The city received the status of a city of design from UNESCO. UNESCO World Heritage Site. France. This is also interesting

The UNESCO World Heritage List in the French Republic includes 37 items (as of 2011), this is 3.8% of the total (936 as of 2011). 33 objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria, with 17 of them recognized as masterpieces of human genius (criterion i), 3 objects are included according to natural criteria, each of which is recognized as a natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance (criterion vii), as well as 1 mixed object , also falling under criterion vii. In addition, as of 2010, 33 sites in France are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The French Republic ratified the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on June 27, 1975.

UNESCO experts have decided that French gastronomic culture, with its rituals and complex organization, is worthy of inclusion in the prestigious List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. For the first time in the world, a national cuisine has received this status, which indicates “its universal recognition.”
Experts of the Intergovernmental Committee of UNESCO satisfied the request of France in the art of Alençon lace - they were included in the List of Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Food is part of the French national identity. Normandy, Provencal, Burgundian and Alsatian cuisines differ from each other as much as the inhabitants of these regions. “It must be said that French cuisine is subject to numerous influences, which allows it to create new dishes and new tastes. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this openness, especially given the characteristics of modern society,” says Hubert de Canson, Deputy Permanent Representative of France to UNESCO.

Versailles Palace and Park

Versailles is a palace and park ensemble in France (French Parc et château de Versailles), the former residence of French kings in the city of Versailles, now a suburb of Paris; center of tourism of world importance.

Versailles was built under the leadership of Louis XIV in 1661, and became a kind of monument to the era of the “Sun King”, an artistic and architectural expression of the idea of ​​absolutism. The leading architects are Louis Levo and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, the creator of the park is Andre Le Nôtre. The Versailles ensemble, the largest in Europe, is distinguished by its unique integrity of design and harmony of architectural forms and transformed landscape. Since the end of the 17th century, Versailles has served as a model for the ceremonial country residences of European monarchs and aristocracy, but there are no direct imitations of it.

From 1666 to 1789, before the French Revolution, Versailles was the official royal residence. In 1801 it received the status of a museum and is open to the public; since 1830, the entire architectural complex of Versailles has become a museum; In 1837, the Museum of French History opened in the royal palace. In 1979, the Palace of Versailles and its park were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Many significant events in French and world history are associated with Versailles. Thus, in the 18th century, the royal residence became the place where many international treaties were signed, including the treaty that ended the American War of Independence (1783). In 1789, the Constituent Assembly working in Versailles adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

Chapel_and_Gabriel_Wing_Palace_of_Versailles
Northern view

South facade. Versailles 2

In 1871, after the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the creation of the German Empire was proclaimed in Versailles, occupied by German troops. Here in 1919 a peace treaty was signed, ending the First World War and marking the beginning of the so-called Versailles system - a political system of post-war international relations

View of the palace from the park

Versailles_-zicht_op_de_Écuries
The history of the Palace of Versailles begins in 1623 with a very modest hunting castle, similar to a feudal one, built at the request of Louis XIII from brick, stone and slate roofing on the territory purchased from Jean de Soisy, whose family owned the lands since the 14th century. The hunting castle was located in the place where the marble courtyard is now located. Its dimensions were 24 by 6 meters. In 1632, the territory was expanded through the purchase of the Versailles estate from the Archbishop of Paris from the Gondi family, and a two-year reconstruction was undertaken.

La Victoire sur l"Espagne Marcy Girardon Versailles

Louis XIV

Since 1661, the “Sun King” Louis XIV began to expand the palace in order to use it as his permanent residence, since after the Fronde uprising, living in the Louvre seemed unsafe to him. Architects Andre Le Nôtre and Charles Lebrun renovated and expanded the palace in the classicist style. The entire façade of the palace on the garden side is occupied by a large gallery (Gallery of Mirrors, Gallery of Louis XIV), which makes a stunning impression with its paintings, mirrors and columns. In addition to it, the Gallery of Battles, the palace chapel and the Royal Opera House also deserve mention.

Louis XV

After the death of Louis XIV in 1715, the five-year-old King Louis XV, his court, and the Council of Regency of Philippe d'Orléans returned to Paris. Russian Tsar Peter I, during his visit to France, stayed in May 1717 in the Grand Trianon. The 44-year-old Tsar, while in Versailles, studied the structure of the Palace and parks, which served as a source of inspiration for him when creating Peterhof on the shores of the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg (Verlet, 1985).

Versailles changed during the reign of Louis XV, but not as much as it did under Louis XIV. In 1722, the king and his court returned to Versailles and the first project was the completion of the Salon of Hercules, the construction of which was begun in the last years of the reign of Louis XIV, but due to the death of the latter was not completed.

The Little Apartments of the King are recognized as a significant contribution of Louis XV to the development of Versailles; Chambers of Madame, Chambers of the Dauphin and his wife on the first floor of the Palace; as well as the personal chambers of Louis XV - the King's small apartments on the second floor (later rebuilt into Madame DuBarry's apartments) and the King's small apartments on the third floor - on the second and third floors of the Palace. The main achievement of Louis XV in the development of Versailles was the completion of the construction of the Opera Hall and the Petit Trianon Palace (Verlet, 1985).

Petit Trianon, palace

Small apartments of the king. Cabinet of golden service

Gaming salon of Louis 16th

Madame DuBarry
An equally significant contribution is the destruction of the Ambassadors' Staircase, the only ceremonial route to the Great Royal Apartments. This was done to build apartments for the daughters of Louis XV.

One of the gates

Inviolability of power. French royal court.

In the decoration of the gate there are symbols of the “sun” king

Golden Gate.

Palace of Versailles; Saint Leu stone,

There have been no significant changes in the Park compared to the times of Louis XIV; Louis XV's only legacy to the parks of Versailles is the completion of the Basin of Neptune between 1738 and 1741 (Verlet, 1985). In the last years of his reign, Louis XV, on the advice of the architect Gabriel, began reconstructing the facades of the courtyards of the Palace. According to another project, the Palace was to receive classical facades from the city side. This project of Louis XV also continued throughout the reign of Louis XVI, and was only completed in the twentieth century (Verlet, 1985).

Hall of Mirrors

All accounts related to the construction of the palace have survived to this day. The amount taking into account all expenses is 25,725,836 livres (1 livre corresponded to 409 g of silver), which in total amounted to 10,500 tons of silver or 456 million guilders for 243 g of silver / Conversion to modern value is practically impossible. Based on the price of silver at 250 euros per kg, the construction of the palace absorbed 2.6 billion euros / Based on the purchasing power of the then guilder as 80 euros, the construction cost 37 billion euros. Putting the cost of building the palace in relation to the state budget of France in the 17th century, the modern sum is 259.56 billion euros.

Palace facade. Clock of Louis 14.
Almost half of this amount was spent on creating interior decoration. The best masters of the era Jacob, Jean Joseph Chapuis created luxurious boiserie. [source not specified 859 days] These expenses were spread over 50 years, during which the construction of the Palace of Versailles, completed in 1710, took place.

Emperor Augustus

Roman busts

The site of the future construction required a huge amount of excavation work. Recruiting workers from surrounding villages was difficult. Peasants were forced to become “builders.” To increase the number of workers on the construction of the palace, the king banned all private construction in the surrounding area. Workers were often imported from Normandy and Flanders. Almost all orders were carried out through tenders; contractors' expenses exceeding those initially named were not paid. In times of peace, the army was also involved in the construction of the palace. Finance Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert kept an eye on frugality. The forced presence of the aristocracy at court was an additional precaution on the part of Louis XIV, who thus ensured complete control over the activities of the aristocracy. Only at court was it possible to obtain ranks or posts, and those who left lost their privileges
Fountains of Versailles

On May 5, 1789, representatives of the nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie gathered at the Palace of Versailles. After the king, who by law was given the right to convene and dissolve such events, closed the meeting for political reasons, the deputies from the bourgeoisie declared themselves the National Assembly and retired to the Ball House. After 1789, it was possible to maintain the Palace of Versailles only with difficulty.

Architectural elements of the palace decoration
On October 5-6, 1789, first a crowd from the Parisian suburbs, and then the National Guard under the command of Lafayette, came to Versailles demanding that the king and his family, as well as the National Assembly, move to Paris. Submitting to forceful pressure, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, their relatives and deputies moved to the capital. After this, the importance of Versailles as the administrative and political center of France decreased and was not subsequently restored.
Since the time of Louis Philippe, many halls and rooms began to be restored, and the palace itself became an outstanding national historical museum, which exhibited busts, portraits, battle paintings and other works of art mainly of historical value.

Proclamation of the German Empire in 1871

The Palace of Versailles was of great importance in German-French history. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, it was the seat of the main headquarters of the German army from October 5, 1870 to March 13, 1871. On January 18, 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed in the Gallery of Mirrors, and its Kaiser was Wilhelm I. This place was deliberately chosen to humiliate the French.

A peace treaty with France was signed on February 26, also at Versailles. In March, the evacuated French government moved the capital from Bordeaux to Versailles, and only in 1879 again to Paris.

At the end of the First World War, a preliminary truce was concluded at the Palace of Versailles, as well as the Treaty of Versailles, which the defeated German Empire was forced to sign. This time, the historical site was chosen by the French to humiliate the Germans.

The harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles (including huge indemnity payments and admission of sole guilt) fell heavily on the shoulders of the young Weimar Republic. Because of this, it is widely believed that the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles were the basis for the future rise of Nazism in Germany.

Marble courtyard of Versailles
After World War II, the Palace of Versailles became the site of German-French reconciliation. This is evidenced by the celebrations marking the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Elysee Treaty, which took place in 2003. Palace of Versailles

Born in the Palace

The following kings and members of their families were born in the Palace of Versailles: Philip V (King of Spain), Louis XV, Louis XVI,
Many palaces in Europe were built under the undoubted influence of Versailles. These include the Sanssouci castles in Potsdam, Schönbrunn in Vienna, the Great Palaces in Peterhof, the Rapti Estate in Luga, Gatchina and Rundale (Latvia), as well as other palaces in Germany, Austria and Italy.

Palace interiors
Busts and sculptures

Bust of Louis XIV by Gianlorenzo Bernini

Busts in the Hall of Mirrors

Buste de Louis XV, Jean-Baptiste II Lemoyne (1749), apartments of the Dauphin, Louis 15

Madame Clotilde

Buste de Charles X, 1825, François-Joseph Bosio

Marie Antoinette

François Paul Brueys

Mirror gallery

Salle des croisades

Sleeping Ariadne

Escalier Gabriel

Petit_appartment_du_roi

Ceiling of the lobby

Entrance from the lobby

Lobby

Salle des gardes de la reine

Salon Louis 14, medallion depicting a Roman legionnaire

Salon de Venus, Louis XIV en empereur romain, Jean Varin


Coat of arms of Louis Phillipe
Paintings


Reception of the Persian ambassadors by Louis XIV, COYPEL Antoine


Creator:Claude Guy Hallé (Français, 1652-1736)

Louis 14, author unknown


The Sun King, Jean-Léon Gérôme (Français, 1824-1904)


Ambassador Ladder Model


Staircase.ambassadors





lobby decor,

Marie Josephine of Saxony and the Count of Burgundy, Maurice Quentin de Latour (author)

La remise de l "Ordre du Saint-Esprit, Nicolas Lancret (1690-1743)
Apartment Louis 14

Apartments Dauphin

Allegories, ceiling paintings,







The birth of the Duke of Burgundy at Versailles on 6 August 1682 by Antoine Dieu



Royal bedchamber in gold.









Blue office


Chambers in the Grand Trianon



Marie Antoinette


Bed Madame Pompadour


Napoleon's chambers
Palace decor

Angels, ceiling of the reception room


Mirror gallery


Coat of arms of Louis 14
Chandeliers and candelabra










Dining rooms and fireplaces

Porcelain

Josse-François-Joseph Leriche, Queen's toilet

Coyau

UNESCO is a United Nations Organization that deals with education, culture and science. The main goals declared by the organization are to promote the strengthening of world security through expanding cooperation between peoples and states in the field of science, education and culture; observance of the rule of law and ensuring justice, universal respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, which are proclaimed in the Charter of the Organization, for absolutely all peoples, without belonging to any race, gender, language or religion.
On November 16, 1945, an organization was created, the headquarters of which is located in the capital of France. The organization's activities cover issues of discrimination in education, as well as illiteracy; studies national cultures and trains national personnel; problems of geology, social sciences, biosphere and oceanography.
The UNESCO Preparatory Commission moved to the Majestic Hotel from London on 16 September 1946, which served as temporary premises until 1958. The structure was hastily restored after the liberation of the city from German occupation. Working conditions there were not ideal, since the largest bedrooms were provided for work by secretaries, many of whom used one wardrobe for storing documents. Mid-level professional employees worked in the former bathrooms, because this was the only place where documentation was stored.
The inauguration of the current headquarters of UNESCO took place on November 3, 1958, at Place Fontenoy in Paris. The building, which is shaped like the letter Y, was designed by three architects from different countries, and the construction of the headquarters was carried out under the supervision of an international committee.
The complex, which is known throughout the world not only for the location of the UNESCO headquarters, but also for its architectural merits, was built on several dozen concrete columns in the shape of a three-pointed star.
The building houses a library, which houses a large numismatic and philatelic collection, all the publications of the Organization and the UNESCO souvenir department.
The complex is complemented by three other structures. The first, called "accordion", has a large oval hall. This is where the General Conference holds plenary sessions. The second building is built in the shape of a cube. In the third building, in the center of the green area, deep into two underground levels, there are six open courtyards, into which the windows of the offices located along the perimeter open. These buildings, containing a large number of unique works of art, are currently open to the public.
Since the beginning of the construction of the UNESCO building on Place Fontenoy, works of art have been commissioned from famous artists, which, in addition to decorative and artistic design, would symbolize peace, the preservation and strengthening of which the organization sets as its goal. Over time, other works of art were also acquired. Most of the works were donated to the Organization by Member States.
On the UNESCO website in the virtual museum you can see works by Picasso, Miro, Bazin, Corbusier, Tapies, and many other famous and little-known artists.

France is an amazing country. The centuries-old history, eventful, has left many architectural, historical, and cultural places of interest in its memory. In addition, France is rich in picturesque natural places. Its varied landscapes are literally breathtaking. The world organization UNESCO has not left this country without its attention. After all, this country has added countless sites to the World Heritage List.

Versailles is a palace and park ensemble, the residence of French kings. This luxurious palace, which matches the bright Baroque era of the Sun King, is considered the most beautiful palace in all of Europe. Its lavishly decorated halls are truly impressive. It is also pleasant to stroll through the neatly trimmed, well-groomed regular park around the palace. That is why the place has become one of the most visited in all of France.

In the north-west of France, between the provinces of Normandy and Brittany, the granite island of Mont Saint-Michel is located. The Romanesque-Gothic monastery of the Benedictine abbey rises on it with a huge spire. The most impressive ebbs and flows in all of Europe are observed here. Once a lunar day, water can flow back several kilometers. And then, returning, he blocks the dam, which is the only road to the island.

Let's go back to the distant past, to primitive times. At that time there was no such state as France, but, nevertheless, people already lived on its territory. In the province of Languedoc, archaeologists have discovered the amazing caves of Lascaux. A large number of rock paintings were found in them. They were even nicknamed the Sistine Chapel of the primitive period. Paintings and engravings appeared here around the 18th to 15th centuries BC. Just imagine!

On the island of Corsica, which is French territory, there is a National Park - Calanque Bays. These are rocky formations, mainly consisting of granite. Over time and under the influence of the wind, they acquired bizarre shapes. Getting to the place is extremely difficult. It is only possible by water or through a mountain range. But those who had enough patience and got to the coast will definitely not regret it. It is not for nothing that local landscapes are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

France has preserved amazing monuments from the times of Roman rule. These are mainly ancient amphitheaters. There are such in the cities of Arles, Orange, Lyon.

UNESCO is an organization dedicated to international cooperation between peoples and states in the fields of education, culture and science. The Organization's goal is to strengthen peace and promote security throughout the world, based on expanding cooperation between peoples.

The scope of the organization's activities includes countering discriminatory phenomena in the field of education, combating illiteracy, studying national cultures and training national personnel. UNESCO also deals with problems of geology, social sciences, biosphere and oceanography.

History of creation

At the height of World War II, to discuss measures to restore the education system in Europe after the onset of peace, the President of the British Education Council, Richard A. Butler, took the initiative to hold a conference to which representatives of eight allied countries were invited, including the ministers of education and culture. The meetings took place in London from November 16 to December 5, 1942.

Between 1942 and the end of the war, about sixty meetings were held with the active support of the international community. After the end of the war, at a meeting of the London Conference of the United Nations on November 16, 1945, dedicated to the issue of founding an international organization that would oversee issues of education, science and culture, the Charter of the organization was developed and the Preparatory Commission of UNESCO was formed.

The commission for the preparation of UNESCO moved to Paris on September 6, 1946, settling in the Majestic Hotel on Avenue Kléber, restored after the war. Working conditions were far from comfortable: secretaries lived and worked in bedrooms, mid-level workers had to huddle in bathrooms, using them to store documents. The Majestic Hotel served as temporary offices, first for the Preparatory Commission and then for the Organization itself, until the building to house UNESCO's headquarters was built in Paris in 1958.

Modern UNESCO building in Paris

Currently, UNESCO's headquarters is located in a building built on the left bank of the Seine, on Place Fontenoy in Paris, the grand opening of which took place on November 3, 1958. It was designed by an international group of architects, including Marcel Breuer from the USA, Pier Luigi Nervi from Italy and Bernard Zehrfus from France. The construction was led by an international committee that included famous architects Charles Le Corbusier from France, Walter Gropius from the USA, Lucio Costa from Brazil, Sven Markelius from Sweden and Ernesto Rogers from Italy. Finnish architect Eero Saarinen, who was not on the committee, also took part in reviewing the project.

Marcel Breuer- American architect and designer, originally from the Hungarian city of Pest. He is considered one of the recognized founders of industrial design. He is considered one of the most successful and influential architects of the twentieth century.

Pier Luigi Nervi- Italian engineer and architect, professor at the University of Rome. He took part in the construction of a number of buildings in Rome, Florence, Naples and other Italian cities. After working on the project of the Artemio Franchi Stadium in Florence, he became widely known in Europe. Thanks to the reinforced cement construction he invented, he was nicknamed “the poet of reinforced concrete.”

Bernard Zehrfuss- French architect who brilliantly graduated from the School of Fine Arts in Paris. Born in 1911 in Angers. Zerfrus is a representative of functionalism - an architectural movement that pays great attention to the use of scientific and technological achievements, simplicity of forms and rationalism.

The UNESCO building is known throughout the world not only because the headquarters of the world organization is located here, but also due to its unique architectural solutions. The complex, in the shape of a three-pointed star, reminiscent of the Latin letter Y, is built on seventy-two concrete columns, the space between which is occupied by various service rooms and a lobby.

This is a seven-story building of three buildings, oriented to each other at an angle of 120 degrees. The glass facade of 1068 windows, providing all rooms with sufficient light, gives the building a special lightness. Acoustics are ensured by a special system of ribbed walls and reinforced concrete coverings. It houses a library that stores all UNESCO publications, a rich philatelic and numismatic collection, as well as a souvenir department.

The UNESCO architectural ensemble complements the building, which is called the “Accordion”. It contains the Oval Hall for plenary sessions, designed for 900 seats; a structure built in the shape of a cube, as well as a third building whose windows overlook green courtyards. There is a beautiful Japanese garden in front of the Permanent Mission Building.

The interior of the buildings is decorated with unique works of famous artists and sculptors of the 20th century. On the walls of the UNESCO building you can see paintings by Picasso, frescoes by Tamayo, bas-relief by Arp, sculptures by Alexander Calder and Henry Moore.

Anyone who wants to see the building itself and admire the unique works of great artists can take a tour here.

How to visit UNESCO?

Group tours of UNESCO Headquarters are available from Tuesday to Friday. Those wishing to visit the UNESCO building must register in advance. Applications are accepted at: visit(at)unesco.org. The application indicates the purpose of the visit, the number of group members and the desired date and time of the visit. Group visits are organized at 10:00 and 15:00. The duration of the visit is approximately 30 minutes. The tour includes a short presentation, a meditation hall designed by Japanese architect Tadao Ando, ​​and a Japanese garden and artwork.

Exhibitions and various events

Each year, this honor is awarded for excellence in one of seven creative areas: crafts and folk art, design, cinematography, gastronomy, literature, music and media art.

New cities included in the list include: Adelaide (South Australia) in the music category; Al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia) in the direction of arts and crafts and folk art; () for achievements in gastronomy; Detroit (USA) in the design category; Liverpool () in the direction of music; Ljubljana (Slovenia) in the literature category; Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the direction of arts and crafts and folk art; Santos (Brazil) for achievements in cinematography; in the design category and Varanasi () in the music category.

Cities usually go a long way toward being recognized by UNESCO, which involves significant society and public investment in the arts. Therefore, receiving such a high title was greeted in these cities with great joy and a sense of pride.

South Australian Arts Minister Jack Snelling was delighted that Adelaide was included in the Creative Cities Network as a 'City of Music', saying it was a great honor for the city. The city's active music community presents 950 live concerts every month, in addition to large annual music festivals such as the world-famous Womadelaide event, which attracts thousands to Adelaide every year.

Liverpool Mayor Joe Anderson was also very proud to be included on the Network as a 'City of Music'. He told BBC News: "Liverpool is renowned around the world for its influence on the music industry and this status is the highest recognition of that, it is absolutely in keeping with the spirit of the city, it is the highest accolade for a city that lives and breathes music." The judges were unanimous in their decision, calling Liverpool a "musical paradise", home to festivals such as the International Music Festival, Sound City and Psych Fest. It is also worth considering the important role of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the Creamfields dance music festival in the city's music industry.

The UNESCO Creative Cities Network was created in 2004 and currently unites 116 cities.

Here is a list of 47 cities included in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network:

Adelaide (Australia) – music
Al-Ahsa (Saudi Arabia) – arts and crafts
Baghdad (Iraq) – literature
Bamiyan (Afghanistan) – crafts and folk arts
Bandung (Indonesia) – design
() – literature
(Brazil) – gastronomy
Bergen () – gastronomy
Bitola (former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) – cinematography
Budapest (Hungary) – design
Burgos (Spain) – gastronomy
Varanasi (India) – music
Gaziantep (Türkiye) – gastronomy
Denia (Spain) – gastronomy
Detroit (United States of America) – design
Jaipur (India) – crafts and folk arts
Duran (Ecuador) – crafts and folk arts
Idanya-a-Nova () – music
Isfahan (Iran) – crafts and folk arts
Katowice () – music
Kaunas (Lithuania) – design
Kingston (Jamaica) – music
Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) – music
Liverpool (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) – music
Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of Congo) – crafts and folk arts
Lviv (Ukraine) – literature
Ljubljana (Slovenia) – literature
Medellin (Colombia) – music
Montevideo (Uruguay) – literature
Nottingham (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) – literature
(Portugal) – literature
Austin (United States of America) – digital art
Parma () – gastronomy
Puebla (Mexico) – design
() – gastronomy
Rasht (Iran) – gastronomy
(Italy) – cinematography
Sazayama (Japan) – crafts and folk arts
Salvador (Brazil) – music
San Cristobal de las Casas (Mexico) – Crafts and Folk Arts
Santos (Brazil) – cinematography
Singapore (Singapore) – design
Tartu (Estonia) – literature
Tucson (United States of America) – gastronomy
Tongyeong (Republic of Korea) – music
Ulyanovsk (Russia) – literature
Ensenada (Mexico) – gastronomy

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