled. The Japanese were afraid of an open battle with the Ainu and recognized that one Ainu warrior was worth a hundred Japanese. There was a belief that particularly skilled Ainu warriors could create fog in order to hide unnoticed by their enemies. However, the Japanese still managed to conquer and oust the Ainu through cunning and betrayal. But this took 2 thousand years.
Interesting fact: A village is called “kotan” in the Ainu language. Since the villages were inhabited mainly by one family (clan), the family was also called kotan.

The Ainu swords were short, slightly curved with a one-sided sharpening and sword belts made of plant fibers. Dzhangin (Ainu warrior) fought with two swords, not recognizing shields.
Swords were presented to the public only during the Bear Festival.


Those. For the Ainu, the sword had a sacred meaning, it was like a clan belonging. It is not surprising that the famous Japanese swords began to be called katana.

Ainu beliefs. In general, the Ainu can be called animists. They spiritualized almost all natural phenomena, nature as a whole, personified them, endowing each of the fictional supernatural creatures with traits the same as they possessed themselves. The world created by the religious imagination of the Ainu was complex, huge and poetic. This is the world of celestials, mountain dwellers, cultural heroes, numerous masters of the landscape. The Ainu are still very religious. The traditions of animism still dominate among them, and the Ainu pantheon consists mainly of: “kamui” - the spirits of various animals, among which the bear and killer whale occupy a special place. Ioina, culture hero, creator and teacher of the Ainu.

Unlike Japanese mythology, Ainu mythology has one supreme deity. The Supreme God is called Pase Kamuy (that is, “ creator and owner of the sky") or Kotan kara kamuy, Mosiri kara kamui, Kando kara kamui(that is " divine creator of worlds and lands and ruler of the sky"). He is considered the creator of the world and the gods; through the medium of good gods, his assistants, he takes care of people and helps them.

Ordinary deities (yayan kamuy, that is, “near and distant deities”) embody individual elements and elements of the universe; they are equal and independent of each other, although they form a certain functional hierarchy of good and evil deities (see Ainu Pantheon). Good deities are predominantly of heavenly origin.

Evil deities are usually earthly origin. The functions of the latter are clearly defined: they personify the dangers that await a person in the mountains (this is the main habitat of evil deities), and control atmospheric phenomena. Evil deities, unlike good ones, take on a certain visible appearance. Sometimes they attack good gods. For example, there is a myth about how some evil deity wanted to swallow the Sun, but Pase Kamuy saved the sun by sending a crow, which flew into the mouth of the evil god. It was believed that evil deities arose from the hoes with which Pase Kamuy created the world and then abandoned it. The evil deities are headed by the goddess of swamps and bogs Nitatunarabe. Most of the other evil deities are her descendants, and they go by the common name Toyekunra. Evil deities are more numerous than good ones, and myths about them are more widespread.

Everyone knows that Americans are not the indigenous population of the United States, just like the current population of South America.

Did you know that the Japanese are also not the indigenous population of Japan? Who then lived on these islands before them?...

Japanese are not native to Japan

Before them, the Ainu lived here, a mysterious people whose origins still have many mysteries.

The Ainu lived next to the Japanese for some time, until the latter managed to push them north.

About what the Ainu are ancient masters The Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, are evidenced by written sources and numerous names of geographical objects, the origin of which is associated with the Ainu language.

And even the symbol of Japan - the great Mount Fuji - has in its name the Ainu word “fuji”, which means “deity of the hearth”. According to scientists, the Ainu settled the Japanese islands around 13,000 years BC and formed the Neolithic Jomon culture there.

Settlement of the Ainu at the end of the 19th century

The Ainu did not engage in agriculture; they obtained food by hunting, gathering and fishing. They lived in small settlements, quite distant from each other. Therefore, their habitat was quite extensive: the Japanese islands, Sakhalin, Primorye, the Kuril Islands and the south of Kamchatka.

Around the 3rd millennium BC, Mongoloid tribes arrived on the Japanese islands, who later became ancestors of the Japanese. The new settlers brought with them the rice crop, which allowed them to feed a large population in a relatively small area.

Thus began difficult times in the life of the Ainu. They were forced to move to the north, leaving their ancestral lands to the colonialists.

But the Ainu were skilled warriors, fluent with bows and swords, and the Japanese were unable to defeat them for a long time. A very long time, almost 1500 years. The Ainu knew how to wield two swords, and on their right hip they carried two daggers. One of them (cheyki-makiri) served as a knife for committing ritual suicide - hara-kiri.

The Japanese were able to defeat the Ainu only after the invention of guns, having by this time learned a lot from them regarding the art of war. Code honor samurai, the ability to wield two swords and the mentioned hara-kiri ritual - these seemingly characteristic attributes of Japanese culture were actually borrowed from the Ainu.

Scientists are still arguing about the origin of the Ainu.

But the fact that this people is not related to other indigenous peoples of the Far East and Siberia is already a proven fact. A characteristic feature of their appearance is very thick hair and beard in men, which representatives of the Mongoloid race lack.

It has long been believed that they may have common roots with the peoples of Indonesia and the Pacific Aborigines, as they have similar facial features. But genetic studies ruled out this option as well.

And the first Russian Cossacks who arrived on Sakhalin Island even mistook the Ainu for Russians, they were so unlike the Siberian tribes, but rather resembled Europeans. The only group of people from all the analyzed variants with whom they have a genetic relationship were the people of the Jomon era, who presumably were the ancestors of the Ainu.

The Ainu language is also very different from the modern linguistic picture of the world, and a suitable place has not yet been found for it. It turns out that during their long isolation the Ainu lost contact with all other peoples of the Earth, and some researchers even distinguish them into a special Ainu race.

Ainu in Russia

The Kamchatka Ainu first came into contact with Russian merchants at the end of the 17th century. Relations with the Amur and North Kuril Ainu were established in the 18th century. The Ainu considered the Russians, who were racially different from their Japanese enemies, as friends, and by the middle of the 18th century, more than one and a half thousand Ainu accepted Russian citizenship.

Even the Japanese could not distinguish the Ainu from the Russians because of their external similarity(white skin and Australoid facial features, which are similar to Caucasoid in a number of features). Compiled under the Russian Empress Catherine II, the “Spatial Land Description of the Russian State” included Not only all the Kuril Islands, but also the island of Hokkaido became part of the Russian Empire.

The reason is that ethnic Japanese did not even populate it at that time. The indigenous population - the Ainu - were recorded as Russian subjects following the expedition of Antipin and Shabalin.

The Ainu fought with the Japanese not only in the south of Hokkaido, but also in the northern part of the island of Honshu. The Cossacks themselves explored and taxed the Kuril Islands back in the 17th century. So Russia may demand Hokkaido from the Japanese.

The fact of Russian citizenship of the inhabitants of Hokkaido was noted in a letter from Alexander I to the Japanese Emperor in 1803. Moreover, this did not cause any objections from the Japanese side, much less official protest. Hokkaido was foreign territory for Tokyo like Korea. When the first Japanese arrived on the island in 1786, they were met by Ainu with Russian names and surnames.

And what’s more, they are true Christians! Japan's first claims to Sakhalin date back to 1845. Then Emperor Nicholas I immediately gave a diplomatic rebuff. Only the weakening of Russia in subsequent decades led to the occupation of the southern part of Sakhalin by the Japanese.

It is interesting that in 1925 the Bolsheviks condemned the previous government, which gave Russian lands to Japan.

So in 1945, historical justice was only restored. The army and navy of the USSR resolved the Russian-Japanese territorial issue by force. Khrushchev signed the Joint Declaration of the USSR and Japan in 1956, Article 9 of which stated:

“The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, meeting the wishes of Japan and taking into account the interests of the Japanese state, agrees to the transfer to Japan of the islands of Habomai and the island of Shikotan, however, that the actual transfer of these islands to Japan will be made after the conclusion of the Peace Treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan” .

Khrushchev's goal was the demilitarization of Japan. He was willing to sacrifice a couple of small islands in order to remove American military bases from the Soviet Far East. Now, obviously, we are no longer talking about demilitarization. Washington clung to its “unsinkable aircraft carrier” with a death grip.

Moreover, Tokyo’s dependence on the United States even intensified after the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. Well, if this is so, then the gratuitous transfer of the islands as a “gesture of goodwill” loses its attractiveness. It is reasonable not to follow Khrushchev’s declaration, but to put forward symmetrical claims based on known historical facts. Shaking ancient scrolls and manuscripts, which is normal practice in such matters.

An insistence on giving up Hokkaido would be a cold shower for Tokyo. It would be necessary to argue at the negotiations not about Sakhalin or even about the Kuril Islands, but about our own territory at the moment.

I would have to defend myself, make excuses, prove my right. Russia would thus go from diplomatic defense to offensive. Moreover, China’s military activity, nuclear ambitions and readiness for military action by the DPRK and other security problems in the Asia-Pacific region will give another reason for Japan to sign a peace treaty with Russia.

But let's go back to the Ainu

When the Japanese first came into contact with the Russians, they called them Red Ainu(Ainu with blond hair). Only at the beginning of the 19th century did the Japanese realize that the Russians and the Ainu were two different peoples. However, to the Russians the Ainu were "hairy", "swarthy", "dark-eyed" and "dark-haired". The first Russian researchers described the Ainu looking like Russian peasants with dark skin or more like gypsies.

The Ainu sided with the Russians during the Russo-Japanese Wars of the 19th century. However, after defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, the Russians abandoned them to their fate. Hundreds of Ainu were killed and their families were forcibly transported to Hokkaido by the Japanese. As a result, the Russians failed to recapture the Ainu during World War II. Only a few Ainu representatives decided to stay in Russia after the war. More than 90% went to Japan.

Under the terms of the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1875, the Kuril Islands were ceded to Japan, along with the Ainu living there. 83 Northern Kuril Ainu arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on September 18, 1877, deciding to remain under Russian control. They refused to move to reservations on the Commander Islands, as the Russian government suggested to them. After which, from March 1881, for four months they traveled on foot to the village of Yavino, where they later settled.

Later the village of Golygino was founded. Another 9 Ainu arrived from Japan in 1884. The 1897 census indicates 57 people in Golygino (all Ainu) and 39 people in Yavino (33 Ainu and 6 Russians). Both villages were destroyed by Soviet authorities, and the residents were resettled to Zaporozhye, Ust-Bolsheretsk region. As a result, three ethnic groups assimilated with the Kamchadals.

The Northern Kuril Ainu are currently the largest Ainu subgroup in Russia. The Nakamura family (South Kuril on the paternal side) is the smallest and has only 6 people living in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. There are a few on Sakhalin who identify themselves as Ainu, but many more Ainu do not recognize themselves as such.

Most of the 888 Japanese living in Russia (2010 census) are of Ainu origin, although they do not recognize it (pure-blooded Japanese are allowed to enter Japan without a visa). The situation is similar with the Amur Ainu living in Khabarovsk. And it is believed that none of the Kamchatka Ainu are left alive.

Epilogue

In 1979, the USSR deleted the ethnonym “Ainu” from the list of “living” ethnic groups in Russia, thereby declaring that this people had become extinct on the territory of the USSR. Judging by the 2002 census, no one entered the ethnonym “Ainu” in fields 7 or 9.2 of the K-1 census form.

There is information that the Ainu have the most direct genetic connections through the male line, oddly enough, with the Tibetans - half of them are carriers of the close haplogroup D1 (the D2 group itself is practically not found outside the Japanese archipelago) and the Miao-Yao peoples in southern China and in Indochina.

As for female (Mt-DNA) haplogroups, the Ainu group is dominated by group U, which is also found among other peoples of East Asia, but in small numbers.

During the 2010 census, about 100 people tried to register themselves as Ainu, but the government of the Kamchatka Territory rejected their claims and recorded them as Kamchadals.

In 2011, the head of the Ainu community of Kamchatka Alexey Vladimirovich Nakamura sent a letter to the Governor of Kamchatka Vladimir Ilyukhin and the Chairman of the local Duma Boris Nevzorov with a request to include the Ainu in the List of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.

The request was also rejected. Alexey Nakamura reports that in 2012 there were 205 Ainu registered in Russia (compared to 12 people registered in 2008), and they, like the Kuril Kamchadals, are fighting for official recognition. The Ainu language became extinct many decades ago.

In 1979, only three people on Sakhalin could speak Ainu fluently, and the language became completely extinct there by the 1980s. Although Keizo Nakamura He spoke fluent Sakhalin-Ainu and even translated several documents into Russian for the NKVD; he did not pass on the language to his son. Take Asai, the last person who knew the Sakhalin Ainu language, died in Japan in 1994.

Until the Ainu are recognized, they are noted as people without nationality, like ethnic Russians or Kamchadals. Therefore, in 2016, both the Kuril Ainu and the Kuril Kamchadals were deprived of the rights to hunting and fishing, which the small peoples of the Far North have.

Ainuamazing

Today there are very few Ainu left, about 25,000 people. They live mainly in the north of Japan and are almost completely assimilated by the population of this country.