Entrance to the Cheops pyramid. The thousand-year-old mystery of the Cheops pyramid has been revealed. Construction around the Cheops pyramid

Statistics about the Cheops pyramid

Rice. 1. Pyramid of Cheops in the 19th century.

• Height (today): ≈ 138.75 m
• Side angle: 51° 50′
• Side length (original): 230.33 m (calculated) or about 440 Royal cubits
• Side length (currently): about 225 m
• The length of the sides of the base of the pyramid: south - 230.454 m; north - 230.253 m; west - 230.357 m; east - 230.394 m.
• Foundation area (initially): ≈ 53,000 m² (5.3 ha)
• Area of ​​the pyramid: (initially) ≈ 85,500 m²
• Perimeter: 922 m.
• Total volume of the pyramid without deducting the cavities inside the pyramid (initially): ≈ 2.58 million m³
• Total volume of the pyramid, after subtracting all known cavities (initially): 2.50 million m³
• Average size of observed stone blocks: 1.0 m in width, height and depth (but most are rectangular in shape.)
• Average weight of stone blocks: 2.5 tons
• Heaviest stone block: 15 t
• Number of blocks: about 2.5 million.
• According to estimates, the total weight of the pyramid: about 6.25 million tons
• The base of the pyramid rests on a natural rocky hill with a height of about 9 m in the center .

Our "Important Editorial Notice" :

Until now, among scientists and, in particular, among Egyptologists, there is a “ persistent delusion ", What the Pyramid of Cheops and other pyramids in Egypt were built by ancient craftsmen as “ tombs ». « Misconception ” appeared from archaeologists who excavate ancient cities and graves of the dead. At the same time, everyone knows that no royal burials were found in any Egyptian pyramid. This " delusion "still does not allow scientists to look at the pyramid, well, for example, as a unique ancient thing" resonant device » colossal size and amazing accuracy. It was originally " hermetically sealed "as a resonator of a certain frequency range, not to hide the treasures of the pharaohs there, it itself was a treasure of ancient sacred knowledge . This knowledge is still unknown to us! You can only " forget this delusion “, which is rather associated with the terrifying conservatism of scientists’ perception of everything new that may belong to the field of other sciences, and try “ figure out "in the essence of this knowledge. For example, Egyptologists may internally “ shudder ", when, for example, they hear words - a resonator, " energy matrix of the Universe », physical chemistry high-precision processing of materials, etc., since all this relates to the field of knowledge of other sciences that are not known to them! After this, another “ stable stereotype of significance ” of the person telling them about it. They ask the question: “ Who are you, academician, corresponding member, doctor of sciences... so that we listen to your words?! In our small scientific community no one talks about such things...?! Maybe it's just your imagination…?! Goodbye dear..." Everything is like in Andersen’s fairy tale - “ ugly duck" Therefore, in all texts from the Wikipedia encyclopedia the words - burial chambers - type in italics. For the same reasons, the words " air ducts ", parts of which, as is known, stand " sealed traffic jams ", we also type in italics.

About the pyramid

The pyramid is called "Akhet-Khufu" - "Horizon of Khufu"(or more precisely " Relating to the firmament - (this is) Khufu"). Consists of blocks of limestone, basalt and granite. It was built on a natural hill. Even though the pyramid Cheops- the tallest and most voluminous of all the Egyptian pyramids, but still Pharaoh Snefru built the pyramids in Meidum and Dakhshut (Broken Pyramid and Pink Pyramid), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons. This means that 2.15 million tons were used to build these pyramids. or 25.6% more material than was required for the Cheops pyramid.

The pyramid was originally lined with white limestone, which was harder than the main blocks. The top of the pyramid was crowned with a gilded stone - pyramidion. The cladding shone in the Sun with a peach color, like “ a shining miracle to which the sun god Ra himself seemed to give all his rays" In 1168 AD. e. The Arabs sacked and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the cladding from the pyramid in order to build new houses .

Pyramid structure

Strabo Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Ma'mun. He hoped to find the pharaoh's countless treasures there, but found there only a layer of dust half a cubit thick.

Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.

Rice. 2. Cross section of the Cheops pyramid: 1. Main entrance, 2. The entrance made by Al-Mamun , 3. Crossroads, “traffic jam” and the Al-Mamun tunnel made “bypassing” the traffic jam , 4. Descending corridor, 5. Unfinished underground chamber – ( Funeral « pit "), 6. Ascending corridor, 7. " Queen's chamber» with outgoing « air ducts ", 8. Horizontal tunnel, 9. Large gallery, 10. Pharaoh's chamber With " air ducts ", 11. Antechamber, 12. Grotto.

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side . The entrance is formed by stone slabs laid in the form of an arch. This entrance to the pyramid was sealed with a granite plug . A description of this stopper can be found in Strabo. Today tourists get inside the pyramid through a 17 m gap, which was made in 820 by Caliph Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun. He hoped to find the pharaoh's countless treasures there, but found only a layer of dust half a cubit thick there. . Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three burial chambers . They are located one below the other - “ King's Chamber(Pharaoh)", " Queen's Chamber», Unfinished underground chamber – (Funeral « pit »).

Grotto, Great Gallery and Chambers (Chamber) of the Pharaoh with sarcophagus

Rice. 3. View King's Chambers ( Rice. 2. – point 10) with an empty sarcophagus. The precisely fitted granite flat blocks from which the walls, floor and ceiling of this room are made are clearly visible. The empty granite sarcophagus is located asymmetrically in relation to the dimensions of the room.

Rice. 4. Large oblique Gallery(Fig. 2. – point 9), leading to “ Chamber of the King (Pharaoh)"(Fig. 2. - item 11 and item 10). The walls of the gallery are inclined, tapering upward and have symmetrical protruding ledges. On the right and left sides of the passage, rectangular grooves located at equal distances from each other are also clearly visible on the rectangular ledges. There are 28 pairs of these grooves in total. Since there are grooves, it means that something was definitely inserted there and, probably, was removed. However, the grooves could also perform another function, about which, unfortunately, nothing is known yet.

Another branch from the lower part of the Great Gallery is a narrow, almost vertical shaft, about 60 m high, leading to the lower part of the descending passage. There is an assumption that it was intended to evacuate workers or priests who were completing “ sealing " main passage to " King's chamber" Approximately in the middle there is a small, most likely natural expansion - “ Grotto» ( Grotto) of irregular shape, in which several people could fit at most. Grotto– (Fig. 2 - (12)) located on " junction» stone masonry pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, hill on a limestone plateau lying at the base of the Great Pyramid. The walls of the Grotto are partially reinforced by ancient masonry, and since some of its stones are too large, there is an assumption that the Grotto existed on the Giza plateau as an independent structure long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation shaft itself was built taking into account the location of the Grotto. However, taking into account the fact that the shaft was hollowed out in the already laid masonry, and not laid out, as evidenced by its irregular circular cross-section, the question arises of how the builders managed to accurately reach the Grotto.

Big Gallery

Rice. 5. Black and white shot of the beginning Great gallery ( Rice. 2. - item 9) with a high step at which the fellah stands. On the right and left, rectangular grooves are clearly visible along the lower part of the side walls of the gallery. 1910

The large gallery continues the ascending passage. Its height is 8.53 m, it is a rectangular cross-section, with walls slightly tapering upward (the so-called “false vault”), a high inclined tunnel 46.6 m long. In the middle Great gallery along almost the entire length, there is a square recess with a regular cross-section measuring 1 meter wide and 60 cm deep, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of indentations of unknown purpose . The recess ends with the so-called. " Big step" - a high horizontal ledge, a platform of 1x2 meters, at the end of the Great Gallery, immediately in front of the hole in " hallway » — Precamera ( Tsar) (Fig. 2 – item 11). The platform has a pair of ramp recesses, similar to the recesses, in the corners near the wall ( 28th and last pair of recesses BG.). Through the “hallway” a hole leads into the burial “Tsar’s Chamber” lined with black granite, where an empty granite sarcophagus is located.

Above the “Tsar’s Chamber” are discovered in the 19th century. five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which lie monolithic slabs about 2 m thick, and above there is a gable ceiling. Their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) in order to protect the “King’s Chamber” from pressure. . In these voids, graffiti was discovered, probably left by workers.

Rice. 6. Isometric plan with sections Tsar's chambers. On the left you can see the upper end of the inclined Galleries with grooves on the sides, a rectangular step in front of the entrance and a hole into the King's chamber. Bottom right King's chamber granite sarcophagus on the right side of the chamber Tsar. To the right there is a rectangular shaft above the sarcophagus, which ends with a unloading gable " roof » from granite blocks – «

Rice. 7. Black and white photo " entrance and manhole"from inside the King's chamber. 1910

Ascending Corridor and Queen's Chambers

From the first third of the descending passage (18 m from the main entrance), an ascending passage goes up at the same angle of 26.5° to the south (Fig. 2. - p. 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the Great Gallery (Fig. 2. - p. 9 ).

Rice. 8. At its beginning, the ascending passage contains 3 large cubic granite “plugs”, which from the outside, from the descending passage, were disguised by a block of limestone that fell out accidentally during the work of Al-Mamun - (Fig. 2 – item 3) Thus, for the previous approximately 3 thousand years it was believed that there were no other rooms in the Great Pyramid other than the descending passage and the underground chamber. Al-Ma'mun was unable to break through these plugs and simply carved out a bypass to the right of them in the softer limestone. This passage is still in use today . There are two main theories about traffic jams, one of them is based on the fact that the ascending passage has traffic jams installed at the beginning of construction and, therefore, this passage was sealed by them from the very beginning. The second claims that the current narrowing of the walls was caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were previously located within the Great Gallery and were used to seal the passage only after the funeral of the pharaoh. An important mystery of this section of the ascending passage is that in the place where the plugs are now located, in the full-size, albeit shortened model of the pyramid passages - the so-called. test corridors north of the Great Pyramid - there is a junction of not two, but three corridors at once, the third of which is a vertical tunnel. Since no one has yet been able to move the plugs, the question of whether there is a vertical hole above them remains open. In the middle of the ascending passage, the design of the walls has a peculiarity: in three places the so-called “frame stones” are installed - that is, the passage, square along its entire length, pierces through three monoliths. The purpose of these stones is unknown .

A horizontal corridor 35 m long and 1.75 m high leads to the second burial chamber from the lower part of the Great Gallery in a southerly direction. The second chamber is traditionally called « Queen's chamber“, although according to the ritual the wives of the pharaohs were buried in separate small pyramids. " Queen's chamber", lined with limestone, measures 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

Rice. 9. Isometric plan with sections Queen's chambers(Fig. 2 - item 7). Shown on the left stepped niche in the cell wall. On the right is the horizontal entrance to the Queen's chamber. Above the walls of the Queen's chamber there are stone blocks in the form of a gable roof to relieve pressure on the chamber. The “air ducts” coming out of the chamber are shown schematically.

Rice. 10. Login type into a stepped niche from Queen's chambers(Fig. 2 - item 7).

Rice. eleven. Black and white image of the entrance to the Queen's chamber from the inclined Gallery (Fig. 2 - item 8). 1910

Ventilation ducts

From " King's Chambers"(Fig. 2 - item 10) and " Queen's Chambers"(Fig. 2 - point 7) the so-called " ventilation » the channels are 20-25 cm wide in diameter. At the same time, the channels « King's Chambers», known since the 17th century, end-to-end, they are open both below and above (on the edges of the pyramid) , while the lower ends of the channels " Queen's Chambers» separates about 13 cm from the surface of the wall; they were discovered by tapping in 1872. The upper ends of these channels do not reach the surface of the side faces of the Cheops pyramid . The end of the southern channel is closed with stone " doors", discovered in 1993 using the remote-controlled robot "Upout II". In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot " door" was drilled, but behind it a small cavity and another " door». What's next is still unknown . Currently, versions are being expressed that the purpose of “ ventilation » channels is of a religious nature and is associated with Egyptian ideas about the afterlife journey of the soul .

Funeral "pit"

A descending corridor 105 m long, going at an inclination of 26° 26'46, leads to a horizontal corridor (Fig. 2. - point 4) 8.9 m long, leading to the chamber (Fig. 2. - point 5), which was named Funeral "pit". Situated below ground level, in a rocky limestone bedrock, it remained unfinished. The dimensions of the chamber are 14x8.1 m, it extends from east to west. The height of the chamber reaches 3.5 m. At the southern wall of the chamber there is a well about 3 m deep, from which a narrow manhole (0.7 × 0.7 m in cross-section) stretches southward for 16 m, ending in a dead end. Engineers John Shae Perring and Howard Vyse in the early 19th century dismantled the floor of the cell and dug a deep well 11.6 m deep , in which they hoped to discover hidden burial room . They were based on the testimony of Herodotus, who claimed that the body of Cheops was on an island surrounded by a canal in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations came to nothing . Later research showed that the camera was abandoned unfinished, and burial chambers it was decided to arrange it in the center of the pyramid itself .

Rice. 12. Black and white image of the interior " underground» cameras. 1910. On the left you can see half the body of a fellah leaning out of the passage into the cell.”

A COMMENT:

Now we can show on the plan the Pyramid of Cheops in the matrix of the Universe the position “ Libra in h ale Judgment Maat over the hearts of Ab (Ab)Living creatures" Figure 13 shows a cross-section of the Cheops pyramid according to Weiss. It is more accurate than the one shown in Figure 2 from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia.

Rice. 13. Pyramid cross section Cheops (Khufu, Khufu) in Giza. According to Weiss.

Rice. 14. The figure shows the result of combining a section of the Cheops pyramid (according to Weiss) in Giza with “ energy matrix of the universe "or simply the matrix of the Universe. This drawing is similar to Figure 8 from our work - Amon-Ra discovered the secret of the original floor plan in the Cheops pyramid. All the main elements of the section of the Cheops pyramid are located in the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe. The top of the vault above The King's Chamber" aligned with the third position from the left on the 7th level, base " King's Chambers"with a sarcophagus combined with the 10th level. Base " Queen's Chambers» – with the 12th level, the base of the pyramid – with the 14th level. Passage to the gallery - from level 13, passage to " Lower horizon"in the rocky base of the pyramid - with the 14th level, and the " Lower horizon"combined with the 17th level of the Lower World of the matrix. The remaining elements of combining the cross-sectional plan of the pyramid with the matrix of the Universe are clearly visible in the figure. Angles of inclination of the side of the pyramid Khufu and the matrix pyramids are clearly different. Right side of the pyramid section Khufu is directed to the north, and the left side is directed to the south.

Now the Egyptian pattern of weighing the heart is compatible with the matrix of the Universe Ab (Ab) from our work - The Mystery of the Tombstone of the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova together with a plan of the section of the pyramid Khufu, which is shown in the previous Figure 14.

In the well-known Egyptian The myth of Osiris « Council of the Gods"in the retinue of Osiris ( Asar) was called – “ Pout – Paut" Their total number was - 42. « Council of the Gods“helped Osiris analyze and evaluate the affairs of a deceased person during his life. The number 42 exactly corresponds to the sum of the “positions” of levels 13, 14 and 15 – 13+14+15 = 42 – The lower world of the matrix of the Universe. In the same area of ​​the matrix of the Universe was located “ Double Hall » Maati (goddess of truth and truth), where “ heart » – Ab – Ab – (Aspects souls of beings). On one pan of the scales there was placed Maati feather, and on the other side of the scale was placed “ heart » Ab. If " heart » Ab it turned out to be harder" feather Maati ", or Maat herself with open hands on the scales, ( the creature sinned a lot), then this is the heart " ate " creature Ammit with the head and half of the body of a crocodile, and the back half the body of a hippopotamus.

Rice. 15. Ancient Egyptian drawing of a scene " weighing the heart » « Ab" On the left is the goddess of truth and righteousness - Maat. On the right is the god of wisdom Thoth. Below is Ammit.

Rice. 16. The figure shows the result of joint combination of the pyramid plan in the matrix of the Universe Khufu and Egyptian scene drawing " weighing the heart » « Ab" It is clearly visible that the vertical axis of the scales is aligned with the vertical axis of the matrix pyramid and the section of the Khufu pyramid, and the transverse crossbar of the scales is aligned with the 14th level of the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe, which is also the base of the Khufu pyramid on the rocky plateau. The remaining alignment details are visible in the figure.

Now let’s write the word on top of this picture in Egyptian hieroglyphs Pout (Paut), which will show us the location area in the matrix of the 42 gods - advisers to Osiris.

Rice. 17. The figure shows the writing of the word WEB – PAUT Egyptian hieroglyphs into the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe, which “ will determine Osiris (Asar). The lower hieroglyph is in the form of a “circle with a square inside” “ defines "in the matrix of the Universe, the area where the 42 gods are located - advisors Osiris (Asar). Hieroglyph T(t) combined with the Queen's camera. Hieroglyph U(U) practically occupied the entire space from the base of the King's chamber to the sharp top of the rectangular shaft above the sarcophagus in the King's chamber. The mine ends with an unloading gable " roof » from granite blocks – « Above the “Tsar’s Chamber” are discovered in the 19th century. five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which lie monolithic slabs about 2 m thick, and above there is a gable ceiling.” The position of the remaining hieroglyphs is clearly visible in the figure. If we assume that the word Pout (Paut) was for the priests of Egypt one of the “ prayer words » inside the Cheops pyramid, for example, when they were indoors Tsar's chambers in front of the sarcophagus, which could simply be open, then such a ritual can be called an appeal to advice 42 gods - assistants of Osiris (Asar). Wherein Pyramid of Khufu, How " resonant device "in its likeness translated the words of the prayer into the matrix of the Universe. If we add the Egyptian word to the words of the prayer appeal of the priests Paauta (Paauta), meaning like " creature male" and " creature woman"(Fig. 13) from our work - Who are you Russians, and we know who they are! , then you get the following meaningful prayer appeal, for example, “ We pray to Osiris and his council of gods (Pout) about sending forgiveness and blessing to the soul of the King - Pharaoh and/or to his close associates for future incarnation into a human being — (Paauta)". Wherein Khufu's pyramid again, How " resonant device "in its likeness translated the words of the prayer into the matrix of the Universe. Although our assumption seems fantastic, it may correspond to the true state of affairs, and determine the real purpose of construction pyramids of Khufu. Probably other Egyptian pyramids too. This is indicated by the surprisingly accurate results of combining the plan of the Khufu pyramid, Egyptian drawings and Egyptian words written in hieroglyphs in the matrix of the Universe. Additional " resonant devices ", which could be installed in the grooves of the inclined Gallery, strengthened " Effect "such a connection. Thus, all Pyramid of Khufu and its specific interior spaces constituted a single “ resonant device " to contact " subtle worlds of the Universe "and their inhabitants. The priests of ancient Egypt were wise scientists, possessed sacred knowledge, and, for sure, knew how to work with this even “ hermetically sealed » « resonant device " Today, with the availability of a large number of " destruction - changes in the parameters of the resonant device "its quality may be " impaired or deteriorated ».

Figure 18 shows the result of writing the word Paauta in Egyptian hieroglyphs (Paauta) – “male creature”into the matrix of the Universe and comparing it with the Sanskrit entry of the word Jiva Loka – « Jiv space - Shower "in the matrix of the Universe.

Rice. 18. This is how the Egyptian priests understood what “ Creature Man" The picture on the right shows an ancient hieroglyphic inscription Paut – Paauta – Paauta – « Creature Man" It was enough to change the last hieroglyph to the image of a woman and the hieroglyphic entry would read: “ Creature Woman", and it would sound the same - Paut – Paauta – Paauta. On the left in the figure is the word written in Sanskrit - Jeeva Loka- space Shower – Jeev in the matrix of the Universe. Comparing the hieroglyphic notation on the right and the Sanskrit notation on the left, we see that the upper hieroglyph Pa (Pa) in the form of a bird with open wings means opportunity Souls - Jivas rise above the previous space and rush further into the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. Egyptian priests knew about this possibility for Souls - Jivas, which the Lord gave her, and reflected it in hieroglyphic text.

In conclusion, we can say that the idea of ​​​​building such a huge structure as Pyramid of Khufu, only for the purpose of " disposable "The tomb of the pharaoh does not stand up to criticism. The more likely purpose of such construction was to create " reusable » — « resonant device " to contact " subtle worlds "in the universe, which we tried to convince our readers of with the results of our research presented in the article. At the same time, we note that council of 42 gods - advisors to Osiris (Asar) or according to the sacred Vedas of India - monastery « judges » Jeev – Yamaraja, continue to function to this day, dear reader !

More detailed information about the matrix of the Universe can be obtained by reading the articles on the website in the “Egyptology” section - Secret knowledge of the Egyptian priests about the matrix of the Universe. Part one. Pythagoras, Tetractys and the god Ptah and the Secret knowledge of the Egyptian priests about the matrix of the Universe. Part two. Nomes of Egypt.

You can help the development of our project by clicking the “Donate” button in the upper right corner of the main page of the site or transfer funds from any terminal to our account if you wish - Yandex Money - 410011416569382" in 17 books, which serves as the best source for studying the geography of the ancient world. Strabo was from Strabo and was the earliest teacher and inspirer of Strabo. ; the fact is that Aristotle’s followers were also interested in geography and inherited from their teacher some general provisions on this subject. The greatest influence on Strabo was the Stoics with their real-ethical understanding of Homer's poems. In this regard, Polybius served as the closest model for Strabo. Strabo continued the work of Polybius in the extensive historical work “Historical Notes,” which consisted of 43 books: events of Roman history, starting with the destruction of Carthage (146 BC) and ending, probably, with the Battle of Actium (31 BC) , formed the subject of this work, which has not reached us, but is mentioned by Strabo in his “Geography”. In his writings, Strabo also repeatedly referred to Artemidorus of Ephesus, who lived shortly before him. Strabo did not quickly gain fame; but later antiquity highly revered him as a geographer par excellence, and Strabo’s plateau, with only minor changes at the edges, was maintained until the 5th century AD . Internet link address – Strabo– Wikipedia –

Everything that arises must have some reason for its occurrence, for it is absolutely impossible to arise without a cause.” (IV century BC, Plato, Timaeus).

So, let's start with the facts.
Firstly, there are three burial chambers in the pyramid. - Three! It never occurs to any living person to prepare a tomb for himself in three “copies.” Moreover, as can be seen from the size of the pyramids, this was a very troublesome and time-consuming task. Egyptian archaeologists have established that the pharaohs built separate pyramids of a much smaller size for their wives, and “family character” was not established in the burials of the pharaohs. From this it follows that at different times the pyramid had three owners (three pharaohs) and therefore each in the pyramid had its own burial chamber.

To confirm this conclusion, consider a cross-section of the pyramid (what it is).

Egyptian historians have established that long before the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt in the 4th millennium BC. and even earlier, pharaohs were buried in deep underground halls - “mastabas”, where the mummy was located. In the ground part, at the top above the hall, a low, flat, truncated pyramid was built, in the interior of which there was a prayer room with a statue into which after death (according to faith) the soul of the pharaoh moved. The halls of the premises could be isolated from each other.

Looking at the plan of the section, we can say that the upper prayer room of the first mastaba, which has not been discovered to date (no more than 15 meters high), is located in the center of the pyramid, just below the middle burial chamber (7). If, of course, by the time the second pharaoh built his pyramid over the mastaba, the latter was not destroyed (plundered) or crushed, and was preserved.

A narrow inclined-vertical shaft (12) for lifting the soul from the underground burial pit (5) should rise to the above-ground prayer room of the mastaba. At the exit of the shaft to the surface level of the plateau under the base of the pyramid there is a small grotto (expansion up to 5 meters) the walls of which are partially reinforced with older masonry that does not belong to the pyramid. This ancient stonework is nothing more than belonging to the first mastaba. From the grotto (12) to the center of the pyramid there should be a continuation into the mastaba, which is closed or was later blocked.

According to archaeologists, the underground burial “pit” (5) for some reason remained unfinished. Perhaps for the same reason, the upper above-ground part of the mastaba with the prayer room was not completed (the latter remains to be seen). The unfinished burial structure, located in the most advantageous place, on the top of a stone plateau, served (the pharaoh preceding Cheops) as a pretext and moral basis to take the mastaba as the basis for building his own pyramid over it.

The fact that the age of the Sphinx is estimated to be much older than the pyramids (about 5-10 thousand years) also supports the fact that the Giza plateau was previously “inhabited” by ancient mastabas.

By the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. in Egypt, burials in mastabas were replaced by more majestic structures - pyramids. The Egyptians also developed another later worldview about the place of residence of the soul after death. - “Whoever lives the time allotted to him properly will return to the abode of the star named after him.” (Plato, Timaeus).

The burial chamber (7) belonging to the second internal pyramid (according to the cross-section plan) is presumably located above the prayer part of the first mastaba. The corridor ascending to the chamber (6) is laid along the wall, and the horizontal one (8) along the roof of the mastaba. Thus, one can “see” the approximate boundaries of the first ancient internal truncated mastaba pyramid.

The second internal pyramid is about ten meters on each side smaller than the current external third pyramid of Cheops. This can be judged by the length of the two so-called ventilation air ducts emanating from the chamber (7) (20 by 25 cm in cross section), which, approximately (according to the pyramid drawing) are about ten meters short of the plane of the current external walls. Of course, these are not ventilation ducts, which the deceased pharaoh did not need. This is a path directed into the sky, oriented with great accuracy (up to a degree) to those stars where, according to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, the soul of the pharaoh would settle after death. When the second pyramid was built, the channels from the burial room (7) reached the edges of the outer walls and were open to the sky.

The second burial chamber of the pharaoh may also have been unfinished (judging by the lack of its interior decoration). This suggests that the entire pyramid was not completed to the end (for example, there was a war, the pharaoh was killed or died of illness, an accident, etc.). But, in any case, by that time the pyramid had been erected no lower than the height of the walls along the border of the upper part of the “air ducts” (7) emanating from the burial chamber.

The second internal pyramid reveals itself not only with “blind air ducts” and a separate burial chamber, but also with its central entrance (1). It is noticeable that the entrance, approximately the same 10 meters, was recessed inside the outer wall of the third pyramid. This entrance, built before Cheops, was not moved to the border of the outer wall, and therefore, due to the increase in the outer wall, it ended up buried. (Entrance gates are always located somewhat outside the buildings, and not in the depths of the body of the structure).

The next in line, the third owner of the pyramid was Pharaoh - Cheops (Khufu).

Archaeologists and historians, according to the deciphering of hieroglyphs, have established that the Cheops pyramid was built not by slaves (as previously thought), but by civilian builders, who, of course, had to be paid well for hard work. And since the volume of construction was enormous, it was more profitable for the pharaoh to take an unfinished pyramid than to build it from scratch. Again, the most advantageous location on the top of the plateau was “tempting” to use the “underdevelopment”.

The construction of the third pyramid began with the dismantling of the central part of the unfinished second. The blocks raised from the center were used to expand the rows of the third pyramid along the perimeter. In the resulting depth, at a height of approximately 40 meters from the ground, they placed an antechamber (11) and the third burial chamber of the pharaoh (10). The passage to the third chamber only needed to be extended. The ascending tunnel (6) was continued in the form of a large 8-meter high gallery (9). Therefore (and not only because) the passage (6) and the high gallery (9), having the same direction, differ from each other.

After the third pyramid was expanded “at the hips” and about 10 meters were added on each side, the old outgoing channels for the “departure of the soul” from the chamber (7) turned out to be closed. If the burial chamber (7) did not involve burial, then there was no point for subsequent builders to continue the canals. They were simply walled up with external wall blocks.

In September 2002, researchers launched a tracked robot into one of the narrow “air ducts”. Having risen to the end, he rested against a limestone slab 13 cm thick, drilled it, and on the other side of the slab at a distance of 18 cm, the robot saw another stone barrier. These are the blocks of the wall of the third outer pyramid.

During the construction of the third burial chamber of Pharaoh Cheops, new channels (10) were laid to it for the “flight of the soul” to the stars. If you look closely at the cross-section of the pyramid, the channels of the second and third chambers are almost parallel (at one time they were aimed at the same stars). Almost parallel, but not quite! The upper two channels, relative to the lower (closed ones), seem to be rotated clockwise by 3-5 degrees. This is not an accident. Egyptian builders very scrupulously recorded the position of the stars and their direction. Then what's the matter?

The Earth's rotation axis shifts by 1 degree every 72 years, and every 25,920 years, the Earth's spinning axis makes a full circle. This phenomenon is called precession. (The ancient Egyptian priests knew the declination of the axis and the wobble of the Earth around the poles. Plato, however, called the time of rotation of the Earth’s axis of 26 thousand years – “The Great Year”).

When the earth's axis shifts by one degree over 72 years, the angle of view in the direction of the desired star also changes by 1 degree (including the angle on the Sun). If the displacement of pairs of channels approximately differs by 3-5 degrees, then we can say that the difference between the unfinished construction of the second pyramid and the time of construction of the third pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu) is 216 -360 years.

Egyptian historians say that Pharaoh Khufu reigned from 2540-2560 BC. By counting the “degree” years back, we can tell when the second inner pyramid was built.

In the entire Cheops pyramid, in the only place under the ceiling, on the powerful vaulted granite slabs above the third burial chamber, there is a hieroglyph made by workers - “Builders, friends of Pharaoh Khufu.” No other mention of the names and affiliations of the pharaohs to the pyramid has yet been found.

Most likely, the Cheops pyramid was completed and used for its intended purpose. Otherwise, the entrance (1) would not have been closed with granite slabs, and a plug of several granite cubes would not have been lowered down the inclined plane into the ascending passage (6). Thus, the pyramid was tightly closed to everyone for three thousand years (until 820 AD).

The ancient Egyptian name of the Cheops pyramid is read in hieroglyphs - “Horizon of Khufu”. The name has a literal meaning. The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid is 51° 50′. - This is the angle at which the Sun rose exactly at noon on the days of the autumn - spring equinox. The sun at noon crowned the pyramid like a “crown”. Throughout the year, the Sun (the ancient Egyptian God - Ra) walks across the sky higher in summer, lower in winter (just like the pharaoh through his domains) and the Sun (pharaoh) always returns to his “home”. Therefore, the angle of inclination of the walls of the pyramid points to the house of the “God - the Sun” and to the horizon of the “house - pyramid” of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) - “the son of the Sun God”

The edges of the walls at an angle to the Sun are not only in this pyramid. In the pyramid of Khafre, the angle of inclination of the face is slightly higher than 52-53 degrees (it was established that it was built later). In the Mikerin pyramid the slope of the faces is 51°20′25″. Historians do not know for sure whether it was built before the Cheops pyramid or later. But, taking into account the less steep angle of inclination of the walls (if the builders were not mistaken), we can conclude that it was built earlier. In relation to the “degree age scale”, a difference in slope of 30 minutes corresponds to 36 years. Later Egyptian pyramids have higher slopes on their faces.

There are also many pyramids in Sudan, the slope of which is much steeper. Sudan is much south of Egypt and the Sun on the spring day - the autumn equinox - stands much higher above the horizon there. This explains the steepness of the walls of the Sudanese pyramids.

In 820 A.D. The Baghdad caliph Abu Jafar al-Mamun, in search of the countless treasures of the pharaoh, made a horizontal break (2) at the base of the Cheops pyramid (which is used to enter the pyramid to this day). The passage was punched to the beginning of the ascending corridor (6), where they ran into granite cubes, which were bypassed to the right and thus penetrated into the pyramid. But, according to historians, they found nothing but “half a cubit’s worth of dust” inside. If there was anything valuable in the pyramid, the caliph’s servants took it, and what they left, they took it all out over the next 1200 years.

It seems that along the walls of the gallery (9) 28 pairs of ritual statues stood in rectangular recesses (the exact purpose of the recesses is not known now). But the fact that there were tall statues is evidenced by two facts - the eight-meter height of the gallery (why would height be needed), as well as large round peeling prints on the walls of the gallery from the remains of the mortar with which the tilted statues were attached and leveled (see photo of the gallery in Wikipedia).

I will disappoint those who are mystically inclined to find “miracles” in the pyramids. Over a hundred pyramids have been discovered in Egypt today, and they are all different from each other. There are different angles of inclination of the faces, there is a pyramid with a “broken side” at a double angle, there are stone and brick pyramids, lined and stepped, even at the base of a rectangular shape (the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser). If there were some kind of secret law, secret knowledge, and not “varied” opinions, then uniformity would be observed in all the pyramids. - But he’s not there. Even among the three pyramids at Giza, there is no unity. The smaller of the three, the Mykerinus pyramid, at its base is not oriented strictly to the cardinal points. That is, the orientation of the sides is not given any importance. In the main pyramid of Cheops, the third (upper) burial chamber is not located in the geometric center of the pyramid or even on the axis of the pyramid. In the pyramids of Khafre and Mikerin, the burial chambers are also not in the center.

The Minister of Archeology of Egypt and the current main expert on ancient pyramids, Zahi Hawass, says: “Like any practitioner, I decided to check the statement that food does not spoil in the pyramid. Divided a kilogram of meat in half. I left one part in the office and the other in the Cheops pyramid. The part in the pyramid deteriorated even faster than in the office.”

What else can archaeologists do today in the Cheops pyramid? – Perhaps, try to find an above-ground prayer room from the first mastaba, for which we could drill down (vertically or obliquely in the edges and corners) several holes in the floor of the second (7) burial chamber, until an internal cavity is discovered below. In case of failure (if the rooms of the room are located away from the drilling), then find a blocked passage from the grotto (12) or dig the passage again. This will not be detrimental to the pyramid, since there was originally a connecting entrance from the burial pit to the above-ground mastaba room. We need to look for him.

The closed Sphinx is of much greater interest in Egyptian Giza. The stone body of the ancient Sphinx is located from west to east. Burial chambers and burials were also made from west to east. It can be assumed that the Sphinx is an integral part of the above-ground structure above the ancient mastaba of an unknown pharaoh. Searches in this direction would expand the boundaries of knowledge of the history of ancient Egypt or an even earlier civilization, for example, the Atlanteans, whose representatives the Egyptians deified and classified as their ancient predecessor gods.

An identification study by American criminologists concluded that the face of the Sphinx does not resemble the faces of the statues of Egyptian pharaohs, but has Negroid features.

It is possible that the burial chamber with the mummy of an ancient pharaoh of Negro origin is located under the front paws of the Sphinx. In this case, there should be a passage upward from the chamber for the relocation of the “soul” of the pharaoh, for subsequent life in the body of the Sphinx (according to the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians).

The Sphinx is a lion (symbol of royal power) with a human head and the face of a pharaoh. Presumably, the face of the pharaoh (after plastic restoration of the mummy's skull) will be similar to the face of the Sphinx. The veil over the secret pyramid of Cheops and the Sphinx has been lifted, now you need to “enter”.

The first wonder of the world of all time, one of the main structures of our planet, a place full of secrets and mysteries, a point of constant pilgrimage for tourists - the Egyptian pyramids and in particular the Cheops pyramid.

The construction of giant pyramids, of course, was far from easy. Enormous efforts of a large number of people were made to deliver stone blocks to the Giza or Saqqara plateau, and later to the Valley of the Kings, which became the new necropolis of the pharaohs.

At the moment, there are about a hundred discovered pyramids in Egypt, but discoveries continue, and their number is constantly increasing. At different times, one of the 7 wonders of the world meant different pyramids. Some meant all the pyramids of Egypt as a whole, some the pyramids near Memphis, some the three large pyramids of Giza, and most critics recognized exclusively the largest pyramid of Cheops.

Afterlife of Ancient Egypt

One of the central moments in the life of the ancient Egyptians was religion, which shaped the entire culture as a whole. Particular attention was paid to the afterlife, perceived as a clear continuation of earthly life. That is why preparation for life after death began long before death and was set as one of the main life tasks.

According to ancient Egyptian belief, man had several souls. The soul of Ka acted as a double of the Egyptian, whom he was to meet in the afterlife. The soul of Ba contacted the person himself and left his body after death.

Religious life of the Egyptians and the god Anubis

At first, it was believed that only the pharaoh had the right to life after death, but he could bestow this “immortality” on his entourage, who were usually buried next to the tomb of the ruler. Ordinary people were not destined to enter the world of the dead, the only exceptions being slaves and servants, whom the pharaoh “took” with him, and who were depicted on the walls of the great tomb.

But for a comfortable life after death, the deceased had to be provided with everything necessary: ​​food, household utensils, servants, slaves and much more necessary for the average pharaoh. They also tried to preserve the person’s body so that Ba’s soul could later connect with him again. Therefore, in matters of body preservation, embalming and the creation of complex pyramid tombs were born.

The first pyramid in Egypt. Pyramid of Djoser

Speaking about the construction of pyramids in Ancient Egypt in general, it is worth mentioning the beginning of their history. The very first pyramid in Egypt was built about five thousand years ago on the initiative of Pharaoh Djoser. It is in these 5 thousand years that the age of the pyramids in Egypt is estimated. The construction of the Pyramid of Djoser was led by the famous and legendary Imhotep, who was even deified in later centuries.

Pyramid of Djoser

The entire complex of the building being erected occupied an area of ​​545 by 278 meters. The perimeter was surrounded by a 10-meter wall with 14 gates, only one of which was real. In the center of the complex was the pyramid of Djoser with sides 118 by 140 meters. The height of the Djoser pyramid is 60 meters. Almost at a depth of 30 meters there was a burial chamber, to which corridors with many branches led. The branch rooms contained utensils and sacrifices. Here archaeologists found three bas-reliefs of Pharaoh Djoser himself. Near the eastern wall of Djoser's pyramid, 11 small burial chambers were discovered, intended for the royal family.

Unlike the famous large pyramids of Giza, Djoser's pyramid had a stepped shape, as if intended for the pharaoh's ascension to heaven. Of course, this pyramid is inferior in popularity and size to the Cheops pyramid, but still the contribution of the very first stone pyramid to the culture of Egypt is difficult to overestimate.

The Pyramid of Cheops. History and Brief Description

But still, the most famous for the ordinary population of our planet are the three nearby pyramids of Egypt - Khafre, Mekerin and the largest and tallest pyramid in Egypt - Cheops (Khufu)

Pyramids of Giza

The pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops was built near the city of Giza, currently a suburb of Cairo. At present, it is impossible to say for sure when the Cheops pyramid was built, and research gives a strong scatter. In Egypt, for example, the date of the start of construction of this pyramid is officially celebrated - August 23, 2480 BC.

Pyramid of Cheops and Sphinx

About 100,000 people were simultaneously involved in the construction of the wonder of the world, the Pyramid of Cheops. During the first ten years of work, a road was built along which huge stone blocks were delivered to the river and the underground structures of the pyramid. Work on the construction of the monument itself continued for about 20 years.

The size of the Cheops Pyramid in Giza is amazing. The height of the Cheops pyramid initially reached 147 meters. Over time, due to sand filling and loss of lining, it decreased to 137 meters. But even this figure allowed it to remain the tallest human structure in the world for a long time. The pyramid has a square base with a side of 147 meters. To build this giant, it is estimated that 2,300,000 limestone blocks were required, weighing an average of 2.5 tons.

How were the pyramids built in Egypt?

The technology of building pyramids is still controversial in our time. Versions vary from the invention of concrete in Ancient Egypt to the construction of pyramids by aliens. But it is still believed that the pyramids were built by man solely by his own strength. So, to extract stone blocks, they first marked out a shape in the rock, hollowed out grooves and inserted dry wood into them. Later, the tree was doused with water, it expanded, a crack formed in the rock, and the block was separated. Then it was processed into the desired shape with tools and sent along the river to the construction site.

To lift the blocks up, the Egyptians used gently sloping embankments, along which these megaliths were dragged on wooden sleds. But even with such a backward technology by our standards, the quality of work is surprising - the blocks fit tightly to each other with minimal mismatches.

We can talk for a long time about the pyramids shrouded in myths and legends, their labyrinths and traps, mummies and treasures, but we’ll leave that to Egyptologists. For us, the Cheops Pyramid is one of the greatest structures of mankind throughout its existence and, of course, the only First Wonder of the World that has survived to this day from the depths of centuries.

Scheme of the Cheops pyramid

Video about the pyramids of Egypt

Video about the Cheops pyramid

The Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (in the Greek version of Cheops), or the Great Pyramid, is the greatest of the Egyptian pyramids, the oldest of the seven wonders of the world of antiquity and the only one of them that has survived to our time. For over four thousand years, the pyramid was the largest building in the world.

The Pyramid of Cheops is located in the far suburb of Cairo, Giza. Nearby there are two more pyramids of the pharaohs Khafre and Menkaure (Khefre and Mikerin), according to ancient historians, the sons and successors of Khufu. These are the three largest pyramids in Egypt.

Following ancient authors, most modern historians consider the pyramids to be funerary structures of ancient Egyptian monarchs. Some scientists believe that these were astronomical observatories. There is no direct evidence that pharaohs were buried in the pyramids, but other versions of their purpose are less convincing.

When was the Cheops pyramid built?

Based on ancient “royal lists”, it has been established that Cheops reigned around 2585-2566. BC. Construction of the "Sacred Height" lasted 20 years and ended after the death of Khufu, around 2560 BC.

Other versions of the construction dates, based on astronomical methods, give dates from 2720 to 2577. BC. Radiocarbon dating shows a scatter of 170 years, from 2850 to 2680. BC.

There are also exotic opinions expressed by supporters of theories of aliens visiting the Earth, the existence of ancient civilizations, or adherents of occult movements. They determine the age of the Cheops pyramid from 6-7 to tens of thousands of years.

How the pyramid was built

The Pyramid of Cheops is still the largest stone building on the planet. Its height is 137 m, the length of the base side is 230.38 m, the angle of inclination of the edge is 51°50", the total volume is about 2.5 million cubic meters. At the time of completion, the height was 9.5 m higher, and the base side was 2 m longer, However, over the past centuries, almost all of the cladding of the pyramid has been dismantled, and natural factors have also done their job - temperature changes and winds from the desert, carrying clouds of sand.

Ancient Greek historians reported that the construction involved the labor of millions of slaves. Modern researchers believe that with the correct organization of work and engineering, the Egyptians would have had enough tens of thousands of workers to build it. Temporary workers were hired to transport materials, the number of whom, according to Herodotus, reached 100 thousand. Modern scientists fully agree with this, as well as with the reality of a 20-year construction period.

The construction of the pyramid was supervised by the head of the royal works, Hemiun. Hemiun's tomb is located next to his creation, and a statue of the architect was discovered in it.

The main material for the construction was gray limestone, which was cut down in nearby quarries or brought from the other bank of the Nile. The pyramid was lined with light sandstone, which is why it literally shone in the sunlight. For interior decoration, granite was used, which was delivered a thousand kilometers away, from the area of ​​​​present-day Aswan. The structure was crowned with a hewn gilded granite block - a pyramidion.

In total, the construction of the pyramid took about 2.3 million limestone blocks and 115 thousand facing slabs. The total weight of the building, according to modern estimates, is almost 6 million tons.

The sizes of the blocks vary. The largest ones are placed at the base, their height is one and a half meters. The blocks are smaller the higher they are located. The height of the block at the top is 55 cm. The length of the facing slabs ranged from 1.5 to 0.75 m.

The work of the pyramid builders was extremely hard. A lot of time and effort required quarrying stone, cutting blocks and adjusting them to the required size. In those days, neither iron nor bronze was known in Egypt. The tools were made of relatively soft copper, so they were quickly ground down and were very expensive. Tools made of flint - saws, drills, hammers - were widely used. Many of them were found during excavations.

The materials were delivered by river, and the stone was transported to the construction site on wooden sleds or rollers. It was hellish work, because the average weight of one block is 2.5 tons, and some of them weighed up to 50 tons.

A variety of devices were used to lift and install the monoliths, and inclined embankments were erected to drag up the most massive elements that make up the lower rows. Images of construction work have been found in a number of Egyptian temples and tombs.

Recently, an original theory has emerged regarding the construction methods of the Egyptians. Scientists who examined the microstructure of the blocks in order to establish their origin discovered foreign inclusions. According to experts, these are the remains of animal hair and human hair, from which scientists concluded that the limestone at the mining sites was crushed and delivered in crushed form to the construction site. Directly at the laying site, blocks were made from the limestone mass, which were thus a semblance of modern concrete structures, and the traces of tools on the blocks are actually the imprints of the formwork.

Be that as it may, the construction was completed, and the grandiose dimensions of the pyramid fully justify supporters of the theories of Atlanteans and aliens who do not believe in the possibilities of human genius.

What's inside the pyramid

The entrance to the pyramid was made at a height of almost 16 meters in the form of an arch made of granite slabs. It was later sealed with granite plug and covered with cladding. The current entrance, 10 meters below, was made in 831 by order of Caliph Al-Mamun, who hoped to find gold here, but did not find anything valuable.

The main rooms are the Pharaoh's chamber, the queen's chamber, the Great Gallery and the underground chamber. The passage made by Al-Mamun leads to a 105-meter inclined corridor, ending in a chamber carved into the rock below the base of the pyramid. Its dimensions are 14x8 m, height 3.5 m. Work here was not completed for unknown reasons.

At 18 meters from the entrance, an ascending corridor 40 meters long, ending in the Great Gallery, separates from the descending corridor. The Gallery itself is a high (8.5 m) tunnel 46.6 m long, leading to the Pharaoh's chamber. The corridor to the queen's chamber branches off from the Gallery at its very beginning. A rectangular ditch, 60 cm deep and 1 m wide, has been punched into the floor of the Gallery; its purpose is unknown.

The length of the pharaoh's chamber is 10.5 m, width 5.4, height 5.84 m. It is lined with black granite slabs. There is an empty granite sarcophagus here. The queen's chamber is more modest - 5.76 x 5.23 x 6.26 m.

Channels 20-25 cm wide lead from the burial chambers to the surface of the pyramid. The channels of the king’s chamber open at one end into the room, and at the other onto the surface of the pyramid. The channels of the queen's chamber begin 13 cm from the wall and do not reach 12 m to the surface, and both ends of the channels are closed with stone doors with handles. It is assumed that the channels were made to ventilate the premises during work. Another version, associated with the beliefs of the Egyptians, claims that this is the path to the afterlife that the souls of the deceased had to go through.

No less mysterious is another small room, the Grotto, to which an almost vertical passage leads from the beginning of the Great Gallery. The grotto is located at the junction of the base of the pyramid and the hill on which it stands. The walls of the Grotto are reinforced with rather roughly processed stone. It is assumed that this is part of some structure more ancient than the pyramid.

It is necessary to mention one discovery related to the pyramid. In 1954, two stone-lined pits were discovered near the southern edge, in which there were pharaoh's boats made of Lebanese cedar. One of the rooks has been restored and is now in a special pavilion next to the pyramid. Its length is 43.5 m, width 5.6 m.

The study of the Cheops pyramid continues. Research using the latest methods used in exploration of the earth's interior shows with a high degree of probability the existence of unknown caverns inside the pyramid. So it is quite possible that scientists can expect new interesting finds and discoveries.

In the meantime, the Great Pyramid keeps its secrets, standing proudly in the middle of the desert, just like thousands of years ago. After all, as the ancient Arabic proverb states, everything in the world is afraid of time, but time is afraid of the pyramids.

The world-famous Egyptian pyramid of Cheops inside is like a “Russian nesting doll” and consists of three pyramids of three pharaohs. The veil of secrecy is lifted over one of the seven wonders of the world. Every creation of human hands has meaning.
“Everything that arises must have some reason for its occurrence, for it is absolutely impossible to arise without a cause.” So said the ancient Greek philosopher and sage Plato in the 4th century BC. e. in his book Timaeus.

All mysteries are overcome by knowledge. Knowledge can be obtained or created. As a “tool for creation,” let’s take our common sense, logic of thinking and knowledge of ancient people who used ideas about the world at that distant time.

“What is comprehended through reflection and reasoning is obviously an eternally identical being; and that which is subject to opinion... arises and dies, but never really exists.” (IV century BC, Plato, Timaeus).

Russian doll

What does it mean that the Cheops pyramid is like a “Russian nesting doll”, containing two more pyramids, one inside the other? To confirm the conclusion about the triplicity of the Cheops pyramid, let's start with the facts and look at the cross-sectional diagram of the pyramid.

Firstly, there are three burial chambers in the Cheops pyramid. Three! From this fact it follows that the pyramid had three owners (three pharaohs) at different times. And everyone had their own separate burial chamber. After all, few living people would think of preparing a tomb for themselves in three “copies.” In addition (as can be seen from the size of the pyramids), their construction is quite labor-intensive even for our time. Besides? Archaeologists have already established that the pharaohs built tomb pyramids separately and of a much smaller size for their wives.

Egyptian historians have established that long before the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt in the 4th millennium BC. and earlier pharaohs were buried in structures called mastabas. Below in the picture is the appearance of the ancient crypt (mastaba) of Shepseskaf in Saqqara. It consists of underground and above-ground parts.

The pharaoh's mummy was located deep underground in an underground hall. In the ground part there was a prayer room with a statue of the pharaoh. After death (according to the ancient Egyptian priests), the soul of the deceased pharaoh moved into this statue. The halls in the above-ground mastaba room could be connected to each other (or isolated from each other). Above these underground halls, a low, trapezoidal truncated pyramid was built from stone blocks.

Under the Cheops pyramid there is an underground passage (4) at the end of which there is a vast unfinished underground hall (5). There is also an exit (12) from the hall to the top, which was made according to the burial theory for the passage of the pharaoh’s soul to the above-ground part of the mastaba.

According to the section plan of the Cheops pyramid, we can conclude that if there is an underground hall (5) and there is a passage upward from it (12), then the upper prayer room of the mastaba should be in the center and slightly lower than the middle burial chamber (7). Unless, of course, when the second pharaoh began construction of his pyramid above the mastaba, these premises were not filled with stones, destroyed and preserved to this day.

This conclusion (about the presence of internal mastaba halls in the center of the Cheops pyramid) is confirmed by the observations of French researchers - Gilles Dormayon and Jean-Yves Verdhart. In August 2004, while examining the floor in the middle burial chamber (7) with sensitive gravitational instruments, they discovered an unknown void of impressive size below the floor at a depth of about four meters, the purpose of which at that time they had no versions.

According to the plan of the pyramid's section, a narrow inclined almost vertical shaft (12) goes up from the underground burial pit (5). This passage should connect to the above-ground prayer room of the mastaba. At the exit from the mine, at ground level under the base of the pyramid, there is a small grotto (extension up to 5 meters in length). Apparently, in ancient times, when excavating this grotto, they were already looking for a passage to the inner halls of the mastaba. It has been established that its walls consist of more ancient masonry that does not belong to the Cheops pyramid. The passage rising from the underground hall and the ancient stonework are nothing more than belonging to the first mastaba. From the expansion in the shaft (12) to the center of the pyramid there should be a passage to the ground halls of the mastaba. This passage was most likely walled up by the builders of the second inner pyramid.

By appearance and according to archaeologists, the underground burial chamber (5) remained unfinished. The condition of the prayer rooms in the upper above-ground part of the mastaba (which is the first of three in the Cheops pyramid) remains to be determined by opening a passage through them.

The height of the first internal truncated pyramid (mastaba), according to the pyramid's sectional diagram, should be no more than 15 meters.

The presence of an unfinished burial structure (mastaba), located in the most advantageous place (on the top of a stone plateau in the town of Giza), served as a pretext for the second (before Cheops) unknown pharaoh to use this mastaba to build his pyramid over it.

The fact that the Giza plateau was previously “inhabited” by ancient mastabas is also supported by the fact that the Sphinx was there. The purpose of the “Sphinx” is to serve as a tomb (mastaba) in the form of a lion sculpture. The age of the “Sphinx” (the deity into which, according to theory, the soul of the pharaoh should move) is estimated to be much older than the pyramids (about 5 - 10 thousand years).

In Egypt, by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, the Egyptian priests had a new worldview about the place of residence of the soul after death.

In this regard, the burials of the pharaohs in mastabas were replaced by more majestic structures - step pyramids, and later by “smooth” hewn pyramids. According to the ideas of the priests, after death a person’s soul flew to life to stars related to their souls. “Whoever lives the time allotted to him properly will return to the abode of the star named after him.” Plato, Timaeus.

The burial chamber (7), belonging to the second internal pyramid (on the cross-sectional plan) is located above the prayer part of the first mastaba. The corridor ascending to it (6) is laid along the wall of the mastaba, and the horizontal corridor (8) along its roof. Thus, these two corridors to chamber (7) show the approximate overall dimensions of the first ancient internal truncated trapezoidal mastaba pyramid.

Second and third pyramids

This can be judged by the length of two emanating from the chamber (7) in opposite directions, the so-called (in modern terms) “ventilation ducts”. These channels (one to the north and the other to the south) in a cross section of 20 by 25 cm, approximately 10-12 meters do not reach the boundary of the external walls of the third pyramid.

The modern name for ducts as “air ducts” is, of course, incorrect. The deceased pharaoh did not need ventilation ducts. The channels had a completely different purpose. Channels are a pointing path directed to the sky, oriented with great accuracy (up to a degree) to the stars, where, according to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, the soul of the pharaoh would settle after death.

The northern channel was oriented towards the star Kohab in the constellation Ursa Minor. At that time, due to precession (the displacement of the Earth's axis), "Kokhab" was the "North Star" around which the sky revolved. It was assumed that after death the pharaoh becomes one of the stars in her environment in the northern part of the sky.

The Southern Channel was targeting the Sirius star. In Egyptian mythology, “Sirius” was associated with the name of the goddess Sopdet (the protector and patroness of all the dead).

At the time the second pyramid was built, both channels from the burial chamber (7) reached the edge of the outer walls and were open to the sky. The burial chamber of the pharaoh's second inner pyramid may also have been unfinished (judging by the lack of its interior decoration).

It is possible that the top of the second pyramid was not fully completed (for example, there was a war, the pharaoh was killed, died prematurely from illness, an accident, etc.). But, in any case, the second pyramid was built no lower than the height of the channels (“air ducts”) emanating from the burial chamber (7) to the outer walls.

The second internal pyramid reveals itself not only with tightly closed channels and its own separate burial chamber, but most of all it is revealed outside by the walled-up central entrance (1) to the Cheops pyramid.

Obviously, it immediately catches your eye that the entrance, tightly walled up with huge granite blocks, is buried in the body of the third pyramid (about the same 10-12 meters as the channels from the second burial chamber).

During the construction of the third pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops, there was no point in extending this external entrance to the second pyramid. Therefore, after adding walls along the perimeter of the third pyramid, the entrance turned out to be “recessed” inside.

The entrance gates of all buildings are always made slightly outside the structure, and not buried in the depths of the structure. The Pyramid of Khafre has approximately the same entrance, but moved outside.

Cheops is the third owner of the pyramid

Archaeologists and historians, according to the deciphering of the hieroglyphs, have established that the Cheops pyramid was built not by slaves (as previously thought), but by civilian builders, who, of course, had to be paid well for hard work. And since the volume of construction was enormous, it was more profitable for Cheops to take an unfinished pyramid than to build a new one from scratch. The advantageous location of the unfinished second pyramid, which was located at the very top of the plateau, was also important.

Cheops began the construction of the third pyramid by dismantling the central part of the second pyramid. In the resulting “crater” at a height of approximately 40 meters from the ground, a pre-chamber (11) and the third burial chamber of the pharaoh (10) were built. The passage to the third burial chamber only needed to be extended. The ascending tunnel (6) was continued in the form of a large 8-meter high cone-shaped gallery (9).

The conical shape of the gallery is not similar to the initial part of the ascending narrow passage. This indicates that the tunnel was not made at the same time and under different external conditions.

After the third Cheops pyramid was expanded on the sides, adding 10-12 meters on each side, the outgoing channels of the second pyramid from the chamber (7) were accordingly closed.

If the burial chamber (7) turned out to be empty, then there was no point in extending the old channels for the builders of the third pyramid. Outside, the channels were filled with new rows of wall blocks of the third pyramid, and from the inside in chamber (7), the outgoing channels were also walled up. In the burial chamber (7), walled up channels were discovered by treasure hunters (researchers) by tapping the walls only in 1872.

In September 2010, English and German researchers launched a caterpillar robot into one of the narrow “air ducts” from the second burial chamber (7). Having risen to the end, he rested against a limestone slab 13 cm thick, drilled through it, inserted a video camera into the hole, and on the other side of the slab at a distance of 18 cm, the robot saw another stone barrier. Having reached a dead end, the scientists' search ended in nothing. The stone barrier is nothing more than the blocks of the third pyramid.

The builders of the third pyramid of Cheops from the third burial chamber of the pharaoh laid new channels (10) for the “flight of the soul” to the stars.

If you look closely at the cross-section of the pyramid, the two pairs of channels (to the north and south) from the second and third chambers are not parallel! This is one of the “keys” to solving the mystery of the Cheops pyramid.

The channels of the upper third chamber relative to the channels of the second chamber are rotated clockwise by 5 degrees. The northern pair of channels has inclination angles of 32° and 37° (5° difference). The southern pair of channels, oriented towards the star Sirius, has inclination angles of 45° and 39° (a difference of 6°). Here, an increase of 1 degree can be attributed to the own movement of the planet Sirius in its orbit. The 5-degree discrepancy in channel angles is not accidental. Egyptian priests and builders very accurately recorded the position of the stars in the sky and clearly laid out the direction of the channels to the stars (with an accuracy of minutes and seconds).

Then what's the matter

The point here is that the Earth’s rotation axis shifts by 1 degree every 72 years, and every 25,920 years the Earth’s axis, rotating at an angle like a spinning top, makes a full circle of 360 degrees. This astronomical phenomenon is called precession. Plato called the total rotation time of the Earth's axis 25,920 years - “The Great Year”.

When the Earth's axis shifts by 1 degree over 72 years, then the angle of view in the direction of all stars (including the Sun) also changes by 1 degree. If the displacement of each pair of channels differs by 5 degrees, then we can easily calculate that between the construction of the second pyramid (of the unknown pharaoh) and the third pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops, the difference is 5 x 72 = 360 years.

Egyptian historians say that Pharaoh Cheops (another pronunciation is Khufu) reigned in 2540-2560 BC. By counting “degree” years ago, we can say exactly when the second inner pyramid was built. Thus, the second pyramid was built in 2800-2820 BC.

In the Cheops pyramid, in a single place under the ceiling (on the powerful vaulted granite slabs above the third burial chamber, like a roof), there is a personal hieroglyph made by the workers who left their mark: “Builders, friends of Pharaoh Khufu.” No other mention of the name Cheops (Khufu) or the affiliation of other pharaohs to the pyramid has yet been found.

Most likely, the third Cheops pyramid was completed and used for its intended purpose. Otherwise, the Cheops pyramid would not have been “sealed.” That is, a plug of several granite cubes would not have been lowered into the ascending passage (6) from above and from the inside along an inclined plane. With these stone cubes, the pyramid was tightly closed to everyone for more than three thousand years (until 820 AD).

The ancient Egyptian name of the Cheops pyramid is read in hieroglyphs as “Horizon of Khufu”. The name has a literal meaning. The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid is 51° 50′. This is the angle at which the Sun rose exactly at noon on the days of the autumn-spring equinox. The sun at noon, like a golden “crown,” crowned the pyramid. Throughout the year, the Sun (the ancient Egyptian God - Ra) walks across the sky in summer higher, in winter lower (just like the pharaoh through his domains) and always the Sun (pharaoh) returns to his “home”. Therefore, the angle of inclination of the walls of the pyramid indicates the path to the house of the “Sun God”, to the “house of the pyramid” of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) - “the son of the Sun God”.

The edges of the walls are arranged at an angle of view towards the Sun not only in this pyramid. In Khafre's pyramid, the angle of inclination of the wall faces is slightly more than 52-53 degrees (it is known that it was built later). In the Mikerin pyramid, the slope of the faces is 51°20′25″ (less than that of Cheops). Until now, historians did not know whether it was built before the Cheops pyramid or later. Now, taking into account the open “degree time” of the Earth’s precession, the smaller angle of inclination of the walls indicates that the pyramid of Mikerinus was built not later, but earlier. In relation to the “degree age scale”, a difference in the slope of the walls of 30 minutes corresponds to 36 years. In later Egyptian pyramids, for example the pyramid of Pharaoh Khafre, the slope of the faces should accordingly be greater.

In Sudan (see in the picture) there are many pyramids, the angle of inclination of the faces of which is much steeper. Sudan is south of Egypt and the Sun stands higher above the horizon there on the day of the spring-autumn equinox. This explains the great steepness of the walls of the Sudanese pyramids.

In 820 A.D. The Baghdad caliph Abu Jafar al-Mamun, in search of the countless treasures of the pharaoh, made a horizontal break (2) at the base of the Cheops pyramid, which tourists use to enter the pyramid today. The breach was made to the beginning of the ascending corridor (6), where they ran into granite cubes, which were bypassed to the right and thus penetrated into the pyramid. But, according to historians, they found nothing but “dust half the size of a palm” inside. If there was anything valuable in the pyramid, then the servants of the caliph took it. And what they left behind was taken away over the next period of time—1200 years.

Judging by the appearance of the gallery (9), 28 pairs of ritual statues stood along its walls in rectangular recesses. However, the exact purpose of the recesses is not known. Two facts indicate that there were statues there. First, the eight-meter height of the gallery made it possible to install statues. Secondly, there were large round peeling imprints on the walls from the mortar that was used to attach the statues to the walls.

I will disappoint those who were determined to find “miracles” in the design of the Egyptian pyramids.

Over a hundred pyramids have been discovered in Egypt today, and they are all different from each other. The pyramids have different angles of inclination of the faces oriented towards the Sun (because they were built at different times), there is a pyramid with a “broken side” at a double angle, there are stone and brick pyramids, smoothly lined and stepped, there are pyramids with a base not square, but rectangular in shape, for example, Pharaoh Djoser.

There is no unity even among the neighboring pyramids at Giza. The Pyramid of Mikerin (the smaller of the three) at its base is not oriented strictly to the cardinal points. The exact orientation of the sides is not given importance. In the main pyramid of Cheops, the third (uppermost) burial chamber is not located in the geometric center of the pyramid or even on the axis of the pyramid. In the pyramids of Khafre and Mikerin, the burial chambers are also off-center. If the pyramids had some kind of secret secret, law or knowledge, the “golden ratio” and so on, then all the pyramids would have uniformity. But there is nothing like this in the pyramids. Below are pictures of Egyptian pyramids of different shapes.

The former Minister of Archeology of Egypt and the current main expert on ancient Egyptian pyramids, Zahi Hawass, says: “Like any practitioner, I decided to check the statement that food does not spoil in the pyramid. Divided a kilogram of meat in half. I left one part in the office and the other in the Cheops pyramid. The part in the pyramid deteriorated even faster than in the office.”

What else can you look for in the Cheops pyramid?

Perhaps you can find the above-ground prayer room of the first pyramid - the mastaba. It would be worth drilling down several holes in the floor of the second (7) burial chamber until an internal cavity is discovered below.

Then from the grotto (12) find a walled passage into the halls (or pave it). This will not be detrimental to the pyramid, since there was originally a connecting entrance from the underground burial chamber to the above-ground mastaba room. And you just have to find it. After the discovery of the interior of the mastaba, it may become known about the pharaoh - the owner of the first truncated trapezoidal mastaba pyramid.

The Mastaba Sphinx is also of great interest on the Giza plateau. The stone body of the ancient Sphinx is located from west to east. Funeral burials were also made from west to east. Presumably, the Sphinx is an integral part of an above-ground structure (mastaba) - the tomb of an unknown pharaoh.

Searches in this direction would expand the boundaries of knowledge of the history of ancient Egypt. It is possible that there was an even earlier civilization, for example, the Atlanteans, whom the Egyptians deified, considering them their ancestors, and referred to their ancient ancestors as predecessor gods.

An identification study by American criminologists concluded that the face of the Sphinx does not resemble the faces of the statues of Egyptian pharaohs, but has distinct Negroid features. That is, the ancient ancestors of the Egyptians, including the legendary Atlanteans, had Negroid facial features and African origin.

It should be noted here that the Egyptian legend about the Atlantean ancestors is indirect evidence of proximity to Egypt.

Probably, the burial chamber and mummy of an ancient pharaoh of Negro origin is located under the front paws of the Sphinx, as the American psychic Edgar Cayce said about it. In this case, there should be a passage upward from the underground hall - a path for the relocation of the “soul” of the pharaoh and subsequent life in the body of the Sphinx statue (according to the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians).

The Sphinx is a lion (symbol of royal power) with a human head and the face of a pharaoh. It is possible that the face of the discovered mummy of the pharaoh (after plastic restoration) will turn out to be “two peas in a pod” similar to the face of the Sphinx.

By analogy with the construction (of later pyramids over earlier ones), we can say that many other Egyptian pyramids had more than one owner. In this regard, confusion is revealed with the time of life of the pharaohs and the time of construction of their pyramids.

For example, Pharaoh Mykerinus ruled later than Cheops, but his pyramid, based on the angle of inclination of the walls, in accordance with calculations based on “years of precession,” was started 36 years earlier than Cheops’ pyramid. How can this be? The answer to this question is that the pyramid began to be built earlier (before Mikerin), but it was completed later, when the angle of inclination of the lower walls that had been started could no longer be changed.

There is a large vertical gap on one of the side walls of the Mykerinus pyramid. Getting to the pharaoh's treasures in the burial chamber inside the pyramid, the robbers dismantled part of the wall from top to bottom. In the thus formed “vertical section” of the section of the inner blocks of the pyramid, the following was revealed - from a certain, clearly defined boundary, the upper blocks were not laid tightly and not as neatly as the lower ones. This confirms that the pyramid was being completed and that later builders were not as careful about the quality of laying the internal blocks.

At the same time, judging by the two underground halls under the pyramid of Mikerin (which belong to the burials of the pharaohs during the construction of the mastabas), the burial structure was begun many centuries earlier. This confusion of times suggests that inside the pyramid of Mikerin, as well as in the pyramid of Cheops, there should be above-ground prayer rooms of the original mastaba belonging to the more ancient burial of the pharaoh. And in the body of the pyramid there should also be a chamber-tomb for the later burial of Pharaoh Mikerin.

The “curtain” of the centuries-old secret over the secret of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops has been lifted. All that remains is to enter the open door.
This requires permission from the Egyptian authorities, which they give to research scientists with great reluctance.
A mystery loses its appeal when it is revealed.

But, despite this, tourists’ interest in the majestic buildings of the ancient world that have survived to this day does not disappear.

How the Cheops Pyramid was built

Another confirmation of the triplicity of the Cheops pyramid. In 2009, the French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin, and later with the support of Egyptologist Bob Brier from the American University of Long Island, observing how roads were built in the mountains, put forward a similar erroneous assumption. about the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops. The fact that stone blocks were transported to the pyramid by dragging around its walls along inclined ramps and corridors, as if along a serpentine mountain road. This is a long and laborious path. Following this, Jean-Pierre Houdin began to look for evidence of his hypothesis.

To substantiate his assumption, he accepted the research of a group of engineers from the French Academy of Sciences, who in 1986 spent several months scanning the internal contents of the Cheops pyramid to detect hidden cavities inside it. French researchers discovered wide stripes along the perimeter of the pyramid at different heights with approximately 15% less density (see above picture of gravimetry of the Cheops pyramid). Areas with a density from 1.85 to 2.3 tons per 1 cubic meter are highlighted in different colors.

French scientists were unable to explain why there are sparse stripes along the walls of the pyramid, and therefore the results of the study did not receive any discussion in the scientific world.

In June 2012, in Russia, engineer Vladimir Garmatyuk revealed the “secret” of the Cheops pyramid. Obvious evidence is provided that the pyramid, like a “Russian nesting doll” inside, consists of three pyramids of three pharaohs of different times. When it became known that inside the Cheops pyramid (the third from the start of construction) there is an older (360 years earlier) second pyramid (see picture - a recessed entrance to the second closed pyramid).

And there is an even more ancient first truncated pyramid (mastaba, which reveals itself in the underground hall under the pyramid and other signs), then the stripes of material with lower density inside the Cheops pyramid found their explanation. The stripes show and confirm the separation of the bodies of the second and third pyramid.

How and with what to explain this

For the strength of the structure, the outer layer of the pyramid was laid out from hewn, tightly packed blocks. Hence the high density of the outer layer of the walls. While the inner rows of the pyramids consist of roughly fitted unhewn blocks. Therefore, the density of the inner rows of the pyramid is less.

See, for example, the picture below - the “insides” of the pyramid of Pepi II from South Saqqara. On the outside of the pyramid there are densely laid hewn blocks, and on the inside there are ordinary stones obtained from horizontal chipping of layered limestone deposits.

It is possible that the same thing happened inside the Cheops pyramid (of course, not in the central part, where the burial chambers of the pharaohs are located); a mound of stones, rubble and sand, delivered to the pyramid in baskets, was used as a volume filler. After all, this significantly reduced the cost and accelerated the construction of the pyramids. A mound of stones easily explains the same vast spaces of rarefied density that were discovered in 2017 by French and Japanese physicists when studying the inside of the pyramid with muon telescopes.

When accurately measuring the plane of the side faces of the Cheops pyramid, it is noticeable that they have some depression inward (to a depth of one meter). After all, over the 4.5 thousand years since the construction of the pyramid, there have been many earthquakes that gradually shook out its contents over and over again. And because of this, the walls (since there is loose material inside the pyramid) fell somewhat inward due to their lower density.

According to gravimetry of the Cheops pyramid (white) stripes along the perimeter of the walls of the second pyramid have a density of 1.85-2.05 tons per cubic meter. This just means that there is an embankment made of stone.

The third (outer visible today) pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops increased the sides and height of the second (inner) pyramid by 10 - 12 meters. The inner unhewn blocks of the third pyramid are laid along the dense, hewn outer walls of the second pyramid. Therefore, in 1986, French gravimetric researchers recorded a difference in the density of the material inside the pyramid; it is this difference (the difference in density) that creates the appearance of a “serpentine”. French researchers noted this circumstance, but could not explain it.

Other arguments by Jean-Pere Houdin and Bob Brier, given to prove the assumption of the “serpentine” construction of the pyramid, each have their own explanation. Researchers in 2009 did not yet know that the Cheops pyramid consists of three different pyramids. For example, longitudinal stripes of stone blocks of the same color on the edges of the Cheops pyramid, which they interpret as “dusty roads” from the transportation of blocks, are explained by the uniform color of the stones, mined in a quarry from one layer of rock.

The third pyramid was built up with stone blocks evenly along the height and perimeter onto the walls of the second pyramid, like “cream on a cake.” The stone was mined in one place, and therefore the blocks are similar in color. The order in which the stone blocks were mined was the order in which they were laid in the walls. When the blocks were taken from another place, their color was slightly different.

Or their other argument is a small pothole-deepening on the edge near the top of the pyramid, which they called a transport corridor. The pothole could have been made after the pyramid was built, for example as a failed attempt to get inside. Or the pothole could be made like:

• guardhouse for giving signals,

as a guard post for religious, hermitage, cult or other purposes.

The fact that the Cheops pyramid consists of three different pyramids, separated by hundreds of years in construction time, means that it was built by more than one generation of people, and there was no such great construction “in one go.”

This significantly mitigates the worrying problem of the labor intensity of building a pyramid, but does not cancel or in any way reduce the grandeur of the undoubtedly greatest structure of the ancient Egyptian civilization in the history of mankind.