Which turned out to be more convenient and practical. Compared to the previous one, it began to look more dignified and respectable. And this is important, because good relationships between people and representatives of law enforcement agencies will depend, among other things, on the positive perception of their appearance, and not just their professional qualities.

The changes also affected police insignia, including shoulder straps. The shoulder straps now have curved stripes, but their meaning has been preserved since Soviet times.

A brief history of insignia on police uniforms

Some historians agree that until the time when armed forces operating on a regular basis were able to appear in our country, military ranks had little difference. Thus, among senior and junior ranks, differences could only be detected in the cut of the uniform and type of weapon.

Some modernization was carried out during the reign of Peter I. The officers of that time began to wear gorgets, which were scarf-type breastplates with elements of state heraldry. By the beginning of the 19th century, innovations were introduced into the Russian army in the form of uniforms, outwardly similar to the current ones (“tailcoats”).

There was an appearance of headdresses that began to emphasize the difference in military ranks. Little by little, epaulettes began to become common among military fashionistas. The officer's epaulettes were made in the same color as the uniform itself, while the general's epaulettes were distinguished by golden shades.

In the early 20s of the 19th century, the military uniform of Russian soldiers began to be distinguished by the appearance of stars. The presence of one asterisk could mean that the serviceman is a warrant officer, two - a major, three - a lieutenant colonel, four - a staff captain. But the colonel wore epaulettes that had no stars at all. Since 1840, non-commissioned officers began to have something similar to insignia. These were transverse stripes, somewhat similar to sergeant stripes from the times of the Soviet Union.

The appearance of an analogue of the first shoulder straps

Something similar to shoulder straps with stars of more or less modern designs began to appear in the Russian state from the middle of the 19th century. Some historians associate their emergence with the introduction of new models of military uniforms, and specifically with the overcoat that is now familiar to us all. Shoulder straps with sewn braid and stars were fixed in the shoulder area on the uniform. The size of all officer shoulder straps, including the highest ranks, was completely the same.

Following the revolution of 1917, stars with shoulder straps, which were perceived by the Bolsheviks as a symbol of tsarism and autocracy, were simply abolished. However, over time, the Soviet military leadership decided to return the historical insignia. Initially, this was expressed in the appearance of sleeve patches, and starting from 1943, shoulder straps.

Shoulder straps and ranks of Russian police officers

The distribution of military ranks and the use of insignia, including shoulder straps, is used not only by the Russian army, but also to determine special ranks by law enforcement and other structures. Due to a certain level of similarity between military and police activities, the placement of stars and other elements on police shoulder straps is similar to that typical for the Russian army.

Stars on the shoulder straps of ordinary police officers in order

On the shoulder straps of ordinary police officers there is a distinctive sign - a button, next to which there is an emblem with the inscription “police”. Police cadets have a distinctive sign with the letter “K” on their shoulder straps.

Shoulder straps and ranks of junior police officers

Shoulder straps worn by junior sergeants, sergeants and senior sergeants have rectangular stripes that are located across the shoulder straps. Two stripes indicate the rank of junior sergeant, three stripes indicate the rank of sergeant, one wide transverse stripe on the shoulder strap is worn by senior sergeants, and the same wide stripe, but located vertically, is worn by foremen.

Shoulder straps and ranks of warrant officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

The shoulder straps of each ensign are decorated with small stars located vertically. Shoulder straps with two stars are worn by warrant officers, and with three stars - by senior warrant officers.

Shoulder straps and ranks of middle management

On shoulder straps of medium composition there is a vertical red stripe, which is called a clearance, as well as small stars. Junior lieutenants wear one star located on a red stripe, police lieutenants wear two stars on their shoulder straps and a transverse stripe between them, senior lieutenants wear three stars (two are parallel, and the third is on a stripe), senior lieutenants wear four stars (two parallel). and two on the strip) - captains.

Shoulder straps and ranks of senior command personnel

The shoulder straps differ from the shoulder straps of previous employees by two gaps - stripes of red color located vertically along the entire length of the shoulder strap. There are also large size sprockets from one to three. One star in the middle inside the stripes is worn on the shoulder straps of majors. Shoulder straps with two stars located on the stripes themselves, parallel to each other, are worn by lieutenant colonels. Shoulder straps with three stars, two of which are placed parallel on the stripes, one in the middle of the stripes a little in front, are worn by colonels.

Shoulder straps and ranks of senior command staff

General's shoulder straps have large stars located vertically and have no gaps. Major generals wear one star in the middle of their shoulder straps. Lieutenant generals wear two stars, and colonel generals wear three stars. Shoulder straps with one large and three-headed Russian coat of arms are worn only by police generals of the Russian Federation, which is a great rarity in this service hierarchy.

If you have any questions, leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them

Contrary to popular belief, there is no single international hotel classification system that allows you to accurately determine the level of service in a particular hotel. There is also no single global body responsible for registering hotel status.

Even the star system, common in European countries, does not guarantee that the list of requirements that 4-star hotels must meet is the same in all countries.

Typically, qualifications are assigned by government agencies responsible for the development of tourism in the country. For example, in France or Turkey this is the prerogative of the Ministry of Tourism, in Russia - the Federal Agency for Recreation and Tourism.

In other words, the characteristics of a French star will be different from the characteristics of Dutch, Russian or Turkish equally starred hotels.

However, this does not cause much confusion and the level of comfort of hotels of this level is quite predictable.

What can be included in the minimum set of requirements that 4 star hotels must meet?

1. 24/7 fire safety system. Security service responsible for the safety of clients' belongings. Possibility to remove a safe deposit box for especially valuable items.
2. Strict compliance with sanitary standards. Perfect cleanliness. Serviceable plumbing equipment. Absence of insects and rodents in all rooms. Regular staff.
3. The area of ​​the rooms is not regulated, but it is indicated that it should be sufficient for the free and comfortable accommodation of the client. Increased demands are also placed on the area of ​​the bathroom.
4. All personnel must be qualified for their position.
5. Multiple entrances available. Mandatory separate entrance for hotel staff.
6. 4-star hotels are required to ensure 24-hour operation of elevators, including service and freight elevators. The waiting time should not exceed 30 seconds.
7. Cold and hot water round the clock. Availability of a spare water supply system. water purification and treatment.
8. Air conditioning in rooms and common areas. The presence of a thermal air curtain at the entrance.
9. All rooms must be well lit. It is mandatory to have backup energy saving systems.
10. International telephone service in every room and in the lobby. 4-star hotels must provide 24-hour free Internet access in rooms and common areas.
11. Multichannel television, including broadcasting in the most common languages ​​of the world.
12. Availability of several restaurants and bars offering different cuisines. There should be non-smoking areas and the ability to order food delivered to your room. 4-star hotels must be equipped with an internal passage to the restaurant or dining room.
13. Availability of equipped and well-maintained halls, halls for banquets or conferences, discos, karaoke.
14. Daily linen change and cleaning. Possibility to require additional cleaning. Laundry and dry cleaning services.
15. Availability of swimming pools, saunas, health centers, beauty salons.
16. Providing tourist services: ordering excursions or a guide. Providing information about entertainment events and booking tickets.
17. 4-star hotels are required to organize the provision of postal services on their territory, including sending telegrams.
18. Possibility of booking air and train tickets. Call a taxi, order a vehicle, free shuttle bus if 4-star hotels are located far from any popular tourist destination.
19. Providing banking services: currency exchange, credit cards. Insurance.
20. 4-star hotels must organize kiosks on their premises selling souvenirs, cigarettes, and postal supplies.

We repeat, the characteristics of 4-star hotels described above are not mandatory. practices of high-star European hotels. Factors such as cost, country of accommodation, national traditions and purpose of the hotel may make adjustments to the proposed list.

How hotels without stars differ from five-star ones, what service guests can expect and how star categories are assigned - in the material on the site.

In 2016, 17.5 million tourists visited the capital. This year their number is expected to approach 18 million, and next year it will grow even more thanks to the World Cup, the main city of which will be the Russian capital. In order to comfortably accommodate everyone, Moscow is developing a hotel network, opening new hotels and reconstructing old ones.

Since 2013, hotels in the capital began to be officially assigned star rating categories. Hotels in cities hosting the World Cup must receive them.

Now stars are not just stickers at the entrance, cut out of colored paper by the administrator, and their number does not depend on the greed of hotel owners. They are distributed differently in different countries, and there are also international principles. According to the rules approved by the Ministry of Culture, there are six categories of star rating in Russia: “no stars”, “one”, “two”, “three”, “four” and “five stars”.

What category a particular hotel will receive is decided by representatives of special accredited organizations. They carefully check it according to many parameters and assign points, the sum of which determines the category. For large and small hotels they are slightly different; hotels occupying historical buildings also have their own nuances.

Today, more than a thousand Moscow hotels and other accommodation facilities have been classified and received the following categories: “five stars” (30 objects), “four stars” (82 objects), “three stars” (212 objects), “two stars” (110 objects) , “one star” (46 objects), “no stars” and mini-hotels (606 objects).

For classified hotels in Moscow, there are benefits on corporate property tax, calculated at the cadastral value. The minimum room area multiplied by a factor of two is exempt from taxation.

Category "no stars"

This is the easiest category for hotels to obtain. There are not many requirements: there must be a sign on the building, it must be equipped with an emergency lighting system, and guests can always count on hot and cold running water, heating and ventilation.

If you stay in such a hotel, you will find a landline telephone in the lobby, and a staff call button in the room. In hotels without stars, as well as with one and two stars, the area of ​​a single room must be at least nine square meters, and a double room must be at least 12 square meters. If the room is designed for a larger number of guests, each of them should have from 4.5 to six square meters - depending on whether the hotel operates seasonally or all year round.

For hostels, there are slightly different requirements: the room area in them must be at least four square meters per bed (single or bunk), and the distance from the top back of the bunk bed to the ceiling is at least 75 centimeters.

Toilets in hotels without stars are usually located in the hallways. On each floor there should be one common toilet for 10 people, but at least two in total - male and female. One shared bathtub or shower room is installed per 20 people staying in rooms without a bathtub or shower. Each of them should have showers and toilets, a washbasin with hot and cold water, a mirror, a dressing table, soap, hooks for clothes and a wastebasket.

In the public areas there is a reception and accommodation service, there is a TV, furniture and a wardrobe.

Among the services that guests of non-star hotels can count on are accommodation at any time of the day, receiving correspondence, storing valuables in the administration safe, storing luggage, calling an ambulance, and using a first aid kit. You can also ask to wake you up in the morning and give you an iron and ironing board.

According to the rules, rooms must be cleaned daily, with the beds made. Bed linen is changed once every five days, towels every three days.

*Hotels with one star

The basic requirements for the next category are basically the same, there are only a few clarifications. For example, single and double rooms must make up at least 25 percent of the total number of rooms. True, this rule does not exclude the availability of family rooms for three or more people, at least two of whom are adults.

Also, 25 percent of rooms in one-star hotels must have their own bathrooms with washbasins, toilets, bathtub or shower. The area of ​​the bathroom must be at least 1.7 square meters. But this requirement does not apply to hotels located in buildings that are cultural heritage sites. In hot climates, one-star hotels must provide fans in the room.

This category also has its own requirements for halls: their area should be from nine to 25 square meters. In addition, the staff must have their own premises - this includes a dining room, bathrooms, locker rooms, rest rooms and utility rooms.

A continental breakfast is added to the list of services from 07:00 to 10:00, and hotel staff have written work standards.

**Two stars

As the number of stars increases, so does the list of requirements. To receive two stars, single and double rooms must already account for 50 percent of the hotel's total offerings. Also, half of the rooms must have their own bathrooms, the area of ​​which cannot be less than 2.5 square meters.

The rooms must have internal telephone connections (for the hotel), and the area of ​​the common halls increases to 20-40 square meters.

Two-star hotels may already have restaurants or cafes. Moreover, if they have a separate entrance, there should be a separate sign with the name.

Upon guest's request, staff can help bring luggage from the car to the room and from the room to the car. The maids here will change bed linen more often - once every three days. In addition, employees of a two-star hotel must have uniforms and service badges.

***Three Stars

The most numerous category of Moscow hotels is medium. Such hotels differ from previous ones even externally: buildings and signs are always illuminated at night, there is an area nearby for short-term parking of vehicles, the entrance for guests is located separately from the service entrance.

Additional equipment requirements include a stationary generator, a forced ventilation system, a security alarm, video surveillance in public areas and corridors, as well as a backup hot water supply system in case the main one is turned off by utilities. There should be elevators in three-star hotels; if the building is higher than three floors, the wait for them should take no more than 45 seconds.

Telephone connections in the rooms are both internal and local, and from the telephones in the lobby you can call to another city or another country.

Single and double rooms in three-star hotels make up 100 percent of the total number of rooms. Among them there may be multi-room and connecting rooms. The area of ​​a single room must be at least 12 square meters, a double room must be at least 15 square meters. Each of them has its own bathrooms.

The area of ​​the hotel lobby is already from 30 to 80 square meters. It contains armchairs, sofas, chairs and tables with newspapers and magazines. In the common areas of three-star hotels you can find carpets, plants, artistic compositions and individual safe deposit boxes for storing guests’ valuables.

Bed linen is changed here, as in a two-star hotel, every three days, and towels are changed more often - every day. Guests can also use laundry, dry cleaning, minor clothing repairs, postal and telegraph services, exchange currency, call a taxi, get tourist information and shine shoes using a special machine.

Guests are provided with several meal options to choose from: extended breakfast, two meals a day or three meals a day. To eat, guests don’t even have to go anywhere: three-star hotels offer room service in the morning and a 24-hour menu.

* ***Four stars

Hotels are given one more star for even greater guest comfort. To prevent them from getting wet in the rain or snow, a protective canopy should be installed on the path from the car, and an air-thermal curtain should be installed at the entrance to the building to protect against the cold.

In areas where the quality of drinking water is not good enough, hotels are equipped with a special installation for its treatment. All rooms have air conditioning systems all year round.

Elevators for four-star hotels are installed in buildings above two floors. Their wait should not exceed 30 seconds, and the booths are equipped for radio broadcasts. In addition to the passenger elevator, the hotel must have service and freight elevators.

Guests will be able to call another city or country directly from their room. In addition, there will be Internet in public areas.

The area of ​​single rooms in a four-star hotel cannot be less than 14 square meters, double rooms - less than 16. The bathroom should occupy 3.8 square meters. The rooms have increased sound insulation - thanks to special doors, windows and coatings, the noise level cannot exceed 35 dB. Once settled in this room, you can independently regulate the temperature using a thermostat. Your bed linen will be changed every two days.

The area of ​​common halls can reach 120 square meters. They serve drinks and play music. In the public areas of the hotels there are also sports and fitness centers with gyms, a swimming pool or sauna with a mini-pool, shops and shopping kiosks, a business center with computers, copying equipment and meeting rooms.

The hotel restaurant may have several rooms, as well as a nightclub, bars and cafes. A doorman, a tour guide, and a guide-interpreter for the search service for residents are at guests' disposal. At their request, they can send or receive a fax, arrange a meeting and send-off, or iron clothes. Guests can count on car rental, booking tickets for various types of transport, as well as to theaters, sports and entertainment events. It is mandatory to deliver luggage from the car to the room and back in four-star hotels.

Guests are provided with meals around the clock, and can have breakfast buffet style from 07:00 to 10:00. Room service is also available 24 hours a day.

*****Five Stars

Not many hotels in Moscow have the highest category yet—obtaining it, of course, is the most difficult because of the high requirements. At least five percent of the room stock here should be occupied by rooms of the highest category: suites, apartments, deluxe, junior suites, studios. These are large rooms with additional functions: a suite, for example, must be at least 75 square meters, consisting of three or more living rooms (living room, dining room, office and bedroom with a non-standard wide double bed), apartments - consisting of two or more rooms with a total area of ​​40 square meters, with a kitchenette.

Internet here should be provided in all rooms and public areas. And in the bathrooms, among other things, there should be dispensers with disposable toilet seats, bags for hygiene items and hand cream, terry hand wipes and a basket for used napkins. Bed linen and towels are changed every day.

Halls can occupy an area of ​​up to 160 square meters. In addition to everything that is required in four-star hotels, they must have a conference room with appropriate equipment and a swimming pool.

Laundry and dry cleaning for guests operate in an express service format. In addition, additional services include the opportunity to visit a medical office.

One of the key factors that a tourist is interested in when choosing is what the stars in hotels mean. After all, comfort and level of relaxation depend on them. If so, then let's get acquainted with the classification of hotels by category.

Experienced travelers, of course, will say that they have been to “troika” hotels, which are in no way inferior to 5-star hotels. And some “fives”, on the contrary, are, at best, four stars. And you can't argue with that. So why does this happen and what do the stars in hotels mean?

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The catch is that there is no single global and generally accepted classification in the field of hotel standards. Attempts, of course, have been and continue to this day, but even the system of standards of the World Tourism Organization is purely advisory in nature. Therefore, the information presented below is generalized.

Category D, according to the European classification, is the cheapest hotel, often without a list of additional services or with a minimum set of them (there may even be no room cleaning). All “apartments” are the same, with ascetic furniture. Toilet and shower are usually shared and located on the floor. We are not talking about TVs and refrigerators.

2 star hotel

Category C- a budget hotel “without frills” and a long range of services, including, however, daily cleaning, even if purely formal, once every 3 days. Amenities are usually provided in the room, although exceptions are not uncommon. There is also a telephone in the room, the area of ​​which, by the way, should be at least 10 square meters. If the hotel building has 50 rooms or more, then residents may be provided with meals, dry cleaning and laundry services. Two-star hotels have 1–2 types of rooms.

3 star hotel

Category B– the average and most common type of hotel with a standard range of services. All rooms have their own bathroom, air conditioning, hairdryer, refrigerator or minibar and TV. Cleaning is usually done daily. Guests are required to provide towels.

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The room area is at least 12 square meters. The hotel has a dining room or restaurant, laundry, gym, business center, and swimming pool. However, as we already wrote above, hotel star systems are different everywhere, and if something from this list is missing, it doesn’t mean anything. But what should be “iron” are several categories of rooms: 1-, 2-, 3-bed, family, etc.

4 star hotel

Category A– a high-class hotel, which offers all of the above, as well as special services, in particular, spa treatments, massages, and the presence of several conference rooms or restaurants. The room area must be at least 13 square meters. In the bathroom, in addition to a set of towels for various needs, there are also personal hygiene products: shampoo, soap, shower gel, etc. Slippers and bathrobes are optional.

The hotel has its own spacious territory, possibly a swimming pool or terrace. The interior is decorated in the same style, the corridors have carpeting, living plants, paintings on the walls. Private parking should also be provided, preferably, but not necessarily, a car rental service.

Find hotels at a good price.

5 star hotel

Category De Luxe– a hotel of the highest class. The most luxurious hotels that offer guests everything they might need. It offers a wide range of additional services, even exclusive ones. In particular, a golf course, helicopter parking, multi-room apartments, personal maids in the room, dog walking services, etc.

According to the rules, in hotels with this number of stars, the area of ​​the rooms should not be less than 16 square meters. m., (in fact it is much larger). There are also expensive interiors, and there may be several modern TVs with cable. The bathroom offers a wide selection of toiletries, including cosmetics and perfume, bathrobes, slippers, and a jacuzzi. Of course, prices for a stay in such a hotel are much higher than in 3 or even 4 stars.

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Additional information about hotel stars

1. Please note that the number of stars on a hotel is assigned to it from the moment of its opening and stars are rarely taken away, so in hotels of a “respectable age” that have not been renovated for a long time, reality may not meet your expectations.
2. A hotel may be deprived of its star during an inspection by authorized bodies. Such checks are carried out infrequently, but periodically they still take place.
3. The Spanish tax system is designed in such a way that the more stars a hotel has, the higher the tax that its owner pays. Therefore, there are often cases of deliberate underestimation of the category of a hotel by its own owner.
4. In Egypt, on the contrary, getting an extra star is not a problem, and some owners abuse this. Therefore, the number of stars on Egyptian hotels is a very relative phenomenon.
5. In Turkey, 3-star hotels have better service than 4-star hotels in some other countries.
6. In Germany, hotels assign their own stars. But regular inspections by the hotel guild are forcing owners to evaluate their hotels more soberly.

It is important to remember that all of the above are just recommendations, and you can find out specific room parameters and a range of additional services on the websites of the hotels you are interested in or by phone. And knowing what the stars in hotels mean, you can make the right choice.

A serviceman's shoulder straps are his unique calling card, that is, one glance at the shoulder insignia is enough to understand what rank the soldier has. The stars on the shoulder straps provide enough information about which officer corps the serviceman belongs to.

However, the shoulder straps and stars did not immediately acquire their modern look. In pre-revolutionary times, they were interspersed with additional stripes called stripes. Only later did the stars on shoulder straps begin to demonstrate the serviceman as a person belonging to a certain rank in the military hierarchy.

How did the stars appear on the shoulder straps and what is their meaning?

Even during the times of Tsarist Russia, military personnel differed significantly in appearance from ordinary citizens, since their clothing had its own special insignia. However, during that period of time, shoulder straps as such, much less stars, did not exist. They were not the distinctive insignia of a soldier, as they are now.

As a rule, the appearance of a military man had few elements by which his rank and position in the hierarchy of the army could be judged. More attention was paid not to individual details, but to all military clothing as a whole. Therefore, the status of a serviceman was evidenced by the external cut of clothing, as well as the type of military weapon that the military man always had at hand. Basically, this rule applied to senior and junior officers. Generals, for example, had their own insignia, which distinguished them from military personnel of lower rank.

Reformation in this area occurred during the reign of Peter the Great, who, in his travels abroad, was inspired to change the appearance of the army during Tsarist Russia. The basic attribute initially became breastplates, which looked like a scarf. On it were the heraldic symbols of the army in tsarist times. When the hour of the nineteenth century struck, a new transformation took place in the appearance of the soldier’s clothing, which began to resemble a uniform in appearance, and it was more tail-coated in appearance.

In addition, original headdresses began to appear on the heads of officers, which also became part of the serviceman’s appearance, as a sign of distinction.

After such transformations, it was the turn of the epaulettes, which were the prototype of modern shoulder insignia. There is a significant difference between shoulder straps and epaulettes - the latter never had stars. Therefore, officers were distinguished in this case solely by the color scheme of their epaulettes.

If these are officers of the junior and senior ranks, then the shoulder insignia of tsarist times coincided in shade with the color of the uniform they wore. Generals, as a more privileged class in the military hierarchy, wore gold-colored epaulettes. Another difference between royal epaulettes and modern shoulder straps was that they were a decoration for a military man; they were very catchy and elegant.

Find out: What shoulder straps were worn in the USSR army, how did they appear?

Often wealthy military personnel had them made to order from pure gold. Modern shoulder straps are more modest, since after the Revolution took place, preference was given to practicality rather than beauty.

In the twenties of the last century, the military uniform replaced epaulettes with shoulder straps of the modern type, which the Russian army still uses. Since then, a hierarchy has also appeared in the Russian army, which has survived to this day.

For example, one star on the shoulder straps meant that the serviceman had the rank of warrant officer, but if the soldier had two stars, then he was a major, if there were three, then the serviceman moved to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and if there were four, then he was a staff captain.

Five stars mean that the serviceman has the highest military rank. If this concerns ground forces, then this is a field marshal, and if this concerns naval forces, then it is an admiral of the fleet. However, five stars are not sewn on his shoulder straps; they are replaced by one large one and the coat of arms of the Russian Federation (in the modern interpretation).

However, in those days, epaulettes had not yet completely disappeared from military uniforms, since they were worn by colonels. And just like in the distant tsarist times, they did not have such insignia as stars. They came into common use on military uniforms only after another reformation took place in Soviet times, which led to the fact that soldiers began to wear overcoats.

In addition to stars, the Soviet army began to use brass buttons. In addition, emblems were used that demonstrated the insignia of a particular branch of the military. Since then, the military uniform has acquired the form that is used to this day.

Sequence of ranks and corresponding stars

Stars are not currently used among the rank and file of the army. The youngest rank of a soldier who is just entering military service is private; he wears shoulder straps that do not have clear insignia. If this is a soldier who belongs to the security services, then an additional word is assigned to the rank. For example, if this is a prosecutor, then an ordinary justice is assigned.

• If this is a junior sergeant, then his shoulder straps have two transverse stripes.
• If it's just a sergeant, then it has three stripes.
• A few years later, the sergeant receives the rank of senior, and then a single stripe appears on his shoulder insignia, which is twice as wide.

Find out: What rank in the Russian Army corresponds to the rank of corporal?

Stars on shoulder straps and ranks follow a clear pattern, since in each composition they differ from each other only in quantity and size. Two stars are worn by warrant officers, and senior warrant officers wear three on each shoulder strap.

After a military man has passed the senior warrant officer, he becomes an officer.

• The junior lieutenant has one star on his shoulder straps. On the shoulder insignia there is a small star, which signifies the initial step among junior officers. On their shoulder straps there is one gap, which is a red stripe on which all the stars are located.
• Often people who are not yet very well versed in such a hierarchy ask the question, two stars on shoulder straps - what is the rank? In the junior ranks, this is a lieutenant; his stars are located at equal distances from each other on both sides of the central stripe.
• Three stars on the shoulder straps are a senior lieutenant, where the third star is slightly higher than the first two. Therefore, in order to determine the name of the rank to which a serviceman currently belongs, it is necessary to decipher the meaning of the stars on his shoulder straps. This can be done very easily, since it is enough to know the number that a particular rank has, as well as the principle of their location on the shoulder insignia. Therefore, when asked, three stars on shoulder straps - what rank, the serviceman knows for sure that this is a senior military man.
• The captain has 4 stars on his uniform. At the same time, it combines the position of the stars of all previous ranks, and the fourth is located slightly higher than the three previous ones.

Senior officers have the following hierarchy of ranks:

• Every serviceman knows by heart how many stars the first level has. The hierarchy begins with the major, who has one star on his shoulder straps and two gaps, which are represented as two parallel red stripes. The star, which is slightly larger in size than the stars in the younger composition, is located exactly between the two gaps.
• The second level is the lieutenant colonel, whose stars are located on two parallel openings, and at the same distance between themselves and from the edge of the shoulder straps.
• Colonels have 3 stars on their shoulder straps, whose first two stars on their shoulder straps are located in the same way as that of a lieutenant colonel, and the third is located slightly higher.

After a serviceman has passed all the stages in the senior officer corps, he moves to the so-called elite, that is, to the senior officer corps. On shoulder straps of this composition there are no red parallel stripes, but there is a edging of a certain color. If these are ground forces, then the edging is red.

Find out: What kind of shoulder straps did the military wear with the rank of generalissimo?

The following hierarchy takes place here:

• The first level of the military elite is a major general, who in the naval forces corresponds to the rank of rear admiral. The soldier who bears this rank has one star, larger in size than that used in senior personnel.
• Next comes the lieutenant general with two stars, which are arranged in a row, which is the difference from the peculiarities of the arrangement in the senior officer corps. The stars line up in a row, but at a strictly defined distance in relation to each other.
• If there are 3 stars on the shoulder straps, then this is the rank of lieutenant colonel general. A serviceman who is in this rank has one more star than the previous general, which is located just above the two already on his shoulder straps.
• An army general has four stars. This rank was considered the highest in the military hierarchy for a long time. However, several decades later the rank of marshal was introduced. The army general's stars are arranged in a row and occupy most of the shoulder strap.