What is amateur or sports tourism? Abstract: Amateur tourism Amateur tourism

Tourism is the most widespread form of active recreation and recreation for the working people, and one of the important means of educating Soviet people. While traveling, tourists get acquainted with the past and present of our Motherland, its natural resources, cultural monuments, perform socially useful work, observe nature, and protect it.

By the nature of the organization of travel are divided into planned and amateur. Planned flights are carried out according to a route previously developed and prepared by some organization, with the provision of all kinds of services and accommodation at tourist bases and hotels. In amateur travel, tourists are on full self-service, they decide all issues related to choosing a route, providing equipment, developing a traffic schedule, etc. Properly organized and conducted tourist amateur travel provides a good rest, physical development and sports improvement of tourists, expands them outlook, brings up collectivism, love for nature, discipline, courage and initiative.

Tourist trips are an integral part of the All-Union Sports Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR”.

The procedure for organizing travel is determined by the Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and trips on the territory of the USSR, which are approved by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and agreed with the Union Ministries of the Interior, Health, Education, Geology and other interested departments and central organizations.

In accordance with these Rules, amateur tourist trips can be carried out by tourism and excursion councils, committees for physical culture and sports, councils of voluntary sports societies (VSO), tourist sports clubs, physical culture teams of enterprises, collective farms, state farms, organizations, institutions, educational institutions , health-improving tourist and sports camps, stations for young tourists, secondary schools. Palaces and houses of pioneers and schoolchildren.

The current Unified All-Union Sports Classification divides trips into several types depending on the mode of transportation and the conditions under which they are made. The most massive of them are walking, water, skiing and mountain.

In order of increasing complexity, amateur tourist trips are divided into weekend trips and multi-day trips of I, II, III, IV, V and VI categories of complexity.

Determination of the category of complexity of multi-day trips is carried out by public tourist route-qualification commissions (MCC) depending on the following indicators (for I-III categories of complexity):

The duration of the trips is indicated without taking into account days of rest and spare days for bad weather. Although the maximum duration is not specified, but if the number of days turns out to be significantly more than the standard without sufficient grounds, then the IWC has the right to reduce the test difficulty of the trip due to insufficient intensity of the load.

The length of the route is calculated taking into account the radial exits, if they do not exceed a quarter of the total length of the trip. In this case, a section of the route lasting no more than four walking days with a return to the starting point is considered a radial exit. Distances covered in circular radial exits (with a return on a different path) are counted in full, distances covered in linear radial exits (with a return along the same path) are counted in half.

A prerequisite for determining the difficulty category of hikes is their compliance with the lists of classified tourist routes and classified passes approved by the Tourism Federation of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. In these lists, the main criterion for determining difficulty is the number and quality of natural obstacles on the routes.

Each type of tourism takes into account certain types of natural obstacles. For mountain trips, the category of difficulty is determined taking into account the set of passes:

COMPLETING A GROUP AND PREPARING FOR THE TRIP

The tourist group should be a monolithic team, each of whose members is soldered to the others by friendship and the unity of the goal. Therefore, it is desirable that all tourists in the group have approximately the same age and physical fitness, similar skills and knowledge, and similar interests.

It is recommended that the group be made up of tourists working at the same enterprise, institution or studying at the same school, technical school, institute. Such groups are the most homogeneous and stable, they are easier to organize and provide with equipment.

Prefabricated tourist groups are also widespread, uniting people with common interests or staffed according to some other criteria.

The quantitative composition of the tourist group participating in the weekend hike is not limited. Tourist groups gathering on routes of I-III categories of difficulty must consist of at least four people.

Requirements for leaders and participants of travel:

Leaders of amateur travel. They are chosen by tourists and approved by travel organizations.

Leaders must be politically literate, cultural, strong-willed, physically developed people with organizational skills and the necessary tourist skills. They are obliged to comply with security measures and be ready to provide the necessary assistance to their comrades, to monitor the careful attitude of tourists to nature, tactful behavior in tourism. attitude towards local residents.

Tour leaders of category I complexity must have experience in managing weekend hikes, and travel leaders of categories II and above must have experience in managing a trip one category lower and experience in participating in a trip of the same category of complexity for this type of tourism. So, if a group is going on a ski trip of the III category of complexity, then only one who has already passed a ski route of the same complexity as a participant and, in addition, has experience in leading a ski trip of the II category of complexity, can lead it.

Group leaders are responsible for the preparation and accident-free conduct of trips. Instructions of group leaders during travel are obligatory for all members of the group.

The leader of the group can be a tourist who has reached the age of 18.

Participants of amateur trips. Approved by travel agencies.

All participants of trips of the 1st category of complexity must have experience of weekend trips.

The group for travel of II and III categories of complexity includes mainly those who already have travel experience of categories I and II, respectively, for the same type of tourism. Due to the fact that sometimes it is difficult to find an even composition of the group, the current rules allow participation in the trip of the II category of complexity of beginner tourists with experience of weekend trips, and in the trip of III category - tourists with the experience of travel of I category. However, the number of those who have such little tourist experience should not exceed one third of the number of all tourists in the group.

In the case of a temporary separation of the group on the route, in each subgroup (and in water travel - on each vessel), elders are allocated to ensure the coordinated actions of tourists and the fulfillment of the instructions of the group leader.

Participants must be at least 14 years old to travel on the routes of the I category of complexity, on the routes of the II category of complexity - not younger than 15 years, on the routes of the III category of complexity - not younger than 16 years.

Additional requirements

Depending on the specifics of water, ski and mountain trips, additional requirements are imposed on participants and leaders.

The leader of a water trip must have experience in leading trips in the same type of water tourism (raft or rowing vessel - kayak, boat).

Participants of ski trips of II and III categories of difficulty must have experience of field overnight stays in winter conditions. Moreover, field accommodations are understood as overnight stays outside settlements: in tents, under an awning, by a fire, in a hut, in a snow cave, hunting huts, etc.

Participants and leaders of mountain trips of I-III categories of complexity, involving transitions through high-mountain (classified) passes, must have special training:

a) if there are passes of the IA category of difficulty on the route, then the group members must undergo training in the amount of pre-camp training for the “USSR Mountaineer” badge, and the leader must have the “USSR Mountaineer” badge or training in the volume of a special part of the program for mountain tourism instructors and experience passing two passes of the IA category of difficulty;

b) if there are passes of 1B category of difficulty on the route, then the group members must have the “USSR Mountaineer” badge or training in the scope of the special part of the program for mountain tourism instructors and experience in passing the pass of category IA, and the leader must have additional experience in passing as a participant in the hike pass 1B and as a leader: pass IA category of difficulty;

c) if there are 2A passes of difficulty category on the route, then the group members must additionally (in addition to the experience of overcoming passes 1B) have experience of passing the pass 1B of the category of difficulty, and the leader must additionally have experience of passing the pass 2A as a member of the group and pass 1B of the category of difficulty as leader.

Distribution of duties

The distribution of public duties in the group is carried out taking into account the tourist experience of the participants, their practical skills, interest in the execution of certain assignments.

Team leader. Leads the preparation and conduct of the trip, organizes the activities of other participants, is responsible for their safety and successful passage of the route.

Deputy Head. Usually this is the second most experienced tourist in the group. He is the main assistant to the leader in all matters, and in his absence (for example, at certain stages in preparation for the trip or during the temporary separation of the group on the route) - the leader of the group.

Manager of the household (manager). Distributes among the participants the responsibilities for preparing food and equipment, places them in backpacks, keeps a record of food and equipment on the route, takes care of their condition and replenishment, and composes the menu.

Medical instructor. Prior to the trip, he undergoes special training in first aid, completes and stores a first-aid kit, monitors compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements by tourists, and provides first aid if necessary.

Responsible for the diary. Keeps a record of marching events, composes the timing of running days.

With a large group (more than 8-10 people) or on a difficult route, it is customary to additionally single out from among the participants a treasurer, a photographer responsible for the repair of equipment (repairman), a fizorg, etc.

When carrying out certain scientific observations during a trip, responsibilities are distributed among tourists according to the types of observations. Responsible for topographic survey, collection of samples for the mineralogical collection, meteorological observations, etc.

In addition, duties in the group can be temporary: for one day, a transition, or some kind of camping event. These are those on duty in the kitchen, campfire, guiding and closing on the march, responsible for holding a tourist evening, competitions, organizing excursions, reconnaissance of the further route.

The main thing in the distribution of duties is not to deprive the group members of a useful initiative, to give more personal tasks, to raise the personal responsibility of the group members.

General physical and special preparation for travel

General physical training of tourists. Includes morning exercises, passing the norms of the TRP complex and exercises (workouts) during weekend hikes. It is good if tourists are engaged in one of the sports sections - athletics, skiing, etc.

In parallel with physical training, the body of tourists should be hardened. Air hardening occurs during morning exercises, which tourists should do in any weather and at any time of the year outdoors. After charging, water procedures are required.

Special training. Necessary for those who are preparing for a more or less difficult journey, especially mountain, ski or water.

Specific exercises depend on the intended route. If a kayaking trip is planned, then morning exercises include slow and fast torso bends from various positions, raising and lowering the legs while lying down, push-ups, exercises that imitate rowing. If preparations are underway for a ski trip, then long running, walking imitating skiing, exercises to build arm strength, abdominal exercises, and to develop mobility in the hip and shoulder joints are introduced into the exercises.

For those who are going on a mountain trip, it is advisable to work out jumping over bumps (stones), balance with a load on a log, walking on a full foot on steep slopes, deep jumping with a landing on an inclined sandy slope, “rock climbing” with insurance.

Both special and general physical training is carried out in the form of joint classes of all participants of the planned trip. This contributes to the strengthening of the team, develops a sense of "similarity" between the members of the group.

To check the physical fitness for a trip of I-III category of complexity, it is recommended to use the following control standards:

Travel medical support. It consists in organizing, before going on the route, an appropriate medical examination of all group members (preferably by doctors of a medical and physical education dispensary) and in preparing tourists, primarily the medical instructor of the group, to provide first aid.

When determining the possibility of participating in a hike of I-III categories of complexity after some acute diseases, you need to focus on the following approximate dates:

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT AND TRIP SCHEDULE

Each group, preparing for a campaign, must first of all have a good idea of ​​its goal, the main task. It can be a rest with a slight physical activity, searching for "untrodden" places with hunting and fishing, sightseeing, fulfilling the tasks of the organization, passing a sports route, etc. Having determined the goal, the actual physical and technical fitness of the participants, as well as financial and other opportunities groups, tourists begin to explore the area and develop a route.

Exploring the travel area

The study of the area includes: acquaintance with literature (including fiction), cartographic material, conversations with people who have visited places of travel. It is also useful to take advantage of the reports of tourists, make statements about the relief, hydrography, climate, vegetation, wildlife, history, economy and life of the population. A lot of valuable information, especially about the specific sights of the route, can be gleaned from correspondence with local councils for tourism and excursions, tourist clubs, individual local historians.

Working with maps occupies a special place in the process of preparing for a trip (see p. 110). By deciphering conventional signs, by carefully measuring distances and compiling height elevations, tourists get acquainted with the terrain conditions.

Novice tourists are advised to use literature and maps to compile a detailed description of the path indicating the distances; features of the area along which the route runs; with the characteristics of the roads; with a description of landmarks that will be visible near and far from different points, etc. Such a description will make it possible to move confidently without constantly checking the map.

Route development

The construction of the route depends on the specifics of the trip and the specific conditions of the area. It can be linear (through), linear-radial with long-distance excursions or reconnaissance exits away from the main path, circular with a return to the starting point of the path. When planning a route, it is necessary to ensure a gradual increase in the complexity of natural obstacles and an increase in the interest of travelers in the second third of the trip. It is advisable to leave the technically most difficult sections for this part, visiting the most curious museums, panoramic points and other interesting objects.

The route should be built in such a way as to reduce travel loads as much as possible. It is recommended to plan in advance the Points where part of the equipment and food can be sent by mail or where it is possible to replenish its stocks. It is also advisable to create base camps from which you can make various radial trips with a minimum load. In addition to the main route, it is necessary to have a light fallback in case one of them falls ill. participants, bad weather, river flooding, increased, avalanche danger, etc.

The route must be safe and logical. An artificial set of certain obstacles, excessive "twisting" of the path will not give satisfaction to tourists and can lead to injuries.

Drawing up a calendar plan

The travel calendar, traffic schedule and calculation of daily crossings are developed depending on the complexity of the route, the physical and technical fitness of the group members, the weight of the backpacks, as well as the availability of certain sightseeing objects that require stops to inspect.

On a hiking trip. On average, tourists walk 15-25 km a day. If the backpack is heavy (especially in the first days of the trip) or the route goes over rough terrain with overcoming natural obstacles, and also if there are poorly trained beginners in the group, the day trip should be reduced to 12-18 km. The increase in load should be gradual. Yes, in hiking I-II category of complexity, daily mileage can be as follows: 15, 18, 20, 22 km, day trip, 22, 25, 25, 18 km. With a complex route profile, the second or third day of the hike is the most difficult. Therefore, it is better not to increase the mileage in the first three days, but to do the day on the fourth day.

On a ski trip. On the ski track, even novice tourists relatively easily pass 20-30 km a day. When moving on virgin snow with overcoming natural obstacles or in conditions of difficult orientation, the speed drops to 12-.18 km per day. The pace of movement during the thaw is seriously reduced, and a blizzard, a sharp cold snap, a strong headwind are generally better to wait out in the village. Therefore, up to 1/4-1/5 of the total time in winter hike planned as a backup. left for unforeseen delays along the way.

On a mountain trip. The time required for the ascent is determined by summing the estimated time spent on the movement of the group horizontally (average speed 3-4.5 km per hour) and vertical ascent (speed about 0.3-0.4 km per hour), Duration descent along a simple path is calculated based on a speed of 5-6 km per hour. When planning crossings, one should not forget about the possibility of worsening weather.

On a water trip. In addition to the total mileage, the number and quality of obstacles, excursion objects available on the route, and the necessary reserve of days for bad weather, when developing a calendar plan, such specific indicators as the slope and sinuosity of the river, the speed of its flow are taken into account. And not only the average for the entire route, but also for its individual sections. With a river slope of up to 1 m / km (0.001) and a current speed of 4-5 km per hour, the speed of movement of tourists will be somewhat less than the sum of the current velocities and their own speed. With an increase in the slope and the speed of the current, the speed of the group may not increase, since it will take a lot of time to preview obstacles and prevent emergencies (beginning tourists should not walk along such rivers).

The actual speed of movement on oars or a line against the current is 1-2 km per hour (with a slope of up to 1-1.5 m / km), and it takes about an hour to overcome an obstacle on a flat river that requires wiring or a run-out. On average, for calculations, it can be assumed that the speed of a tourist vessel in a hike of I-II categories of complexity is 4-5 km per hour.

Rice. 1. Water route profile (conditional data).

Route profile. When preparing a water, mountain or ski route, even the simplest one, it is useful to build its longitudinal profile. The profile of the water route is drawn on two scales: a small one is taken for marks along the length of the route, a larger one is taken for drawing water edges (Fig. 1). The calculated slopes of the river, data on the nature of the valley, banks, bottom are transferred to the profile from literary and cartographic sources, the places of natural and artificial obstacles are marked. This allows you to really evaluate the features and complexity of the route, break it down into sections for ease of passage, requiring approximately the same technique and tactics of movement.

TRAVEL REGISTRATION AND CREDIT

Travel documents

All tourist groups must issue the relevant documents before going on the route.

Route sheet. This is a travel document for a group embarking on an amateur journey, less difficult than a first category hike. Route sheets of the established form are issued to tourists by the IWC and signed by the head of the organization (or his deputy) conducting a non-categorical trip or a weekend trip.

The list of participants in the trip, the route broken down by sections, indicating the methods of movement and socially useful work that the group plans to carry out on the way are entered into the itinerary sheet.

At the end of the trip, the itinerary is returned to the organization that issued it.

Route book. Travel document of a group going on a trip of I and above categories of complexity.

The list of the group with passport data for each participant, a detailed travel schedule for the days of the journey, checkpoints and deadlines for submitting telegrams from the route are entered in the book. The book is issued to the leader of the group only after the ICC checks the correctness of the developed route and the readiness of the tourists for it.

Route Review and Approval

A tourist group preparing for a trip of I and above categories of complexity, in order to receive an itinerary book, submits an application book to the ICC containing basic data on the route of the intended trip, information about the composition of the group, the experience of tourists, material support (equipment, food, first aid kit, estimate), difficult sections on the route and how to pass them. The application book is certified by the organization conducting the trip, and for combined groups - by the club of tourists, the council for tourism and excursions, DSO, etc.

The application book is submitted to the local ICC no later than one month before the start of the trip. If this commission does not have the necessary authority, then the book is sent to the higher ICC, but also no later than a month before the trip.

The ICC is obliged to check the development of the route and the schedule for the main and emergency options, the knowledge of the leader and participants of the route of the conditions of movement and natural obstacles, the correctness of the measures planned by the group in case of unforeseen deviations from the route and schedule, measures to ensure travel safety. In the process of considering the route for a conversation, all participants in the planned trip can be called and control checks in the field are assigned to them.

If the ICC decides positively, not later than 15 days before the start of the trip, it issues to the group leader a numbered registered form of the itinerary book, certified by the ICC stamp, and a copy of the application book with its conclusion.

At the same time, the ICC enters, if necessary, special instructions to the group in the itinerary and application book, notes in them the place of registration of the group before entering the route in the corresponding control and rescue service (CSS).

Based on the conclusion of the ICC and medical certificates on the health status of all members of the group, the organization conducting the trip allows the group to go on the route and draws up the itinerary book with the signature of the responsible person of this organization and the seal.

Control over the preparation and conduct of the trip

The organization conducting the trip exercises control over the preparation and training of the group, equipping it with the necessary equipment, as well as over the conduct of the trip on time.

When carrying out trips of II and higher categories of complexity, the organization conducting the trip must not later than 10 days before the departure of the group to the place of the beginning of the route inform the tourist KSS of the relevant council for tourism and excursions the intended route and travel dates, checkpoints, the name of the leader and the number of participants groups.

During the trip, tourist groups are required to make notes in the route books about the passage of the route in tourist, and in their absence in other organizations and institutions, report by telegraph about the passage of the checkpoints of the organization conducting the trip, the IWC (at its request) and the tourism council and excursions in the area where the trip takes place.

If the trip passes through the area where there is a tourist CCC, then the group upon arrival must be registered at the nearest checkpoint (detachment, post) and receive additional advice on the route.

Compilation of a report

During the trip, tourists keep a hiking diary and record the results of various observations on the route (for keeping a diary, see p. 205). At the end of the trip, the group leader reports to the organization that conducted the trip and the IWC within a period of not more than 4 months.

Travel reports should generally contain the following sections:

1. Reference information about the trip: type of tourism, category of complexity, time, area, route, means of transportation; Group members; the length and duration of the journey in general and in sections with overcoming natural obstacles; when and which IWC considered the journey.
2. Information about the area of ​​travel: a brief general geographical description of the area; tourist characterization based on the group’s own observations and conclusions, materials collected by the group through correspondence and on the route, and aimed at providing subsequent tourist groups with specific information about the natural features of the area, objects of inspection, roads, local transport, about the possibilities of replenishing food supplies, etc. d.
3. Technical description travel: characteristics of the traveled path, conditions and possibilities of movement; difficult sections of the route (passes, rapids, crossings, places with difficult orientation, etc.); applied methods and means of overcoming natural obstacles; security measures and group actions in difficult conditions.
4. A detailed table of daily crossings indicating the mileage and mode of movement, the number of running hours, the mileage overcoming natural obstacles and a brief description of the weather.
5. Lists of personal and group equipment and food, preferably with their assessment based on the experience of the trip.
6. Cost estimate.
7. List of used literature.

The travel report is accompanied by a general map showing the route and places of accommodation, as well as sketches of the most difficult sections indicating the route and timing of their passage.

The reports are illustrated with photographs describing the difficult sections of the route and the actions of the group on them, the nature and sights of the area, etc.

The specific volume and nature of the travel report of I-III categories of complexity, as well as the possibility of its oral presentation, is determined by the IWC. For school tourist groups, a written report is required.

Travel credit and rank assignment

The offset of the completed trip is made by the ICC, which considered the materials for the group to go on the route. A preliminary check is made on the report submitted by the group, as well as compliance by tourists during the trip with the current rules, norms of conduct or instructions of the commission.

When offsetting, the traveled trips are classified in accordance with the current category standards and taking into account the conditions that existed during the trip.

Based on the certificates issued to the leader and participants on the passage of the route, they may be assigned one or another Sports category.

With a positive conclusion of the competent ICC, the tourism and excursion council, the tourist or sports club, the DSO council or the physical education team, under which the ICC was created and operates, assign tourists a category in accordance with the following requirements (data are given up to category I):

Trips are counted regardless of what types of tourism they are made for. In a calendar year, no more than three hikes are counted, if they are not higher than the III category of difficulty. The interval between two counted trips must be at least a month.

For the assignment of III, II and I sports categories, it is allowed to replace the leadership of hikes of I, II and III categories of complexity with participation in hikes of III, IV and V categories of complexity, respectively.

Hikes made along the same route, as well as repeating sections of routes, are counted if they are completed in different types of tourism or if the first time the hike was made as a participant, and the second time - as a leader.

For the assignment of III, II and I categories, it is necessary that tourists pass the norms of the TRP complex and they are at least 14, 16 and 19 years old, respectively.

To assign a sports category (except for III and II youth), you must also have the “USSR Tourist” badge.

Badge "Tourist of the USSR"

The USSR Tourist badge is awarded to tourists who participated during the year in one or more hikes with a total duration of at least 5 days and a total length of at least 75 kilometers on foot or skis, at least 100 kilometers on boats, kayaks, rafts, catamarans, at least 150 kilometers by bicycle or horse trails, at least 500 kilometers by motorcycles, 1,000 kilometers by cars (only for drivers). In conditions of highly rugged (mountainous) terrain, the standard for tourists hiking or skiing can be reduced, but not more than 15 kilometers.

Persons who have a doctor's permission to engage in physical education and have reached the age of 14 are allowed to pass the norms for the “USSR Tourist” badge.

For schoolchildren, the fulfillment of the norms is allowed for two years and only with the successive passage of five one-two-day trips with a total duration of at least 5 days and the total length indicated above.

When making hiking trips in the summer, participants must spend at least two field overnight stays.

The test for the “USSR Tourist” badge is accepted by a commission consisting of at least three people (one athlete of the III category in tourism or a tourism instructor and two “USSR Tourist” badges).

Documents for the “USSR Tourist” badge are issued by tourist clubs, tourist sections of physical culture groups and military units, city (district) tourist clubs of councils for tourism and excursions, tourist bases, stations for young tourists, Palaces (Houses) of pioneers and schoolchildren, secondary schools and other organizations conducting tourist work and organizing tourist trips.

According to its internal organizational nature, tourism is divided into planned and amateur.

Planned tourism- any type of tourism on an organized basis, developed and implemented by tourism organizers, that is, tourism enterprises. Planned tourism is regulated by the state legislative and regulatory acts. It forms the basis of the global mass tourism industry.

Based on a long study of needs, a set of tourist services that is quite clear in content has been formed, which is included in almost any tour package - booking, transportation, accommodation, meals, entertainment. These are the main components of any tour. Depending on the type and variety of tourism, the share and cost of each component may be different or even not exist at all. Planned tourism provides that all these elements of the tour will meet a single goal, harmoniously complement each other and be precisely linked in time, that is, follow one after the other through the stages of the program. Soviet apologists for tourism science even invented the so-called program tours. The tour must be strictly sustained in an ideological key. If the mausoleum (house-museum, house-barn, house-hut, name) is visited, then the tour is programmatic and has the proper priority, if not visited, then another. The loyalty of tourism organizers to the ideas of the political system was assessed by the number of program tours.

The program of the tour is its essence. How good and thought out the program is up to the minutes of staying in one place or another, including free time used by the tourist at his personal discretion, the tour is so good and popular. The program should take into account the physical capabilities of tourists by age categories and other characteristics, changes in time zones, the body's adaptability to climate change, saturation and the ability to perceive information, etc. Drawing up a tour program is an interesting and important part of the tour operator's work. However, it is not uncommon for a tour operator to plan only a program in the general view, allowing (leaving the opportunity) the tourist to change some of the individual components. So, a tourist can fly not in economy, but in business class, take accommodation not in a double, but in a single room, in a hotel of a better or lesser class, he is given the opportunity to choose one or another excursion or attraction. So, when visiting Paris, you can go to the Louvre, but if you really want to, a tourist can choose the EuroDisney amusement park. The depth of study of the program and its quality depend on the experience of the organizer. All activities, including free time, must be counted by the minute. The tourist should not wait, and it is useless to waste the travel time he paid for. Such important trifles as a reserve of time and the possibility of visiting the toilet and others are also taken into account.

Planned tourism includes group and individual independent travelers.

Group planned tourism

Solely for economic reasons, firms providing tourism services are interested in the reasonably largest volume of such services, loading production capacities. The greater the flow of tourists served and the greater the turnover, the more profitable the business, there is an opportunity to reduce prices and increase the competitiveness of services in the tourist market. In order to intensify the capacity utilization of enterprises in the tourism industry, these enterprises introduce significant discounts in the price of group services for tourists.

The concept of a group of tourists, in the sense of its minimum number, depends on the type of tourist service. So, on some modes of transport, a group ticket and, accordingly, a group discount in price can be obtained with a group of tourists from 5-6 people. When placing hotels and hotels provide group discounts for groups starting from 11 people. However, if it is an expensive business group, then the minimum number can be defined as 7 people.

With a smaller number of tourists, they are classified as individual tourists and normal prices and tariffs are set for them, usually taken as basic ones. For example, the cost of service in a hotel: double occupancy for an individual is 55--60 USD per person, for groups of tourists the price will be significantly lower - 18-20 USD per person. Similar group discounts can be set for services in restaurants, museums, entertainment centers, etc. Some carriers, for example, airlines for small groups of individuals, set special discounts. For example, a family traveling on a trip can receive a special family discount (ticket in the name of the head of the family) family plan.

An individual tour is always more expensive than a group tour. However, there are quite a lot of tourists traveling individually, and therefore the prices in the catalogs of service enterprises are usually indicated for individual tourists. Group discounts are an important part of the contractual work of tourism organizers. Therefore, in order to save money, dexterous tourists who follow guest invitations often buy a place in a group tour, and then, upon arrival, leave the group, returning later on their own. This causes deep irritation of the immigration services, since, on the one hand, a visitor visa usually costs more than a tourist visa, a different, usually more stringent, procedure for obtaining and issuing it is established. On the other hand, such a tourist is out of control of the services that control the guest's stay (length of stay, place of residence, employment, obligation to leave at the time specified in the visa, etc.).

Thomas Cook laid the foundation for planned group tourism. It was he who first came up with the idea of ​​selling tourist services in a package: transportation, accommodation, excursions and meals. It turned out that tourists liked such a comprehensive service. Initially, the goals of organizing such tourist trips were purely religious, but then the start of business prevailed. Cook created a travel company, which began to develop successfully. In 1841, he organized river excursions along the Thames, then he agreed with the railway and organized weekend excursions from Leicester to Liverpool and other cities in England. By organizing planned tourist groups, he managed to get a significant discount in the price of moving across railway for accommodation and other services. In the future, the service of accommodation in a hotel with meals was added to the excursion services, which later became decisive.

These principles formed the basis of planned tourism, the theory and practice of package tours package-tour, package holiday, package travel. Thomas Cook became a leading specialist in tourism and founded the tourist company of the same name, which today is a true world empire, along with the American company American Express. Note that both giant companies are more of a financial institution than a travel company, since they are engaged in finance, insurance and other areas of the tourism industry.

It should be firmly understood that group travel prices are always lower than individual prices by 50% or more. Therefore, they are more beneficial for the mass tourist. Once an ignorant employee of the tax service, during the next inspection of the enterprise, was indignant and called tourist companies parasites. "Well, what do they do, what do they get money for? After all, I can buy a plane ticket without them, and get a visa, and I will come and buy a hotel, and you can eat anywhere."

This reasoning is fundamentally wrong. Travel company:

designing a travel itinerary

completes a package, interconnected from various services, agreed on time, quality level and prices, destination, that is, organizes the most interesting tour,

seeks out reliable partners who organize receptions in the country of visit,

seeks low prices for services through group discounts,

receives visa support from its partner abroad,

accompanies the trip, is responsible for it and

ensures the safety of the tourist.

This difference in price and hassle was quickly understood by those who bought a timeshare in the Canary Islands. It seems to be profitable - 28 thousand USD for 25 years, that is, less than a thousand dollars for two, and after all, four of you can live in your club hotel room. BUT !!!, you need to get a visa yourself (a travel company goes to the consulate without a queue, and you have to stand for days, daily entering the queue number on your hand with a ballpoint pen), buy an air ticket yourself and at an individual price (an individual fare is three times higher than group, and club discounts are given only on foreign airlines), the airport in Tenerife, and the club is located in Langerotte, to get there another 100 USD per person (and the same amount back), you need to annually (live, do not live) pay for room maintenance, eat in an expensive club restaurant (the poor do not live in this club, and, as you know, the income of an average European is much higher than that of an average Russian), rent a car and ... so on ad infinitum. Concretely, the pleasure of timeshare is good, but only for those who have enough money, even by Western standards. It should be noted that the timeshare is bought for at least 10 years, or even 25 or 50 years with the right to inherit, assign, sell, pledge. Buying this miracle of high technology tourism must clearly understand their financial capabilities for maintaining a timeshare and the real circumstances of using their acquisition in five years and beyond, and in the case of inheritance by children, predict the same wealth for them to cover considerable expenses, otherwise it will be hereditary a gift to the kids in the form of a "Trojan horse". For an ordinary Russian, even a one-time trip to a cheap foreign resort, this is completely inaccessible. Misunderstanding, or rather inadequate assessment of one's own real financial capabilities, leads to numerous conflicts in this area of ​​tourism.

Individual planned tourism

A certain part of tourists prefer to travel individually, according to their own program. These are either young people traveling the world during the holidays, or tourists who believe that they can plan their own trip cheaper. A special group is made up of wealthy, wealthy tourists and nouveau riches who order luxurious alcazars, paradors or entire floors in hotels, limousines, yachts, and individual aircraft. Among the latter there are also compatriots.

There are specialized travel companies serving individual tourists, such as families. They order non-standard service packages, design special programs for them, book tourist services. This, of course, takes a lot of time for the organizers, and such services are not cheap. A professional travel company organizes 10-15 standardized group tours in several directions, designed for the mass tourist, and also fulfills any orders of individual tourists.

Amateur tourism

If tourists manage to organize their trip without the participation of tourism organizers, in this case, this is tourism (and all its varieties) - amateur.

Amateur tourism- a specific type of tourist public (amateur) activity, carried out on a voluntary basis without the participation (or without participation in the main part of the travel organization) of tourism organizers (tour operators and travel agencies).

Amateur tourism is based on the activities of individuals, small tourist groups, voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, who, on a voluntary basis, participate in the organization and implementation of tourism, issue their own regulations governing tourism activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions, publish their own tourist methodical literature and periodicals. There is a judiciary that awards titles to participants in categorical types of active tourism: mountaineering, cycling, water tourism in kayaks, boats, rafts, etc.

(Also amateur, independent, free, "wild" tourism) is a trip made with a complete or partial waiver of the services of tour operators and travel agents, but in most cases does not imply a complete renunciation of the use of travel (non-agency) services. When organizing it, the traveler independently forms the route of his trip, and also selects and purchases all its components (tickets, hotel accommodation, meals, excursions, etc.).

A special kind of independent (independent) tourism - independent travel which is often identified with independent tourism. Nevertheless, independent tourism is a broader concept, since travel implies the presence of a certain goal and the route of literally following it, while independent tourism can also mean a static stay in a resort organized independently or, for example, various forms of active tourism associated with independent solution of organizational issues. Therefore, the term "independent tourism" has a broader and applied meaning, in contrast to travel, which has philosophical overtones.

Historically, travel appeared earlier than mass tourism, which was developed in the 20th century. Before the advent of mass tourism, any trip could be considered independent. At present, it is possible to distinguish between the mass market for travel sold as a finished product and the market for independent travel (or independent travel). Mass tourism assumes that the trip is carried out as part of a tour organized by a tour operator. The trip (or tourist product) formed by the tour operator includes a set of services for transportation, accommodation, excursion services, etc., provided to the tourist for a certain price. Independent travel includes the same components, however, these components are not purchased by the tourist in a complex (that is, not as a single tourist product), but separately.

The popularity of independent tourism began to grow in the late XX - early XXI centuries. The growth in popularity of independent travel is facilitated by the development of Internet technologies (online booking, electronic ticket, various Web forums about independent travel, etc.), which allow you to quickly find the necessary information and buy travel components.

The main problem of promoting independent (independent) tourism is a historically distorted view that identifies independent tourism with the so-called. "wild tourism" of the times of the USSR, which developed against the backdrop of a shortage of tourism infrastructure and the orientation of the Soviet tourism industry mainly towards sanatorium-and-spa treatment.

Soviet "wild tourism" was forced [ source not specified 508 days] nature and was associated with uncomfortable conditions of stay in the recreation area - renting premises from the local population that were not adapted for living, or living in conditions close to camping, despite the availability of a material opportunity to provide a higher quality of recreation.

At present, "wild tourism" in its Soviet form is represented by the world-famous way of traveling in motorhomes (vans fully adapted for living, having an autonomous power plant, means of communication, household appliances and sewerage). Another manifestation of "wild tourism" is in many respects similar to the Soviet one and is associated with a special group of vacationers, which marketers refer to the so-called. "the first third" of the consumer market, that is, consumers with low social needs, and, in the general case, regardless of income level.

And other official documents related to it, the following key terms and definitions are used:

- tourist (traveler)- a person who travels in Ukraine or to another country with a different purpose, not prohibited by the law of the host country, for a period of 24 hours to six months without carrying out any paid activity and with the obligation to leave the country or place of stay within the specified period;
- excursionist- a person visiting the country for any purpose without an overnight stay for a period of less than 24 hours (excluding those working in the border zone, transit passengers, diplomats, military, refugees, persons without a permanent place of residence);
- tourism- temporary departure of a person from their place of permanent residence for recreational, educational or professional business purposes without engaging in paid activities;
- tourism domestic- travel within the borders of Ukraine of persons permanently residing in Ukraine;
- outbound tourism- travel of persons permanently residing in Ukraine to another country;
- inbound tourism- travel within the borders of Ukraine of persons who do not permanently reside in Ukraine;
- amateur tourism- travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists on their own;
- social tourism- travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs;
- tourism resources- a set of natural-climatic, health-improving, historical-cultural, cognitive and social resources of the corresponding territory that satisfy the various needs of the tourist;
- tourism industry- a set of different subjects of tourism activities (hotels, tourist complexes, campsites, motels, boarding houses, catering, transport, cultural, sports, etc.) that provide reception, service and transportation of tourists;
- tourist activity- activities from the provision of various tourist services in accordance with the requirements of this Law and other acts of the legislation of Ukraine;
- excursion activity- activities for organizing trips that do not exceed 24 hours, accompanied by a specialist guide for pre-compiled routes in order to get acquainted with the sights of history, culture, nature, museums, outstanding places, etc.;
- subjects of tourism activity- enterprises, institutions, organizations, regardless of ownership, individuals who are registered in accordance with the procedure established by the current legislation of Ukraine and have a license to carry out activities related to the provision of tourist services;
- tourist services- services of subjects of tourism activities regarding accommodation, catering, transport, information and advertising services, as well as services of cultural institutions, sports, life, entertainment, etc., aimed at meeting the needs of tourists;
- tourism product- a complex of tourist services necessary to meet the needs of a tourist during his trip;
- tourist voucher (permit)- a document that confirms the status of a person or a group of persons as tourists, payment for services or its guarantee, and is the basis for the tourist or a group of tourists to receive tourist services;
- tour- tourist travel (trip) along a certain route within a specific time period, provided with a complex of tourist services (booking, accommodation, meals, transport, recreation, excursions, etc.);
- tour group leader- a person who is a representative of the subject of tourism activities and acts on his behalf, accompanies tourists, ensures the fulfillment of the terms of the contract for the provision of tourism services, has professional knowledge of the host country (locality) and, as a rule, the language of the host country or a language that is generally understood there;
- guide (tour guide)- a person who knows professional information about the country (locality) of stay, outstanding places, display objects, as well as the language of this country or the language of foreign tourists who are received, or a language that is generally understandable to them, provides excursion and information, organizational services and qualified assistance to participants tour within the framework of the contract for the provision of tourist services. An individual guide performs his functions only on the basis of a license;
- license to carry out activities related to the provision of tourist services,- a special permit, which confirms the right of its owner to carry out the relevant type or complex of activities defined by this Law and other acts of the legislation of Ukraine;
- certificate of conformity- a document that confirms the quality of tourist services and their compliance with a specific standard or other regulatory document.

1.2. Tourist business

According to the law of Ukraine, in the case of the provision of paid tourist services, tourist activity goes beyond amateur and becomes commercial. Such activities related to the provision of paid tourist services, individuals, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, are carried out only if they have a license.

The following types of tourism activities are subject to licensing:

Organization of reception and service of foreign tourists in Ukraine (foreign tourism);
- organization of reception and service of domestic tourists in Ukraine (domestic tourism);
- organization of tourist trips outside Ukraine (foreign tourism);
- excursion activity; organization of mass and health-improving and sports tourism.

Tourist agencies, travel agencies, tour agencies, tour agencies, tourist reception agencies, tour operators, hotels, motels, campsites, tourist complexes and bases, other legal entities, regardless of their form of ownership, and individuals who carry out tourism activities are subject to licensing for tourism activities. tourism activities provided for by their statutes or regulations.

Licenses are issued by the State Committee of Ukraine for Tourism, which establishes the procedure for their issuance, conditions, and rules for the implementation of tourism activities and control over their observance. The State Committee of Ukraine for Tourism may delegate the right to issue licenses to local executive authorities in the tourism industry.

In order to account for the subjects of tourism activities, the State Register is maintained. The state register of subjects of tourism activities is maintained by the State Committee of Ukraine for Tourism.

Incomes from tourism activities are formed at the expense of proceeds from: core activities; accommodation of tourists in hotels, motels, campsites, etc.; catering services; transport service; additional services, other activities. Profit (income) of subjects of tourism activities is subject to taxation

Hotel and catering services provided by tourism entities are subject to mandatory certification confirming the level of service quality.

During the implementation of a group trip, the subject of tourism activity is obliged to provide a group of tourists with a qualified leader, and, if necessary, with the consent of the group, with a guide.

Tourist insurance (medical and accident) is mandatory and is carried out by the subjects of tourism activities on the basis of agreements with insurance companies that have the right to carry out such activities. Compensation for harm caused to the life or health of a tourist or his property is carried out in the manner prescribed by the current legislation of Ukraine.

1.3. Types, types and forms of tourism

Types of tourism are distinguished by the purpose, motives and results of tourism:

Sports (sports improvement in overcoming natural obstacles, participation in sports events);
- recreational (restoration of the physical and mental strength of a person by means of tourism);
- rehabilitation (treatment of certain diseases by means of tourism);
- professional-applied (improvement of professional knowledge, abilities, skills by means of tourism);
- educational (trips for training in short-term courses, lectures, seminars, etc.);
- religious (pilgrimage, familiarization with religious sites, the history of religion and religious culture);
- cultural and cognitive (ethnographic, geographical, local history, rural, etc.);
- cultural and entertainment (trips to art festivals, exhibitions, celebrations, sports competitions, etc.);
- excursion (visiting and getting acquainted with memorable places and sights of culture, history, nature);
- local history (the study of natural and cultural-historical heritage of one's region);
- adventure (hunting, fishing, etc.);
- forwarding (performance of tasks of tourist, scientific and other organizations);
- business (visiting objects with professional interest);
- commercial (shopping tours, visiting exhibitions, fairs, wholesale markets, sales, etc.);
- program (travel on special programs for the disabled, people with disabilities, etc.);
- combined.

Types of tourism are determined by the nature of the tourist route:

A. Included in sports classification:

Pedestrian;
- ski;
- mountain;
- water (rafts, rowboats);
- bicycle;
- automobile;
- speleological;
- sailing (collapsible ships);
- equestrian;
- combined.

B. Dedicated as independent sports:

Mountaineering;
- climbing;
- sports orientation;
- water slalom, etc.

B. Not included in sports classification:

Ski;
- water-motor;
- underwater, etc.

Forms of tourism are distinguished by characteristic distinctive features:

Organizational bases of tourism (organized and unorganized, planned (permit) and amateur);
- composition of participants (individual and group, school, youth, family, etc.).
- physical activity on the tourist route: active (hiking, travel, etc.) and passive (transport, stationary, etc.);
- the place of tourism (international and domestic, distant and local);
- the level of accessibility and social significance of tourism (social, mass, elite);
- tourist program (traditional, exotic and ecological);
- seasonality of tourist routes (summer, winter and off-season);

According to the nature of the organization, tourism is divided into planned (organized) and amateur (unorganized).

Planned tourism- this is a trip along the routes developed and organized by the relevant tourist organizations, with the provision of a certain range of services to tourists (excursion service, transportation, provision of habitats, food, etc.).

Short-term tourism (weekend tourism) provides for the stay of people on a tourist trip for no more than three days. It is a mass form, broad sections of the population are drawn into it.

A trip is recognized as a group if the number of its participants is at least 10 tourists.

1.4. Amateur tourism

Amateur (unorganized) tourism- a specific type of public tourism activity, carried out on a voluntary amateur (amateur) basis. Tourists themselves choose and develop their travel itineraries. Self-activity is the highest form of social activity, it is "the internal self-expression of an individual, a group".

Amateur tourism brings together, on a voluntary basis, lovers of hiking, speleological, cycling, automobile, mountain and other hikes of various qualifications.

Amateur tourism is based on the activities of voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, which create their own regulations governing tourism activities, conduct hikes, tourist gatherings and competitions, publish their own tourist methodological literature and periodicals.

Recreation during amateur hikes is not limited to recovery and renewal of strength, but is also aimed at active knowledge of the environment, nature protection, studying the sights of history and culture, getting to know the past and present places of travel.

Amateur tourism combines forms of local history and excursion activities, socially useful work on behalf of research, environmental and other organizations, as well as organizing and holding tourist meetings and competitions, amateur and technical creativity, training of tourist personnel.

Amateur tourism has a program and regulatory framework that determines the direction, nature, content of tourist social practice, the requirements for mastering tourist skills and abilities (“Traveler's Code”, “Rules for organizing amateur tourist trips”, etc.). All amateur trips take place in accordance with the rules for conducting tourist sports trips. Restrictions by rules and regulations are necessary to create a managed system of amateur tourism.

Control questions and tasks

1. Define the basic terms: tourist, excursionist, tour, voucher, guide, license, certificate.
2. What types of tourism activities are subject to licensing?
3. Which tourist enterprises are subject to licensing?
4. On what basis are allocated types, types and forms of tourism?
5. What types of tourism are distinguished?
6. What types of tourism are distinguished?
7. What forms of tourism are distinguished?
8. What is the difference between amateur tourism and sports tourism?
9. Criteria for group tourism.