Rules of conduct in case of emergency in air transport. Emergency situations in air transport. How to avoid getting hurt in a hard landing
Aircraft accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. Take-off and landing accidents are those where there is hope of rescue, since they usually occur while the aircraft is still on the ground or not high above it, and its speed is relatively low. Moreover, they usually occur in the area of the airport, where rescue teams and the necessary equipment are available.
Unlike a car, an airplane, when it hits a stationary structure or any vehicle, usually does not stop, but rushes on. Therefore, passengers are not exposed to sudden impacts. An exception to this would be when an airplane collides with a mountain. In this case, the chances of salvation are scanty.
In other cases, if an emergency occurs during flight, the crew may decide to make an emergency landing. When preparing it (Diagram 58), you must immediately clear the aisles and take your seats in your chairs, the backs of which should be brought to a vertical position. In addition, it is necessary to remove glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects (pens, knives, lighters) from inside pockets, remove high-heeled shoes, loosen your tie and unbutton your collar. After this, put soft things on your knees to protect your head and torso, fasten and tighten the seat belts tightly. At the command of the flight attendant “Attention landing!” You should lean forward, cover your head with soft things and place it on your hands, with which you clasp your knees. You need to remain in this position until the plane comes to a complete stop (Fig. 23).
Once the plane has stopped, unfasten your seat belts and prepare to evacuate. For emergency exit of the aircraft by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage are used. Passenger exits, approaches and opening means are clearly marked to facilitate their identification. All inscriptions are illuminated from the inside, regardless of the main lighting system. The design of emergency hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches). In the areas where emergency exits are located on the wing, the passages between the seats are wider than elsewhere and do not interfere with the opening of the hatches and the exit of passengers.
When leaving your seat, do not take any luggage carried on board as carry-on baggage with you. This is for safety reasons, as it is likely that some items in your bag will have sharp corners and edges. This may cause damage and deflation of the inflatable escape ladder, which in turn will lead to injury and possibly death to passengers waiting in line for evacuation.
When leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder extended and inflated, you need to jump onto it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping can an increase in evacuation speed be achieved (Fig. 24, 25).
Try to wear a coat or jacket made from materials that are difficult to ignite and difficult to melt;
Consider what shoes you should wear; Avoid high-heeled shoes, but if you are wearing them and need to use an inflatable escape slide during evacuation, take them off when leaving the plane;
During every takeoff and landing, make sure that the seat belt is tight around your hips;
Know what fixed position you need to take during an emergency landing; keep an eye on what's happening outside the plane; if everything indicates that an accident is imminent, take the necessary position;
Know where the exits are located on the plane and how they open.
During decompression, i.e. rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air quickly escapes from a person’s lungs, and it cannot be contained. Ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur at the same time. Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air is escaping). In this case (Diagram 59), without waiting for the command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help someone before you put on a mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and lose consciousness, you will both find yourself without oxygen. Immediately after putting on your mask, fasten your seat belts and prepare for a sharp descent.
Contents air transport; air Transport; air Transport; air Transport; airport; airport; airport; airplane accidents; airplane accidents; airplane accidents; airplane accidents; basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; sudden braking; sudden braking; sudden braking; sudden braking; emergency landing; emergency landing; emergency landing; emergency landing; fire on an airplane; fire on an airplane; fire on an airplane; fire on an airplane; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; bibliography. bibliography. bibliography. bibliography.
Airport Many situations arise at airports that are similar to incidents at railway stations. These include being late, losing things, being poisoned by poor-quality food, and having unpleasant contacts. Many situations arise at airports that are similar to incidents at railway stations. These include being late, losing things, being poisoned by poor-quality food, and having unpleasant contacts.
Airplane accidents Airplane accidents most often occur during takeoff or landing. Therefore, all buildings, stadiums, and dachas built near airports are at risk. Residents of such areas have become accustomed to the noise of airplanes since childhood and pay almost no attention to them. However, an unusual sound or tilt of the aircraft, smoke, or fire should not go unnoticed by them. Airplane accidents most often occur during takeoff or landing. Therefore, all buildings, stadiums, and dachas built near airports are at risk. Residents of such areas have become accustomed to the noise of airplanes since childhood and pay almost no attention to them. However, an unusual sound or tilt of the aircraft, smoke, or fire should not go unnoticed by them.
Basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner: do not take with you prohibited items or packages for transfer from strangers; do not take with you prohibited items or packages for transfer from strangers; do not keep sharp objects on you that can hurt when jolted; do not keep sharp objects on you that can hurt when jolted; carefully listen to instructions on the location of emergency exits from the cabin; carefully listen to instructions on the location of emergency exits from the cabin; Fasten your seat belt during takeoff and landing, and also if necessary at the request of flight attendants. Make sure it is securely fastened. Fasten your seat belt during takeoff and landing, and also if necessary at the request of flight attendants. Make sure it is securely fastened.
Depressurization of the cabin One of the dangerous situations in the air is depressurization of the cabin. The cause could be a mine explosion, a terrorist's shot, or someone's attempt to open the door during a flight. One of the dangerous situations in the air is depressurization of the cabin. The cause could be a mine explosion, a terrorist's shot, or someone's attempt to open the door during a flight.
Oxygen mask To avoid death, in such a situation you should quickly hold your breath and put on an oxygen mask. On large planes it is always right in front of you in the back of the front seat. The oxygen mask storage area opens automatically when the cabin pressure decreases. At this moment you need to quickly put on a mask. In order not to die, in such a situation you should quickly hold your breath and put on an oxygen mask. On large planes it is always right in front of you in the back of the front seat. The oxygen mask storage area opens automatically when the cabin pressure decreases. At this moment you need to quickly put on a mask.
Sharp braking During sudden braking or impact, the safest position is the following: the body is bent, the legs rest on the floor, the knees are on the back of the front seat, the head is tilted as low as possible (it is better to bury your head in your knees or a bag with soft things), your hands cover your head. During sudden braking or impact, the safest position is the following: the body is bent, the legs rest on the floor, the knees are on the back of the front seat, the head is tilted as low as possible (it is better to bury oneself in the knees or a bag with soft things), hands cover the head.
For a forced landing, follow all instructions from the crew commander and do not get up from your seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop; follow all instructions from the crew commander and do not get up from your seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop; immediately leave the plane (without carry-on luggage), observing the order, using emergency hatches and inflatable slides; immediately leave the plane (without carry-on luggage), observing the order, using emergency hatches and inflatable slides; do not jump onto the ground, especially onto a concrete surface, from a height; do not jump onto the ground, especially onto a concrete surface, from a height; You can use available means for descent: ropes, belts, luggage net, help from other passengers. You can use available means for descent: ropes, belts, luggage net, help from other passengers.
Fire on an airplane In case of a fire on an airplane, you must: protect yourself from heat and smoke by putting on outerwear, a hat, and lying on the floor; protect yourself from heat and smoke by putting on outerwear, a hat, and lying on the floor; if the plane is on the ground, then bend down or crawl to the exit; if the plane is on the ground, then bend down or crawl to the exit; do not take hand luggage with you; do not take hand luggage with you; use not only the passage, but also make your way through the chairs; use not only the passage, but also make your way through the chairs; after exiting a burning plane, move away from it as quickly as possible and, covering your head with your hands, fall to the ground so as not to get hurt in a possible explosion. after exiting a burning plane, move away from it as quickly as possible and, covering your head with your hands, fall to the ground so as not to get hurt in a possible explosion.
Today, air transport occupies one of the leading places in the overall transport system for the transportation of passengers and cargo. Airplanes carry an average of more than 300 thousand people per day, and more than 100 million passengers per year. On average, there are 60 plane crashes worldwide each year, with 35 resulting in fatalities. For comparison: every year 300 thousand people die on the world's roads, while less than 2,000 people die in plane crashes.
Statistics say that airplanes are the safest form of transport. However, for hundreds of thousands of plane crash victims, this is no consolation.
On January 3, 1994, a Tu-154 plane crashed in Irkutsk while flying from Irkutsk to Moscow. After 12 minutes of flight, the plane crashed 11 kilometers from the runway. 125 people died in an instant.
In civil aviation, cases of complete or partial destruction of an aircraft with passengers on board are usually called aviation accidents. Aircraft accidents are divided into disasters, accidents and breakdowns. An aviation disaster is an aircraft accident that resulted in the death of at least one crew member or passenger, the complete or partial destruction of an aircraft, or its disappearance without a trace.
An aircraft accident is an incident that did not result in casualties, but caused such significant destruction of the aircraft that restoration work is impossible or impractical.
Aircraft accidents are the result of so-called special situations that reduce the level of flight safety. They can arise due to the failure and malfunction of individual elements of equipment, exposure to unfavorable external conditions (icing, lightning, etc.), shortcomings in ground support for flights, non-compliance with operating and piloting rules, violation of the stability and strength of the aircraft.
An analysis of plane crashes and accidents in recent years shows that the reasons leading to plane accidents can be combined into the following groups. ?
human errors - 50-60%; ?
equipment failure - 15-30%; ?
environmental impact - 10-20%; ?
other (unexplained) - 5-10%.
More than half of air accidents occur at airfields and surrounding areas. They are distributed among the flight elements as follows: ?
takeoff - 30%; ?
cruising flight - 18%; ?
approach - 16%; ?
landing - 36%.
As can be seen from the above data, at least half of air accidents occur due to human errors, in the vast majority of cases, crew errors. A passenger in an airplane crash must first of all follow the instructions of the crew. Before the flight, carefully listen to the flight attendant's pre-flight instructions, remember where the emergency hatches are located (most often in the wing area), and how to use oxygen masks.
This will be useful if an accident occurs at an altitude of over 3000 m.
The mask should be put on immediately as soon as you hear the whistling sound of air leaving the cabin. At the slightest sign of alarm, fasten your seat belt. It is better to wear outerwear - it can protect you from burns if you have to get out of a burning plane. Remove all hard objects from your pockets, including keys, pens, lighters, glasses, ties, etc. The optimal position for an emergency landing is to bend over and clasp your hands tightly behind your knees or grab your ankles. Your head must be placed on your knees; if this does not work, then tilt it as low as possible. Your feet should be placed on the floor, extended as far as possible, but not under the front seat.
The chair in front can be used to take another fixed position: place your crossed arms on the back of the chair, press your head to your arms, stretch your legs and rest your lower back against the lower back of your chair. Both positions must be taken with the seat belt fastened.
At the moment of impact, you need to tense up as much as possible, preparing for a significant overload. In most accidents, its direction is forward and possibly downward.
Every fifth aircraft accident is accompanied by a fire. Practical experience shows that during an overboard fire, a passenger will have one or two minutes to leave the cabin after the plane lands. According to the US National Transportation Safety Administration, more than 70% of people involved in plane crashes with fires survive.
The main thing in case of a fire is to immediately go to the nearest exit after the plane stops. Wherein: ?
protect your skin - you should have a coat, hat, blanket; ?
do not breathe smoke, protect yourself with clothing, make your way to the exit on all fours; ?
do not stand in the crowd at the exit if the line is not moving - remember that there are other exits;
do not take hand luggage with you - it could cost you your life; ?
do not open emergency hatches in a place where there is fire and smoke outside; ?
Don’t become the cause of a fire yourself: on board an airplane, you should handle fire as if you were riding in a fuel tanker. 9.4.
Water transport accidents
Analysis of emergency situations on airplanes revealed two dangerous types of accidents
More on the topic of Air Transport Accidents:
- Vinnikov V.V., Bykova E.D., Vinnikov S.V.. Logistics in water transport: Textbook. a manual for students and cadets of higher educational institutions of water transport / Under the general editorship. prof. V.V. Vinnikova. - Odessa: Feshks - 222 pp., 2004
Behavior rules If you are involved in an accident:
maintain composure in any situation;
passengers must quickly group themselves, lie down on the floor or seat, protect their heads with their hands, cover the children with their bodies, tense their muscles;
leave the car only after it has come to a complete stop;
determine the degree of injury and condition of all participants in the accident;
try to get out of the car yourself and help all the victims leave it. If it is impossible to do this, calm down, do not make sudden movements, take an optimal position, call for help, wait for rescuers;
leave the car through doors, windows, hatches;
move to a safe distance from the scene of the accident;
call traffic police officers, rescuers, firefighters, doctors; provide assistance to the victims;
if a fire occurs, try to extinguish the fire using manual means or call specialists;
keep all traces of the accident until the traffic police arrive;
if the car falls into the water, try to leave it; the doors can be opened after the car is completely submerged under water;
If you are hit by a car and it is no longer possible to avoid it, then you need to jump on its hood or windshield and protect your head with your hands.
Aviation transport
The modern world and society cannot be imagined without aviation. Despite the fact that safety issues in aviation transport are given top priority, emergencies still occur.
During 2005, according to the Ministry of Transport of Russia, 29 aviation accidents occurred on civil aircraft of the Russian Federation, in which 102 people died and 83 were injured.
Emergency situations in air transport have a number of specific features. This is due to the high speed of movement of aircraft, the presence on board of a large amount of fuel that can ignite or explode, the presence of people in a confined space of the cabin, high flight altitude, the lack of effective and reliable measures to influence and help people who are in distress in the air, surprise and the rapidity of events.
Damaging factors in air transport:
the force generated by the impact of an aircraft during a fall;
fire, explosion, poisonous gases;
decompression.
An emergency in air transport can occur at any stage: takeoff, flight, landing. Therefore, it is very important to know the features of aviation accidents, to be able to behave in case of their occurrence, and to skillfully use the emergency rescue equipment that is on board the aircraft.
Behavior rules If there is an emergency on the plane:
quickly take a safe position: group yourself, clasp your hands under your knees, place your head on your knees; Do not straighten your legs and place them under the chair in front - they may be injured at the moment of impact;
remain in your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not panic, act quickly and skillfully.
Safety requirements for aviation transport:
you cannot go to the aircraft parking area without being accompanied by airport workers, without permission to enter the aircraft cabin, enter the cockpit, touch or open the locks and handles of the exits, open doors and hatches;
It is strictly prohibited to transport flammable and explosive materials, spontaneously combustible objects, cylinders with compressed and liquefied gas, poisonous, poisonous, caustic substances;
It is prohibited to carry bladed weapons or firearms;
People with health contraindications are prohibited from using air transport;
It is prohibited to get up from your seats or walk around the cabin when the airliner is moving on the ground, taking off and landing.
In the event of an emergency on board an aircraft, the primary task of rescuing people is to quickly evacuate through the main, emergency, service exits, windows in the cockpit, cargo hatches, holes made by rescuers, and breaks in the fuselage.
The design of the locks of all aircraft doors ensures their rapid opening both from inside the cabin and from the outside. This operation does not require much physical effort - the locations of emergency exits are indicated with stencils, the lock handles are painted with bright colors. Emergency evacuation is led by crew members or rescuers. Rescuers must evacuate injured people using special means. After leaving the vehicle, you must move away from it to a safe distance. A distance of at least 100 m is considered safe. Each aircraft is equipped with its own emergency means for evacuating people, these include: inflatable ladders, fabric chutes, rescue ropes. Their locations, activation order and operating methods are indicated on the stencils. Detailed information about emergency rescue equipment will be provided by the flight attendant during the flight.
Explosion or fire on an airplane necessitates the prompt evacuation of people, since one of the main causes of injury to people inside the cabin during a fire is rapid poisoning by combustion products and, first of all, carbon dioxide - a few minutes after the start of combustion, its concentration reaches a lethal level.
High temperature in the cabin is no less dangerous. During a fire, do not remove outer clothing and shoes- They will protect against burns and broken glass. An emergency landing can be made on a water surface. In this situation, inflatable boats with emergency supplies of food, drinking water, medicine, and alarm systems are used to rescue people.
Railway transport
In the Russian transport system, the leading position in terms of the number of transported goods and passengers is occupied by railway transport. Railway transport is a potential source of emergency situations with a large number of victims, significant material damage, and the onset of adverse environmental and sanitary-hygienic consequences.
In 2005, 11 emergency situations occurred in railway transport, 5 people died and 1 was injured.
Rail transport poses a threat not only to passengers and railway workers, but also to the population living in close proximity to railway tracks, stations, terminals, and depots. This is due to the transportation by rail of large quantities of flammable, explosive, chemical and radiation materials. A large amount of dangerous goods accumulates at stations. Causes of emergency situations in railway transport:
derailment of rolling stock (crash) as a result of collisions, violation of the integrity of tracks, collapse of bridges;
fires, explosions, leaks of toxic cargo;
collision of trains with cars, horse-drawn vehicles, etc.;
exposure to adverse weather conditions and natural disasters.
Emergencies in railway transport lead to injuries and deaths, damage and destruction of material assets, and damage to the natural environment.
A high-risk area is the railway track, especially at the intersection of the railway with a road or street. Such intersections are arranged in places of good visibility. The approaching train must be visible from less than 400 m away, the crossing must be equipped with sound and light alarms, and a barrier; Recently, rising walkways have been additionally installed.
It is necessary to cross railway tracks only in established places. Before crossing the railway tracks, you must make sure that there is no moving train. Walk around standing cars and locomotives at a distance of at least five meters from them.
The modern world and society cannot be imagined without aviation. Despite,
that issues of ensuring safety in aviation transport are given priority
Please note, emergencies still occur.
Air transport emergencies have a number of specific features. It's connected with
high speed of movement of aircraft, the presence on board of a large number of
quantity of fuel capable of igniting or exploding, the presence of people in a closed
that cabin space, high flight altitude, lack of efficient and reliable
measures of influence and assistance to people who are in distress in the air, surprise and quickly
the flow of events.
The main factors of injury and death during air transport emergencies are:
forces arising from the impact of an aircraft during a fall, fire, explosion, poisoning
burning gases, decompression.
An emergency in air transport can occur at any stage: takeoff, flight, landing. By-
it is very important to know the features of aviation accidents, to be able to behave in case of them
occurrence, skillfully use emergency equipment that is found -
on board the aircraft.
In the event of an emergency on an airplane, you must quickly take
safe position: group yourself, clasp your hands under your knees, put your head on the
laziness. You cannot straighten your legs and place them under the chair in front. At the moment of impact
they may be injured. Remain in your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, without
Don't panic, act quickly and skillfully.
Safety requirements for aviation transport:
You cannot go to the aircraft parking area without being accompanied by airport workers.
port, without permission to enter the aircraft cabin, enter the cockpit,
move and open locks and exit handles, open doors and hatches;
materials, spontaneously combustible objects, compressed and liquefied gas cylinders, toxic
twisted, poisonous, caustic substances;
It is prohibited to carry bladed weapons or firearms;__
it is prohibited to use air transport for people who have contraindications for
health;
it is prohibited to get up from your seats or walk around the cabin when the airliner is moving along
ground, takeoff and landing.
In the event of an emergency on board an aircraft, the first priority is to
saving people is to quickly evacuate. It should be carried out through
new, emergency, service exits, windows in the cockpit, cargo hatches, openings,
made by rescuers, fractures in the fuselage.
The design of the locks of all aircraft doors ensures their rapid opening as
from inside the cabin and outside. To perform this operation, no great physical effort is required.
sky efforts. The locations of emergency exits are indicated with stencils, the lock handles are
painted with bright colors.
Emergency evacuation is led by crew members or rescuers. Evacuate injured
rescuers must use special means. After leaving the transport
means you need to move away from it to a safe distance. Ras-
standing at least 100 meters.
Each aircraft is equipped with its own emergency means for evacuation.
training of people, these include: inflatable ladders, fabric chutes, rescue ropes.
Their locations, activation procedure and operating methods are indicated on
stencils. The flight attendant gives detailed information about emergency rescue equipment.
During the flight.
The need for prompt evacuation from an aircraft in an accident
means there is a possibility of explosion or fire.
One of the main causes of injury to people inside the cabin during a fire is...
severe poisoning by combustion products and primarily carbon dioxide. Through non-
How many minutes after the start of combustion does its concentration reach a lethal level? Not me-
High temperatures in the cabin are dangerous. During a fire, do not remove the top
clothes and shoes, they will protect against burns and broken glass.
An emergency landing can be made on a water surface. In this situation
To rescue people, inflatable boats with emergency supplies of food and drinking water are used.
Yes, medicines, alarm systems.