Project Pike submarine. Medium submarines of the "Shch" type III series. Dive and ascent system
Main performance characteristics of nuclear submarine pr.971:
Nuclear submarine "Tiger", project 971 Dimensions: 110 x 14 x 9 m
Displacement: 8.140 / 12.770 t
Nuclear power plant: OK-650B reactor (190 mW), 1 turbine with a power of 43,000 hp.
Speed: surface 11.6 / submerged 30 knots
Working depth of immersion: 520 m
Maximum diving depth: 600 m
Autonomy: 100 days
Crew: 73 people
Armament: 4 x 533 mm TA, 4 x 650 mm TA (28 missiles, torpedoes or mines)
Series:
K-284 "Shark" (1984)
K-263 "Dolphin" (1985)
K-322 "Sperm Whale" (1986)
K-391 "Bratsk" (1987)
K-331 "Narwhal" (1989)
K-419 "Walrus" (1992)
K-267 "Dragon" (1996)
K-480 "Bars" (1989)
K-317 "Panther" (1990)
K-461 "Wolf" (1992)
K-157 "Vepr" (1996)
K-328 "Leopard" (1993)
K-154 "Tiger" (1994)
K-335 "Cheetah" (1998)
K-337 "Cougar" (2001)
K-333 "Lynx" (2001)
K-152 "Nerpa" (2002)
Multi-purpose nuclear submarines, project 971 "Pike-B"
To expand the frontier of construction of third-generation multi-purpose submarines, in July 1976 it was decided to create a new, cheaper ALL based on the Gorky 945 project, the main difference of which from its prototype was to be the use of steel instead of a titanium alloy in the hull structures.
Therefore, the development of the ship, which received project number 971 and the code "Shchuka-B", was carried out according to the previous tactical and technical specifications, bypassing the preliminary design stage. A feature of the new nuclear submarine, the development of which was entrusted to the Leningrad SKB Malakhit, was a significant, approximately five times reduction in noise level compared to the most advanced domestic second-generation torpedo boat. This result was supposed to be achieved through the implementation of earlier developments in the field of increasing stealth of both the design team of SKB (where the ultra-low-noise nuclear submarine project was developed in the early 70s) and scientists of the Central Research Institute named after. Academician A. N. Krylov. The efforts of the ship's creators were crowned with success: in terms of stealth level, the new nuclear-powered submarine for the first time in the history of domestic submarine shipbuilding surpassed the best American analogue - the third-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarine Los Angeles.
The Project 971 nuclear submarine received powerful strike weapons, significantly superior (in the number and caliber of torpedo tubes, as well as missile and torpedo ammunition) to the potential of domestic and foreign submarines of similar purposes. Like the Project 945 ship, the new boat was supposed to fight enemy submarines and naval groups, carry out mine laying, conduct reconnaissance and participate in special-purpose operations. The technical design of "Pike-B" was approved on September 13, 1977. However, it was later subjected to modifications caused by the need to "pull up" the technological level of the hydroacoustic complex to the level of the Americans, who had once again taken the lead in this area. Their third-generation boats (Los Angeles type) were equipped with the AN/BQQ-5 sonar system with digital information processing, which ensured much more accurate selection of the useful signal from the background noise. Another new “introduction” that necessitated changes to the project was the military’s requirement to equip new generation nuclear submarines with Granat strategic cruise missiles.
During the modification, which was completed in 1980, the boat received a new digital hydroacoustic system with improved characteristics, as well as a weapons control system that allows the use of cruise missiles.
The design of the Project 971 nuclear submarine included such innovative solutions as integrated automation of combat and technical means, concentration of control of the ship, its weapons and armament in a single center - the main command post (MCP), the use of a pop-up rescue camera (which was successfully tested on 705 boats -th project). The Project 971 submarine is of the double-hull type. The durable body is made of high-strength steel with a yield strength of 100 kgf/mm. All main equipment, main command post, combat posts and wheelhouses are located in shock-absorbing zone blocks, which are spatial frame structures with decks. Shock absorption significantly reduces the acoustic field of the ship, and also helps protect the crew and equipment from dynamic overloads that occur during underwater explosions. In addition, the block layout made it possible to rationalize the ship construction process:
installation of equipment was moved from the cramped conditions of the compartment directly to the workshop, to a zone block accessible from all sides. After installation is completed, the zone unit is “rolled” into the boat’s hull and connected to the main cables and pipelines of the ship’s systems.
The submarine uses a developed two-stage damping system, which significantly reduces structural noise. All mechanisms are placed on shock-absorbing foundations. Each zonal block is isolated from the nuclear submarine hull by rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers, forming a second cascade of vibration isolation. Due to the introduction of complex automation, the crew of the boat was reduced to 73 people (including 31 officers), which is almost half the size of the crew of the American Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine (141 people). Compared to the Project 671RTM nuclear submarine, the habitability conditions on the new ship are somewhat improved.
The ship's power plant includes one water-cooled reactor with thermal neutrons OK-650B (190 mW) with four steam generators (two circulation pumps for the first and fourth circuits, three pumps for the third circuit) and a steam single-shaft block steam turbine plant with extensive redundancy of the mechanization composition . Shaft power - 50,000 l. With. Two AC turbogenerators are installed. For DC consumers there are two groups of batteries and two reversible converters. The boat is equipped with a seven-blade propeller with improved hydroacoustic characteristics and a reduced rotation speed.
In the event of failure of the main power plant, emergency sources of electricity and auxiliary means of propulsion are provided for its subsequent commissioning - two thrusters with DC propulsion motors with a power of 410 hp each. pp., providing a speed of about 5 knots and also serving for maneuvering in limited water areas.
On board the ship there are two DG-300 diesel generators with reversible converters (2 x 750 hp) with a fuel reserve for 10 days of operation. They are designed to generate direct current for propulsion electric motors and alternating current for general ship consumers.
The hydroacoustic complex MGK-503 "Skat-KS" with a digital information processing system has a powerful noise direction finding and sonar system. It includes a developed bow antenna, two long-range onboard antennas, as well as a towed long-range antenna located in a container located on the vertical tail (the dimensions of the container are much larger than those on the Project 671RTM nuclear submarine). In addition to the SAC, Project 971 nuclear submarines are equipped with a highly effective, unparalleled worldwide system for detecting enemy submarines and surface ships using their wake (the equipment installed on the boat makes it possible to record such a wake many hours after the passage of an enemy submarine).
The ship is equipped with the Medveditsa-971 navigation complex, as well as the Molniya-M radio communication system with the Symphony space communications system and a towed antenna.
The torpedo-missile system includes four torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm and four torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm (the total ammunition load is more than 40 units of weapons, including 28 with a caliber of 533 mm). It is equipped to fire Granat cruise missiles, underwater missiles and Shkval, Vodopad and Veter missile-torpedoes, as well as torpedoes and self-transporting mines. In addition, the boat can lay conventional mines. The firing of Granat cruise missiles is controlled by a special hardware complex.
In the 90s The universal deep-sea homing torpedo UGST, created by the Research Institute of Marine Thermal Engineering and the State Research and Production Enterprise Region, entered service with submarines. It replaced the TEST-71M electric anti-submarine torpedo and the 53-65K high-speed anti-ship torpedo.
At the same time, on the basis of the Soviet-American agreements of 1989, weapons systems with nuclear equipment were excluded from the armament of multi-purpose nuclear submarines - the Shkval and Vodopad missile-torpedoes with a self-propelled warhead, as well as the Granat-type missile-torpedoes.
The lead nuclear-powered vessel of the 971st project - K-284 - was laid down on the banks of the Amur in 1980 and entered service on December 30, 1984. Already during its testing, the achievement of a qualitatively higher level of acoustic stealth was demonstrated. The noise level of the K-284 was 12-15 dB (i.e. 4-4.5 times) lower than the noise level of the “quiest” domestic boat of the previous generation - 671RTM. According to NATO classification, the new nuclear submarines received the designation Akula.
After the first “simply Sharks”, ships appeared, called Improved Akula in the West (probably, these included boats built in Severodvinsk, as well as the last “Komsomol” ships). Compared to their predecessors, they had better stealth than the US Navy's improved Los Angeles-class boats (SSN-688-I).
In 1996, the submarine cruiser Vepr, built in Severodvinsk, entered service. While maintaining the same contours, it had a new design of a durable body and internal “filling”. Once again, a serious leap forward was made in the field of noise reduction. In the West, this ship (as well as subsequent nuclear submarines of the 971st project) was called Akula-2.
According to US naval intelligence, the durable hull of the modernized Barsa has a 4 m long insert. The additional tonnage made it possible, in particular, to equip the boat with “active” systems for reducing vibration of the power plant, almost completely eliminating its impact on the ship’s hull. According to American experts, in terms of stealth characteristics, the modernized boat of Project 971 is approaching the level of the American fourth-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarine SSN-21 Seawolf.
High stealth and combat stability give the Bars the ability to successfully overcome anti-submarine lines equipped with stationary long-range hydroacoustic surveillance systems, as well as counter anti-submarine forces. They can operate in the enemy’s zone of dominance and deliver sensitive missile and torpedo strikes. The armament of the Bars allows them to fight submarines and surface ships, as well as hit ground targets with high precision with cruise missiles.
According to scientists from MIPT, given in the brochure “The Future of Russia’s Strategic Nuclear Forces: Discussion and Arguments” (Dolgoprudny, 1995), even under the most favorable hydrological conditions characteristic of the Barents Sea in winter (the probability of their occurrence is 0.03 ) Project 971 nuclear submarines can be detected by American Los Angeles-class boats with AN/BQQ-5 sonar at a range of no more than 10 km. Under less favorable conditions in this area of the World Ocean, it is almost impossible to detect the Bars using hydroacoustic means.
It is appropriate to give a description of the Project 971 submarines given by the prominent American naval analyst N. Polmar at a hearing in the National Security Committee of the US House of Representatives: “The appearance of Akula-class submarines, as well as other Russian third-generation nuclear submarines, demonstrated that the Soviet "shipbuilders have closed the noise gap faster than expected." A few years later, in 1994, it became known that this gap had been completely eliminated.
According to representatives of the US Navy, at operational speeds of about 5-7 knots, the noise of Improved Akula class boats, recorded by hydroacoustic reconnaissance, was less than the noise of the most advanced US Navy nuclear submarines, the Improved Los Angeles class.
According to the Chief of Operations of the US Navy, Admiral D. Boorda, American ships were unable to accompany the Improved Akula nuclear submarine at speeds less than 6-9 knots (contact with the new Russian submarine took place in the spring of 1995 off the east coast of the United States). According to the admiral, the improved Akula-2 nuclear submarine meets the requirements for fourth-generation boats in terms of low noise characteristics.
The appearance of new super-stealthy nuclear-powered ships in the Russian fleet after the end of the Cold War caused serious concern in the United States. In 1991, this issue was raised in Congress. Several proposals were put forward for discussion by American legislators aimed at rectifying the current situation in favor of the United States. In accordance with them, it was assumed, in particular:
- demand that our country make its long-term programs in the field of submarine shipbuilding public;
- establish for the Russian Federation and the United States agreed restrictions on the quantitative composition of multi-purpose nuclear submarines;
- provide assistance to Russia in re-equipping shipyards building nuclear submarines to produce non-military products.
The international non-governmental environmental organization Greenpeace also joined the campaign to combat Russian submarine shipbuilding, which actively advocated the ban on submarines with nuclear power plants (primarily, of course, Russian ones, which, according to the “greens,” pose the greatest environmental danger). In order to “exclude nuclear disasters,” Greenpeace recommended that Western governments make the provision of financial assistance to Russia dependent on the resolution of this issue.
Currently, all multi-purpose nuclear submarines of Project 971 are part of the Northern (Yagelnaya Bay) and Pacific (Rybachy) fleets. They are quite actively (of course, by the standards of the present time) used for combat service.
Currently, we can name many who died during the Second World War for unknown reasons. It can be assumed with a high degree of probability that most of them ended up on the seabed not without enemy influence. Others ended their military careers due to shipwrecks. Still others may have been mistakenly destroyed by their own - such cases were not very rare. Perhaps the same fate befell submarine Black Sea Fleet "Shch-206", which died in the first combat campaign.
"Pike" - shortened title for six episodes diesel-electric submarines USSR Navy. Built according to designs by B.M. Malinina. The design of the third series of submarines was taken as a basis, which was distinguished by its simplicity of design, reliability, and the ability to be transported by rail in disassembled form.
Diesel-electric torpedo Submarine series V-bis-2 code “Pike”, tail number “Shch-206”. Until 1934 it was called " Nelma" The Soviet "Shch-206" was laid down on January 5, 1934 at plant No. 200 "Name of 61 Communards" in the city of Nikolaev, and launched on February 1, 1935. On October 1, 1936, it became part of the USSR Black Sea Fleet.
diesel-electric torpedo submarine series
V-bis-2 code “Pike” photo
Soviet submarine "Shch-206" in the Southern Bay, the city of Sevastopol
On the day the Great Patriotic War began Submarine"Shch-206" went on a military campaign to the Romanian shores. The commander of the submarine, Lieutenant Commander S.A. Karakay, received orders to attack Romanian ships if they left the main base of the enemy fleet - Constanta. To the database submarine"Shch-206" did not return, thereby opening the list of losses of submarines of the Black Sea Fleet.
The main version will appear soon sinking of a submarine"Shch-206", according to which the submarine exploded on a Romanian minefield. By the way, this version is considered generally accepted today. True, it later became clear that the boundaries of the position submarine"Shch-206" did not include the area of Constanza itself, since the Romanians announced the laying of mines there long before the start of the war. Perhaps the Shch-206 submarine ended up on a minefield as a result of an unfortunate navigation error.
According to another version, Soviet submarine"Shch-206" was sunk on July 9 by Romanian warships. On this day, the Romanians decided to start trawling the fairway south of the main base of their fleet - where the position of the Soviet submarine was located. Having discovered the periscope, the Romanian ships began to pursue the unidentified submarine. Later, torpedo boats approached the scene and attacked the submarine with depth charges. The chase ended with a powerful underwater explosion and the formation of an oil slick on the surface of the water.
However, even in this case it is impossible to declare with complete confidence the victory of enemy ships over submarine“Shch-206”, since a strong underwater explosion could be mistaken for a series of explosions of depth charges themselves, and the sailors saw periscopes and oil stains quite often.
Unfortunately, in the initial period of the war, the Soviet armed forces acted inconsistently. The Black Sea Fleet was no exception. Perhaps the lack of coordination between the commanders of ships and formations on the one hand, and senior management on the other, was the reason submarine deaths"Shch-206"?
The next day after Soviet submarine"Shch-206" left the base for the last time; a dispatch was received from the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command to the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet, according to which the surface ships were to conduct a raid operation on Constanta. The purpose of the raid was the destruction of an oil storage facility and reconnaissance of the defense of the Romanian naval base. On the evening of June 25, a detachment of light forces consisting of the cruiser Voroshilov, the leaders of the destroyers Moskva and Kharkov, as well as the destroyers Soobrazitelny and Smyshleny, left the port of Sevastopol to bombard the enemy coast. However, the commander of the operation, T. A. Novikov, was not informed of the presence of the Soviet submarine Shch-206 off the Romanian coast. Naturally, the commander could not know anything about the operation diesel submarine.
The next morning, a detachment of the Black Sea Fleet appeared in the Constanta area. Soon an artillery duel with enemy coastal batteries began. The duel was not in favor of Novikov’s squadron, since coastal targets were clearly visible, and the silhouettes of Soviet ships were clearly visible. A few minutes after opening fire, the destroyer Moskva exploded and sank - the ship was maneuvering in an enemy minefield. As a result, the detachment of ships was forced to leave the dangerous area.
True, the evil fate of the ships of the light forces detachment did not end there. When the squadron was leaving, a torpedo trail was discovered on the left side of the destroyer Soobrazitelny. " Savvy", in turn, fired several depth charges at the supposed location of the submarine. During underwater explosions, the stern of the submarine appeared from the water, followed by characteristic signs of its death - air bubbles and oil stains.
Black Sea sailors suggested that the destroyed by the destroyer " Savvy"The submarine was the only Romanian submarine « Dolphin", but the latter was far from the scene of events and subsequently survived the war. Name and affiliation of the sunken submarines remained unclear.
This circumstance served as the basis for the assumption that the attacked submarine was Soviet submarine"Shch-206". At a much later time, this version had numerous supporters. They also explain the death of the destroyer " Moscow"commander's mistake submarine"Shch-206", which, not being aware of the ongoing raid mission, mistook its ships for Romanian ones.
However, to this day there is no clear evidence that adherents of this point of view are right. Probably, the traces of torpedoes and signs of the death of an unknown submarine were once again nothing more than a figment of the sailors’ imagination, and the real reason sinking of a submarine“Shch-206” remained a secret. We just have to believe that it won’t be forever.
During the Second World War, class " Pike» actively participated in combat operations at sea. For military services, six of them became guardsmen, eleven were awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
Technical characteristics of the submarine "Pike":
Length - 58.8 m,
Width - 6.2 m;
Draft - 4.3 m;
Surface displacement 609 tons
Underwater displacement - 706 tons;
Immersion depth - up to 90 m;
Power plant - two diesel engines of 685 hp each. and two electric motors of 400 hp each;
Speed - 10 knots;
Cruising range - 9300 miles surfaced and 100 miles submerged;
Crew - 40 people;
Armament:
Torpedo tubes 533 mm - 4 bow and 2 stern (10 torpedoes);
45 mm gun (some have 37 mm automatic guns) - 2;
The newest multi-purpose Russian nuclear submarine "Gepard" of the 5th generation is designed to destroy aircraft carriers, as well as destroy coastal objects and targets.
"Gepard" is a multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the improved Project 971 (Bars class, according to NATO classification - "Akula-2").
The project was developed by the Malachite Marine Engineering Bureau. This is the eleventh Bars-class submarine produced at the Northern Engineering Enterprise since 1988. Two of them - "Gepard" and "Vepr" (adopted into the Northern Fleet in 1996) - have been significantly modernized. Russian designers claim that these nuclear-powered submarines are the quietest and fastest in the world.
On board the ship there are two DG-300 diesel generators with reversible converters (2 x 750 hp) with a fuel reserve for 10 days of operation. They are designed to generate direct current for propulsion electric motors and alternating current for general ship consumers.
The hydroacoustic complex MGK-503 "Skat-KS" with a digital information processing system has a powerful noise direction finding and sonar system. It includes a developed bow antenna, two long-range onboard antennas, as well as a towed long-range antenna located in a container located on the vertical tail (the dimensions of the container are much larger than those on the Project 671RTM nuclear submarine). In addition to the SAC, Project 971 nuclear submarines are equipped with a highly effective, unparalleled worldwide system for detecting enemy submarines and surface ships using their wake (the equipment installed on the boat makes it possible to record such a wake many hours after the passage of an enemy submarine).
The ship is equipped with the Medveditsa-971 navigation complex, as well as the Molniya-M radio communication system with the Symphony space communications system and a towed antenna.
The torpedo-missile system includes four torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm and four torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm (the total ammunition load is more than 40 units of weapons, including 28 with a caliber of 533 mm). It is equipped to fire Granat cruise missiles, underwater missiles and Shkval, Vodopad and Veter missile-torpedoes, as well as torpedoes and self-transporting mines. In addition, the boat can lay conventional mines. The firing of Granit cruise missiles is controlled by a special hardware complex.
In the 90s The universal deep-sea homing torpedo UGST, created by the Research Institute of Marine Thermal Engineering and the State Research and Production Enterprise Region, entered service with submarines. It replaced the TEST-71M electric anti-submarine torpedo and the 53-65K high-speed anti-ship torpedo.
At the same time, on the basis of the Soviet-American agreements of 1989, weapons systems with nuclear weapons were excluded from the armament of multi-purpose nuclear submarines - the Shkval and Vodopad missile-torpedoes with SBC, as well as 28 long-range cruise missiles RK-55 Granit "to destroy coastal targets at a range of up to 3000 km, which can be equipped with a nuclear warhead with a yield of 200 kilotons.
The lead nuclear-powered vessel of the 971st project - K-284 - was laid down on the banks of the Amur in 1980 and entered service on December 30, 1984. Already during its testing, the achievement of a qualitatively higher level of acoustic stealth was demonstrated. The noise level of the K-284 was 12-15 dB (i.e. 4-4.5 times) lower than the noise level of the “quiest” domestic boat of the previous generation - 671RTM. According to NATO classification, the new nuclear submarines received the designation Akula.
After the first “simply Sharks”, ships appeared, called Improved Akula in the West (probably, these included boats built in Severodvinsk, as well as the last “Komsomol” ships). Compared to their predecessors, they had better stealth than the US Navy's improved Los Angeles-class boats (SSN-688-I).
In 1996, the submarine cruiser Vepr, built in Severodvinsk, entered service. While maintaining the same contours, it had a new design of a durable body and internal “filling”. Once again, a serious leap forward was made in the field of noise reduction. In the West, this ship (as well as subsequent nuclear submarines of the 971st project) was called Akula-2.
According to US naval intelligence, the durable hull of the modernized Barsa has a 4 m long insert. The additional tonnage made it possible, in particular, to equip the boat with “active” systems for reducing vibration of the power plant, almost completely eliminating its impact on the ship’s hull. According to American experts, in terms of stealth characteristics, the modernized boat of Project 971 is approaching the level of the American fourth-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarine SSN-21 Seawolf.
High stealth and combat stability give the Bars the ability to successfully overcome anti-submarine lines equipped with stationary long-range hydroacoustic surveillance systems, as well as counter anti-submarine forces. They can operate in the enemy’s zone of dominance and deliver sensitive missile and torpedo strikes. The armament of the Bars allows them to fight submarines and surface ships, as well as hit ground targets with high precision with cruise missiles.
The underwater speed reaches 36 knots. In autonomous mode, the submarine can operate for up to 100 days. Crew - 61 people.
Gepard's predecessors left the plant two years after its foundation. Before “Cheetah” there were “Leopard”, “Panther”, “Wolf”, “Leopard”, “Tiger”, “Boar”. Sailors call this series of boats cat, although officially Project 971, to which “Gepard” belongs, has the code “Pike-B”, and according to the NATO classification - “Akula-2”. Despite the difference in names, they are all close to the new boat. They note one main feature of the “cat” series - silent running. These are third generation boats.
Even under the most favorable conditions, the American Los Angeles-class submarine, which has the most advanced hydroacoustics, will be able to detect a “cat” boat no further than 10 kilometers away. This distance is critical. A nuclear submarine that has crept up unnoticed can already carry out its combat mission without hindrance.
American naval analyst N. Polmer noted at a hearing in the National Security Committee of the US House of Representatives: “The appearance of Akula-class submarines, as well as other third-generation Russian nuclear submarines, demonstrated that Soviet shipbuilders were closing the noise gap faster than expected. . In 1994 it became known that the gap no longer existed.”
The “Cat” series of boats is the closest relative of the Project 945 Barracuda nuclear submarine created at the Lazurit Central Design Bureau in Nizhny Novgorod. Let us recall that this boat is deep-sea, with a titanium hull. Today the name of its chief designer is widely known - Hero of Russia Nikolai Kvasha.
By May 1990, six submarines of this type had been built.
The Barracuda had one significant drawback. It was very expensive, and not every Russian shipyard where submarines were made could work with titanium. The fleet needed a series of submarines of a wide profile, cheap and easy to build. Project 945 was taken as a basis, but the boat's hull was made of low-magnetic steel. The new series of boats was assigned to Project 971.
This series of nuclear submarines inherited its “cat” name from the first Russian boats of the early 20th century. The former “Gepard” was laid down in September 1913 at the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg. A year and a half later, the boat was already commissioned as warships. She participated in the First World War, providing search and reconnaissance operations on enemy sea lanes. The boat made 15 combat missions. But in October 1917, while on patrol in the Baltic Sea, she disappeared without a trace. The cause of the tragedy and the place of death have not yet been established.
A series of Project 971 boats was developed by Leningraders. In addition to being quiet, the boats are also formidable. The torpedo-missile system includes a total ammunition load of more than 40 units of weapons. The boats can launch Granat cruise missiles, underwater missiles and Shkval, Vodopad and Veter torpedo missiles. The boat can also be used as a minelayer.
With the appearance of “cat” nuclear submarines in the waters of the northern seas and the Pacific Ocean, the Americans had to forget the words that they constantly repeated: “Russian submarines are larger than ours, but they are poorly made.”
And the head of the operational detachment of the US Navy, Admiral Jeremy Borda, having analyzed all the contacts of his boats with the “cat” series submarines, came to the conclusion that in terms of low noise they correspond to fourth-generation boats.
Concerned about the rapid development of Russian submarine shipbuilding, the American side made an attempt to involve the international non-governmental environmental organization Greenpeace in the planned operation. Obeying her customers, she transferred all her activities to the northern seas, fighting their nuclear contamination. As soon as the construction of new submarines in Russia stopped, Greenpeace immediately left the northern waters.
There was another incident related to these boats. In the early 80s, our country acquired unique high-precision metal-cutting machines from the Japanese company Toshiba. The deal was secret, but the press found out about it and immediately trumpeted it around the world. These machines made it possible to use new technologies in the processing of propeller shafts and propeller blades, thereby sharply reducing the noise level of the submarine. The United States, having learned about the deal, immediately announced to Toshiba the introduction of economic sanctions. But it was already too late.
The boat's hull has a hydroacoustic coating and is divided into seven main compartments. Comfortable conditions have been created for the crew: a relaxation room, a gym and even a small sauna with a swimming pool. The living quarters for four people are very similar to the compartments of a passenger train.
An interesting incident occurred on February 29, 1996, in the midst of NATO exercises. The warships were searching for a mock underwater enemy. The training task was completed, when suddenly... a Russian submarine made contact. Her commander asked for help. It was necessary to urgently evacuate a sailor with an acute attack of appendicitis.
For the British to whom the request was addressed, it was a shock. Until now, they are at a loss: whether help was really needed, or whether this was a well-planned operation. When the boat surfaced, everyone saw that it was in the very center of the order of NATO ships. If the combat situation was real...
"Cheetah" at operating speed, allowing it to quickly survey a fairly large area, is not detected at all by existing sonar equipment. And even when he picks up speed, he is able to “see” and “hear” any adversary in the ocean before he notices him.
The Americans were also shocked when they “accidentally” discovered our “Pike” near their territorial waters.
Another “Pike” distinguished itself in the summer of 1999 during the NATO aggression against Yugoslavia. Then there was a message that our submarine had been spotted in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. She was actually noticed when she passed the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. But then she disappeared. After some time, she appeared off the coast of Corsica and Yugoslavia. She was hunted by both surface ships and anti-submarine aircraft. After playing hide and seek, the boat calmly left the Mediterranean Sea.
The shock came later when NATO headquarters learned that along with the Pike, which they had noticed at least for a short time, the submarine cruiser Kursk and Barracuda (Pskov) were in the Mediterranean Sea. They were discovered only when they were already returning to their native shores.
According to representatives of the US Navy, at operational speeds of the order of 5-7 knots, the noise of Improved Akula class boats, recorded by hydroacoustic reconnaissance, was less than the noise of the most advanced US Navy nuclear submarines of the Improved Los Angeles class.
According to the Chief of Operations of the US Navy, Admiral D. Burda, American ships were unable to accompany the Improved Akula nuclear submarine at speeds less than 6-9 knots (contact with the new Russian submarine took place in the spring of 1995 off the east coast of the United States). According to the admiral, the improved Akula-2 nuclear submarine meets the requirements for fourth-generation boats in terms of low noise characteristics.
The appearance of new super-stealthy nuclear-powered ships in the Russian fleet after the end of the Cold War caused serious concern in the United States. In 1991, this issue was raised in Congress. Several proposals were put forward for discussion by American legislators aimed at rectifying the current situation in favor of the United States. In accordance with them, it was assumed, in particular:
- demand that our country make its long-term programs in the field of submarine shipbuilding public;
- establish for the Russian Federation and the United States agreed restrictions on the quantitative composition of multi-purpose nuclear submarines;
- provide assistance to Russia in re-equipping shipyards building nuclear submarines to produce non-military products.
The international non-governmental environmental organization Greenpeace also joined the campaign to combat Russian submarine shipbuilding, which actively advocated the ban on submarines with nuclear power plants (primarily, of course, Russian ones, which, according to the “greens,” pose the greatest environmental danger). In order to “exclude nuclear disasters,” Greenpeace recommended that Western governments make the provision of financial assistance to Russia dependent on the resolution of this issue.
The American side is also concerned about the fact that India, China and South Korea have shown great interest in boats of the “cat” series. Moreover, the Indian Navy got there before everyone else. The terms for the purchase of two submarines, which are now being completed on the slipways of Sevmash, were discussed.
It’s a pity, of course, that this strategic reserve is going to the side, but these are the realities, otherwise our Navy would not have received the Gepard.
Currently, all multi-purpose nuclear submarines of Project 971 are part of the Northern (Yagelnaya Bay) and Pacific (Rybachy) fleets. They are quite actively (of course, by the standards of the present time) used for combat service.
Their project was developed in the design bureau, which was headed by B. M. Malinin. The tactical and technical characteristics of submarines of this type changed slightly from series to series in the direction of increasing the power of diesel engines and slightly reducing the cruising range, as well as increasing the underwater speed. The armament (four bow and two stern torpedo tubes, two 45-mm guns) remained unchanged. Boats of the III series of the "Shch" type had six compartments: the first and sixth - torpedo compartments; the second is residential (there are batteries under a collapsible flooring made of wooden panels, fuel tanks under the batteries); third compartment - central post; the fourth is diesel; in the fifth there were two main electric motors and, separately, two electric motors for economic propulsion.
According to the classification accepted before the war, it was a medium-sized submarine (displacement 578 tons), one and a half hull, with a durable hull divided into six compartments. Its main armament consisted of four bow and two stern torpedo tubes (total number of torpedoes - 10), surface speed - up to 12 knots and underwater - up to 8-9 knots, maximum diving depth - 90 m. For submarines of the III series, an architectural design was adopted hull shape with boules and a straight vertical stem. This hull shape was chosen to ensure the required surface speed, good controllability and maneuverability. The main ballast tanks were placed in boules (three on each side), as well as in the bow and stern ends. The “medium”, “equalization” and “fast submersion” tanks were located inside a durable hull (during the period of major overhaul of the boats, the “medium” main ballast tank was moved into the double-hull space). The Kingston tanks of the main ballast tanks had local manual drives, and the ventilation valves, in addition to local manual drives, had remote pneumatic control. On the submarine Shch-302, tests were carried out on an experimental device for blowing the main ballast tanks with diesel, driven by the main electric motor and operating in compressor mode. Tests have confirmed the reliability of blowing water ballast using this method. The time for blowing the main ballast tanks with diesel was 5 min 35 s at 415 rpm and 10 min 5 s at 200 rpm. This was the first experience of using diesel engines for blowing main ballast on domestic submarines. He convinced the designers and crew that in the future it would be possible to abandon the use of turbo-blowers on submarines, which are a rather complex unit that is not reliable enough to operate. The first two submarines of the III series were equipped with MAN diesel engines of type 8U28/38 with a power of 2x500 hp. With. at 450 rpm. Subsequent boats were equipped with domestically produced 38B8 diesel engines of the same power. The rotation speed on them was subsequently increased to 600 rpm, while the diesel power increased to 685 hp. s., and the surface speed of the boat reached 12 knots. The main electric motors had a power of 2X400 hp. With. at 390 rpm. The submarine was equipped with electric propulsion motors with a power of 2X19 hp. With. at 900 rpm.
On series III submarines, many technical solutions were adopted the same as on series II submarines, for example, the design of pipes and front covers of torpedo tubes, a voltage-reducing unit to maintain a constant voltage, diesel injection mufflers, etc. State tests of III submarines The series also revealed a number of shortcomings: the full speed was obtained 2.2 knots less than the specification, the design of the torpedo-loading device was unsuccessful, the mechanisms were very noisy, especially economic drives, periscope winches and bilge pumps, habitability was worse than provided for by the design.
The raised and examined English boat L-55 (since October 1929 had been undergoing restoration in Kronstadt) had a great influence on the project. From her, the “Pike” got lines with linear transformation and a general architectural type: one-and-a-half-hull, with Boolean main ballast tanks. Due to the simplicity of the contours and some technological solutions, it was planned to achieve a significant reduction in the cost of the entire structure. Five compartments were separated from each other by flat, strong bulkheads with oval doors designed for a pressure of two atmospheres. The torpedo armament consisted of four bow and two stern torpedo tubes. The battery (112 cells), covered with easily removable shields, occupied the second compartment, diesel engines and electric propulsion motors were located together in the fourth. The third compartment contained the central post. Two Rato pumps were supposed to pump out the main ballast. It is interesting to note that the use of pumps for pumping out main ballast was abandoned in all fleets of the world back in the First World War. In the case of the “pikes”, this anachronism was resurrected precisely on the basis of saving funds allocated for construction. For the same reasons, the bow horizontal rudders did not have guards.
During the construction process, a number of noticeable improvements were made to the ships. The fourth compartment was divided by a light bulkhead into two - diesel engines and electric motors, resulting in six compartments on the boat. The middle tank was in a durable casing. The main ballast was received in five tanks. To improve seaworthiness, deck tanks and a bow buoyancy tank were installed (removed during major repairs). The superstructure and deckhouse turned out to be narrow. The bow horizontal rudders were located in the bow trim tank, and the electric motor for remote control of the rudders was located in the central control post. Horizontal rudders received guards. Most of the VVD cylinders (40 pcs.) were placed in the second compartment, the remaining 16, together with the main electric motors, were located in the fifth. The diesel oil pump is gear type. The rear covers of the torpedo tubes were closed with hinged bolts on the bolts, and not with ratchet bolts, as on boats of the I and II series. There were five fuel tanks located inside the durable hull. The 37-mm machine gun envisaged by the project never entered service, and in its place a 45-mm 21-K semi-automatic machine was installed. The bulwark in the bow of the wheelhouse, designed to protect the gun in a positional position, was soon removed, installing semicircular folding platforms for ease of calculation. During the major renovation, the site became permanent, with a tubular railing fencing.
During the acceptance process of the first Shchuka series III, which took place from October 1933 to August 1934, a construction overload was revealed that reached from 5.7 to 25 tons (this was partly explained by the addition of spare torpedoes). The shortfall in surface speed was 2.2 knots for boats with German W8V28/38 diesel engines from the MAI company ("Pike" and "Okun"), and 1.75 knots for boats with domestic 38B8 engines from the Kolomna Plant ("Ruff" and "Komsomolets"). The reason lay both in incorrectly selected screws and in the shape of the body, which led to the overlap of waves of ends and boules. As a result, the speed of the III series Shchuk was 11.8 knots. above and 8 knots under the water. At the same time, the cruising range turned out to be greater than the calculated one: 3130 miles instead of 3000 and 112 miles instead of 110, respectively.
During testing when diving to full depth, the lead boat suffered deformation of the fillet of the aft torpedo-loading hatch. At the same time, the rescue buoy of the first compartment was crushed. Based on the test results, it was necessary to carry out local reinforcement of the hull.
Seaworthiness was considered satisfactory. However, there were enough shortcomings: a design defect was discovered in the drive of the horizontal rudders - under the influence of deformation of the hull at a depth of 40-50 m, it jammed; the time for draining the main ballast using Rato centrifugal pumps was almost 20 minutes, which was completely unacceptable; the cramped internal arrangement, the poor design of the torpedo-loading device, and the high noise levels of the mechanisms were noted.
They tried to eliminate a number of miscalculations immediately. Shch-303 received other propellers and additional fittings in the nose of the boules to improve streamlining. The main ballast pumping system, which, in addition to taking a long time to drain, also created a dangerous list during ascent, was redone. First, in place of one of the pumps, a low-pressure turbocharger of the Brown-Boveri type was installed to blow through the main ballast tanks, and later at Okun they tested a more efficient blowing system using diesel engines driven by electric motors as compressors. The effect was positive: the blowing time ranged from 10 to 4.5 minutes. This system was used on the "Pike" in the future.
Acceptance tests confirmed the high advantages of Series III submarines: the simplicity and strength of their designs, the reliability of the mechanisms, and good seaworthiness. Submarines of the III series in their tactical and technical elements and characteristics were in no way inferior to foreign submarines of this class, for example, the French Orion-class submarines, which were built simultaneously with our submarines.
| Displacement - surface - 572 tons, underwater - 672 tons |
| Maximum length - 57 m |
| Maximum width - 6.2 m |
| Average draft - 3.76 m |
| Power point - 2 diesel engines with a total power of 1000 hp. and 2 electric motors with a total power of 800 hp. 2 groups of rechargeable batteries, 112 batteries each, brand "KSM-2", 2 screws. |
| Fuel reserve - normal - 23.4 tons, full - 52 tons |
| Speed - highest surface - 11.6 knots, underwater - 8.5 knots |
| Cruising range - on the surface - 1350 miles at 11.6 knots, - 3130 at 8.5 knots; submerged - 9 miles at 8.5 knots, - 112 miles at 2.8 knots |
| Immersion depth - working - 75 meters, maximum - 90 meters |
| Dive time - 75 seconds |
| Armament - 4 533 mm bow torpedo tubes; 2 533 mm aft torpedo tubes; 10 533 mm torpedoes; 1 - 45/46 artillery installation "21-K"; 500 45mm rounds |
| Time spent under water - 72 hours |
| Autonomy - normal - 20 days, maximum - 40 |
| Buoyancy reserve - 22 % |
| Crew - 7 officers, 15 petty officers, 18 privates |
"Shch-301" ("Pike")
Laid down on February 5, 1930 in Leningrad at plant number 189, factory number 199. December 1, 1930 launched. On October 14, 1933, it became part of the Naval Forces of the Baltic Sea. Participated in the Soviet-Finnish War.
On June 22, 1941, she met under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Vasilyevich Grachev as part of the Separate Submarine Training Division in Orienbaum.
August 10-28, 1941 She went on her first military campaign in the Second World War. At 17.21 on August 10, she entered the Stockholm area (position No. 10) guarded by BTShch-203, 207, 209, 210, 218, 4 SKA, in the afternoon of 11.8 the escort was completed on the meridian of Cape Ristna. Patrolled the position from 22.30 on August 12 to August 27. Around noon on August 17, the boat discovered the OTR, went on the attack, but when filling the annular gap of the bow TA, it took 4 tons of water into the trim tank and sank to depth. On August 18, I discovered a stitch. EM type "Gothenburg", going in the direction of the island. Gotland. At about 10 p.m. on August 19, she discovered KON on the surface, but was illuminated by a searchlight and, after diving, was attacked by the main vessel. After 25 minutes, having surfaced to a positional position, we found a TR without a move and a receding EM in the north-west. At about 23.50 a torpedo attack was carried out on the TR (TR 8000 t, attack = above/vi/2, d = 3-4 cables, after a few seconds 2 explosions were heard - the torpedoes exploded next to the German TR "Theda Fritzen"). There was no persecution. On August 23, the submarine tried to attack another TP, but the attack failed because a torpedo started working in the TA before the salvo. At 14.53 on August 24, she launched a torpedo attack by KON (3 TR, 1 EM, 2 SKA) (TR 6-8000 t, attack = sub/pr/1, d = 6 cable, a hit was observed in the TR - a trace was observed from the Swedish EM torpedoes). There was no persecution. On August 25 and August 26, the submarine observed 2 Swiss. BBO and several others. EMs conducting exercises in the area of the Landsort settlement. On the night of August 27, she was recalled to Tallinn in connection with the preparations to leave the base. At about 7 p.m. on August 28, she independently arrived at the Tallinn roadstead.
On August 28, 1941, she arrived in Tallinn, discovered that our forces were not there, and independently headed to Kronstadt. On the same day at 21.15 at the point 59°52"N/25°16"E. (according to the logbook; according to the results of research by I.A. Kireev - 25 ° 21 "E) was blown up by a mine of the "F.18" obstacle, installed by the financial Ministry of Health "Ruotsin-salmi" and "Riilahti" (or the obstacle "D.22", deployed by the German MTSH of the 5th flotilla), but remained afloat, the commander, having battened down the hatch, went down from the bridge and personally examined the aft part, where the explosion occurred: the propeller shafts were bent upward, the sixth compartment was opened, from the aft one. a torpedo fell out of the apparatus, the superstructure was torn apart. Two sailors climbed out of the ragged hole in the sixth compartment. The commander went down inside the submarine and became convinced that the struggle for survivability was useless, water was already entering the fourth compartment, and the trim to the stern increased. After 15 minutes, the submarine sank. By this time, the approaching SKA rescued 14 crew members (1 died on board) and transferred them to the Vironia TR (died in a mine on the night of August 28; the submarine commander Grachev and the commander of the bilge Brewers squad survived from the crew). The total crew losses were 36 people.
Duration of combat service - 2.2 months (June 22, 1941 - August 28, 1941). One combat campaign (18 days). Two torpedo attacks as a result of which 1 ship was possibly sunk and another ship was damaged.
The commander was: cap. Lt. Grachev I.V. (1941)
"Shch-302" ("Perch")
Laid down on February 5, 1930 in Leningrad at plant number 189, factory number 200. November 6, 1931 launched. On October 14, 1933, it became part of the Baltic Sea Naval Forces. Participated in the Soviet-Finnish War.
On June 22, 1941, she met Pyotr Nikitich under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Dragenov as part of the Separate Submarine Training Division in Orienbaum. In August, captain-lieutenant Nechkin Vadim Dmitrievich was appointed commander of the ship. On September 22, while parked in Kronstadt, she received shrapnel damage to her durable hull.
On October 10, 1942, she left for operations on enemy communications. At 19.30 on October 10, supported by the Moscow cruise line, BTShch-207, -210, -215, -217, -218 and 3 SKA left Kronstadt to the island. Lavensari. At about 04.00 on October 11, she began an independent transition from the Lavensari area to the western area. Moonsund Islands (position No. 4). During the campaign she did not make contact (she did not report the completion of the crossing of the Gulf of Finland and the occupation of the position, did not respond to command calls on October 19 and 20) and did not return to base. At 01.40, 08.15 October 13 and on the night of October 14 Fin. the radio station broadcast messages about the sighting of owls. Submarines 8 and 9 miles north-west. m-Pakri (in both cases the message could refer to “S-13”, and in the latter to “Shch-311”). Possible causes of death: mine explosion of the barriers “Nashorn”, “Juminda” or “Seegel” (possibly on October 11, after which the heavily damaged boat was sunk by the northern island of Bolshaya Tyuters German Sam. (according to other sources - Finnish Sam . "SB-10" of the Lelv-6 squadron, which dropped bombs on a moving oil trail), as well as a personnel error or equipment failure. 37 crew members were killed on the submarine.
The commanders were: Kosmin D.M. (1933), Potapov L.S. (1938), cap. Lt. Drachenov P.N. (1941), cap. Lieutenant Nechkin V.D. (1942)
"Shch"-303" ("Ruff")
Laid down on February 5, 1930 in Leningrad at plant No. 189 (Baltic Shipyard), serial number 201. November 6, 1931 launched. On November 25, 1933 it became part of the Baltic Sea Naval Forces. Participated in the Soviet-Finnish War.
June 22, 1941 met under the command of senior lieutenant (later lieutenant commander, captain 3rd rank) Ivan Vasilyevich Travkin as part of the Separate Submarine Training Division in Orienbaum. From October 1939 to July 1941, a major overhaul took place in Leningrad at the Kronstadt Marine Plant. From the end of the summer of 1941 it was in an organizational period. On September 6 it moved to Leningrad, on September 17 - to Kronstadt, on September 28 - to Leningrad, on October 14 - to Kronstadt, on October 30 - to Leningrad.
July 4 - August 9, 1942 the first campaign in the Second World War. At 22.00 on July 4 - 14.46 on July 5 she independently went to Fr. Lavensari. At 23.12 on July 7, she reached the area of the island. Ute - m. Ristna (position No. 6, supporting - commander of the 3rd submarine, captain 2nd rank G.A. Goldberg). On the morning of July 8, due to a dead reckoning mismatch, she jumped onto a sandbank near Rodsher Cape, from which she successfully got off. On the night of July 10, in the area of Kalbodagrund, an enemy SKA was discovered and unsuccessfully attacked. At 00.50 on July 11th north. While charging, Tallinn was attacked by 2 ships, causing minor damage to the submarine. At 00.43 on July 12 southeast. The ship Porkkalan-Kallboda launched an OTR torpedo attack (TR-timber carrier 6-7000 tons, attack = above/pr/2, d = 15 cab., after 1 minute during the dive an explosion was heard - no foreign data). Corps that appeared in the attack area. The enemy carried out bombing from 07.30 to 22.30. On July 13, she crossed the Nashorn barrier (at the same time, she touched the spacecraft tube once - at 10.32, and also had one imaginary meeting with the Minrep), while continuing to be pursued by the cor. PLO. At 09.00 on July 15, she finished crossing the Gulf of Finland and headed to the position. Since the morning of July 16, I was in the area of \u200b\u200b. Utyo. At 18.35 on July 19, she launched a torpedo attack by KON (5 TR, 4 TSCH) (TR? t, attack = sub/pr/1, d = 25-35 cab., due to shallow water it was not possible to get closer, the torpedo sank before reaching goals - no data). At 21.35 on July 20, she launched a torpedo attack by KON (2 TR, 2 TSCH) (TR 12000 t, attack = sub/vi/2, d = 2.5 cable, after 18 and 22 seconds we heard 2 explosions - at point 59°34 "3 N/21°30" E, the German TR "Aldebaran", 7891 brt, transporting units for the 7th year (+1,=3) - maintained speed of 5 knots, arrived at the base. and repaired by 1944). Germ. TSC “M 1807”, “M 1806”, “M 1805” counterattacked the submarine, dropping 23 GB on it. Due to close explosions, the horizontal rudders on the boat jammed and at 21.40 it hit the ground hard (the stem was bent, the bow horizontal rudders were jammed, the hull in the bow was damaged). On the night of July 22, she moved to the Ristna metro area. In the afternoon of July 23, the submarine discovered the OTR, in the evening - a detachment of combat corks. During maneuvering, it turned out that the bow TA covers were jammed (the torpedoes in the stern TA were expended on July 12). At 01.14 on July 26, with the permission of the command, she began to retreat to the base. At 00.00 on July 28, the crossing of the Gulf of Finland began. At 18.49 and 19.45 on July 29, when crossing the barrier, the Nashorn twice touched the minereps and spacecraft tubes of the EMS mines - no explosions followed. On the afternoon of July 30, she was discovered underwater and attacked herself. enemy in the area of Kalbodagrund. In the evening of August 1, she arrived in Narva Bay, where she waited until 18.25 on August 6 to meet with the escort ships. Having arrived at the rendezvous point, she did not find her ships, but she did notice an enemy anti-submarine ship. Only on August 3, the brigade headquarters received the radio and began to organize a meeting with the submarines. During this time, Shch-406 was twice discovered in the same area, and only the caution of its commander prevented a disaster. For various reasons, the escort ships could not arrive for the meeting, and on August 6, the submarine received orders, together with Shch-406, to proceed independently to the area of Lavensari Island. At 03.40 on August 6, she was attacked by enemy ships, which pursued her until 05.58. As a result of the bombing, the submarine's acoustic and radio equipment failed, and water entered the durable hull. At 01.30 on August 8, after a meeting with the SKA, the raid arrived. Lavensari. At 22.00 on August 8 - 04.57 on August 9, supporting BTShch-207, -210, -211 and 2 SKA moved to Kronstadt.
October 1 - November 13, 1942 Second campaign in the Second World War. At 19.55 on October 1, in support of BTShch-210, -211, -215, -217, -218 and 3 SKA reached the island. Lavepsari. Due to fog, at 03.30 on October 2, the escort anchored, and the submarine continued the passage on its own. At 04.06 arrived at the dive point 6 miles west. O. Lavensary and began moving to the area of Landsort Cape (northern part of position No. 11). At 17.40, while crossing the barrier, the Zseigel touched the mine, but there was no explosion. In the evening, several series of GBs exploded behind the stern of the submarine. At 11.53 on October 5, while crossing the obstacle, the Nashorn touched the spacecraft tube of the EMC mine - there was no explosion. At 00.35 on October 7, she completed crossing the Gulf of Finland. On the evening of October 8, she arrived in the area of Fr. Gotska-Sanden, on the night of October 10 passed to the Huvudsher monastery. On the afternoon of October 11, it twice refused attacks from the OTR, which were sailing through skerry fairways. During October 12, it was unable to attack 4 OTR due to unfavorable command positions and shallow waters. On October 15-16, the boat stormed the position. At 00.03 on October 18, she launched a torpedo attack by KON (5 TR, 2 SKR) south. m-Landsort (TR 10-12000 t, attack = above/vi/2, d = 14 cab., after 1 min 36 sec I observed a large explosion, a column of fire and smoke. At the moment of the dive, the crew heard the explosion of the second torpedo - cut. No data). The submarine was not persecuted. At 15.26 on October 20, she launched an OTR torpedo attack (TR 8000 t, attack = sub/pr/2, d = 12 cable, after 2 minutes two explosions were heard - no foreign data). On October 21-22, the boat departed for the island. Gotska-Sanden for reloading TA and topping up AB. At 21.47 on November 2, she launched an OTR torpedo attack in conditions of a force 8 storm (TR? t, attack = above/pr/2, d = 15 cable, miss - no foreign data). At 23.42 on November 4, she launched a torpedo attack by KON (2 TR, 2 SKR) (TR 15000 tons, attack = above/vi/3, d = 10 cable, 2 explosions were heard - no foreign data). The submarine was not persecuted. At 19.53 on November 6, having informed the command that the ammunition had been used up, she began returning to base. On the morning of November 8, the crossing of the Gulf of Finland began. At 23.56 on November 11, while crossing the barrier, “Zseigel” touched the mine defender’s mine. At 09.00 on November 12, we met our SKA and at 11.00 arrived at the bay. Nørre-Kappellacht. At 01.10-09.45 on November 13, supported by 5 BTShch and 2 SKA, it moved to Kronstadt.
On March 1, 1943 she was awarded the title of Guards. From April 15, 1943, she was ready for a combat campaign.
May 7 - June 11, 1943 third campaign in the Second World War. At 22.30 on May 7 - 01.00 on May 8, in support of BTShch-210, -211, -215, -217, -218, 6 SKA and 2 KDZ, it moved from Kronstadt to the Shepelevsky meter, where it lay down on the ground, and on the night of 9 May moved to Fr. Lavensari. At 04.30 to the east. On the Lavepsar roadstead, BTShch-210 was blown up by 2 bottom mines and received serious damage. At 04.40 the submarine lay down on the ground 2 miles from the bay. Norre-Kappellaht and on the night of May 11 moored in the bay. At 23.00 on May 11, supported by 4 BTSC and 6 SKA, it reached the dive point (arrived at 01.29 on May 12) 6 miles southwest. O. Lavensari for further transition to a position at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland (Uto Island - Ristna Cape). Forced the Gogland PLO line in the area of the Namsi Bank. From the evening of May 13 to the morning of May 17, there was a west. O. Vaindlo charging the battery. At 02.00 on May 17, she transmitted a message about the breakthrough of the Gogland PLO line, which, due to violation of instructions, was not accepted by the UAV command. On the afternoon of May 17, it moved to the north-west region. Ms. Carey. On May 18, she was on the ground, correcting damage to the gyrocompass. On the afternoon of May 19, she continued moving west. At 04.38 6 miles north. O. Nayssar had a meeting with the Ministry of Repair at 18.15 in room 55. north-west m-Nayssar fell into an anti-submarine net, after which it retreated to the area of the island. Carey to charge the battery (was in this area until June 1). At 15.47 on May 21, taking advantage of the absence of the watch officer, the bilge engineer sergeant Galkin locked himself in the central post and surfaced the submarine with the intention of surrendering. Sergeant major radio operators Alekseev and hydroacoustic specialist Mironenko, who were in the radio room of the central command center, scrubbed the doors. I.V., who climbed onto the bridge Travkin saw Galkin giving signals with a pillowcase to the nearby officers. enemy. The submarine made an emergency dive. Galkin remained on the surface and the germ was picked up. TFR. During the dive, the enemy SKA fired at the submarine, and then dropped approx. 100 GB. From 00.00 to 16.05 on May 22, another approx. 100 GB. When trying to charge the battery on the night of May 23, a SKA was discovered, which dropped 5 Gb onto the boat. On the night of May 25, the submarine interrupted battery charging several times due to detection of enemy SKA. At 00.05 and 01.45, the commander twice reported the decision to return to base. At 02.04 on May 26, the submarine commander reported a hit to the anti-submarine network (occurred on May 19), without indicating the date of the hit and his coordinates. At 01.20 on May 29, the submarine commander reported the coordinates of the submarine and the main events of the campaign, after which he received permission to return to base if a breakthrough into the Baltic Sea was impossible. On the morning of June 1, I moved to the Rodsher monastery area. On the night of June 2, the submarine reported a new location and requested information about the situation on the return route. On June 4 it moved to the Narva Hall, and on June 5 it crossed the Gogland PLO line. On the night of June 6, the submarine commander asked to organize a meeting with the southwest. O. Lavensari. The rendezvous on the night of June 7 did not take place, because upon hearing explosions (mines swept by boats exploded), the Shch-303 lay down on the ground. Of the SKA escort, MO No. 102 was killed by mines, and MO No. 123 was seriously damaged. At 23.19 on June 7, encountered 8 miles southwest. O. Lavensari 7 SKA and 4 TKA and at 03.30 on June 8 arrived at the bay. Nørre-Kappellacht. At 21.47 on June 9 - 02.29 on June 10, supported by 5 BTSH, 4 SKA, 4 BKA, 2 KDZ, moved to the place of laying on the ground near the Shepelevsky meter. At 01.25 on June 10, KON was hit by a Finn. Air Force, which lightly damaged BTShch-215 and heavily damaged BTShch-218 (landed on the ground in shallow water). At 00.22-03.10 on June 11, in support of 3 BTShch, 4 SKA and 2 BKA, it moved to Kronstadt.
From December 1943 - summer 1944 - major repairs at the Kronstadt Marine Plant. Until October 1944 she was engaged in combat training.
On October 3, 1944, when leaving the Merchant Harbor of Kronstadt for operations on enemy communications, it hit the wall, bending the bracket and the right propeller shaft, the fencing of the aft horizontal rudders and the vertical rudder stock. To repair the damage received, I went to the factory. She was under repair at the Kronstadt Marine Plant until November 23.
December 17, 1944 - January 4, 1945 Fourth campaign in the Second World War. On the morning of December 17, I went to the western area. Libavi (sector No. 1). Before Fr. Utyo (until the evening of December 17) was supporting BTShch-215. At 21.00 on December 20, she arrived at the position. On December 29, while attempting to attack the KON, it was discovered and pursued by PLO forces. On the morning of January 1, 1945, a cork was discovered and persecuted. PLO. During an urgent dive, she hit the ground twice, resulting in damage to the rudder, keel and hull. On the night of January 2, she began returning to base. At 19.00 on January 3, BTShch-215 was encountered in the area of the island. Nyhamn and at 23.10 on January 4 arrived in Turku.
February 24 - March 25, 1945 fifth military campaign in the Second World War. At 15.00 on February 24, supporting the LD and BTShch-217, it reached a position in the Libau region (position No. 1; supporting - commander of the 3rd submarine, captain 2nd rank G.A. Goldberg). At 00.00 on March 1, she arrived at the position, but due to the storm, the search for the cor. the enemy was not carried out until March 5. At 23.39 on March 5, she launched a torpedo attack by KON (2 TR, 1 MM, 1 SKR, 1 SKA) at point 56°18"5 N/19°56"E. (TR? t, attack = above/vi/2, d = 8-9 cable, miss - no foreign data). After the attack, the cor. was persecuted. PLOs that dropped 3 gigabytes. On the morning of March 6, I heard the movement of a large number of ships, but did not launch an attack due to strong anti-aircraft defense. On March 7-8, due to a storm, she lay on the ground. At 00.04 on March 9, she launched a torpedo attack by KON (3 TR or 2 TR and SKR) at point 56-21"5 N/20°10"0 E. (TR 6-7000 t, attack=nadv/vr/4, d=6 cable, a torpedo explosion was observed - no foreign data). In the evening, the UAV commander ordered the boat to take a position on the approaches to Danzig Bay. (positions No. 2, 3). On the evening of March 10, she arrived in the area of the Hel Peninsula. Boat actions in the underwater position were unmasked by the high noise of the mechanisms and the beating of the shaft line. On the morning of March 18, I heard the noises of an enemy submarine. During the day, she was unable to attack KON due to strong anti-aircraft defense. In the evening, the enemy's TFR and SKA were discovered, dropping approx. 20 GB. On March 21, the UAV commander ordered the boat to operate to the east. parts of the Danzig Bight. (position No. 2). On March 22, she was again persecuted by PLO forces, breaking away from them and moving to Hoborg Cape for observation. At 00.00 on March 24, due to depletion of supplies, she began returning to base. At 16.03 on March 25, the LD was met in the area of \u200b\u200bChekarsern and at 22.54 arrived in Turku.
On May 7, 1945 it was supposed to reach the southern position. O. Gotland with the aim of blockading Libau, but due to the imminent end of hostilities, the campaign was canceled.
On September 12, 1945, she was withdrawn from combat service and transferred to a detachment of training ships of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet for use for training purposes.
On February 15, 1946 it was part of the KVMK. On January 12, 1949, she was assigned to the subclass of medium submarines. On June 9, 1949, renamed S-303. On September 11, 1954, she was disarmed and expelled from the Navy due to delivery to the OFI for dismantling and sale. In 1961, at the Glavvtorchermet base on Turukhanny Islands in Leningrad, it was cut into metal.
Duration of combat service - 46.5 months (June 22, 41 - May 9, 1945). 5 military campaigns (157 days). 9 torpedo attacks as a result of which 2 ships (11857 GRT) were sunk and 1 ship was damaged, in addition, 3 more ships may have been damaged.
The commanders were: Art. l-t, cap. l-t, k. 3 r. Travkin I.V. (1941-1944), room 3 Vetchinikin P.P. (1944), volume 3 r. Filov N.A. (1944), cap. Lit Ignatiev E.A. (1944-1945).
"Shch-304" ("Komsomolets")
Serial number 550/1.
Laid down on February 23, 1930 at plant No. 112 “Krasnoye Sormovo” in Nizhny Novgorod with funds raised by workers. Funds for the construction of this ship came from all republics. A total of 2.5 million rubles were collected. The laying ceremony was attended by Deputy People's Commissar of Military Affairs and Chairman of the RVS S.S. Kamenev and Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee S.A. Saltanov. At this time, the appeal of the Komsomol Central Committee to the youth said: “On the day of the 12th anniversary of the Red Army, in order to strengthen the defense capability of the Soviet Union, the fatherland of the international proletariat, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union, expressing the will of millions of Komsomol members, young proletarians and peasants, undertakes to before the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, to build one submarine for its 13th anniversary, naming it "Komsomolets". the brutal struggle of the working class under the leadership of the Communist Party with the capitalist element of the city and countryside for the socialist restructuring of the countryside, for collective farms and the socialization of agriculture. On May 2, 1931, she was launched, and then transferred via the Mariinsky water system in a transport dock to Leningrad to plant No. 189 (Baltic Shipyard) for completion and delivery to the fleet. On August 15, 1934 it became part of the Baltic Sea Naval Forces. Participated in the Soviet-Finnish War. On January 11, 1935, it became part of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet.
June 22, 1941 met under the command of Lieutenant Commander (later captain 3rd rank) Afanasyev Yakov Pavlovich as part of the Submarine Training Brigade in Kronstadt.
From the end of the summer of 1941 it was in an organizational period. On September 6 it moved to Leningrad, on September 16 - to Kronstadt, on September 29 - to Leningrad, on October 14 - to Kronstadt.
October 21-November 10, 1941 the first military campaign in the Second World War. At 18.00 on October 21, she left for a hidden deployment near Fr. Gogland. Since the morning of October 30, I was with Fr. Lavensari. On November 10 she returned to Kronstadt. On November 11 she moved to Leningrad.
On the night of June 4, 1942, she moved to Kronstadt (she was fired upon by enemy artillery, which fired about 50 shells). Reaching the position was delayed due to the need to mine proximity mines in the Kronstadt area.
June 9-30, 1942 Second military campaign in the Second World War. At 22.00 on June 9, I left Kronstadt for Fr. Lavensari, accompanied by 4 SKA and 2 EMTSH (accompanied the submarine to the Sheielevsky settlement). At 09.02 on June 11, she arrived at Fr. Lavensari. At 21.19 on June 12, she left for action on the Tallinn - Helsinki communications (position No. 11). Patrolled from the morning of June 14 to June 27. On June 14, I discovered an OTR in the Helsinki area - it was walking along a skerry fairway. At 11.51 on June 15, she launched a torpedo attack on KON (1 TR, 5 SKA) (TR 10-12000 t, attack = sub/pr/2, d = 8-12 cable, after 48 seconds two explosions, at 11.55 did not detect TR - the KATSCH "MRS 12" submarine, which was providing trawling in the Porkalla-Udd area, was unsuccessfully attacked. At 01.02 on June 16, she discovered KON, but was unable to attack due to the poor training of the torpedoists. At 01.53 launched a torpedo attack on the OTR (TR 4000 t, attack=sub/pr/1, the second torpedo was not fired due to untimely preparation of the torpedo, d=6 cab., miss - unsuccessfully attacked by PLB KATSCH "MRS 12"). After surfacing, while trying to get closer for an artillery attack, the KATSCH PLB opened fire on the submarine with 2 guns. The submarine sank and from 02.25 for several hours came under attack from the main submarine. At 23.39 I discovered KON, from cor. whose protection was forced to leave to the north. On the morning of June 17, 2 Finns were attacked. SKA - dropped 8 GB. While charging on the night of June 18, the Finnish army was attacked. himself., and then SKA (chased the submarine until 08.40, dropped 21 gigabytes). On the afternoon of June 18, I examined Paldiski harbor. On the nights of June 19 and June 20, during charging, it was discovered and attacked by anti-aircraft forces. On the evening of June 20, a cor. was discovered and persecuted. enemy. During the dive, she hit an unmarked can or the hull of a sunken ship - water began to flow through the rivets, up to 1 ton per hour. Within 6 hours the damage was localized. Moved to the Helsinki area for action. On June 22, she was discovered and pursued by enemy ships. While charging the battery on the night of June 23, the battery itself was attacked. Ne-111, then SKA. Due to the impossibility of charging on the night of June 24, she retreated to the Kalbodagrund Bank area - the Finnish army was attacked. SKA. On the night of June 25, the submarine commander reported on the continuation of the pursuit and the impossibility of charging (during the voyage, the submarine was pursued for about 90 hours, attacked by surface ships 8 times (105 bombs), itself - 5 times (11 bombs). On the night of On June 28, by order of the command, she began returning to base. At 02.18 on June 30, she was met by 2 SKA and 9 KATSch and arrived at Lavensari Island at 08.45. At 23.00 on June 30 - 08.33 on July 1 (accompanied by 3 SKA and 8 KATS).
23.00 August 22 - 06.50 August 23 moved to Fr. Lavensari in support of the Krasnoe Znamya CL, the Burya SKR, BTShch-204, -211, -217 and 4 SKA (by August 30 it was supposed to take a position in front of the Irbensky Strait and the Soelavain Strait - position No. 4). During the transition to the submarine, a serious diesel breakdown occurred, which made the continuation of the trip impossible. Until September 1st she was with Fr. Lavensari (lying on the ground during daylight hours). On the night of September 2, in support of BTShch-217, it moved to Kronstadt.
On October 27, 1942 she set out on her last combat campaign. At 19.30 on October 27 - 05.02 on October 28, in support of BTShch-205, -207, -210, -211, -215, 3 SKA transferred to the island. Lavensari. At 00.05 on October 29, it reached a position between the east. coast of the island Gotland and the meridian 20 ° 30 "E (later, by additional order, it was supposed to move to a position at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland - position No. 5). On November 13, the boat received an order to return to base. During the voyage there was no contact left (did not report the completion of the crossing of the Gulf of Finland and the occupation of the position) and did not return to the base. Possible causes of death: the mine explosion of the Seeigel, Yuminda and Nashorn barriers, as well as a personnel error or equipment failure. The submarine killed 42 crew members. Some sources suggest that the submarine was killed by a mine not on October 29, 1942, but much later, already returning from a cruise, since, according to enemy data, its ships and vessels were attacked several times by a submarine in the area indicated. "Shch-304", in the designated area on November 13, a Finnish minelayer was attacked four times by torpedoes, on November 17, the Hindenburg transport (7888 GRT) was sunk there and other transport was damaged, and in early December, possibly from torpedoes, several more ships were lost . It can be assumed that "Shch-304" operated until mid-December and died while returning to base. The lack of reports from the boat can be explained by the fact that its commander decided to maintain radio silence, or the radio equipment was out of order.
Duration of combat service - 17.6 months (June 22, 1941 - December 10, 1942). 2 military campaigns (64 days). 2 torpedo attacks in the first voyage, as a result of which 1 ship was possibly sunk; in addition, several more ships were sunk in the second voyage.
The commanders were: Bubnov K.M., Capt. l-t, k. 3 r. Afanasyev Ya.P. (1941-1942)
1942, the Baltic Fleet Command is faced with the task of breaking through the enemy’s powerful anti-submarine line. They decide to entrust the main part of the operation to Soviet submarines. The first task was successfully completed by the submarine Shch-304 under the command of Captain 3rd Rank Yakov Afanasyev. Having successfully passed the barrier line, she entered the sea into operational space. During the combat campaign, the submarine crossed the lines of enemy mines 22 times, was attacked 7 times by aircraft and fired upon by coastal artillery three times. Enemy anti-submarine ships dropped over 150 depth charges on her. Despite the damage received, Shch-304 destroyed the enemy's floating base and returned from the campaign in victory.
In the Soviet Union, active construction of submarines began in the mid-20s. Technical Bureau No. 4 was organized, headed by designer Boris Malinin. In 1928, on instructions from the Government, this bureau began to develop medium-sized submarines. According to the technical application, they were intended for operations in inland seas and the coastal zone. The project received the designation “Pike” and was intended for mass construction, so a lot of attention was paid to reducing the cost of structures.
It is worth noting that the English submarine L-55, examined in 1928, had a great influence on the project. The Soviet submarine borrowed its contours and general hull type from it. By the beginning of the 30th, development was completed. Three lead submarines were laid down at the Baltic Shipyard. The Chief of the Naval Forces, Romuald Muklevich, who was present at this solemn event, uttered words that became prophetic: “We have the opportunity to begin a new era in our shipbuilding with this submarine. This will provide an opportunity to acquire the necessary skills and prepare the necessary personnel to launch production.”
The first submarines of the Shch type entered service with the Navy in October 1933.
Submarine of the "Shch" type, series 3. Surface displacement - 572 tons; power plant – 2 diesel engines with a power of 600 hp. each, 2 electric motors with a total power of 800 hp; surface speed - 11.5 knots; surface cruising range - 1,350 miles; maximum immersion depth – 90 m; weapons - 2 bow and 2 stern torpedo tubes with ammunition of 10 torpedoes, one 45 mm anti-aircraft gun.
Subsequently, 4 more series of submarines were built for all fleets of the Soviet Union. When moving from one series to another, various design changes were made to the projects to improve the quality of the boats. More advanced navigation, radio communication, and hydroacoustics devices were installed.
Despite some shortcomings, the “Pikes” were distinguished by their simplicity of design, reliable mechanisms and had a large margin of safety. They could dive and emerge in waves of up to 6 points and did not lose seaworthiness in a storm of 9-10 points. Using torpedoes, a submarine could sink a battleship or an aircraft carrier in the ocean, and due to their relatively small size, these submarines were very agile and almost elusive to hunting boats. In the mid-1930s, submarines of this type began to be built in large quantities for all fleets of the Soviet Union. Around the same time, a system for assigning tactical numbers was created.
For all “Pikes” the letter “Ш” was provided with the addition of a three-digit number. The first digit in the number indicated belonging to one of the fleets: 1 – Pacific Fleet, 2 – Black Sea Fleet, 3 – Baltic Fleet and 4 – Northern Fleet. “Pikes” received their baptism of fire during the Soviet-Finnish War. They were the first of the domestic ships to use their weapons.
The submarine Shch-323 opened the combat account; on December 10, 1939, in stormy conditions, the crew of this submarine sank an enemy transport ship. The war with Finland continued for 3.5 months. All this time, the “Pikes” were on combat duty in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia. They sank a large number of enemy transport ships. In harsh winter conditions, these submarines have proven themselves to be excellent.
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Navy had 86 Shch-class submarines. After Germany’s attack on the USSR, almost all “Pikes” went on combat duty. The first combat success was brought by the submarine Shch-402 under the command of Senior Lieutenant Stolbov. On July 14, 1941, having penetrated the roadstead of the port of Honningsvag, she sank an enemy transport. And then harsh military everyday life began for the entire submarine fleet of the Soviet Union. Constant patrolling of the seas, endless ascents and dives, torpedo attacks.
"- Wait a minute. No, Victor, the owners will still receive a gift. Combat alert, torpedo attack. Third, fourth devices at the enemy base, interval 5 seconds, then.
- There is a tos!
- Increase the speed by ten.
- There is an increase in speed by ten.
- Do you approve of the idea?
- Let's!
- Third, fourth devices or!”
In addition to combat raids, submarines also performed functions unusual for them: delivering ammunition, fuel and food to besieged coastal cities, evacuating the population, and landing troops. During the war, the submarines were repeatedly modernized.
In 1942, the Shch-101 submarine was equipped with a special on-board device that housed 40 mines. At the same time, she retained her torpedo armament. In the same year, many “Pikes” were equipped with a device for cutting barrier nets. This network cutter greatly helped Soviet submariners in breaking through a powerful anti-submarine line in the Gulf of Finland.
The strength of the Shch series submarines also deserves a special mention. On February 10, 1945, the Soviet submarine Shch-318 under the command of Captain Lozhkarev was returning to base. The submarine's route ran along the coast of Finland. The boat's ammunition was used up during the voyage. There was minor damage to the ship's hull. In conditions of poor visibility, the commander late noticed a German transport ship going across. The command sounded: “Urgent dive!” But there was not enough time, the enemy ship rammed the submarine. The damaged submarine began to sink. At a depth of 65 meters, the crew managed to stop the uncontrolled dive; the damaged boat was under water for an hour. Finally, the hydroacoustic reported: “The horizon is clear.” The order to surface was given.
Inspection of the damage led to a disappointing conclusion - moving to the base is only possible in a surface position. For 4 days, the almost uncontrollable submarine made its way home. Only thanks to Soviet designers, who built a threefold safety margin into this boat, was the crew able to return home. The German transport that carried out the ramming attack exceeded our submarine in displacement by more than 4 times. At the same time, she returned to base, and the enemy ship sank.
During the Great Patriotic War, submarines of the Shch type were the most effective submarines. They accounted for 30% of the enemy's sunk and damaged tonnage. With the end of the war, some submarines of this type continued to carry out combat service. They guarded the maritime borders of the Soviet Union for a long time.