Amateur tourists. Amateur tourism - easier, cheaper, more interesting! Test questions and assignments

Planned tourism is any type of tourism on an organized basis, developed and implemented by tourism organizers, that is, tourism enterprises. Planned tourism is regulated by the state by legislative and regulatory acts. It forms the basis of the global mass tourism industry.

Based on a long study of needs, a set of tourist services that was quite clear in its content was formed, included in almost any tour package - booking, transportation, accommodation, meals, entertainment. These are the main components of any tour. Depending on the type and variety of tourism, the share and cost of each component may be different or even not exist at all. Planned tourism provides that all these elements of the tour will meet a single goal, harmoniously complement each other and be precisely coordinated in time, that is, follow one after another through the stages of the program. Soviet apologists for tourism science even invented so-called program tours. The tour must be strictly ideological. If a mausoleum (house-museum, house-barn, house-hut, name-rek) is visited, then the tour is programmatic and has proper priority, if not visited, then something else. The loyalty of tourism organizers to the ideas of the political system was assessed by the number of program tours.

The tour program is its essence. How good and thought out the program is to the minutes of stay in a particular place, including free time used by the tourist at his personal discretion, so good and popular is the tour. The program should take into account the physical capabilities of tourists by age categories and other characteristics, changes in time zones, the body’s adaptability to climate change, saturation and the ability to perceive information, etc. Drawing up a tour program is an interesting and important part of the work of a tour operator. However, it is not uncommon for a tour operator to plan only the program in its most general form, allowing (leaving the opportunity) the tourist to slightly change individual components. Thus, a tourist can fly not in economy class, but in business class, take accommodation not in a double, but in a single room, in a hotel of a better or lesser class, he is given the opportunity to choose one or another excursion or attraction. So, when visiting Paris, you can go to the Louvre, but if you really want to, a tourist can choose the EuroDisney amusement park. The depth of the program and its quality depend on the experience of the organizer. All activities, including free time, must be counted by the minute. The tourist should not wait, and it is useless to waste the travel time he paid for. Such important little things as time reserve and the possibility of visiting the toilet and others are also taken into account.

Planned tourism includes group and individual tourism.

If tourists manage to organize their trip without the participation of tourism organizers, in this case it is tourism (and all its varieties) - amateur.

Amateur tourism is a specific type of tourist public (amateur) activity, carried out on a voluntary, amateur basis without the participation (or without participation in the main part of the travel organization) of tourism organizers (tour operators and travel agencies).

Amateur tourism is based on the activities of individuals, small tourist groups, voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, which on a voluntary basis participate in the organization and implementation of tourism, issue their own regulations governing tourist activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions, publish their own tourist methodological literature and periodicals. There is a judging corps that assigns titles to participants in categorical types of active tourism: mountaineering, cycling, water tourism on kayaks, boats, rafts, etc.

In 1962 On the basis of the Tourist and Excursion Management, a system of tourism councils was created, the leadership of which was carried out by the Central Council of Tourism of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions.

In the early 60s, there was a clear increase in tourism activity in the USSR. By 1965, tourism councils were organized in all union republics and in most autonomous republics, territories and regions, which developed and developed tourist routes.

Tourist travel has become one of the most popular forms of recreation for Soviet citizens.

Involved in the development of planned tourist trips Central Council for Tourism and Excursionsyam. He issued vouchers for routes that had All-Union status. All other routes administered by the republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions were classified as local.

In the 60s, tourism and excursion organizations of trade unions developed over 13 thousand routes - linear, circular, radial.

All-Union and local routes covered the entire country and provided an opportunity to get acquainted with the most interesting cities and sights of the Soviet Union, with such unique, hard-to-reach places as Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Franz Josef Land, etc.

The most important excursion areas The USSR was central, which included the regions around Moscow, and northwestern, which included the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions.

More than 50% of all-Union planned tourist routes were laid in five regions of the Soviet Union: the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Almost half of the country’s tourist centers, campsites, and tourist hotels were concentrated in these regions.

Among the all-Union routes, 55 belonged to routes with active modes of transportation: walking, skiing, water (kayak, boat, inflatable raft), cycling, horseback riding. Participation in most of them gave the right to receive a badge " Tourist USSR".

In the 80s they developed routes forparents with children.

The Central Council for Tourism and Excursions organized all-Union routes for carstourists. A voucher for them gave the right to stay in a tourist campsite or hotel, use of free parking, meals and excursion services.

A much denser network than the all-Union ones covered the territory of the Soviet Union of local planned tourist routes, organized by republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions.

Republican, regional and regional councils actively developed types of travel that were non-traditional for planned tourism. The country's first caving route was created in Ukraine" Through caves and riversKam Ternopolytsyn", which included a six-day income with a visit to the caves.

Horse, ship, and rail travel. In 1986, there were 2,600 tourist and excursion trains.

Along with planned tourism, amateur tourism also developed, which was organized by a tourist group along routes developed by the participants themselves, ranging from simple weekend hikes to numerous sports hikes of the highest categories of difficulty. According to statistics, over 20 million Soviet citizens took part in weekend hikes, multi-day non-category and sports trips in the 80s.

Thus, in the 60s - 80s, various tourist organizations developed thousands of routes (linear, circular, radial), which were used by millions of Soviet tourists.

To resolve issues of international youth exchange, it was created in June 1958 Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik"", which was engaged not only in receiving groups of foreign youth and organizing Soviet tourism abroad, but also in the intra-Union travel of boys and girls, organizing their recreation in youth camps.

Tourism was declared an important means of communist education of workers, as well as one of the most important means of promoting the Soviet way of life in conditions of intensifying ideological struggle. The ideologization of tourism, as well as a number of political and economic factors (in particular the lack of freedom of movement and currency restrictions) have led to almost complete state control over international tourism.

In general, until the end of the 1980s. In the Soviet Union there was a distribution system for trips abroad. For the absolute majority of the population of the USSR, the possibility of a tourist trip abroad depended not on desire, and not even on material wealth, but on access to the travel distribution system. With such a system it was very difficult to talk about free choice. More precisely, the choice of one or another route (primarily in the case of a trip to the West) was determined not by the internal needs and interests of the tourist, but by the availability of tour packages for one or another route, free places in one or another tour group, or simply luck.

Amateur tourism is hiking and traveling along routes developed by tourists themselves or recommended by tourist clubs,

As a rule, amateur tourism is characterized by active modes of transportation. In this case, the route, the composition of the tourist group, equipment, food supply, method of transportation and financing are organized independently by the so-called amateur tourists. Such routes can be planned and prepared by tourist clubs, travel and excursion agencies, or tourist and sports organizations.

The peculiarity of such tourism is its sporting nature and the participation of the youth age category in it. The activities of this type of tourism are regulated by the “Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and travel,” as well as departmental instructions of the Ministry of Education, the State Committee for Physical Education and Tourism and recommendations of the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia, the Center for Children and Youth Tourism, etc.

The Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” provides the following basic definitions and concepts:

tourism - temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as citizens) from their permanent place of residence for health, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) temporary stay;

amateur tourism - travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists independently;

tourist - a citizen visiting a country (place) of temporary stay for health, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities for a period from 24 hours to 6 months in a row or spending at least one overnight stay.

INTRODUCTION

Tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic industries in the world

economy. It is recognized as an economic phenomenon for its rapid growth rate

centuries.

In many countries, tourism plays a significant role in the formation of gross

domestic product, creating additional jobs and ensuring

employment of the population, activation of the foreign trade balance. Tourism has

huge impact on key sectors of the economy such as transport and communications,

construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods

and others, i.e. acts as a catalyst for socio-economic

development. In turn, the development of tourism is affected by various

factors: demographic, natural-geographical, socio-economic,

historical, religious and political-legal.

The importance of tourism as a source of foreign exchange earnings, expansion of international

contacts, providing employment to the population is constantly growing.

Tourism is one of the few dynamically developing types of domestic

business. The interest of entrepreneurs in tourism is explained by a number of factors. In-

first, in order to start doing tourism business, you don’t need

big investments. Secondly, it is quite successful in the tourism market

large, medium and small (with a small number of personnel) interact

companies. At the same time, the tourism business allows you to quickly turn over capital, and

also (in the field of international tourism) to derive certain benefits through

foreign exchange transactions.

To achieve a positive balance between money imported into the country

(inbound tourism) and exported from the country (outbound tourism) it is necessary

support and develop domestic tourism in every possible way so that money

spent within the country rather than abroad. Well planned

National tourism policy ultimately leads to benefits for the country.

If tourism development is not planned professionally enough, it may

it may happen that the country will invest more in tourism than it receives from

him. In order to succeed in the tourism business, a foundation is required

needs of the consumer of tourism services, organization of production and

sales of tourism products, good knowledge of international legal norms and regulations,

practices of tourism management and marketing, tourism conditions

There is a significant discrepancy in the level of tourism in Russia

services and package of services offered to the consumer, international

requirements and standards. This is facilitated to a certain extent

small number of hotel enterprises and specialized facilities

placements, the number of which is constantly decreasing. In 1999, out of the total

hotels (3386) 2750, i.e. 81.2% did not have the appropriate certificate

quality. There is also poor professional training of workers

tourism industry. This ultimately leads to capital flight from

Russia. Economic indicators of the development of Russian tourism are far from

desired. According to the Bank of Russia, the balance of payments deficit under item

“tourist services (travel)” in 1999 amounted to about 3.2 billion US dollars,

share of exports of tourism services in the total volume of exports of goods and

services 4.4%, share of imports of tourism services in total imports

goods and services was 13%. The total number of arrivals to Russia was 18.8

million people, with 7.1 million people from non-CIS countries, including

for the purpose of tourism - 1.9 million people. (26.8%). Of the CIS countries, 11.7 visited Russia

million citizens, of which 1.14 million people (9.7%) for the purpose of tourism.

3. Amateur tourism

Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”

interprets amateur tourism as “travel using active

methods of transportation organized by tourists independently,” and

proclaimed priority areas of government regulation

tourism activities along with domestic and outbound tourism support and

development of social and amateur tourism.

Until 1990, amateur tourism existed as a social movement and

was implemented through a diverse system of tourist clubs of the Councils for

tourism and excursions of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in

structure of which there was a Department of Amateur Tourism, as well as

through tourist clubs and tourist sections that existed in large

enterprises, institutions and educational institutions.

In 1989, the number of clubs in the RSFSR reached more than 700. Under the clubs

There were more than 80 regional sports tourism federations. On

enterprises, institutions and educational institutions on a voluntary basis

More than 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked. In amateur tourism

about 7 million people were involved, including all participants in tourist

hikes: recreational, weekend, sports, etc., as well as

hikes, rallies and competitions for approximately 15 million people. Wherein

number of participants in sports category hikes, giving the right to

the assignment of sports categories and tourism titles amounted to about 140 thousand.

Human. All amateur tourism events were financed from

trade union councils.

In 1989, about 6 million rubles were allocated for the needs of amateur tourism.

Hikes and routes for amateur tourism are developed by ourselves

As a rule, this tourism is characterized by active modes of transportation.

At the same time, the route, the composition of the tourist group, equipment, provision of food

food, modes of transportation and financing are organized independently,

or with the support of tourist clubs, sections, public

organizations.

Amateur tourism is subdivided.

1. According to the form of the event, walks, hikes, trips,

rallies, expeditions, competitions.

2. By type of routes, hiking, skiing, mountain,

water, speleo, mountaineering, cycling routes, motorcycle, air,

combined.

4. By organizational affiliation: tourist clubs

stations for young tourists, tourist sections, sports organizations.

One of the important features of amateur hikes is a clear

organization and systematic implementation. Depending on the possibilities it is

There can be weekend hikes, multi-day non-category and category hikes

hiking. Organizing and conducting a hike, regardless of its complexity

are regulated by the “Rules for conducting tourist and sports trips”,

“Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and

travel", as well as departmental instructions of the Ministry of Education and

etc. These documents determine which organizations can conduct hikes and

travel, how tourist groups are assembled depending on complexity

selected route and type of tourism, establish the procedure for registration

route documents They clearly formulate the requirements for participants and

trek leaders, as well as the responsibilities and rights of the leader and participants

Every tourist club should have a card index that can be used

use when choosing a route. At the same time, members of the tourist section

must themselves develop and implement new routes.

The most common form of amateur tourism is trekking

day off. Such hikes are accessible to people of all ages and attract

the largest number of participants.

The simplest form of hiking is a country walk. For such walks

Everyone is welcome. The short walk does not require participants to

Amateur tourism

Amateur tourism is based on the activities of voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, which create their own regulations governing tourist activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions, and publish their own tourist methodological literature and periodicals.

Relaxation during amateur hikes is not limited to recovery and regeneration of strength, but is also aimed at active knowledge of the environment, nature conservation, studying the sights of history and culture, getting acquainted with the past and modern places of travel.

Amateur tourism combines forms of local history and excursion activities, socially useful work on behalf of research, environmental and other organizations, as well as organizing and holding tourist meetings and competitions, amateur and technical creativity, and training of tourist personnel.

Amateur tourism has a programmatic and regulatory framework that determines the directions, nature, content of tourist social practice, requirements for mastering tourism skills (“Traveller’s Code”, “Rules for organizing amateur tourist travel”, etc.). All amateur hikes take place in accordance with the rules for conducting tourist sports hikes. Limitations by rules and regulations are necessary to create a managed system of amateur tourism.

The concept of amateur tourism

Amateur tourism is a type of tourism, active recreation, where participants independently choose and develop a travel (hiking) route, complete a group, purchase food, tickets and equipment and, without the help of hired guides or instructors, complete the intended path.

The word "tourism" is derived from the French tour - walk, trip. In German, “tourism” is a travel holiday; in Italian it is “a journey out of curiosity.”

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defines “tourism” as travel (trip, hike) in free time, one of the types of active recreation, satisfaction of recreational needs (health improvement, knowledge, restoration of human productive forces, etc.), an integral part of healthcare, physical culture, a means of spiritual , cultural and social development of the individual.

The definition of tourism distinguishes two concepts - “trip” and “hike”, which in the practice of the tourist movement, along with common goals, have significant differences.

“Hike” is understood as traveling along a route with active modes of transportation (on foot, skiing, kayak, raft, bicycle, etc.). Hikes are distinguished by “planned” and “amateur” routes.

Trips along amateur tourist routes are organized by the participants themselves, who, with the help of specialized tourist bodies (tourist sections, tourist clubs of enterprises, institutions, schools, secondary and higher specialized educational institutions, regional and city tourist clubs, tourism and excursion councils, young tourist stations , pioneer houses, route qualification commissions, control and rescue services, etc.) determine the route, method of movement along it, duration, conditions and procedure for organizing and conducting the trip.

Hikes along amateur routes are divided into “weekend hikes” and multi-day trips.”

“Weekend hikes” are organized on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays.

“Multi-day trips” are carried out during vacations and vacations.

On a territorial basis, hikes along amateur routes are divided into “local” (in the native land) and “distant”.

According to the method of movement along the route, weekend hikes and multi-day trips are divided into walking, mountain, water (on rafts, rowing or motor boats), skiing, cycling, motorcycle, automobile, speleological.

Tourist travel is distinguished by categories of technical complexity. Their classification is carried out on the basis of the classification of routes by type of tourism, built in a certain logical sequence. The main factors characterizing the category of difficulty of a route are its total length and the length of sections with natural obstacles.

On hiking routes, such natural obstacles include areas with very rough terrain, screes, dwarf trees, rocky areas, mountain passes, windfalls and rubble, wetlands and crossings of water barriers.

On ski routes, natural obstacles include virgin snow, windbreaks, rugged terrain, and also take into account low temperature, high humidity and strong winds, the need to set up bivouacs in the field, and lack of firewood.

On water routes, natural obstacles are rifts, rapids, rapids, blockages, portages, etc. In addition, the dams, locks, weirs, mole rafts found along the route, movement against the current on a rope or poles, along open water spaces (lake, reservoir) are taken into account , sea), on sections equal to or exceeding a day's journey, the complexity of the approach to the beginning of the water part of the route.

On mountain routes, the category of difficulty is determined by the number and difficulty of overcoming passes, and also takes into account the complexity and length of approaches to passes, the average and maximum altitude of the route, the availability of fuel on the route, and the duration of stay at altitude.

Amateur hiking and travel according to their goals belong to the concept of “sports tourism” and are one of the effective means of the physical education system.

Amateur tourism in Russia is a unique phenomenon generated by the Russian spirit, or, as they say in our time, mentality. In Russia, spiritual search, creativity, and mobility have always been valued above material well-being, mechanical performance, and ossification. This is probably why Russia is the undisputed world leader in the field of amateur tourism. Everything that is known in other countries has neither Russian mass appeal nor the organizational principles that we have worked out over many decades.

In no country in the world have non-commercial tourist trips organized by tourists themselves at their own expense and in their free time been and are not of a mass nature. No country in the world has had or has had an extensive training system for amateur tourists. There was and is no system for monitoring the safety of hikes, operating on a voluntary basis, or, more simply, on the enthusiasm of the tourists themselves.

Amateur tourism is a broader concept than just one of the sports. This is a social movement, one of the most important goals of which is a person’s desire for spiritual communication with other people and nature, self-affirmation, and a natural craving for the beautiful world of nature. Amateur tourism is not just a type of human activity, for many it is a way of life.

Usually, both in organizing hikes and in the activities of the entire movement as a whole, tourists take an active part free of charge, on a voluntary basis. Participants in sports trips themselves develop routes, determine the composition of the group, select equipment, etc. But it is in this independence that the special value of amateur tourism lies.

All of the above fully applies to children’s or school tourism, with the exception that school tourism at the level of schools and additional education centers is led by adult tourists-athletes.

History of amateur tourism in Russia

The mass tourist movement in Russia and the USSR began in the late 20s, but it was unorganized and had a spontaneous character. Industrialization turned many thousands of former peasants into industrial workers. The state had to provide them with the opportunity for cultural recreation with benefits for the mind and health. Only tourism could solve this serious problem in a country devastated by wars and revolution, and tourism that did not require large organizational costs on the part of the state. These requirements were met only by amateur tourism, the adherents of which organize and conduct trips themselves, without requiring places in hotels, sanatoriums and tourist centers, without turning to travel agencies, hired guides, and other sources of paid services.

Of course, mostly young people went into amateur tourism. Therefore, isolated tourist sections usually arose under Komsomol committees. The sections, not having experienced leaders, independently looked for forms of work and often their activities took on the ugly nature of vagrancy or were reduced to ordinary picnics; members of the sections did not strive to enroll the workers of their enterprises on a massive scale. Therefore, on January 13, 1927, the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper organized a meeting on tourism issues. After this, at the end of January, the tourism bureau under the Moscow Komsomol Committee began operating. The task of the bureau was to develop a mass tourism movement among young people.

For the successful development of the tourist movement throughout the country, an organizational structure was required that coordinated the actions of individual sections. The Komsomol Tourist Bureau decided to use for this purpose the structure of the above-mentioned ROT, revived under the NEP. At that time, the ROT was still an elite society of professors and intellectuals. The society actively promoted the beauty of its native land, campaigned for active travel, but was not involved in the development of mass tourism.

At the call of the Komsomol, many new members from among the workers and employees of the Soviet Republic joined the ROT. A new board was elected, and by 1929 ROT had become the leading center for mass amateur tourism in the country. The number of members of society increased tenfold, and the social composition of its members changed radically. Based on this, on November 30, 1929, ROT was transformed into the Society of Proletarian Tourism (OPT). The successor of ROT as part of the OPT was the famous tourist club of the House of Scientists, whose members were the leading scientists of our country.

Having a small staff, the OPT built its activities mainly on a voluntary basis.

Amateur tourism was led and supported in those years by such well-known government figures as People's Commissar (Minister) N.V. Krylenko, Deputy Chairman of the Small Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Vice Prime Minister) V.P. Antonov-Saratovsky, one of the leaders of the COMINTERN A. Kurella, academician N.P. Gorbunov, famous polar explorer O.Yu. Schmidt. This should also include member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) S.M. Kirov, who has been involved in tourism and mountaineering since pre-revolutionary times.

The most important task of the OPT, along with the development of the mass movement, was the training of tourist public personnel. According to the magazine “On Land and at Sea” (hereinafter referred to as the Journal) No. 7 for 1929, in July 1929 the first courses for mountain tourism instructors began operating in the Caucasus (Rabfak in the Ice). They were conducted by V.L. Semenovsky, who worked in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. He gained tourism experience in exile, working as a guide in the Alps. In fact, this was the first tourist training school with travel to the Caucasus after the theoretical course.

In 1930, at the first All-Union Congress of the OPT, opposition to the development of amateur tourism on the part of the commercial tourism organization “Soviet Tourist” was noted. This is how the confrontation between commercial (planned, selling travel packages) tourist structures and the amateur tourist movement began.

It is generally accepted that it is amateur tourism that most contributes to the development of the best qualities of the human personality, mental and physical health of the broad masses of the population. However, at the same time, he takes away clientele from commercial tourism organizations (state-owned in the USSR, and now private).

We can safely say that throughout its history, amateur tourism has had to defend its right to exist, defending itself from commercial tourist structures: first from the “Soviet Tourist”, then from various departments of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, and now from tour operators offering active routes.

However, in the first years of its existence, the Soviet government supported the initiatives of the masses. 03/08/1930 “Soviet Tourist” was liquidated, and its structures, unfortunately, together with the bureaucratic apparatus, were transferred to the OPT, which has since received the name OPTE - the Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions. The Journal notes that the “Soviet Tourist” society worked for well-paid officials. “Commerce and business are the engine of the OWL. Tura". It was this spirit of sharing that former employees of the Tura IDF brought into the structures of the OPT, demonstrating once again that an official cannot develop an amateur movement.

The Soviet government helped amateur tourists not only organizationally. In 1930, the state, living in difficult economic conditions, provided amateur OPTE tourists with 70,000 tickets at a 50% discount. Currently, the discount is provided only to schoolchildren and students and only from October to May, when the tourist flow is sharply reduced.

Journal No. 28-30 for 1932 reports that in 1931, on the recommendation of the tourism office, all tourist routes were divided into 3 categories according to the degree of difficulty and requirements were established for their participants.

Magazine No. 6 for 1933 reports that on March 14, 1933, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Optech adopted a new “Procedure for Approval of Routes.” ROUTING COMMISSIONS (IRC) WERE CREATED, samples of TRAVEL BOOK AND ROUTE LIST were approved.

Note that OPTE existed at its own expense, without requiring government subsidies.

After the defeat of the OPTE on April 17. 1936, amateur tourism was transferred under the “direct supervision of work in the field of ... mass tourism and mountaineering” at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. As it became known in recent years, in the resolution on the liquidation of OPTE and a number of other voluntary societies, there were secret clauses that motivated the liquidation by the inadmissibility of the existence of public organizations in which, due to the lack of direct leadership from the state apparatus (that is, officials), enemies of the people could settle .

However, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, a bureaucratic organization focused on sanatoriums, holiday homes and tourist centers, could not understand and accept the amateur tourist movement based on the enthusiasm of the masses. Almost until the war itself, tourists were unable to find understanding and support from the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Thus, organized forms of amateur tourism virtually ceased to exist from 1936 to 1939.

Signs of revival appeared after the Sports Committee adopted the regulations on the “USSR Tourist” badge on March 26, 1939. In 1940, the title of tourism instructor was approved. In the same year, A. Vlasov and N. Gubanov were awarded the title “Master of Sports in Tourism” for the first time.

Post-war years

After the war, the state again had an urgent need to organize cultural recreation accessible to the broad masses. The rapid development of amateur tourism and its highest manifestation - sports tourism - began. Tourist clubs and sections opened at factories, cities and regions. The All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and GOSCOMSPORT received a directive plan for the development of the amateur tourist movement. Funds have again begun to be allocated for amateur tourism.

In 1949, tourism was introduced into the Unified All-Union Classification. Thus, it was officially recognized as a sport and received a second name - sports. Tourists who completed a series of hikes of a certain difficulty began to be awarded sports categories and the title of master of sports in tourism.

In 1957, there were more than 50 tourist clubs operating in the country, whereas before the war there was only one in Rostov-on-Don. The growth rates of amateur tourism in the country are extremely interesting. Here are the official data: in 1958, 428,156 people were engaged in sports tourism, in 1959 - 946,418, in 1960 - 1,512,860 people. Only arresters are taken into account here; the number of participants in tourist trips was much larger.

For comparison, in 1933 the OPTE registered 52,700 amateur tourists, in 1934 - 82,900, in 1935 - 127,500.

However, the relationship between sports tourism and the authorities was tense. On March 17, 1961, in connection with an accident on the Kola Peninsula, the secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions abolished the Federation and tourism sections under the DSO, in other words, canceled sports tourism, or rather abdicated responsibility for its development. However, a powerful social movement forced the bureaucracy to back down. The Tourist and Excursion Directorate of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, which dealt mainly with planned tourism, was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. Amateur tourism has regained its lost positions.

In the summer of 1963, new Rules were introduced according to which the difficulty of routes was divided into 5 instead of 3 categories. Since 1981, tourism championships began to be held.

There were also attempts to eliminate the sports component of amateur tourism in 1982. But they also ended unsuccessfully.

Post-Soviet years and modern times

After the collapse of the USSR, sports tourism from the Trade Union system was transferred to the jurisdiction of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, and the tourists themselves united and created the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (TSSR) - an All-Russian public organization. But the state oriented towards the Olympic Games. the apparatus did everything so as not to bear any responsibility for sports tourism.

Currently, independent tourism in its Soviet form is represented by the world-famous method of traveling in motorhomes (vans fully adapted for living, having an autonomous power plant, communications, household appliances and sewage system). Another manifestation of independent tourism is in many ways similar to the Soviet one and is associated with a special group of vacationers, whom marketers classify as the so-called. the “first third” of the consumer market, that is, consumers with low social needs, and, in general, regardless of income level.

Types and forms of amateur tourism

Due to the lack of classification of this area of tourism, confusion in the hierarchy and confusion of concepts often arises. In addition to mixing the concepts of travel and independent tourism, independent tourism itself is identified, for example, with hitchhiking or camping, while independent tourism is a method, and the types of independent tourism listed above are methods of implementation in relation to it.

Amateur tourism is divided

1. According to the form of the event: walks, hikes, trips, rallies, expeditions, competitions.

2. By type of routes: hiking, skiing, mountain, water, speleo, mountaineering, cycling, motorcycle, air, combined.

4. By organizational affiliation: tourist clubs, stations for young tourists, tourist sections, sports organizations.

Motivational factors

Motivational factors can be used as a sign that allows you to classify travel by type of tourism. With this classification, one should proceed from the main motive that prompted the person to go on a trip.

The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” defines social tourism as “travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs,” while the state provides social benefits to certain categories of Russian tourists in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In the countries of the European Union, social tourism is associated with a clientele with low incomes, which does not allow them to receive high-quality tourism services. This category of citizens needs social benefits. This primarily includes large families, orphans, children from orphanages and boarding schools, students and working youth, pensioners, disabled people and low-income citizens. According to domestic experts, there are about 35 million pensioners and disabled people in the Russian Federation. The main sources of funds for providing targeted assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population are the federal and local budgets.

Social tourism is understood as a sector of the tourism market where buyers receive subsidies from funds allocated by the state for social needs, or other sources of coverage, in order to create conditions for travel and recreation for schoolchildren, working and studying youth from low-income families, pensioners, veterans and the disabled, i.e., persons to whom government and other organizations provide social support.

Amateur tourism

The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” interprets amateur tourism as “travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists independently,” and proclaims the support and development of social and amateur tourism as priority areas of state regulation of tourism activities, along with domestic and outbound tourism.

Amateur tourism is subdivided.

1. According to the form of the event: walks, hikes, trips, rallies, expeditions, competitions.
2. By type of routes: hiking, skiing, mountain, water, speleo, mountaineering, cycling, motorcycle, air, combined.
3. By difficulty: categorical and non-categorical routes.
4. By organizational affiliation: tourist clubs, stations for young tourists, tourist sections, sports organizations.

One of the important features of amateur hikes is clear organization and systematic implementation. Depending on the possibilities, these can be weekend hikes, multi-day non-category and category hikes. The organization and conduct of a hike, regardless of its complexity, is regulated by the “Rules for conducting tourist and sports hikes”, “Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist hikes and trips”, as well as departmental instructions of the Ministry of Education, etc. These documents determine which organizations can conduct hikes and travel, how tourist groups are assembled depending on the complexity of the chosen route and type of tourism, establish the procedure for preparing itinerary documents. They clearly formulate the requirements for participants and leaders of trips, as well as the responsibilities and rights of the leader and participants of the group.

Independent tourism is a specific type of tourist public (amateur) activity, carried out on a voluntary, amateur basis without the participation of tourism organizers (tour operators and travel agencies) in the main part of organizing the trip. Therefore, the success of mass tourism events - rallies, competitions, competitions, tourist evenings - largely depends on the quality of their preparation and the competence of the organizers.

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Amateur tourists. Amateur tourism - easier, cheaper, more interesting! Test questions and assignments

Amateur tourists. Amateur tourism - easier, cheaper, more interesting! Test questions and assignments

Amateur tourism

Amateur tourism

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