General characteristics The Republic of Madagascar is an island state located in southeast Africa. Madagascar is separated from Africa by the Mozambique Channel. The capital of the republic is the city of Antananarivo with a population of about one and a half million people. The territory of the state occupies 596 thousand square kilometers. The Republic of Madagascar is divided into 6 provinces. This country has two official languages ​​- Malagasy and French. The main religions in the republic are Christianity and Islam. The currency in Madagascar is the Malagasy franc. It is worth saying that June 26 is a national holiday in Madagascar, since this day has been Independence Day since 1960. Madagascar has been a member of the United Nations since 1960, a member of the African Union since 2002, a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, a member of the Southern African Development Community, a member of the Indian Ocean Commission, a member of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation since 1997, and a member of the Common Market for Eastern Europe. and South Africa since 1994.

Climate One third of the territory of the Republic of Madagascar covers the highlands. Note that there are many extinct volcanoes on the island, and earthquakes often occur. The highest point is Marumukutru Peak and is 2876 meters high. The eastern coast is occupied by coastal lowlands, and the western coast is occupied by low plains. Among the island's minerals you can find bauxite, graphite, iron, gold, limestone, quartz, cobalt, monazite, nickel, niobium, rubies, sapphires, mica, titanium, coal, uranium, chromium. The climate of the Republic of Madagascar is tropical. Average monthly air temperatures in the lowlands range from plus 20 to 30 degrees Celsius, in the highlands the temperature ranges from 13 to 20 degrees Celsius. The amount of precipitation per year ranges from 1000 to 1500 millimeters. Note also that cyclones occur quite often on the east coast. There are many rivers flowing on this island, most of which have rapids and waterfalls: Betsibuka, Ikupa, Manguki, Mahavawi, Sufia, Unilahi and many others.

Government system Madagascar is a republic. The constitution in force was adopted in 1992, with amendments in 1998. The head of state and supreme commander is the president, who is elected by universal suffrage for a 5-year term. The bicameral parliament consists of the Senate, elected for 4 years, and the National Assembly. The judicial system is based on French civil law using common law. There are the highest constitutional, high, supreme and appellate courts, as well as courts for civil and criminal cases. The armed forces consist of 13.5 thousand people (including the army - 12.5 thousand people, the navy - 500 people and the air force with the same number). There are 7.5 thousand people serving in gendarmerie units.

Economy Madagascar is among the least developed countries in the world. About 75 percent of Madagascar's residents qualify as poor, with a per capita income of approximately $260. The share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Product is 34.5 percent. The main crops are: rice, bananas, corn, cassava and sweet potatoes. Livestock and poultry farming are developed only for domestic consumption. Fishing is of industrial importance. In 2003, the share of industry in GDP was 7.8 percent. The mining industry is poorly developed. The paper, woodworking, leather, furniture, brewing, tobacco and textile industries are expanding. Factories for the production of agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers and cement, as well as enterprises for the production of medicines, soap and glass, are actively operating. The development of the transport system is complicated by the mountainous nature of the area and strong cyclones. The total length of railways is 893 kilometers, and roads - 49.84 thousand kilometers.

Ethnic composition Malagasy is an ethnic group that forms the main population of Madagascar. They speak Malagasy (Malgash), a language belonging to the Indonesian group of the Austronesian language family. The total population is about 20 million people. The self-name goes back to the adjective from the word "Madagascar", thus, Malagasy is "Madagascar" in the Malagasy language, which in turn also means "Madagascar".

Tourism Madagascar is often called the “dream island”. Tourists are attracted to the island by the beauty of nature, the splendor and diversity of flora and fauna, as well as the uniqueness of the national culture. In 2007, more than 170 thousand foreign tourists visited Madagascar. Most tourists arrived from France, Mauritius, the USA, Canada, Italy and Germany. Income from tourist visits in 2007 amounted to more than $100 million. Most tourists usually visit the presidential palace, the national music museum, the handicraft market, Portuguese forts, Arab mosques and shopping arcades, and national parks. The reserves of Andasibe, Berenti, Isalu, Montagne-d'Ambre, Tsaratanana, Lukube, Tsimbazaza and many others deserve special attention.

Society Education. The first schools were opened by British missionaries in Antananarivo. Compulsory 5-year primary education, which children receive from the ages of 6 to 11 years. Secondary education (7 years) begins at the age of 11 and takes place in two cycles – 4 and 3 years. Healthcare. Yellow fever and malaria are common. Lack of clean drinking water (47% of the population has constant access to it) leads to outbreaks of intestinal infectious diseases, incl. bilharzia. In 2003, there were 140 thousand people with AIDS and HIV-infected people, 7.5 thousand people died. In 2001, 42% of the population had access to health care. 3.5 thousand doctors are registered, of which 2.38 thousand are in the capital and its environs (2005). According to the UN report on the humanitarian development of the planet (2001), Madagascar was in 149th place in the ranking of countries. Architecture, fine arts and crafts. Folk dwellings are rectangular (less often round) in plan, huts under a pointed gable roof, the proportions are elongated upward. Houses in different areas of the island differ only in the building material used. The craftsmen of the Zafimanira people decorate the roofs, doors and shutters of their homes with elaborate carvings of a sculptural and geometric nature. (Based on their carvings, industrial furniture production began on the island in the 19th century). In modern cities, houses are built from brick and reinforced concrete structures. Music. National music has long traditions and was formed under the influence of Arabic (mainly Egyptian), African and European (primarily French) musical cultures. In the 20th century she is influenced by Latin American melodies and modern pop culture.

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State symbols Madagascar is a state in the western Indian Ocean, on the island of Madagascar and adjacent small islands. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, its flora and fauna contain five percent of the world's animal and plant species, 80% of which exist only in Madagascar. The most famous of them are lemurs. Madagascar and Mauritania are the only countries in the world that do not use decimal currency. Prezentacii.com

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Geographical location Madagascar is a state on the island of the same name off the east coast of Africa. Area - 587 thousand km², population - 18.4 million people. (2005, UN assessment). Capital - Antananarivo

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Antananarivo, “the city of ten thousand warriors,” lies in the sacred hills of the Imerina, the Central Highlands. Between the hills lies a picturesque Lake. The entire population (about 1.5 million inhabitants) lives in one to three-story houses, reminiscent of the buildings of a medieval European city - this is a legacy of French colonization. Antananarivo is a red city. The walls and roofs of the buildings are made of either brick or red clay. The city's paved streets are paved with large cobblestones, and the narrow streets meander subtly.

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The first visit to Madagascar by a European occurred in 1500, when the ship of the Portuguese traveler Diogo Diaz, heading to India, deviated from its course and landed on the island. In light of the important geographical position of Madagascar for spice traders who skirted all over Africa, France and Britain tried to establish their outposts on the island. However, the inhospitable climate and even less hospitable natives made this task almost impossible.

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The island's climate is shaped by the southeast trade wind and the South Indian Anticyclone. The island has three climate zones: a tropical monsoon climate on the east coast, a temperate maritime climate in the central highlands, and an arid desert climate on the southern tip of the island. The west coast is noticeably drier than the east as the trade winds lose moisture to the east coast and central highlands. Typical annual precipitation rates: 350 cm for the southern coast, 140 cm for the central highlands (in this case, for the capital of the country - Antananarivo), 32 cm in the south of the island, on the border with the desert.

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The Malagasy currency is the Ariary. Main article: Economy of Madagascar Benefits: Diversified agriculture: vanilla, coffee, spicy cloves. Oil and gas. Shrimps. Reading working population. Chromium. Factories. Weaknesses: Chaos in 2002 rocked the economy. Competition with cheaper vanilla exporters. Threat of droughts and tornadoes. He cannot fully provide himself with the main food product – rice.

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The Malagasy are an ethnic group that forms the main population of Madagascar. They speak Malagasy (Malgash), a language belonging to the Indonesian group of the Austronesian language family. The total population is about 20 million people. The self-name goes back to the adjective from the word “Madagascar”, thus Malagasy is “Madagascar” in the Malagasy language, which in turn also means “Madagascar”.

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About 45% of the population professes Christianity, Catholicism or Protestantism. Most believers try to combine the cult of ancestors with Christian traditions. For example, not all Christians renounce the practice of famidahan, this is especially true for Catholics. Pastors from the Catholic Church may even come to the ceremony and bless the participants. The Protestant Church has a very negative attitude towards the practice of the cult of ancestors and calls on its flock to abandon “worship of the Devil.” The Christian Church in Madagascar is a fairly influential political institution.

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Madagascar carnivores are an endemic family of mammalian carnivores, closely related to mongooses and numbering 8 species. The family is divided into two subfamilies: mungos (lat. Galidiinae) and Malagasy civets (lat. Euplerinae). Previously, there was an extinct species of giant fossa on the island (lat. Cryptoprocta spelea), which hunted giant lemurs, but due to the extermination of lemurs by humans, the giant fossa also became extinct, having lost its food supply.

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Presentation on the topic: Madagascar

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State symbols Madagascar is a state in the western Indian Ocean, on the island of Madagascar and adjacent small islands. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, its flora and fauna contain five percent of the world's animal and plant species, 80% of which exist only in Madagascar. The most famous of them are lemurs. Madagascar and Mauritania are the only countries in the world that do not use decimal currency.

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Antananarivo, “the city of ten thousand warriors,” lies in the sacred hills of the Imerina, the Central Highlands. Between the hills lies a picturesque Lake. The entire population (about 1.5 million inhabitants) lives in one to three-story houses, reminiscent of the buildings of a medieval European city - this is a legacy of French colonization. Antananarivo is a red city. The walls and roofs of the buildings are made of either brick or red clay. The city's paved streets are paved with large cobblestones, and the narrow streets meander subtly.

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The first visit to Madagascar by a European occurred in 1500, when the ship of the Portuguese traveler Diogo Diaz, heading to India, deviated from its course and landed on the island. In light of the important geographical position of Madagascar for spice traders who skirted all over Africa, France and Britain tried to establish their outposts on the island. However, the inhospitable climate and even less hospitable natives made this task almost impossible.

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The island's climate is shaped by the southeast trade wind and the South Indian Anticyclone. The island has three climate zones: a tropical monsoon climate on the east coast, a temperate maritime climate in the central highlands, and an arid desert climate on the southern tip of the island. The west coast is noticeably drier than the east as the trade winds lose moisture to the east coast and central highlands. Typical annual precipitation rates: 350 cm for the southern coast, 140 cm for the central highlands (in this case, for the capital of the country - Antananarivo), 32 cm in the south of the island, on the border with the desert.

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The Malagasy are an ethnic group that forms the main population of Madagascar. They speak Malagasy (Malgash), a language belonging to the Indonesian group of the Austronesian language family. The total population is about 20 million people. The self-name goes back to the adjective from the word “Madagascar”, thus Malagasy is “Madagascar” in the Malagasy language, which in turn also means “Madagascar”.

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About 45% of the population professes Christianity, Catholicism or Protestantism. Most believers try to combine the cult of ancestors with Christian traditions. For example, not all Christians renounce the practice of famidahan, this is especially true for Catholics. Pastors from the Catholic Church may even come to the ceremony and bless the participants. The Protestant Church has a very negative attitude towards the practice of the cult of ancestors and calls on its flock to abandon “worship of the Devil.” The Christian Church in Madagascar is a fairly influential political institution.

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Madagascar carnivores are an endemic family of mammalian carnivores, closely related to mongooses and numbering 8 species. The family is divided into two subfamilies: mungos (lat. Galidiinae) and Malagasy civets (lat. Euplerinae). Previously, there was an extinct species of giant fossa on the island (lat. Cryptoprocta spelea), which hunted giant lemurs, but due to the extermination of lemurs by humans, the giant fossa also became extinct, having lost its food supply.

Anthem: Oh, dear Motherland, Beautiful Madagascar, Love for you is unchanging. And it will never dry up. Give you, God, the Island of our ancestors, Joy and prosperity, And this is happiness for us, Oh, dear Motherland, With all our hearts, soul and body, With everything that is dear to us, We dream of serving you. Oh, dear Motherland, We hope that the one who created the universe will bless you and be the master of your destiny. Coat of arms of Madagascar

Geography Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, located in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa, separated from it by the Mozambique Channel. The climate is tropical. The extreme south of the island is often classified as subtropical. The length of the island is about 1600 km, width over 600 km, area km². The island is home to the state of Madagascar (the capital is Antananarivo).

Climate The climate of the state is divided into three climatic zones: in the south of the country there is a mainly dry desert climate, in the central part it is tropical, and in the north there is an equatorial monsoon climate. Average temperature in the summer months: from November to March degrees above zero, in the winter months: from April to October degrees above zero

Religion Catholicism, Christianity and Islam About 45% of the population professes Christianity, belonging to the Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism. Most believers try to combine the cult of ancestors with Christian traditions. The rest of the population (about 7%) practices Islam. Since the 90s of the 20th century, Orthodoxy began to spread on the island.

Culture The art of the most ancient tribes of Madagascar is hidden from prying eyes, since it existed only in the imagination of each person and was not taken beyond its borders. This feature is associated with the special secrecy of this ethnic group and sensitivity to evaluation by others. The cultural origins of the island's inhabitants stem from Austronesian and Bantu culture. In music, this influence was reflected in the choice of instruments and singing style. A living example of the successful coexistence of two different cultures is the Malagasy’s preference for two essentially opposite instruments - the African drum and the roller, an Indonesian plucked string instrument.

Theater also plays a significant role in the culture of the people. Here he acts not just as a means of demonstrating something, but for the purpose of edification and encouragement to goodness. Oratory is especially revered. A unique combination of theater and singing – hiragashi – is emerging everywhere, playing not only a spiritual and entertainment role, but also a political and educational role. During the performance of hiragashi, artists compete with each other in music, dancing and oratory talent. It was first used in the 18th century by the first king of Madagascar to attract attention to his political speeches, when he was still a prince. Later, the artists themselves began to include political satire in their performances, and the audience was actively involved in the performance process through applause or hooting. And now aspiring politicians are resorting to the help of such hiragashi troupes. Later, the Malagasy people were influenced by Eastern and European civilizations (especially French culture). This was manifested in architecture (the construction of elongated rectangular houses with a pointed roof), in the cuisine (French pastries are widespread on the island) and in the language (French is the second official language here).

Cuisine The cuisine of Madagascar mainly consists of rice dishes (wari) with a side dish (onions). In the south, rice is sometimes replaced with crushed dried corn. Malagasy cuisine was significantly influenced by the culinary traditions of France, China and India, and to a lesser extent East African and Arabic ones.

Unlike African cuisine, Malagasy cuisine is not characterized by very spicy dishes, but recently hot sauces have appeared - semi-finished products made on the coast from traditional fruits (mango, lemon, etc.), which are gaining popularity in the country. Some of these sauces are used to serve the popular lazari salad, karauti, consisting of beans, cabbage and carrots.