The city of Gorgippia, customs and morals of people's lives. The ancient city of "Sindica-Gorgippia". Daily life of the GreeksGreek dwellings

An ancient city (4th century BC, 3rd century AD) of the Bosporan state on the eastern shore of the Black Sea (modern Anapa). City blocks, ceramics, household items, burials... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- Anapa Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001... Geographical encyclopedia

Gorgippia- an ancient city (IV century BC, III century AD) of the Bosporan state, on the eastern shore of the Black Sea (modern Anapa). City blocks, ceramics, household items, burials. * * * GORGIPPIA GORGIPPIA, ancient city (4th century BC. 3 ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- (Greek Gorgippia) an ancient city on the eastern coast of the Black Sea (modern Anapa). The city arose on the site of the Sind settlement that existed here (See Sinds) (Sindian harbor) with the advent of Greek colonists (6–5 centuries BC).… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

GORHYPPIA- (Greek Gorgippia) antique. city ​​to the east coast of the Black Sea (modern Anapa in the Krasnodar Territory). On the site of the Sind settlement that existed here (Sind Harbor), with the advent of the Greek. colonists (6-5 centuries BC) the city of Sind (Sindika) arose; has entered … Soviet historical encyclopedia

Gorgippia- antique city ​​to the east coast of the Black Sea (modern city of Anapa in the Krasnodar Territory). In the place of the creatures. here are the settlements of the Sinds (Sind harbor) since the appearance. Greek colonists (6-5 centuries BC) the city of Sind (Sindika) arose; entered the Bosporus... ... Ancient world. encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- Anapa... Toponymic dictionary

Museum name = Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia" original = file = size = signature = founded = location = Anapa, nobr|st. Embankment, 4 visitors = director = passage = link = Commons = “Gorgippia”... ... Wikipedia

Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia"- Coordinates: 44°53′46″ N. w. 37°18′39″ E. d. / 44.896111° n. w. 37.310833° E. d. ... Wikipedia

Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia"- ... Wikipedia

Books

• The ancient city of Gorgippia, E. M. Alekseeva, Illustrated edition on the history and art of the ancient city of Gorgippia, one of the largest centers of ancient civilization in southern Russia, which played a significant role in the economic… Category: History Publisher: Editorial URSS, Manufacturer: Editorial URSS, Buy for 882 UAH (Ukraine only)
• The ancient city of Gorgippia, E. M. Alekseeva, The book is dedicated to the history of Gorgippia, one of the largest centers of ancient civilization in the south of Russia, which played a significant role in the economic and cultural life of the Northwestern... Category: General works on the history of the ancient world Publisher:

The ancient city of Gorgippia is the most famous and popular attraction of Anapa. The archaeological museum-reserve includes excavations of an ancient settlement and several exhibitions presenting the most interesting finds discovered in Anapa and the surrounding area of ​​the resort.

Photo of the Archaeological Museum of Anapa and Gorgippia

History of Gorgypia

Gorgippia is a city of the Bosporan Kingdom, founded on the site of an even more ancient settlement of Sindskaya Gavan in the 4th century BC. The Bosporan kingdom itself is a most interesting state formation. It was created in 480 BC, when the Greek city-polises located in the Kerch Strait region united. At the same time, the state, which was formally democratic, was ruled by a king. It combined the features of Greek democratic government and forms of government characteristic of the tribes who lived here - the Sindians, Scythians, Sarmatians and many others. The capital of the kingdom - Panticapaeum - was located on the territory of modern. Sindskaya Harbor did not voluntarily enter the Bosporan kingdom, and a hundred years later Sindika was annexed by force. This happened under King Leukon, who sent his brother Gorgippus as governor. Probably, the Sind Harbor was in ruins by that time: archaeologists found numerous traces of fires. So Gorgippus actually founded the city again and named it after himself. The layout laid down under him was preserved for centuries: the main streets stretched along the sea from east to west, others from north to south.

Gorgippia was destroyed around 240 AD: it died in fire. It was an external invasion. However, scientists are still arguing about who was responsible for the death of the city. For a long time it was believed that they were Goths: Byzantine authors mention that the Goths once burned the outlying cities of the Bosporan kingdom, and Gorgippia was located on its borders. There is also a version that these were North Caucasian Alan tribes, who at about the same time captured Tanais, located near modern Taganrog. True, Tanais was restored, and the Alans remained to live there. And Gorgippia sank into oblivion. However, the location of the city was so favorable that further cities were built right on it.

Modern Anapa stands entirely on ancient Gorgippia. This means that we will never see many of the sights of the ancient settlement. Now the museum owns a small area of ​​about 1.5 hectares, many of the buildings are still underground. Funding for excavations stopped being allocated in 1996, so serious research had to be stopped. However, the museum’s collection is replenished every year: mainly due to excavations, which are necessarily carried out during the construction of new objects.

Archaeological Museum of Anapa

The Anapa Archaeological Museum began with a small cabinet of antiquities, which was opened in the Resort Hall in 1909. Finds accidentally made by Anapa residents ended up here. Then the Civil War began, the archaeological collection was lost. In the 30s, it became clear that a city like Anapa could not remain without its own museum. It was revived, only to be lost again during a new war. However, already in September 1945, the museum reopened its doors.

In the mid-50s, the first significant discoveries were made in Anapa. An ancient necropolis was discovered on the site where the Rodina cinema was later built. Treasures from the burials added to the museum's collection. However, the most important discovery was made in 1975, when the so-called “Crypt of Hercules” was discovered. This find became world famous, so it was decided to turn the museum into an archaeological reserve. Previously, everything that archaeologists found, they buried back in the ground for preservation, in the hope of museumification in the future. But already in 1977, the museum was allocated a plot of land on the seashore, and excavations began, which would have continued to this day if not for the cessation of funding.

Now tourists can see three streets and several buildings of the ancient city, including a baker’s house, two wineries, an ancient pavement, a small pottery workshop where cult figurines were made, and a trading shop in which many glass and iron items were discovered. Wealthy Gorgippians lived in two-story houses. Below there were basements where supplies were stored or workshops were located, and on the second floor, built of adobe bricks, there were living quarters. The roofs were covered with tiles. It is interesting that construction technologies have changed little over 2 thousand years: the Cossacks later built houses from the same mixture of clay and straw.

The central city highway passes through the site of the museum-reserve. She should lead archaeologists to the main city square. True, there are fears that now in its place there is a boarding house "Ancient Anapa". In that part of the museum territory where excavations have not yet been carried out, there is an open-air exhibition: here you can see fragments of Gorgippian temples, tombstones and sarcophagi.

In 2008, an exhibition of archaeological finds of Gorgippia opened on the territory of the museum-reserve. This is a modern, well-organized museum located in an early 20th century building. Tourists can learn about the history and purpose of the exhibits with the help of an audio guide: to do this, they need to read the QR codes of the exhibits using their phone.

Now the museum buildings are undergoing renovations, some of the exhibitions are closed, but tourists can view the main exhibitions - the excavation site and the collection of Gorgippian finds.

Crypt of Hercules in Anapa

The legendary crypt of Hercules was discovered in 1975 while digging a foundation pit for the construction of a 12-story building on Gorky Street. In fact, there were two crypts, but the second one did not receive a loud name, so only one became widely known among tourists. The first crypt was plundered, but what was preserved was what the thieves could not take away - walls with frescoes depicting the labors of Hercules. It is because of the frescoes that the crypt of Hercules got its name. So you shouldn’t believe tour guides who claim that the Greek hero was buried here.

But the robbers did not notice the second crypt: it contained the burial of a noble Gorgippian of the 2nd-3rd centuries AD, possibly a member of the family of the ruler of the city. Archaeologists have discovered here a huge number of items made of precious metals, decorated with stones. True, you can see the famous gold of Gorgippia in Krasnodar: the collection was taken there. However, the original frescoes from the first crypt are in the Anapa Archaeological Museum. True, out of 150 stone blocks with images, only eight can be seen in Anapa (the ninth block is in Krasnodar). The restoration is still ongoing, the process turned out to be very difficult and painstaking.

How is Hercules connected with Gorgippia, so far from Greece? It turned out that the cult of this hero was very developed in the Northern Black Sea region; the Scythian kings traced their genealogies to him. Legend has it that Hercules left his bow to the Scythian Serpentine Goddess, who bore him three sons. The hero bequeathed that the one of his sons who could pull the string of his tight bow would be the king of the Scythians, and so it happened. The kings of the Bosporan kingdom were also confident in their relationship with Hercules, printing their own coins with the image of Hercules or his attributes - lion skin, arrows, and so on. At the turn of the 2nd-3rd centuries AD, a whole series of coins with images of the labors of Hercules came out; now they are worth their weight in gold; very few have survived.

The museum is included in the list of the best museums of the Taman Peninsula and Anapa, compiled by Travel.ru as part of the "" project.

Opening hours: 9:00-18:00. Tours are scheduled several times a day, at 11:00 and 16:00, but the schedule may vary depending on the time of year. Ticket prices: an adult ticket costs 150 rubles, a ticket for children and pensioners costs 80 rubles, disabled people and preschoolers are admitted free of charge. An excursion ticket for adults costs 190 rubles, a discount ticket costs 120 rubles. Photography costs 30 rubles, video filming costs 100 rubles. Address: Anapa, st. Embankment, 4. How to get there: the entrance to the museum is located on the city embankment, not far from the 30th Anniversary of Victory Park. The nearest stops are on Lenin and Astrakhan streets. www:

At the end of the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek city of Sind (Sindic) was founded on the Black Sea coast of modern Russia. It was located on the territory of modern Anapa, and was built on the ruins of an ancient city of the Sind tribe. At the end of the 5th century BC, the polis even minted its own silver coins, which depicted a horse’s head and the inscription “ΣΙΝΔΟΝ”.

Ancient Greek city of Gorgippia, excavations

In the 4th century BC. e. Sindh falls under the beginning, during this period the Greek city-states united and were created, which they ruled. In the 430s BC. The ruling dynasty in the Bosporus changed, Gorgippus ascended the throne, and Gorgippus was appointed to rule Sindom. Gorgippus was the son of the king's brother. The new ruler had a beneficial effect on the polis, he took care of a new layout for the growing city, helped trade flourish, and under Gorgippus, tiles with the round stamp “ΓΟΡΓΙΠΠΟΥ” began to be produced. As a result, the policy receives a new name, in honor of the ruler - Gorgippia.

Polis trades with Heraclea, Sinope, Chios, Lesbos, and many other Greek provinces. The colonists began to master the production of wine, which was also exported to different countries. In Gorgippia, archaeologists discovered the remains of religious buildings in honor of the Greek gods; local residents especially revered Artemis and Hermes.

In the middle of the 3rd century BC. e. A major disaster occurred in Gorgippia - a fire, in the heat of which all the houses were destroyed. In the second half, problems again arise in the rebuilt policy, this time in the field of trade. Mediterranean markets no longer need Bosporan bread, as they receive it from Egypt. At the end of the 2nd century BC, Gorgippia began minting its drachma from silver. In the first century, the city was part of the rulers.

What followed was a time of troubles, when Gorgippia was shaken by reconstructions and fires; only at the beginning of the 1st century AD a king from the new Savromatian dynasty ascended to the throne of Gorgippia. This dynasty was friendly to the Romans, so life in the policies became peaceful for some time. King Savromat restored the destroyed fortress walls of Gorgippia and developed trade with the Roman provinces. The heyday of the polis has arrived, religious buildings are being built, trade is brisk, statues are being installed.

At the beginning of the third century AD, hostile barbarian tribes appeared on the territory of the Bosporan kingdom (). Gorgippia fell under one of the raids, the city burned down in another major fire. After this, the policy was no longer rebuilt.

Today, while relaxing in the sanatoriums and boarding houses of Anapa, you can take a walk to the city center, where an open-air museum has been created. There you can see the remains of ancient dwellings, the foundations of houses, the remains of walls, paved streets, the ruins of wineries and workshops. Ancient sarcophagi from crypts and marble slabs with inscriptions are also kept here.

The city of Gorgippia was not only a trade and craft center, but also a border fortress and one of the largest ports of the kingdom. Currently, the ancient settlement along with the necropolis is located under the central part of the Anapa resort. Numerous archaeological finds document the existence of a Hellenic city on this site from the 5th century BC. e. to the 3rd century AD e. - when Gorgippia died as a result of an enemy invasion and this ended the ancient stage of its history.

Archaeological excavations

In 1949, antique archaeologist Vladimir Dmitrievich Blavatsky carried out the first reconnaissance work to find the ancient settlement. Five years later, excavations were organized at the site of the Gorgippian necropolis. Unfortunately, in the 50s, during construction work, significant areas of the ancient city were destroyed.

Systematic excavations of the ancient polis began in 1960. Then a stationary expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences opened under the leadership of I.T. Kruglikova. The dense development of the modern city complicated excavations, and yet, over 15 field seasons, archaeologists managed to explore various areas of ancient Gorgippia and determine its layout. Scientists have recorded the cultural layer of the ancient city 800 m along the Black Sea and 500 m inland, with a total area of ​​about 40 hectares.

In 1977, by decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the settlement of Gorgippia was declared an archaeological monument of federal significance, and an area of ​​almost two hectares was allocated on its territory, which received the status of an archaeological reserve.

Archaeological finds

The earliest finds on the site of present-day Anapa date back to the 6th–5th centuries BC. e. The first Greek settlement stretched 400 meters along the sea. By the beginning of the 5th century BC. e. the city grew significantly: archaeologists found that the city market provided the surrounding area for 15–20 km with Mediterranean goods. From the residential buildings of ancient Gorgippia, the basements of houses have been preserved, the walls of which were built of stone or made of mud bricks, and the roofs were covered with tiles of various shapes. The streets of the city were paved with cobblestones and fragments of clay amphorae, cart ruts were preserved on the pavements, and ancient coins were found. The approaches to the city from land were covered by a powerful fortress, explored in 1978–1980.

The fragments of inscriptions give an idea of ​​the administrative structure of the city and the composition of the population. A huge number of different objects have been found that tell about the economic activities and everyday life of the inhabitants of Gorgippia. Scientists have proven that iron and copper processing, glassmaking, stone-cutting and woodworking existed in the ancient city.

Crypts with unique frescoes and a large number of golden objects from the first centuries AD were discovered. One of the most interesting discoveries was made in 1975. An archaeological expedition from the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences discovered a funeral complex of two crypts and a rock tomb with a large amount of gold and highly artistic items. The frescoes of the stone crypt depict the exploits of Hercules, who was considered the ancestor of the Cimmerian dynasty ruling in the Bosporus.

Today, archaeological finds of ancient Gorgippia are in various museums around the world.

Archaeological Museum-Reserve in Anapa

In 1977, the Gorgippia Museum-Reserve was created with an open-air exhibition and a permanent exhibition of finds. The Anapa Museum, which received archaeological status, became an integral part of the reserve.

Visitors can stroll along the cobbled streets of the ancient city, see the foundations and walls of dwellings, the remains of workshops, wineries, wells, drains, marble slabs with inscriptions recovered from the necropolis, sarcophagi of the local nobility, and architectural details. The total area of ​​the reserve is 1.6 hectares, of which 0.7 hectares are open to the public.

The halls of the museum house several unique collections: epigraphic monuments, a collection of terracotta figurines, frescoes of the crypt of “Hercules”, a collection of amphoras, beads, monuments of tomb sculpture and sarcophagi, a collection of glass vessels, a collection of black-glazed vessels and a collection of ancient numismatics.