History of Stockholm. Open left menu Stockholm Stockholm is the capital of which country on the world map

Stockholm is called "the jewel on the map of Northern Europe" and the capital of Scandinavia. The city stands on 14 islands that separate the waters of the Baltic Sea and Lake Mälaren. This is the birthplace of Astrid Lindgren's fairy-tale characters and great European scientists. Local residents joke that their city is half water and half green. Indeed, Stockholm is a very clean and green city, with a convenient transport system and comfortable living conditions.

The architectural styles of Northern Europe are revealed in all their glory in the Swedish capital. The cobbled streets of Gamla Stan are lined with picturesque old houses, the city squares are lined with monuments to famous kings, and numerous museums house outstanding collections of works of art.

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What to see and where to go in Stockholm?

The most interesting and beautiful places for walks. Photos and brief description.

The historical center of Stockholm on the island of Stadsholmen. Here in the 13th century the first fortress was built, which gave rise to the Swedish capital. Most of the buildings and attractions of Gamla Stan date back to the 16th-17th centuries; in some places buildings from the 15th century have been preserved. The relatively small area of ​​the Old Town is home to several thousand residents.

A 17th-century warship built by order of the ruler Gustav Adolf II. The ship was built by 400 people over 2 years, resulting in one of the largest ships in Europe. But he was not destined to set sail - when leaving the harbor, the ship fell on its side and sank. Until 1961, “Vasa” lay at the bottom. After the ship was raised from the water and restored, it was decided to open a museum of the ship's history. The exposition opened in 1990.

Iron Boy statue in Old Stockholm. The size of the monument does not exceed 15 cm, so it can be quite difficult to find in winter. The author of the composition is Liss Eriksson. In the figure of the boy, he reflected memories from his childhood: long sleepless nights, during which he looked at the Moon. Local residents call the statue “Olle”; they constantly sew small hats, scarves and capes for the boy.

The current residence of the Swedish royal family. The building was erected in the mid-18th century on the site of the burnt Three Crowns castle. The palace was built in the Baroque architectural style according to the design of N. Tessin; behind the Baroque facades there are preserved medieval buildings. Relics of famous Swedish monarchs and works of art are kept inside. The building has seven floors and more than 1000 rooms.

The city administration building of the early 20th century, located on the island of Kungsholm. The town hall was built according to the design of Ragnar Östberg; several million red bricks were spent on its construction. You can only get inside as part of a guided tour. Stockholm City Hall is famous for hosting the annual gala reception for the Nobel Prize in its main hall.

Baroque palace and park complex on the shores of the picturesque Lake Mälaren. Despite the fact that the palace is the active summer residence of the royal family, it is open to the public. On the territory of the palace park there is a Chinese garden and the Royal Theater. Drottningholm was built at the end of the 17th century on the site of Queen Katherine Jagiellon's castle.

The Swedish Parliament building on the island of Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. The palace was built at the beginning of the 20th century in the neoclassical style with neo-Baroque elements. The architect A. Johansson worked on the project. Parliament sits in a special room, open to everyone. In one part of the Riksdag there is a gallery where about 4 thousand paintings, sculptures and other works of art are exhibited.

The oldest square in the historical district of Gamla Stan is located at the highest point of the island of Stadsholmen. In the Middle Ages, Stortorget was called “Stortorget”, that is, “large square”. Trade fairs and important public meetings were held here. Around the square there are houses and ancient streets with “professional” names: Kupecheskaya Street, Monasheskaya Street, Shoemakers Street and others.

The main pedestrian street of Stockholm, the place of the greatest concentration of shops, restaurants, souvenir shops and places aimed exclusively at tourists. Drottninggatan stretches for 1 km. between the districts of Vasastaden and Gamla Stan. A visit to this place is a must in all tourist programs. On Drottninggatan Street you can meet a considerable number of Stockholm freaks.

The main Swedish opera and ballet theater. The modern building was built at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century according to the design of A. Anderberg. King Gustav III was assassinated in the old theater building, so the opera was closed for several years after his death. As a result, they decided to demolish it in 1892 and build a new building in the neoclassical style. The main hall of the opera seats 1,200 people; the interior is decorated with a grand staircase made of marble and a foyer with gilded paintings.

An art gallery in the center of Stockholm on the island of Blasiholmen. The exhibition was founded at the end of the 18th century under the monarch Gustav III, who was a great patron of art. The modern museum building appeared in 1866. The museum collections contain about half a million exhibits: paintings, sculptures, and contemporary art objects. There is also an art library on site.

The museum's exposition introduces visitors to the history of the Swedish capital. Here are quite diverse collections covering a period of several centuries: medieval art, history of religion, numismatic collections, paintings, applied art, objects of urban life, photographs of the early 20th century and much more. The life of townspeople of the 15th-16th centuries was reconstructed in special thematic rooms.

Museum dedicated to the outstanding Swedish scientist Alfred Bernhard Nobel. The famous Nobel Prize was established in his honor, which is awarded for outstanding achievements in various fields of science. In 2001, in honor of the centenary of the foundation of the prize fund, the Nobel Museum was opened. The exhibition is located in the Stock Exchange building in the Old City. The museum regularly hosts scientific debates and educational exhibitions.

Every European capital considers it its duty to have its own museum of contemporary art. The authorities of Stockholm did not stand out and organized in the middle of the 20th century one of the most complete and extensive collections of modern art objects. The museum exhibits about 100 thousand exhibits. Among them are the “classic representatives” Pablo Picasso, Kazimir Malevich, Henri Matisse, Giorgio de Chirico.

A science museum housing several hundred experimental models. Here you can disassemble and assemble models of cars, engineering structures, various instruments, or conduct your own experiments. Children in the Tom Titus Museum are allowed to do almost everything - climb in all places, break models, launch their inventions, that is, engage in active knowledge of the world around them.

An open-air exhibition showing Sweden in miniature. The territory contains several dozen houses, estates and mansions of different eras, brought from all over the country. There is also a city quarter, showing the inhabitants of the city of the 18th-20th centuries, and a peasant farm. Numerous craft workshops will tell visitors about the secrets of glass production, book printing and tableware making.

A museum on the island of Djurgården dedicated to the work of writer Astrid Lindgren (creator of the beloved character "Carlson") and other Swedish children's writers. Numerous fairy tale heroes live on the territory of the museum: mummy trolls, knights, dragons, fairy-tale animals. Here children go on an exciting journey through a fairyland by train, play fun games with Pippi Longstocking and walk through the paradise country of Nangiyala.

ABBA is a popular Swedish disco group of the 70-80s. Many singles of the famous “four” went platinum and remain relevant to this day. A museum dedicated to the work of the group was created in 2013 with the active participation of the soloists themselves. It features several interactive exhibits, a collection of the band's concert costumes, musical equipment, awards and archival documents.

The temple was founded by the founder of Stockholm, Earl Birger Magnusson, in the 13th century. Construction continued until the beginning of the 18th century. Until 1873, the coronations of Swedish monarchs took place in the Church of St. Nicholas; the wedding ceremony of crowned persons is still held. In the 16th century, after the victory of the Reformation in Sweden, the temple was transferred to the Lutheran Church. St. Nicholas Church is the cathedral of Stockholm.

Lutheran church in the central district of Norrmalm. The first building appeared in the 13th century at the convent of the Order of St. Clare. Since then it has been rebuilt several times. The monastery was demolished in the 16th century by order of King Gustav Vasa. The church building, erected in the 16th century and thoroughly reconstructed in the 19th century, has survived to this day. Famous Swedish poets are buried in the church cemetery.

The former building of the German trade guild. In the 16th century it was rebuilt and adapted as a temple. A team of architects worked on the project, including Hubert de Beche and Willem Boy. The need to have a German church in Stockholm arose due to the fact that a large number of German craftsmen and merchants lived in the city. The new church was able to satisfy the spiritual needs of the foreign flock.

The Royal Church on the island of Riddarholmen, located near the royal residence. In addition to members of the ruling family, ordinary parishioners could freely visit the temple. Until the mid-20th century, Swedish rulers were buried in church crypts. The tombs of the kings are valuable historical monuments. Nowadays, only funeral and memorial masses are held in the temple.

The burial is located in the south of Stockholm among a pine forest. A whole team of architects and designers worked on the artistic design of the cemetery, so it has become quite a popular attraction among tourists. Famous Swedish citizens who played an important role in the cultural life of the country are buried here. Skogskjurkogården is a quiet and romantic place, completely devoid of a gloomy atmosphere.

Passenger elevator, Södermalm area. The elevator takes you to the observation deck, which offers stunning views of Stockholm. The first lift was created at the end of the 19th century, in 1915 and 1935. major reconstructions were carried out, as a result of which the steam engine was replaced and the strength and reliability of the entire structure was improved.

One of the tallest TV towers in Northern Europe. The height of the structure reaches 155 meters (170 meters if you count the antenna). The panoramic observation deck is located at an altitude of 128 meters. There is also a tourist information center, a gift shop and a restaurant on site. The tower was built in 1967 and has since become the largest radio and television broadcasting center in Stockholm.

Stockholm's sports stadium, designed in a modern, original manner. The diameter of the spherical structure is 110 meters, height is 85 meters. The arena seats about 16 thousand spectators (about 14 thousand during hockey matches). Since 2009, the site has been owned by the Swedish telecommunications concern Ericsson. The structure was built by 1988, the work lasted only 2.5 years.

Modern exhibition hall, an example of Stockholm architecture of the 60s. in Art Nouveau style. Here is the Stockholm City Theater and reading rooms for children and teenagers. Kulturhuset regularly hosts exhibitions, master classes, as well as discussion clubs and creative evenings. Almost every evening there is an interesting event.

The Stockholm metro consists of 100 stations, which are located on three lines. Some central stations are quite original in design, so they are of interest to city guests. For example, the vaults of Art. "T-Centralen" are intricately painted with ornaments of leaves and branches, art. “University” was carved into a stone cave, in the design of Art. "Tekniska Högskulan" is dominated by scientific themes and illustrations of the laws of nature.

The first attractions in the future capital's amusement park were installed more than 130 years ago at the expense of entrepreneur Jacob Schultheis. In addition to a variety of carousels and roller coasters, Gröna Lund has attractions such as a haunted house, a Viking ship, and a teetering fun house. The park often hosts rock concerts, festivals and performances.

Stockholm city park, built on the site of a medieval royal vegetable garden. It is believed that vegetables used to be grown here for the royal family's table. Gradually the area grew, trees were planted in the garden and gradually it turned into a place for walking and relaxing. The park has statues of Swedish kings and fountains decorated with characters from Scandinavian mythology.

The city of Stockholm is the Swedish capital and has been the economic center of the country since the thirteenth century. Today it is the largest Swedish city, where the Swedish government meets and the residence of the Swedish king is located. Currently, Swedish positions itself as the capital of all of Scandinavia.

The most suitable time to visit the Swedish capital is July. At this time, many Swedes leave Stockholm for the Baltic coast, so the city streets become calmer and less crowded.
The Stockholm metro is not just a convenient form of public transport, but also a unique art gallery. At each station there are sculptures, paintings and mosaics made by local artists, thanks to which trips on the metro are filled with a special atmosphere.
Located in the Swedish capital, the royal palace is the largest of the world's palaces and in use today. It has more than five hundred and fifty rooms.

Since the capital Stockholm does not have any heavy industry, Sweden Stockholm is considered one of the cleanest cities in the world.
Population Greater Stockholm– over 1,600,000 people, which is more than twenty percent of the total population of Sweden. The ethnic composition of the population of the Swedish capital is quite homogeneous. About 95% are Swedes. The remaining five percent are represented by Finns, Sami, as well as descendants of emigrants from Turkey, Germany, Iran, Yugoslavia and other countries.

Features of the Stockholm metro

The metro, located in the city of Stockholm, is the only one in Sweden. The Stockholm metro consists of three lines, including one hundred stations, of which only forty-seven are located underground. The Blue Line is the most unusual - almost all the stations located on it have an original design: they are carved into the rock and decorated with rock paintings and graffiti-style paintings. Trains consist of several cars. Each carriage of the Stockholm metro has its own name.

Features of tourist Stockholm

The city is a great place for a tourist holiday. Sweden Stockholm is often called the “Venice of the North” for its exquisite architecture, as well as a huge number of open water bodies and parks. There are restaurants at every turn in the city (there are about seven hundred of them), as well as cozy cafes and bars. Situated on fourteen islands connected by 57 bridges, Stockholm is known as one of the most beautiful capitals in the world. The Swedish capital Stockholm is also one of the most environmentally friendly cities thanks to clean air, plenty of water, and a large number of green parks. Located in Stockholm, the national city park serves as the “green lung” of this capital city. Built on fourteen islands, the city of Stockholm attracts tourists with its stunning waterscapes.

Stockholm is a “northern city” of extraordinary beauty. And like any European capital, Stockholm can confidently boast of its attractions, museums, as well as an abundance of cafes where you can have a very tasty snack. Your holiday in Stockholm will definitely be unforgettable.

Stockholm Sweden, Stockholm city

Stockholm is the capital and largest city of Sweden, today conveniently located on 14 islands on the eastern coast of Lake Mylaren. Stockholm has a population of about 900 thousand people and is the most populated area in Sweden.

Getting to Stockholm

Stockholm has its own international airport, Arlanda, 42 kilometers north of the city. This airport receives flights from 80 countries, including Russia. The fastest way to get to the city center from the airport is to take the Arlanda Express line. The travel time is only 20 minutes, and there are often discounts on this express train. You can also take a bus or taxi.

History of Stockholm

The first buildings began to be built on the island of Stadsholmen in 1187. This island has a very important strategic location, located in the strait connecting Lake Milaren with the Baltic Sea. The first mention of this settlement as Stockholm dates back to 1252, when the construction of Stockholm Castle began to protect Sweden from raids from the Baltic Sea. The favorable location of the city has played an important role throughout history. Today, Stockholm continues to develop, with new modern districts being built.

Museums in Stockholm

Stockholm is the museum center of Europe, with about 70 diverse museums visited by more than 9 million people every year. The most popular museums: , Museum of Modern Art, Ethnographic, Children's, Nordic Museum, in the building of the Stockholm Stock Exchange, Army Museum, Stockholm City Museum.

Sights of Stockholm

Be sure to take a walk around the city and visit Stockholm's most popular attractions. Start your walk from the old part of the city, where there are many beautiful churches, picturesque streets, cafes and shops, as well. The Armory Chamber and the Treasury are adjacent to the palace. Many tourists come here to watch the breathtaking spectacle of the daily changing of the guard. In addition, in this part of the city there is also.

You can enjoy ancient architecture on the islands of Södermalm and Kungsholmen. Or take a stroll around the park island of Djurgården, where the Vasa, Skansen, Junibakken and Nordic museums are located. On the island of Kungsholm is the symbol of Stockholm - Stockholm City Hall. There is an observation deck here. Another observation deck is located in the Södermalm area. The popular Gondola restaurant is located nearby.

Holidays in Stockholm

A holiday in Stockholm is a great idea. If you have the opportunity to walk around the outskirts of Stockholm, be sure to visit the Royal Complex and its wonderful park. Also the Skogschurkugården cemetery, which is interesting for its modernist landscape architecture, or the Viking city of Birka, on the island of Bjerke. As well as natural parks, Albano and Frescati.

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“Diamond on the map of Northern Europe” - this is how the capital of Sweden is called Stockholm city. It is located on 14 islands, which are separated by the waters of the Baltic Sea and Lake Mälaren. The first mention of the city dates back to the middle of the 13th century, when Stockholm Castle was built on the island of Stadsholmen by Jarl (supreme ruler) Birger Magnusson.Thanks to its favorable geographical location, Stockholm grew and developed, soon becoming a vibrant trading city.June 6, 1523 is considered the date of the formation of independent Sweden; on this day Gustav Eriksson, who led the uprising against the Danes, was crowned. The “skier” king, according to legend, who ran 90 kilometers to get to the camp of his allies, received the name Gustav I Vasa.

Sweden - from wars to neutrality

Capital of the kingdom Sweden Stockholm became official in 1634, by which time the country had become significantly stronger and increased its influence in the region, regularly fighting with its neighbors for territory. There were ten Russian-Swedish wars alone, not counting clashes with princely squads before the formation of a united Rus'. Including the famous Battle of the Neva in 1240, in which Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich cut the face of Earl Birger, the founder of Stockholm, with a sword.

The Swedes tried to push the Russians away from the Baltic Sea, but they never succeeded: as a result of the Northern War, Peter I cut through his famous “window to Europe.” The military campaigns that followed came to nothing, and after the loss of Finland in 1809, the Swedes “calmed down” and no longer raised arms against Russia, invariably maintaining a position of neutrality.

Thanks to its neutrality, Sweden did not suffer during World War II, and Stockholm, capital her, did not know the horrors of bombing and shelling. Now this hospitable, beautiful, green city is eagerly visited by tourists to admire its sights.

Gamla Stan - historical district of Stockholm

Most significant sights of Stockholm are located in the Gamla Stan (Old Town) area, including the Royal Palace - the current residence of the Swedish monarchs. Initially, this place was the site of Stockholm Castle, which became the seat of the kings under Gustav I. In 1697, a fire destroyed it along with the archive and library. The new palace was built intermittently for almost 60 years and was completed in 1754. The brainchild of the architect Tessin, made in the Baroque style, is reminiscent of the Palazzo Barberini, built in Rome by the great Bernini.

The palace is so big that it could fit museums in Stockholm, dedicated to the history of Swedish dynasties. The Treasury contains royal regalia and attributes. The Museum of Antiquity has a large collection of marble statues brought from Italy by Gustav III in 1792. The Armory Chamber displays collections of military armor and weapons of monarchs, as well as carriages for ceremonial trips. The uniform of Charles XII is also kept here, whose “iron head” was pierced by a stray bullet during the Northern War.

Next to the Royal Palace is the Stockholm Cathedral - the Church of St. Nicholas. This is the oldest temple in the city, it was built in 1279, and throughout its existence it has undergone many reconstructions, so its appearance contains both brick Gothic and Baroque elements. In 1527, when the Reformation process was underway, the Church of St. Nicholas became Lutheran, and until 1873 Swedish monarchs were crowned here.

Another historical temple in the Old Town is the German Church. It was built at the end of the 16th century on the site where the trade guild of the same name was located. King Johan III allowed the German population to invite pastors from Germany and conduct services in their native language. At first it was a small chapel, rebuilt in the 17th century into a two-nave Baroque church. After the fire in 1878, its new spire was erected, the height of which is 86 meters.

Tomb of the Swedish Kings, Riksdag and Assembly of the Nobility

Not far from the Royal Palace on the small island of Riddarholmen there is another ancient temple of the Swedish capital - the Riddarholmen Church. It was built at the end of the 13th century as the main building of the Franciscan monastery. During the Reformation, the monastery was abolished, and the temple received Protestant status. In 1807, its community was dissolved, and the building began to be used as a tomb for the Swedish monarchs. The last person to be buried here was in 1950 Gustav V, the grandfather of the current king Carl XVI Gustaf.

There, on the island of Riddarholmen, until the beginning of the 20th century, the Riksdag, the Swedish parliament, lived. The power of monarchs in this country has never been absolute. The “Meeting of the Estates,” which appeared in 1435 on the wave of popular discontent with Danish dominance, became the prototype of the Riksdag. This representative body elected rulers, approved laws, and made decisions with whom and against whom Sweden should be friends.

In 1905, the Riksdag moved to the nearby island of Helgeandsholmen into a new luxurious residence built in the neoclassical style with neo-Baroque elements on the central façade. The main decoration of the complex is the granite coat of arms and the statue of Mother of Sweden, personifying the unity of the nation.

Another historical building that you can’t imagine without. Stockholm city center, is the Noble Assembly, built in the northern Baroque style in the middle of the 17th century. Descendants of noble Swedish families, whose coats of arms decorate the large hall of the Assembly of Nobility, hold their meetings here to this day.

Town Hall, Nobel Museum and a boy looking at the moon

Like any ancient European city, Stockholm has its own town hall with a 106-meter tower. This majestic structure, the construction of which used 2.5 million bricks, was completed in 1923. City authorities meet here and international negotiations are held. And every year on December 10, a banquet is held in the Golden Hall in honor of Nobel Prize laureates.

In 2001, when the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Nobel Prize was celebrated, a museum dedicated to this event was opened in the Stock Exchange building in Gamla Stan. Its exhibition looks very unusual: portraits of the laureates do not hang sadly on the walls, but are moved on hangers, like in a dry cleaner. Theatrical performances are held, and there are interactive halls where any visitor can become a participant in a scientific experiment.

Not far from the Nobel Museum there is a Finnish Church, in the courtyard of which there is the smallest monument in Sweden - the Iron Boy looking at the Moon. Tourists coming to Stockholm, photo this touching embodiment of the bright longing for a bygone childhood is certainly made.

It is also considered obligatory to stroke the head of the Iron Boy, because the wish made at the same time will definitely come true.

Short voyage of the Galleon Vasa

And here Vasa Museum, on the contrary, admires gigantism. Here is the largest and most expensive ship of the Swedish sailing fleet, raised from the bottom of Stockholm harbor in 1961. It was built from 1625 to 1627 under the orders of King Gustav II Adolf and was named "Vasa" in honor of his dynasty. The length of the ship's hull was 69 meters, width - 11.7 meters. To build this monster, 16 hectares of oak forest were cut down, and the treasury was considerably depleted to decorate it with gilding and carved sculptures.

But at the first exit to the sea, the Vasa capsized and sank. The cause of the disaster was design errors. And since the author of the project was the king himself, there was no punishment.

The magical city of Stockholm

Playfully characterizing Stockholm reviews its inhabitants, as a city “half consisting of water, half of greenery,” correspond to reality. A striking example of this is the elegant palace and park ensemble of Drottningholm. It was built on an island in the middle of Lake Mälaren at the end of the 17th century, when the French Versailles was in vogue. The creation of the Tessin father and son was framed by luxurious parks, and Drottningholm became a favorite vacation spot for royal families.

Tourists call Stockholm itself a magical city, which, despite the unkind Scandinavian climate, exudes warmth, friendliness and hospitality.

listen)) is the capital and largest city of Sweden. Located on the channels connecting Lake Mälaren with the Baltic Sea.

Since the thirteenth century, Stockholm has been a major economic center of the country. Today it is the largest Swedish city (921,504 inhabitants (), 9% of the country's population), which has self-government. 1,252,020 people live in the suburban area of ​​Stockholm (data for 2005) - this is the most populated area in Sweden. At the same time, the population of the Stockholm metropolitan area is 2,109,202 people.

City name

The name is Stockholm, where the Swedish. stock- “pillar, pile”, Swedish. holme- “island” can be translated as “an island fortified with piles” or “an island on pillars.” According to another etymology, the name is from Swede. stack- “bay”, that is, “an island in the bay”.

Story

Due to its favorable geographical location, Stockholm quickly gained influence as a trading city. In the XIV-XV centuries. Germans made up a quarter of the population of Stockholm and half of the magistrate. Only after 1471 did the Swedes manage to regain their key positions in the management of the city.

In Stockholm at the end of the 15th century, the Swedish national hero Sten Sture led a major anti-Danish uprising, calling for Sweden's independence from Denmark. On November 8, 1520, the King of Denmark ordered the execution of all the instigators of the Swedish uprising. These events became a national tragedy in Sweden and were called the Stockholm Bloodbath.

Every day at noon, a colorful changing of the guard ceremony takes place near the royal palace.

Climate

Stockholm's climate is temperate maritime with mild winters and cool summers. In the entire history of meteorological observations, neither severe frosts nor scorching heat have been recorded. Winters in Stockholm are much warmer and milder than in Moscow, Kazan, Ufa, Minsk, Kharkov and other cities in eastern Europe located at lower latitudes, this is due to the strong influence of the Gulf Stream. Summer in the city is cool, the temperature very rarely exceeds 25 °C.

Climate of Stockholm
Index	Jan.	Feb.	March	Apr.	May	June	July	Aug.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Year
Absolute maximum, °C	11,5	12,7	18,3	27,0	28,6	32,0	34,2	35,1	27,9	20,9	13,4	12,4	35,1
Average maximum, °C	0,3	0,6	4,1	10,3	16,3	20,0	22,9	21,4	16,2	10,2	4,7	1,4	10,7
Average temperature, °C	−2,3	−2,5	0,2	4,9	10,3	14,4	17,4	16,5	12,0	7,2	2,5	−0,9	6,6
Average minimum, °C	−5,1	−5,5	−2,8	0,7	5,6	10,0	13,2	12,4	8,1	4,1	0,0	−3,7	3,1
Absolute minimum, °C	−29,1	−28	−23,5	−10,5	−4,6	0,3	3,4	2,6	−3,9	−10	−18,3	−24,6	−29,1
Precipitation rate, mm	39	27	26	30	30	45	72	66	55	50	53	46	539
Water temperature, °C	3	2	2	2	5	10	15	16	13	9	6	4	7
Source: ,

Climate of Stockholm (airport) over the last 10 years (2004-2013)
Index	Jan.	Feb.	March	Apr.	May	June	July	Aug.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Year
Average maximum, °C	−0,2	−0,1	4,0	11,3	16,3	20,1	23,0	21,5	16,8	10,5	5,3	1,6	10,8
Average temperature, °C	−2,1	−2,6	0,3	6,4	11,3	15,2	18,4	17,2	13,0	7,5	3,4	0,0	7,3
Average minimum, °C	−4	−5,1	−3,4	1,5	6,3	10,4	13,8	12,8	9,2	4,5	1,5	−1,6	3,8
Source:

Population

The Stockholm region is home to almost 20% of Swedish citizens, and generates up to 25% of Sweden's GDP.

Geographical name Stockholm changed over time. At the beginning of the 19th century, Stockholm officially consisted of those areas that are today called the city center, which is approximately 35 km² or 1/5 of the current area of ​​the city. In subsequent decades, other regions were also considered Stockholm, for example Brännkyrka, which then had 25,000 inhabitants, annexed in 1913, and Spånga in 1949. The first clear boundaries of the city appeared in 1971 - with the annexation of the Hansta district. In 1982, another satellite joined the city - Sollentuna and since then the city's boundaries have not officially changed.

Population of Stockholm from 1750 to the present day

Year	Stockholm	Sweden	% of Stockholm in the country's population
1750	60 018	1 780 678	3,4
1800	75 517	2 347,303	3,2
1850	93 070	3 482 541	2,7
1900	300 624	5 136 441	5,9
1910	342 323	5 522 403	6,2
1920	419 440	5 904 489	7,1
1930	502 213	6 142 191	8,2
1940	590 503	6 371 432	9,3
1950	744 143	7 041 829	10,6
1960	808 294	7 500 161	10,8
1970	740 486	8 091 782	9,2
1980	647 214	8 317 937	7,8
1985	659 030	8 358 139	7,9
1990	674 452	8 590 630	7,9
1995	711 119	8 837 496	8,0
2000	750 348	8 882 792	8,4
2005	771 038	9 047 752	8,5
2007	788 269	9 127 058	8,6

Over the past decade, a huge number of vacancies have been created in companies that develop and implement the latest technologies. World famous companies IBM, Ericsson and Electrolux are based here. In the north of Stockholm, in the Chista district, there is a reputable IT center.

Stockholm is a major financial center. The headquarters of the largest banks in Scandinavia are located here - Swedbank, Handelsbanken, and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken. The insurance companies Skandia and Trygg-Hansa are also located here. Stockholm is home to the famous Stockholm Stock Exchange ( Stockholmsborsen). Overall, more than 45% of all Swedish companies have their headquarters in Stockholm. The equally large company H&M is also based in Stockholm.

Over the past 15 years, tourism has come to play a key role in the city's economy. In 1991-2004, the number of tourists wishing to visit the city increased greatly. The number of hotels and entertainment venues for city guests is growing. About 7.5 million tourists visit the city every year.

Number of employees in the largest companies in Stockholm:

Transport

The city has had a metro since 1950, with 100 stations on three lines with a total length of 105.7 km.

The city also has 4 unconnected tram lines and three commuter rail systems, one of which is narrow gauge (891 mm). It is interesting that all rail transport routes have a common numbering (7, 12, 21, 22 - trams; 10, 11, 13, 14, 17-19 - metro; 25-29, 35-37 - railway lines). There are also bus and river transport.

There are 3 airports in Stockholm. Stockholm-Arlanda International Airport is located 42 km north of Stockholm. There is also Bromma Airport, which is located within the city, and Skavsta Airport, 95 km south of the city.

Science and education

Scientific centers and large educational institutions were founded in Stockholm in the 18th century. Both research by various scientists and training in various specialties, such as astronomy and medicine, were carried out here. The Stockholm Observatory was founded. Medical education was concentrated in. ( Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, or KTH) was founded in 1827 and is the largest technological institute in Scandinavia to this day. Up to 13,000 students study here. Stockholm University was founded in 1878, although it received the status of a full-fledged university only in 1960. In 2004, 35,000 students studied at the university. Natural science institutes were created - the most famous of them is the Swedish Museum of Natural History - and a botanical garden Bergianska trädgården. The Stockholm School of Economics was founded in 1909 and is one of the few private universities in the country.
Stockholm has institutes for fine arts, music and many other educational institutions. The Royal High School of Music in Stockholm was founded in 1771 and is one of the oldest high schools of music in the world, and the Royal University of Fine Arts dates back to 1735. Historically it was associated with the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. The Swedish Academy of Mimicry and Gesture became an extension of the Royal Dramatic Theatre. The famous Swede Greta Garbo worked there. Other schools were also created - the Konstfack School of Design (appeared in 1844), the Stockholm University Opera College (founded in 1968, although it had ancient roots), the University College of Dance and Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institute(University College of Music Education).
Södertörn College only emerged in 1995 as a multidisciplinary institution in southern Stockholm. It became an alternative to educational institutions located in the north of the region.

• Military Academy Karlberg, the world's oldest military academy, which is located on the original site. It was founded in 1792 and is based in Karlberg Palace;
• Ersta Sköndal University College;
• Stockholm School of Theology ( Teologiska Hogskolan, Stockholm);
• Swedish School of Sports and Health - ( Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, or GIH);
• (Lärarhögskolan i Stockholm).

Culture

As the capital of Sweden and a major European city, Stockholm is known for its rich culture. Famous people lived and worked here, and various cultural institutions were founded. In 1998, Stockholm was elected European Capital of Culture.

Theaters

• Folk Opera
• Stockholm Contemporary Dance Theater
• Chinese theater
• Musical theater "Yoeta Leyon"

Literature

The famous poet and composer Karl Mikael Bellman (1740-1795), playwright and artist August Strindberg (1849-1912), short story writer Hjalmar Söderberg (1869-1941), and children's writer Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002) lived and worked in Stockholm. Their original works are still kept in Stockholm. Significant contributions to Swedish culture were made by the Stockholmer, Nobel Prize winner in literature Eivind Jonsson (1900-1976), as well as the popular poet and composer Evert Tob (1890-1976). Novelist Per Anders Vogelström (1917-1998) wrote a series of historical stories about life in Stockholm in the 19th and mid-20th centuries.

In the 16th century, the kings of Stockholm began collecting a collection of books, manuscripts and geographical maps - now this collection is known as the National Library of Sweden, the 17th largest library in the world and the 10th largest in Europe.

Festivals

Every year in November the city hosts numerous festivals, such as:

• Stockholm Culture Festival
• Baltic festival
• Stockholm Jazz Festival
• Contemporary Art Festival Sound of Stockholm
• Rock festival Popaganda

Museums

Stockholm is a famous museum center in Europe. In total, the city has more than 80 museums, which are visited annually by up to 9 million people.

• The National Museum of Sweden contains a huge art collection: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 handicrafts. This collection was founded during the time of Gustav Vasa, in the 16th century, and was replenished with works by the world's most famous artists, in particular Rembrandt and Antoine Watteau. All these works, coupled with the works of Swedish artists, made up the lion's share of the Swedish cultural heritage. The museum features works by Alexander Roslin, Anders Zorn, Johan Sergel, Karl Larsson, Karl Fredrik Hill, Ernst Jozefson and others.
• 
  The Museum of Modern Art (Stockholm) has one of the best collections of 20th century art in Europe. It houses works by such authors as Picasso and Salvador Dali.
• Skansen is an open-air ethnographic museum complex that contains many buildings from different regions of Sweden.
• The Nordic Museum (Nordiska museet) is a museum of Nordic culture.
• Junibacken is a children's cultural and entertainment center dedicated primarily to the works of Astrid Lindgren.
• Vasa (ship) - a warship that sank in 1628, now raised to the surface and functioning as a museum.
  

• The Royal Palace is the current residence of the Swedish royal family.
• Riddarholmen Church is a church in the historical center of Stockholm, the tomb of the Swedish monarchs until 1950.
• Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (State History Museum) - contains a large archaeological collection.
• Swedish State Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska museet) - State Natural History Museum and Cosmonova Cinema, IMAX cinema with the world's largest screen.
• Livrustkammaren is the oldest Swedish museum, located in the basement under Kungliga Slottet in Stockholm.
• The Architecture Museum is located on the island of Skeppsholmen in Stockholm.
• House-museum of Prince Eugene "Waldemarsudde" on Djurgården - art gallery.
• Army Museum.
• The Nobel Museum is a museum dedicated to the Nobel Prize, its founder and Nobel laureates.
• Transport Museum contains a huge number of vehicles and tells the story of the development of public transport in Stockholm from the 19th century to the present.
• Museum of Music and Theater. Collection of puppets and musical instruments.
• Alcohol Museum (Spritmuseet).
• ABBA Museum.

Music

Architecture

The oldest district of the city is called Gamla Stan (Old Town) and is located on a small island in the very center of the city. Here you can find the places where the construction of Stockholm began in medieval Sweden. There are quite famous buildings here, such as the German Church, as well as various mansions and palaces: the House of Elders, the Bunde Mansion, the Tessin Mansion and the Oxenstierna Palace. The oldest building in the city is Riddarholm Church, built in the 13th century. A fire in 1697 destroyed the city's main medieval castle, Tre Krunur, and the Stockholm Royal Palace was rebuilt in the Baroque style. Stockholm Cathedral was the center of the Stockholm diocese along with the former castle. Despite the fact that the cathedral was founded in the 13th century, five centuries later it was radically rebuilt and is not considered an ancient building. It is also decorated in Baroque style.

Active expansion of the city began in the 15th century. Then Stockholm went beyond the boundaries of the current old city. Now only a few buildings from the pre-industrial era can be found in Södermalm. During the industrialization of the country, Stockholm grew quite quickly, and the architectural plans for the development of the city were borrowed from large European cities - Berlin and Vienna. At this time, many buildings appeared in the city that can still be seen to this day. The Royal Swedish Opera was founded, and buildings for wealthy people in Strandvägen were also developed.

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a surge of patriotic sentiments, including in architecture. In search of national identity, architects reproduced elements of Swedish buildings from both the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The most notable new building in the city center was Stockholm City Hall, erected in 1911-1923 according to the design of Ragnar Östberg (Swedish). Ragnar Östberg). Stockholm City Hall still houses the city government, but it is also a tourist attraction with daily excursions. A banquet in honor of the Nobel Prize is being held at the town hall. The awards ceremony takes place at the Concert House (Swedish). Konserthuset). During these same years, one of the high-rise dominants of the city, the Engelbrekt Church, was built.

In the 1930s The Stockholm Public Library and the Forest Cemetery were created based on the innovative designs of Gunnar Asplund. Every Swede can use the library's services absolutely free of charge. The Forest Cemetery is the only World Heritage Site located within the Swedish capital.

Attractions include: Blue Gate; Stockholm City Hall; Katarinahissen - lift with observation deck Kaknestornet; Stockholm TV Tower; Ericsson Globe (Globe) is the largest spherical structure in the world, with a diameter of 110 meters and a ceiling height of 85 meters, visible from a great distance; Gröna-Lund - amusement park; Blue Line of the Stockholm Metro.

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An excerpt characterizing Stockholm

During his stay in Bald Mountains, everyone at home dined together, but everyone felt awkward, and Prince Andrei felt that he was a guest for whom they were making an exception, that he was embarrassing everyone with his presence. During lunch on the first day, Prince Andrei, involuntarily feeling this, was silent, and the old prince, noticing the unnaturalness of his state, also fell gloomily silent and now after lunch went to his room. When Prince Andrei came to him in the evening and, trying to stir him up, began to tell him about the campaign of the young Count Kamensky, the old prince unexpectedly began a conversation with him about Princess Marya, condemning her for her superstition, for her dislike for m lle Bourienne, who, according to According to him, there was one truly devoted to him.
The old prince said that if he was sick, it was only because of Princess Marya; that she deliberately torments and irritates him; that she spoils little Prince Nikolai with self-indulgence and stupid speeches. The old prince knew very well that he was torturing his daughter, that her life was very hard, but he also knew that he could not help but torment her and that she deserved it. “Why doesn’t Prince Andrei, who sees this, tell me anything about his sister? - thought the old prince. - What does he think, that I’m a villain or an old fool, I moved away from my daughter for no reason and brought the French woman closer to me? He doesn’t understand, and therefore we need to explain to him, we need him to listen,” thought the old prince. And he began to explain the reasons why he could not stand his daughter’s stupid character.
“If you ask me,” said Prince Andrey, without looking at his father (he condemned his father for the first time in his life), “I didn’t want to talk; but if you ask me, then I will tell you frankly my opinion about all this. If there are misunderstandings and discord between you and Masha, then I can’t blame her at all - I know how much she loves and respects you. If you ask me,” continued Prince Andrei, getting irritated, because he was always ready for irritation lately, “then I can say one thing: if there are misunderstandings, then the reason for them is an insignificant woman, who should not have been her sister’s friend.” .
At first the old man looked at his son with fixed eyes and unnaturally revealed with a smile a new tooth deficiency, which Prince Andrei could not get used to.
-What kind of girlfriend, darling? A? I've already spoken! A?
“Father, I didn’t want to be a judge,” said Prince Andrei in a bilious and harsh tone, “but you called me, and I said and will always say that Princess Marya is not to blame, but it’s the fault... this Frenchwoman is to blame...”
“And he awarded!.. he awarded!” the old man said in a quiet voice and, as it seemed to Prince Andrei, with embarrassment, but then suddenly he jumped up and shouted: “Get out, get out!” May your spirit not be here!..

Prince Andrey wanted to leave immediately, but Princess Marya begged him to stay another day. On this day, Prince Andrei did not see his father, who did not go out and did not allow anyone to see him except M lle Bourienne and Tikhon, and asked several times whether his son had left. The next day, before leaving, Prince Andrei went to see his son's half. A healthy, curly-haired boy sat on his lap. Prince Andrei began to tell him the tale of Bluebeard, but, without finishing it, he became lost in thought. He was not thinking about this pretty boy son while he was holding him on his lap, but was thinking about himself. He searched in horror and found in himself neither remorse for having irritated his father, nor regret that he (in a quarrel for the first time in his life) was leaving him. The most important thing for him was that he was looking for and did not find that former tenderness for his son, which he hoped to arouse in himself by caressing the boy and sitting him on his lap.
“Well, tell me,” said the son. Prince Andrei, without answering him, took him down from the pillars and left the room.
As soon as Prince Andrei left his daily activities, especially as soon as he entered into the previous conditions of life in which he had been even when he was happy, the melancholy of life gripped him with the same force, and he hurried to quickly get away from these memories and find something to do quickly.
– Are you going decisively, Andre? - his sister told him.
“Thank God I can go,” said Prince Andrey, “I’m very sorry that you can’t.”
- Why are you saying this! - said Princess Marya. - Why are you saying this now, when you are going to this terrible war and he is so old! M lle Bourienne said that he asked about you... - As soon as she began to talk about this, her lips trembled and tears began to fall. Prince Andrei turned away from her and began to walk around the room.
- Oh my god! My God! - he said. – And just think about what and who – what insignificance can be the cause of people’s misfortune! - he said with anger, which frightened Princess Marya.
She realized that, speaking about the people whom he called nonentities, he meant not only m lle Bourienne, who made him misfortune, but also the person who ruined his happiness.
“Andre, I ask one thing, I beg you,” she said, touching his elbow and looking at him with shining eyes through tears. – I understand you (Princess Marya lowered her eyes). Don't think that it was people who caused the grief. People are his instrument. “She looked a little higher than Prince Andrei’s head with that confident, familiar look with which they look at a familiar place in a portrait. - The grief was sent to them, not people. People are his tools, they are not to blame. If it seems to you that someone is to blame for you, forget it and forgive. We have no right to punish. And you will understand the happiness of forgiving.
– If I were a woman, I would do this, Marie. This is the virtue of a woman. But a man should not and cannot forget and forgive,” he said, and, although he had not thought about Kuragin until that moment, all the unresolved anger suddenly rose in his heart. “If Princess Marya is already trying to persuade me to forgive me, then it means I should have been punished a long time ago,” he thought. And, no longer answering Princess Marya, he now began to think about that joyful, angry moment when he would meet Kuragin, who (he knew) was in the army.
Princess Marya begged her brother to wait another day, saying that she knew how unhappy her father would be if Andrei left without making peace with him; but Prince Andrei replied that he would probably soon come back from the army again, that he would certainly write to his father, and that now the longer he stayed, the more this discord would be fueled.
– Adieu, Andre! Rappelez vous que les malheurs viennent de Dieu, et que les hommes ne sont jamais coupables, [Farewell, Andrey! Remember that misfortunes come from God and that people are never to blame.] - were the last words he heard from his sister when he said goodbye to her.
“This is how it should be! - thought Prince Andrei, driving out of the alley of the Lysogorsk house. “She, a pitiful innocent creature, is left to be devoured by a crazy old man.” The old man feels that he is to blame, but cannot change himself. My boy is growing up and enjoying a life in which he will be the same as everyone else, deceived or deceiving. I'm going to the army, why? - I don’t know myself, and I want to meet that person whom I despise, in order to give him a chance to kill me and laugh at me! And before there were all the same living conditions, but before they were all connected with each other, but now everything has fallen apart. Some senseless phenomena, without any connection, one after another presented themselves to Prince Andrei.

Prince Andrei arrived at the army headquarters at the end of June. The troops of the first army, the one with which the sovereign was located, were located in a fortified camp near Drissa; the troops of the second army retreated, trying to connect with the first army, from which - as they said - they were cut off by large forces of the French. Everyone was dissatisfied with the general course of military affairs in the Russian army; but no one thought about the danger of an invasion of the Russian provinces, no one imagined that the war could be transferred further than the western Polish provinces.
Prince Andrei found Barclay de Tolly, to whom he was assigned, on the banks of the Drissa. Since there was not a single large village or town in the vicinity of the camp, the entire huge number of generals and courtiers who were with the army were located in a circle of ten miles in the best houses of the villages, on this and on the other side of the river. Barclay de Tolly stood four miles from the sovereign. He received Bolkonsky dryly and coldly and said in his German accent that he would report him to the sovereign to determine his appointment, and in the meantime he asked him to be at his headquarters. Anatoly Kuragin, whom Prince Andrei hoped to find in the army, was not here: he was in St. Petersburg, and this news was pleasant for Bolkonsky. Prince Andrei was interested in the center of the huge war taking place, and he was glad to be free for a while from the irritation that the thought of Kuragin produced in him. During the first four days, during which he was not required anywhere, Prince Andrey traveled around the entire fortified camp and, with the help of his knowledge and conversations with knowledgeable people, tried to form a definite concept about him. But the question of whether this camp was profitable or unprofitable remained unresolved for Prince Andrei. He had already managed to derive from his military experience the conviction that in military affairs the most thoughtfully thought-out plans mean nothing (as he saw it in the Austerlitz campaign), that everything depends on how one responds to unexpected and unforeseen actions of the enemy, that everything depends on how and by whom the whole business is conducted. In order to clarify this last question, Prince Andrei, taking advantage of his position and acquaintances, tried to understand the nature of the administration of the army, the persons and parties participating in it, and derived for himself the following concept of the state of affairs.
When the sovereign was still in Vilna, the army was divided into three: the 1st army was under the command of Barclay de Tolly, the 2nd army was under the command of Bagration, the 3rd army was under the command of Tormasov. The sovereign was with the first army, but not as commander-in-chief. The order did not say that the sovereign would command, it only said that the sovereign would be with the army. In addition, the sovereign did not personally have the headquarters of the commander-in-chief, but the headquarters of the imperial headquarters. With him was the chief of the imperial staff, Quartermaster General Prince Volkonsky, generals, adjutants, diplomatic officials and a large number of foreigners, but there was no army headquarters. In addition, without a position under the sovereign were: Arakcheev - a former minister of war, Count Bennigsen - the senior general of the generals, Grand Duke Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich, Count Rumyantsev - chancellor, Stein - a former Prussian minister, Armfeld - a Swedish general, Pfuhl - the main compiler campaign plan, Adjutant General Paulucci - a Sardinian native, Wolzogen and many others. Although these persons were without military positions in the army, they had influence due to their position, and often the corps commander and even the commander-in-chief did not know why Bennigsen, or the Grand Duke, or Arakcheev, or Prince Volkonsky was asking or advising this or that. and did not know whether such an order was coming from him or from the sovereign in the form of advice and whether it was necessary or not necessary to carry it out. But this was an external situation, but the essential meaning of the presence of the sovereign and all these persons, from the court point of view (and in the presence of the sovereign, everyone becomes a courtier), was clear to everyone. It was as follows: the sovereign did not assume the title of commander-in-chief, but was in charge of all the armies; the people surrounding him were his assistants. Arakcheev was a faithful executor, guardian of order and bodyguard of the sovereign; Bennigsen was a landowner of the Vilna province, who seemed to be doing les honneurs [was busy with the business of receiving the sovereign] of the region, but in essence was a good general, useful for advice and in order to always have him ready to replace Barclay. The Grand Duke was here because it pleased him. The former minister Stein was here because he was useful to the council, and because Emperor Alexander highly valued his personal qualities. Armfeld was an angry hater of Napoleon and a general, self-confident, which always had an influence on Alexander. Paulucci was here because he was bold and decisive in his speeches, the General Adjutants were here because they were everywhere where the sovereign was, and, finally, and most importantly, Pfuel was here because he, having drawn up a plan for the war against Napoleon and forced Alexander believed in the feasibility of this plan and led the entire war effort. Under Pfuel there was Wolzogen, who conveyed Pfuel’s thoughts in a more accessible form than Pfuel himself, a harsh, self-confident to the point of contempt for everything, an armchair theorist.
In addition to these named persons, Russian and foreign (especially foreigners, who, with the courage characteristic of people in activity among a foreign environment, offered new unexpected thoughts every day), there were many more minor persons who were with the army because their principals were here.
Among all the thoughts and voices in this huge, restless, brilliant and proud world, Prince Andrei saw the following, sharper, divisions of trends and parties.
The first party was: Pfuel and his followers, theorists of war, who believed that there is a science of war and that this science has its own immutable laws, laws of physical movement, bypass, etc. Pfuel and his followers demanded a retreat into the interior of the country, retreats according to the exact laws prescribed by the imaginary theory of war, and in any deviation from this theory they saw only barbarity, ignorance or malicious intent. The German princes, Wolzogen, Wintzingerode and others, mostly Germans, belonged to this party.
The second game was the opposite of the first. As always happens, at one extreme there were representatives of the other extreme. The people of this party were those who, even from Vilna, demanded an offensive into Poland and freedom from any plans drawn up in advance. In addition to the fact that the representatives of this party were representatives of bold actions, they were also representatives of nationality, as a result of which they became even more one-sided in the dispute. These were Russians: Bagration, Ermolov, who was beginning to rise, and others. At this time, Ermolov’s well-known joke was spread, allegedly asking the sovereign for one favor - to make him a German. The people of this party said, remembering Suvorov, that one must not think, not prick the map with needles, but fight, beat the enemy, not let him into Russia and not let the army lose heart.
The third party, in which the sovereign had the most confidence, belonged to the court makers of transactions between both directions. The people of this party, mostly non-military and to which Arakcheev belonged, thought and said what people usually say who do not have convictions, but want to appear as such. They said that, without a doubt, war, especially with such a genius as Bonaparte (he was again called Bonaparte), requires the most profound considerations, a deep knowledge of science, and in this matter Pfuel is a genius; but at the same time, one cannot help but admit that theorists are often one-sided, and therefore one should not completely trust them; one must listen to what Pfuel’s opponents say, and to what practical people, experienced in military affairs, say, and from everything take the average. The people of this party insisted that, having held the Dries camp according to Pfuel's plan, they would change the movements of other armies. Although this course of action achieved neither one nor the other goal, it seemed better to the people of this party.
The fourth direction was the direction of which the most prominent representative was the Grand Duke, the heir to the Tsarevich, who could not forget his Austerlitz disappointment, where he, as if on display, rode out in front of the guards in a helmet and tunic, hoping to bravely crush the French, and, unexpectedly, finding himself in the first line , forcibly left in general confusion. The people of this party had both the quality and the lack of sincerity in their judgments. They were afraid of Napoleon, saw strength in him, weakness in themselves, and directly expressed this. They said: “Nothing but grief, shame and destruction will come out of all this! So we left Vilna, we left Vitebsk, we will leave Drissa. The only smart thing we can do is make peace, and as soon as possible, before they kick us out of St. Petersburg!”
This view, widely spread in the highest spheres of the army, found support both in St. Petersburg and in Chancellor Rumyantsev, who, for other reasons of state, also stood for peace.
The fifth were adherents of Barclay de Tolly, not so much as a person, but as a minister of war and commander in chief. They said: “Whatever he is (they always started like that), but he is an honest, efficient person, and there is no better person. Give him real power, because war cannot go on successfully without unity of command, and he will show what he can do, as he showed himself in Finland. If our army is organized and strong and retreated to Drissa without suffering any defeats, then we owe this only to Barclay. If they now replace Barclay with Bennigsen, then everything will perish, because Bennigsen has already shown his inability in 1807,” said the people of this party.
The sixth, the Bennigsenists, said, on the contrary, that after all there was no one more efficient and experienced than Bennigsen, and no matter how you turn, you will still come to him. And the people of this party argued that our entire retreat to Drissa was a most shameful defeat and a continuous series of mistakes. “The more mistakes they make,” they said, “the better: at least they will sooner understand that this cannot go on. And what is needed is not just any Barclay, but a person like Bennigsen, who already showed himself in 1807, to whom Napoleon himself gave justice, and such a person for whom power would be willingly recognized - and there is only one Bennigsen.”
Seventh - there were faces that always exist, especially under young sovereigns, and of which there were especially many under Emperor Alexander - the faces of generals and a wing of adjutants, passionately devoted to the sovereign, not as an emperor, but as a person, adoring him sincerely and disinterestedly, as he adored him Rostov in 1805, and seeing in him not only all the virtues, but also all human qualities. Although these persons admired the modesty of the sovereign, who refused to command the troops, they condemned this excessive modesty and wanted only one thing and insisted that the adored sovereign, leaving excessive distrust in himself, openly announce that he was becoming the head of the army, would make a himself the headquarters of the commander-in-chief and, consulting where necessary with experienced theorists and practitioners, he himself would lead his troops, which this alone would bring to the highest state of inspiration.
The eighth, largest group of people, which in its sheer numbers related to others as 99 to 1, consisted of people who did not want peace, nor war, nor offensive movements, nor a defensive camp either at Drissa or anywhere else. there was no Barclay, no sovereign, no Pfuel, no Bennigsen, but they wanted only one thing, and the most essential: the greatest benefits and pleasures for themselves. In that muddy water of intersecting and entangled intrigues that swarmed at the main residence of the sovereign, it was possible to accomplish quite a lot of things that would have been unthinkable at another time. One, not wanting to lose his advantageous position, today agreed with Pfuel, tomorrow with his opponent, the day after tomorrow he claimed that he had no opinion on a certain subject, only in order to avoid responsibility and please the sovereign. Another, wanting to gain benefits, attracted the attention of the sovereign, loudly shouting the very thing that the sovereign had hinted at the day before, argued and shouted in the council, striking himself in the chest and challenging those who disagreed to a duel, thereby showing that he was ready to be a victim of the common good. The third simply begged for himself, between two councils and in the absence of enemies, a one-time allowance for his faithful service, knowing that now there would be no time to refuse him. The fourth kept accidentally catching the eye of the sovereign, burdened with work. The fifth, in order to achieve a long-desired goal - dinner with the sovereign, fiercely proved the rightness or wrongness of the newly expressed opinion and for this he brought more or less strong and fair evidence.
All the people of this party were catching rubles, crosses, ranks, and in this fishing they only followed the direction of the weather vane of the royal favor, and just noticed that the weather vane turned in one direction, when all this drone population of the army began to blow in the same direction, so that the sovereign the more difficult it was to turn it into another. Amid the uncertainty of the situation, with the threatening, serious danger that gave everything a particularly alarming character, amid this whirlwind of intrigue, pride, clashes of different views and feelings, with the diversity of all these people, this eighth, the largest party of people hired by personal interests, gave great confusion and vagueness of the common cause. No matter what question was raised, the swarm of these drones, without even sounding off the previous topic, flew to a new one and with their buzzing drowned out and obscured sincere, disputing voices.
Of all these parties, at the same time that Prince Andrei arrived at the army, another, ninth party gathered and began to raise its voice. This was a party of old, sensible, state-experienced people who were able, without sharing any of the conflicting opinions, to look abstractly at everything that was happening at the headquarters of the main headquarters, and to think about ways out of this uncertainty, indecision, confusion and weakness.
The people of this party said and thought that everything bad comes mainly from the presence of a sovereign with a military court near the army; that the vague, conditional and fluctuating instability of relations that is convenient at court, but harmful in the army, has been transferred to the army; that the sovereign needs to reign, and not control the army; that the only way out of this situation is the departure of the sovereign and his court from the army; that the mere presence of the sovereign would paralyze the fifty thousand troops needed to ensure his personal safety; that the worst, but independent commander-in-chief will be better than the best, but bound by the presence and power of the sovereign.
At the same time, Prince Andrei was living idle under Drissa, Shishkov, the Secretary of State, who was one of the main representatives of this party, wrote a letter to the sovereign, which Balashev and Arakcheev agreed to sign. In this letter, taking advantage of the permission given to him by the sovereign to talk about the general course of affairs, he respectfully and under the pretext of the need for the sovereign to inspire the people in the capital to war, suggested that the sovereign leave the army.
The sovereign's inspiration of the people and the appeal to them for the defense of the fatherland - the same (as far as it was produced by the personal presence of the sovereign in Moscow) inspiration of the people, which was the main reason for the triumph of Russia, was presented to the sovereign and accepted by him as a pretext for leaving the army.

X
This letter had not yet been submitted to the sovereign when Barclay told Bolkonsky at dinner that the sovereign would like to see Prince Andrei personally in order to ask him about Turkey, and that Prince Andrei would appear at Bennigsen’s apartment at six o’clock in the evening.
On the same day, news was received in the sovereign's apartment about Napoleon's new movement, which could be dangerous for the army - news that later turned out to be unfair. And that same morning, Colonel Michaud, touring the Dries fortifications with the sovereign, proved to the sovereign that this fortified camp, built by Pfuel and hitherto considered the master of tactics, destined to destroy Napoleon, - that this camp was nonsense and destruction Russian army.
Prince Andrei arrived at the apartment of General Bennigsen, who occupied a small landowner's house on the very bank of the river. Neither Bennigsen nor the sovereign were there, but Chernyshev, the sovereign’s aide-de-camp, received Bolkonsky and announced to him that the sovereign had gone with General Bennigsen and the Marquis Paulucci another time that day to tour the fortifications of the Drissa camp, the convenience of which was beginning to be seriously doubted.
Chernyshev was sitting with a book of a French novel at the window of the first room. This room was probably formerly a hall; there was still an organ in it, on which some carpets were piled, and in one corner stood the folding bed of Adjutant Bennigsen. This adjutant was here. He, apparently exhausted by a feast or business, sat on a rolled up bed and dozed. Two doors led from the hall: one straight into the former living room, the other to the right into the office. From the first door one could hear voices speaking in German and occasionally in French. There, in the former living room, at the sovereign’s request, not a military council was gathered (the sovereign loved uncertainty), but some people whose opinions on the upcoming difficulties he wanted to know. This was not a military council, but, as it were, a council of those elected to clarify certain issues personally for the sovereign. Invited to this half-council were: the Swedish General Armfeld, Adjutant General Wolzogen, Wintzingerode, whom Napoleon called a fugitive French subject, Michaud, Tol, not a military man at all - Count Stein and, finally, Pfuel himself, who, as Prince Andrei heard, was la cheville ouvriere [the basis] of the whole matter. Prince Andrei had the opportunity to take a good look at him, since Pfuhl arrived soon after him and walked into the living room, stopping for a minute to talk with Chernyshev.
At first glance, Pfuel, in his poorly tailored Russian general's uniform, which sat awkwardly on him, as if dressed up, seemed familiar to Prince Andrei, although he had never seen him. It included Weyrother, Mack, Schmidt, and many other German theoretic generals whom Prince Andrei managed to see in 1805; but he was more typical than all of them. Prince Andrei had never seen such a German theoretician, who combined in himself everything that was in those Germans.