What happened to the city of Pompeii. The death of Pompeii. Who is hiding the true date of the disaster and why? Excursion to Vesuvius

On August 24, 79, one of the most catastrophic eruptions of Mount Vesuvius occurred. The Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae, located at the foot of the volcano, were destroyed. Vesuvius generated a giant hot cloud of stones, ash and smoke up to 33 km high, releasing thermal energy many times greater than that released by the explosion of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima.
Systematic excavations at Pompeii began in 1860. At the same time, researchers found 40 bodies of city residents buried under the ashes. Historians have discovered that the area around Vesuvius was destroyed by pyroclastic flows.
I have always been amazed by the history of Pompeii and Herculaneum - lying for thousands of years under a shallow layer of ash in one of the most densely populated areas of the world - the foot of Vesuvius! Nearby is the largest and oldest city in Italy, Naples, and no one thought to take a shovel and go digging... what if there was something useful left!?

Recently, a huge number of photographs of the affected cities taken by tourists have appeared. The state of preservation is amazing. What was surprising was the fact that at the end of the 19th century the photos showed protruding roofs of buried houses - that is, people knew and remembered that there were towns here, people lived and had property... but no one even dug!!! Naturally, they took care of antiquity!
But I have always been especially amazed by the fact that the date of the death of Pompeii is known until the day - August 24, 79! For thousands of years people remembered this terrible disaster.
I decided to dig into how many other eruptions there were later that were deposited in people’s memory.
I’ll start with the last one - 1944, there are many videos and photo documents.

Everything is the same - ashes, lava and human sacrifices.

The next one in the depths of time was the eruption of 1906...from here https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/bo4kameda/post415512041/

This is a photograph of a buried volcanological observatory founded in 1841-1842.

This is what historians write about the history of Vesuvius eruptions...
“Presumably, the Vesuvius volcano appeared 25,000 years ago as a result of the collision of two tectonic plates. Traces of the oldest known eruption are dated 6940 ± 100 BC. e.

The eruption, which occurred 3,800 years ago, covered the area covering Naples with pyroclastic flows.
The strong (5 on the eruption scale) eruption of 79 destroyed several cities - Pompeii and Stabiae were covered with volcanic ash, up to 8 m thick in places, and Herculaneum was covered with mud flows due to the rain that accompanied the eruption. There is also a version about a large pyroclastic flow that destroyed Herculaneum and Pompeii. The pyroclastic flow was so saturated with gases that they tightly sealed the buildings of the cities, leaving them without oxygen, as a result of which the remains of the victims of the eruption did not decompose, but froze in volcanic ash.
There were also major eruptions in 1631, 1794, 1822, 1872 and 1906. The eruption of 1631 was 10 times weaker than the eruption of 79, but the higher population density of the surrounding areas led to a large number of victims, about 4,000 people. During the eruption, the volcano erupted in several phases. As a result of the eruption, the volcano became lower by 168 m. In 1805, the eruption of Vesuvius was relatively weak, but most of the city of Naples was almost completely destroyed, and about 26 thousand people became victims of the disaster.

The 1872 eruption is also in the photo - https://humus.livejournal.com/3408653.html
There was destruction and casualties, but not very much!
According to historiography, it turns out that the next eruptions in ancient times were 1822, 1794 and 1631, and for all one and a half thousand years Vesuvius was either silent or did not cause any special troubles from the day of the death of Pompeii... it’s not logical... but okay, let’s deal with the last three! Because it is at this time that terrible confusion begins in the testimony of witnesses :::-)))
At that time there were no photographers but there were artists in abundance!
Everyone knows the painting The Last Day of Pompeii written by Karl Bryullov; he created it in 1830 - 1833.
This is what historians write...
“In 1830, Bryullov began work on a large painting with a historical plot - “The Last Day of Pompeii” (1830-1833), commissioned from him by Anatoly Nikolaevich Demidov. The idea of ​​the painting was connected with the fashion for archeology that arose at that time and with the relevance: Vesuvius erupted in 1828. For a more accurate and complete transmission of the tragedy, Bryullov carefully studied numerous literary sources that spoke about the ancient catastrophe, and visited excavations in Pompeii and Herculaneum and made a number of sketches of the landscape, ruins, and fossilized figures on the spot.”
That is, here the testimony of witnesses differs from the official dates of the eruption of Vesuvius - Bryullov observed the eruption in 1828 personally! The lava and ashes cooled down and, like any curious person, I went to see what happened there at the sites of the tragedy... participated in the excavations... well, in a completely human way, I helped dig up the town.

Although the painting is dated 1817, according to the official biography, not everything was so wrong...
“In 1819 Turner visited Italy for the first time. He visited Turin, Milan, Rome, Venice, Naples. He studied the works of Titian, Tintoretto, Raphael, and contemporary Italian artists. After traveling to Italy, his painting became more vibrant, the palette intense with a predominance of primary colors. The Venetian theme occupied a special place in the artist’s work. He visited this city three times (in 1819, 1833, 1840), and memories of it fueled his imagination for many years.” Well, these are little things...

Here is another witness...” “The eruption of Vesuvius” is a recurring theme in four paintings and at least one sketch by the English artist Joseph Wright, who traveled through Italy in 1773-1775. One of them, "Vesuvius from Portici", is in the Huntington Library in California; the second, “Eruption of Vesuvius, overlooking the islands in the Bay of Naples” - in the Tate Gallery, London; the third, Vesuvius from Posillippo, can be seen at the Yule Center for British Art; the fourth, known by the same name, is in a private collection.
In 1774, Wright made a gouache sketch during his travels, which is now kept in the Derby Museum and Art Gallery.

But the most interesting is Pierre-Jacques Volaire, nicknamed Chevalier Volaire (Pierre-Jacques Volaire; 1729 - 1799) - a French landscape painter.
Born in Toulon in the family of an official city artist (his grandfather was a decorative artist in the arsenal). He studied with Claude Joseph Vernet, with whom he worked for eight years from 1754 to 1762. Vernet's work had a decisive influence on the formation of Wohler's style.
In 1762, Wohler moved to Rome, where he became a member of the Academy of St. Luke and received the honorary title of knight. But competition in the art market forced the artist to move to Naples in 1767. He lived in Naples until his death.

Judging by his paintings and dating, Vesuvius erupted for several years...

There are a huge number of artists who depicted the eruption of Vesuvius, and basically all the paintings are from the 20s - 30s of the 19th century, the second mass of paintings is from the end of the 18th century, a time in which there were no memorable eruptions... however, judging by the pictures, these were grandiose events!

Here are a bunch of photos of Naples and Pompeii and other surroundings of Vesuvius https://humus.livejournal.com/3997368.html

So I think that Card Bryullov really helped to dig up the freshly buried Pompeii!
What is most interesting is that Pompeii fell asleep only once and then not completely... the roofs of many buildings were sticking out. One of the photos shows a view of Naples from Pompeii, that is, the town is in real direct visibility from Naples! In most paintings depicting the eruption of Vesuvius at the beginning of the 19th century, the view is from Naples and all the lava and stones are flying towards Pompeii... one problem is the dating! But this, as they say, is a question for historians!

Panorama of the Forum in Pompeii, in the distance - Vesuvius

Recent excavations have shown that in the 1st millennium BC. e. There was a settlement near the modern city of Nola in the 7th century BC. e. approached the mouth. A new settlement - Pompeii - was founded by the Osci in the 6th century BC. e. Their name most likely goes back to the Oscan pumpe- five, and is known from the very foundation of the city, which indicates the formation of Pompeii as a result of the merger of five settlements. The division into 5 electoral districts remained in Roman times. According to another version, the name comes from the Greek pompe(triumphal procession): according to the legend about the founding of the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum by the hero Hercules, he, having defeated the giant Geryon, solemnly marched through the city.

The early history of the city is little known. Surviving sources speak of clashes between the Greeks and Etruscans. For some time Pompeii belonged to Cumae, from the end of the 6th century BC. e. were under the influence of the Etruscans and were part of a league of cities led by Capua. Moreover, in 525 BC. e. A Doric temple was built in honor of the Greek gods. After the defeat of the Etruscans in Kita, Syracuse in 474 BC. e. The Greeks regained dominance in the region. In the 20s of the 5th century BC. e. together with other cities of Campania, were conquered by the Samnites. During the Second Samnite War, the Samnites were defeated by the Roman Republic, and Pompeii around 310 BC. e. became allies of Rome.

Of the 20,000 inhabitants of Pompeii, about 2,000 people died in the buildings and on the streets. Most of the residents left the city before the disaster, but the remains of the victims are also found outside the city. Therefore, the exact number of deaths is impossible to estimate.

Among those who died from the eruption was Pliny the Elder, who, out of scientific interest and out of a desire to help people suffering from the eruption, tried to approach Vesuvius on a ship and found himself in one of the centers of the disaster - at Stabia.

Excavations

Time for archaeologists to study parts of the city

Wall painting styles

The inside walls of Roman houses were covered with frescoes, studied mostly from the examples of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae. The German scientist August Mau in 1882 proposed dividing Pompeii frescoes into 4 styles. Subsequently, with the discovery of other monuments, this classification was expanded to cover all Roman wall painting. The time frames given here are specific to Pompeii; dates may vary in Rome and other cities.

1. Inlay or structural ( - years BC) - characterized by rustication (masonry or wall cladding with stones with a rough, convex front surface) and painting imitating cladding with marble slabs. Arose under the influence of Hellenistic art, reproductions of Greek paintings are often found.
2. Architectural style (80 BC -14) - columns, cornices, architectural compositions, landscapes were depicted on smooth walls, creating the illusion of volume and space receding into the distance. Human figures appear in the paintings, complex multi-figure compositions are created, often based on mythological subjects.
3. Egyptianized or ornamental (from 14 AD) - a transition to flat ornaments, framed by paintings, usually of pastoral themes.
4. Fantastic or perspective-ornamental (from 62 AD) - fantastic landscapes appear, the depicted architecture resembles theatrical scenery, ceasing to obey the laws of physics. Paintings depicting people become more dynamic.

City buildings

Forum

On either side of the staircase there were two triumphal arches. The western one was probably dedicated to Germanicus, while the eastern one was dismantled. Near the northern end of the temple there is an arch dedicated to Tiberius, in its niches facing the forum there were statues of Nero and Drusus.

Temple of Apollo

Apollo statue

Temple of Apollo

Along with the Doric temple in the triangular forum, this is the oldest temple of Pompeii. Some architectural details allow us to date it to BC. e. Presumably in the 2nd century BC. e. it was rebuilt, but nevertheless retained a characteristic feature of Greek architecture: a colonnade along the entire perimeter of the temple.

The temple faces the main entrance to the basilica and is surrounded by a portico painted with scenes from the Iliad. The temple itself is surrounded by 28 Corinthian columns, 2 of which are fully preserved. The floor is made using the same technique as the floor of the Temple of Jupiter. There is an altar in front of the stairs. A bronze statue of Apollo and a bust of Diana have also been preserved (the originals are in the Naples Museum, and there are copies in Pompeii). To the left of the altar, an Ionic column for a sundial was erected in the time of Augustus.

Temple of Fortuna Augustus and Arch of Caligula

It is located at the end of the Forum street, running from the Arch of Tiberius to the northwest. A small temple with a facade of 4 Corinthian columns was built at the expense of the duumvir Marcus Tullius on his own land. Inside the temple there are several niches for statues of Augustus, members of his family and, possibly, Tullius himself.

Behind the temple, the Forum street continues as the Mercury street. At its beginning there is a triumphal arch of Caligula (ruled in -41 AD), made of brick and lined with travertine (the remains of the cladding are preserved only at the base). An equestrian statue of the emperor was found next to the arch, probably located on it.

Other buildings

To the southwest of the Temple of Jupiter there were public latrines, warehouses for the grain trade (now archaeological finds are stored in them) and a weighing room - a storage place for the standards of Roman units of measurement, against which those used by traders in the forum were checked.

Complex of public buildings in the theater area

Triangular Forum

A triangular square surrounded by a colonnade of 95 Ionic columns. In the northern corner there was a propylaea with 6 Ionic columns, in the east it connected with the Samnite palaestra, the Great Theater and, along a long staircase, with the Quadriportico.

On the square there is a Greek temple from the 6th century BC. e. (so-called Doric Temple), dedicated to Hercules, the mythical founder of the city. The temple measured 21 by 28 m, was built of tuff, and a narrow staircase led to it from the south side. Behind the temple there was a sundial. It is surrounded on all sides by a colonnade: 7 columns on the short side and 11 on the long side.

Samnite palaestra

According to the dedicatory inscription, it was built by the duumvir Vivius Vinicius in the second half of the 2nd century BC. e.. It was surrounded on three sides by a portico, on the south side there was a pedestal where award ceremonies were held, and household premises were built on the west side. Due to its small size, by the Augustan era it could no longer accommodate everyone, after which the Great Palaestra was built.

Temple of Isis, photo 1870

Temple of Isis

In the center of the courtyard, surrounded by a portico with Corinthian columns, on a high plinth stood a temple from the end of the 2nd century BC. e., restored after the earthquake of 62 on behalf of the 6-year-old Popidius Celsinius by his father Popidius Ampliatus, who hoped in this way to promote the future political career of his son.

The façade of the temple is decorated with a portico 4 columns wide and 2 deep. On the sides there were niches with statues of Anubis and Harpocrates. There was also a container with water from the Nile in the temple.

Temple of Jupiter Meilichius

It was built back in the III-II century BC. e. and dedicated to Zeus, but was rebuilt and transferred to the cult of Jupiter in the 80s BC. e. Identical in shape to the Temple of Isis, but with a deeper inner sanctuary. Made of tuff, lined with marble.

According to another hypothesis, based on some finds on the territory of the temple, it was dedicated to Asclepius.

Quadriportic

The quadriportico (a square with a portico) served as a place where theater audiences gathered before the start of the performance and during intermissions. After the earthquake of 62, which destroyed the gladiator barracks in the northern part of the city, a quadriportico was adapted as a barracks. Weapons were found here and are now kept in the National Museum of Naples.

Grand Theatre

Grand Theatre

The Bolshoi Theater, which became the cultural center of the city, was built in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. e., using a natural slope to place seats for spectators. Under Augustus, the theater was expanded by the architect Marcus Artorius at the expense of Marcus Olkonius Rufus and Marcus Olkonius Celer by creating a superstructure above ground level supporting the upper rows of seats. As a result, it became capable of accommodating up to 5,000 spectators. It could have been covered with a canopy: the rings for it have survived to this day.

The bottom few rows ( ima cavea) were intended for noble citizens. Two balconies above the side entrances, also built by Marcus Artorius, are for priestesses and organizers of performances. The stage was decorated with columns, cornices and statues dating from after 62 AD.

Maly Theater

Maly Theater

Amphitheater Arena

Audience seats in the amphitheater

Amphitheater and Great Palaestra

Central Baths

Founded immediately after the earthquake of 62 AD. e., however, by 79 the pool had not been completed, and the portico of the palaestra had not even been started. The pipes through which water was supplied already existed, but the stoves were never built. They had a full set of halls, but only in one copy (without division into male and female sections).

Suburban thermal baths

They were located 100 meters outside the Sea Gate on an artificial terrace. Because of their position, they were found and plundered already in antiquity. Their interesting feature is the large windows overlooking the sea. The pools are decorated with frescoes depicting waterfalls and mountain caves, as well as mosaics. However, the baths are best known for the 16 erotic frescoes in the fourth style (including the only known Roman depiction of lesbian sex) found in the early 1990s in the apodyteria. Their presence gave rise to the hypothesis that a lupanarium functioned in the building on the second floor, which, however, is rejected by archaeologists who studied the baths and most historians.

Lupanarium

In addition to the lupanarium, there were at least 25 single rooms in the city intended for prostitution, often located above wine shops. The cost of this type of service in Pompeii was 2-8 asses. The staff was represented mainly by slaves of Greek or Oriental origin.

Industrial buildings

Bakery in Pompeii: mills and oven visible

Providing food

In Pompeii, 34 bakeries were discovered that fully satisfied the needs of the townspeople and exported their products to neighboring settlements. Most famous Bakery Popidia Prisca And bakery on Stabius street, in which 5 hand mills have been preserved. There are two types of millstones: one fixed cone-shaped ( meta), another in the shape of an hourglass without a bottom or lid ( catillus), which was put on top of him. Grain was poured into the cavity of the upper chute and it was driven by slaves or oxen. The millstones are made from volcanic rocks. Many bakeries did not have counters to sell bread, either supplying it in bulk, delivering it door to door, or selling it on the street by hand.

Also in Pompeii, fish sauce “garum” was produced, which was sold in large quantities to other cities. A whole workshop for its preparation was excavated, in which amphoras for transporting the product were preserved. The technology was as follows: fish, boned and ground, was kept in salt (sea) water for several weeks. Often herbs, spices, and wine were added to it. They seasoned a wide variety of dishes with it.

In Pompeii, a system of thermopolis was developed (there were 89 establishments in total), which supplied people with hot food and allowed them to refuse to prepare it at home (many houses in Pompeii did not have a kitchen).

Crafts

One of the most important crafts in the city was the production of woolen fabrics. 13 wool processing workshops, 7 spinning and weaving workshops, 9 dyeing workshops were found. The most important production stage was wool felting, which was carried out in ancient Rome by fullons ( fullones). The peculiarities of the technology allowed them to also wash the clothes of the townspeople.

The most widely known is Pompeian fulling shop Stefania, a residential building converted into a workshop. The fullons felted and washed the wool from animal sweat and dirt in egg-shaped vats, of which Stefanius had three. Dirty clothes were also cleaned there. Soda or urine that had been left for 1-2 weeks was used as a detergent, which saponified the fat in the fabric. A container for collecting urine, for example, stood in the Eumachia building in the Forum. Throwing wool or very dirty cloth into the vat, the fullon trampled it with his feet ( saltus fullonicus- dance of the fullons, as Seneca called this process).

Then the wool and fabric had to be thoroughly rinsed in large containers, of which Stefanius also had three. Relatively clean and delicate items in his fulling shop were washed in the former impluvium of his Tuscan atrium. In addition, in the fulling shop there were containers for bleaching and dyeing things. Ironing of clothes was also carried out here; there was even a special press for tunics.

In another fulling mill (there are 18 of them in Pompeii), located on Mercurius Street, frescoes were found that shed light on the entire technological process of fullons.

Residential buildings

House of the Tragic Poet

It is a typical Roman house of the 2nd century BC. e. and is famous for its mosaic floors and frescoes depicting scenes from Greek mythology. Located opposite the Forum Baths. Named after the mosaic laid out in the floor of a rehearsal of a tragic performance. At the entrance to the house there is a mosaic with the image of a dog and the inscription “CAVE CANEM” (“beware of the dog”). On the sides of the entrance there were retail premises.

The walls of the atrium were decorated with images of Zeus and Hera, scenes from the Iliad. Currently, all these frescoes are in the Naples Museum.

House of the Surgeon

One of the oldest Pompeian residential buildings, built in the 4th-3rd centuries BC. e. It received its name due to the fact that numerous surgical instruments were found in it. The facade is made of limestone blocks, the internal walls are made using opus africanum(vertical structures made of alternating vertical and horizontal blocks placed on top of each other, between which the wall was lined with smaller stones or bricks). Frescoes in the first and fourth styles have been preserved.

House of the Faun

Alexander the Great from the House of Faun

The rich house, occupying the space between four streets - insulu (40 by 110 m), with an area of ​​3000 m² - is the most luxurious house in Pompeii. Presumably it was built for Publius Sulla, the nephew of the conqueror of the city, whom he placed at the head of Pompeii.

On the threshold of the main entrance to the house there is a mosaic inscription “HAVE” (hello), from here one could go into the Etruscan (Tuscan) atrium, which has preserved to this day an impluvium (a shallow pool for collecting rainwater) with a rich geometric inlay of multi-colored marble and a figurine of a dancing Faun, who gave the house its name. The second entrance was located to the east and led to a second, tetrastyle (with a roof supported by 4 columns), atrium, apparently intended for guests.

House of Moralist and House of Pinaria Ceriale

Moralist's House is located near the house of Lorey Tiburtina. So named because of the inscriptions in the summer triclinium (white on black):

1. Keep your feet clean and do not dirty your linens and beds,
2. Respect women and avoid obscene speech,
3. Refrain from anger and fighting.

Finally, the conclusion: “Otherwise, go back to your home.”

Located next door house of Pinaria Zeriale, owned by a jeweler. During its excavations, more than a hundred precious stones were found.

House of Julia Felix

It occupies one of the largest insulas in the city, but only a third of it is built up, 2/3 are gardens. Part of the house with bathhouses was rented out.

House of the Garden of Hercules (House of the Perfumer)

It was a relatively small house. The entrance led to a corridor flanked by two cubicles and ending in an atrium. Behind the atrium there were several more rooms and a huge garden, laid out in the 1st century BC. e. There are 5 similar houses on the site. In the garden there was a lararium with a statue of Hercules, from which the whole house took its name.

Frescoes of the Villa of Mysteries

Villa of Mysteries

Founded in the 2nd century BC. e., after which it expanded several times, in particular in 60 BC. e. The main entrance was facing the road leading from the Herculanean Gate. Currently, it is not fully opened, so the entrance to the villa is from the sea. Along the road there were agricultural premises, including a room with a grape press.

The beginning of the sacrament

The entrance, so wide that a cart could pass through it, led to the peristyle. To the southeast of it there was a courtyard with a lararium and a tetrastyle atrium, from which one could enter the baths. On the southwestern side, a Tuscan atrium was connected to the peristyle; from it, and also partly from the peristyle, doors led to numerous rooms decorated with frescoes in the second and third styles. The villa opened to the sea with a rotunda terrace with two porticoes on either side.

In the tablinum, connecting the Tuscan atrium with the rotunda, frescoes with Egyptian motifs have been preserved. The villa was named after the widely known frescoes in one of the rooms south of the atrium, where, according to the most common version, initiation into the Dionysian mysteries is depicted, and according to another, a wedding ceremony.

Pompeii in art

Movie

• “The Last Day of Pompeii” (Gli ultimi giorni di Pompeii, 1926)
• “The Last Days of Pompeii” (film, Italy-Germany, 1959)
• “The Last Days of Pompeii” (film, USSR, 1972)
• “The Last Days of Pompeii” (film, USA, UK, Italy, 1984)
• "Pompeii" (2007 film) (Italy)
• “The Naked Drummer” (Vesuvies group, with the song Pompeii Nights)
• "The Lights of Pompeii (Doctor Who)" (UK episode, 12 April 2008)

Painting

Literature

• Inspired by Bryullov’s painting “The Last Day of Pompeii,” Edward Bulwer-Lytton wrote the novel “The Last Days of Pompeii.”
• “Vesuvius opened the mouth” - poem by Pushkin
• Short story by Théophile Gautier “Arria of Marcellus”
• Robert Harris' novel Pompeii

Music

• Live at Pompeii - live album by Pink Floyd at the ruins of the Pompeii Amphitheater (1973)
• Pompeii - song by E.S. Posthumus
• Cities in Dust - song by Siouxsie and the Banshees

Museums

Pompeii in astronomy

• the asteroid (203) Pompeii, discovered on September 25, 1879 by the German-American astronomer C. G. F. Peters at the Clinton Observatory, USA, is named after Pompeii

see also

Notes

1. Old settlement
2. Peter Connolly "Greece and Rome" encyclopedia of military history
3. Tacitus

Volcano Vesuvius and the Death of Pompeii. Who hasn't heard about this tragedy? The last day of the townspeople is scheduled literally to the minute. However, these minutes were in a completely different era.

Usually, new scientific truths win not in such a way that their opponents are convinced and they admit they are wrong, but for the most part in such a way that these opponents gradually die out, and the younger generation assimilates the truth immediately.Mark Plank

The time has come when critics of the New Chronology (NC) are making attempts to restore historical justice - the return of the famous Pompeii to 79 AD.

The fact is that in recent decades, not only individual evidence of the later death of Pompeii and Herculaneum has been discovered, but also special works have been created that clearly show that the ancient Roman cities were buried under the lavas of Vesuvius not in the 1st, but in the 17th century AD. X.

In order to kill any theory, it is enough to find at least a single contradiction in it, and in the modern scientific paradigm there are so many of them that they have already turned it into a banal pseudoscience based on manipulation and adjustments.

In historical science, as in any other, an important element of argumentation should be the logic of the progressive development of events.

In the history of Antiquity and the Middle Ages, this is the principle of the justified formation and promotion of technologies inherent in these eras and the development of corresponding infrastructures in them.

As always, historians determined the death of the supposedly very ancient Pompeii in ancient times, in the year 79. Even the exact date has been announced - August 24! On what basis was this done?

Historians have two versions of this.

The first says that Pompeii was founded by certain Osci in the 6th century BC e., and the name of the city itself from the local dialect means the number five, which should indicate the formation of Pompeii as a result of the merger of five settlements.

The second version tells about an ancient legend existing in Italy, according to which the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were founded by the ancient Greek hero Hercules, who defeated the giant Geryon.

Of course, you can believe in anything, even in ancient Greek heroes and fairy-tale giants. And we know, both from historiography and from religion, how people of even very remarkable intelligence, like shrimp for live bait, really easily found themselves in the clutches of the most primitive and deceitful ideologists. But isn't it time to throw away the old tales of the past and look at things with sober eyes?

We will show that the famous death of Pompeii has no relation to ancient times. We already know from previous publications that the territory of the Apennine Peninsula, which now belongs to modern Italy, was not inhabited by any advanced civilization either in the 1st century AD, to which the death of Pompeii is attributed, or even in the 12th century.

The first more or less “civilized” tribes in the lands of Italy, named by Italian historians Etruscans, date back to the 13-14th century A.D. Many magnificent, unique monuments of this ancient people have been preserved.

Even the famous Roman She-Wolf feeding Romulus and Remus, and many other ancient monuments, are by no means achievements of the ancient Roman Italians, as the layman, deceived by historians, thinks, but genuine cultural achievements Etruscans.

Note that all ancient archeology discovered in the last 400 years in Italy is deliberately dated by European historians to a much later time than it actually is.

In order to keep afloat the idea of ​​​​the deep antiquity of Italy (the famous ancient Rome, the Papal Vatican, and the Roman Empire as a whole), historians are forced to constantly fuel the myths they themselves once composed about the very deep antiquity of the ancient Italians.

Which, presumably, is important not only for the prestige of Italy itself in the eyes of the world community, but also for more mundane matters - thus luring an inexhaustible flow of tourists to “historical” places.

That is why any newly discovered “ancient” artifacts on the peninsula are so easily attributed to ancient eras, classified according to the so-called precedent sign.

Let's say, if earlier in a certain Florentine Tuscany or somewhere in French Brittany the coins found there already dated back to, say, the 6th century BC. e., then, therefore, any other similar coins excavated anywhere in Europe should give the same 6th century BC. e.

Historians of the current century count the destruction of Pompeii almost 2000 years ago. Therefore, when Pompeii was first excavated, it was about 1700 years old! As we said, traditional historiography even gives an absolutely exact date for the deadly volcanic eruption - August 24, 79!

But is it possible to say from the objects preserved under the ashes that the inhabitants of the lost cities lived in the 1st century, i.e. almost 2000 years ago? Naturally, everything that is excavated on the Apennine Peninsula is immediately and certainly correlated with extreme antiquity.

Among historians, there has long been a conspiracy of “antique” when it comes to excavations in Europe. But it turns out that ancient, ancient Rus'-Russia has no place in traditional historiography. Here historians have a conspiracy in the other direction - “under youth.”

Even if very ancient evidence is excavated in Russian soil, it is automatically squeezed into a relatively late chronology already predetermined by it. As they say - so as not to violate reporting. The question arises - how is the history of Pompeii linked with the past of ancient Europe? Will the exposure of Pompeii's antiquity somehow affect the annals of world history?

It is believed that in 1648, at the direction of the Neapolitan king Charles III, a certain Count Alcubierre began excavations at a place that the locals called Civita (Cevita, ancient settlement), and soon discovered a city under a layer of ash and lava, which was later called the city of Pompeii.

Human memory is short and unreliable. Especially if you hide information from her or simply hush it up. This is what happened with Pompeii.

After all, not so long ago, some 100-120 years ago, many Italians were well aware of the existence of Pompeii, and even remembered the destruction of several cities located in relative proximity to Vesuvius.

But it would seem that very little time has passed, and new generations of Italians no longer remember anything. The old people have died out, the youth are busy with their own problems. And the grandchildren don’t care about history at all.

There is a whole series of evidence, calculated on common sense and elementary logic, showing that Pompeii could not have died in the summer in the 1st century AD. e.:

It turns out that he couldn't. Under the ashes, archaeologists discovered people wearing warm clothes, which no one ever wears in Italy in the summer.

And the floors of the buried houses of the inhabitants of Pompeii, in turn, were covered with carpets. Anyone who has been to these parts of Italy knows that no one lays carpets there in the summer.

2. Remains of unfinished wine sealed in a bottle were found in the settlement.

From historiography it is known that wine in the 1st century AD. e. They didn’t know how to preserve it; it simply didn’t survive until the new harvest, simply turning into vinegar.

The “Festival of Young Wine” itself (modeled on the modern holiday “Beaujolais Nouveau”) is November 1st. Such old wine could not be stored until November 1st. On holiday they drank new wine.

3. 15 kilometers from Naples (on the road from Naples to Torre Annunziata) there is still a monument with an epitaph (on the facade of the Villa Faraone Mennella) dedicated to the eruption of Vesuvius on December 15, 1631.

This epitaph, carved in 1738, describes the events of a terrible volcanic eruption. Vesuvius lost 166 meters of its height, the volcano's mouth expanded from 2 to 5.5 kilometers. Burning fragments of the volcano, it turns out, destroyed the roofs of houses within a radius of 90 kilometers from the epicenter of Vesuvius...

4. One of the frescoes depicts a fruit a pineapple, which, as is known, appeared in Europe only after the discovery of America.

5. At the same time, under the ashes of Pompeii, a “fresco by Raphael” was discovered, where the “Three Graces” are depicted, two of which stand with their faces, the third with their backs, and each with an apple in her hand.

At the same time, the graces half hug each other.

Three Graces from Pompeii (purportedly 79), containing a Raphael subject from the 16th century.

Now the real “Three Graces” by Raphael (1504) can be compared with the fresco from Pompeii.

The difference is that here the women are holding apples instead of young shoots.

It must be assumed that Raphael simply spied a plot with naked girls from ancient Pompeian artists in order to draw exactly the same one for himself!

Just kidding, but historians have known about these finds for a long time, but for some reason they are still as silent as fish!

Also pay attention to the position of the graces' feet. In both paintings, the legs are spread and tucked in the same way. The same can be said about the hands of young women. In fact, all this only says that the Pompeians themselves, who lived after Raphael, probably in the 16th-17th century, borrowed the plot from this great painter.

6. In one of the restored texts on Pompeii papyri, diacritics were discovered - accents and aspirations, which, along with punctuation and ligatures, came into use only in the Middle Ages, and were completed only with the beginning of printing! The question is, how did medieval writings get to the beginning of the “human” era, i.e., in the 1st century AD?

7. During the excavations, various bronze tools were discovered, indistinguishable in their manufacturing technology from modern ones. This is a corner with a perfect right angle, compasses, tweezers, scalpels, dental instruments...

8. Rogal-Levitsky in his book “Modern Orchestra” reports that in 1738, during excavations in Pompeii, two excellent trombones forged from bronze and with gold mouthpieces were discovered.

The King of Naples gave one of these trombones to the English king who was present at the excavations, and according to legend that has survived since then, this ancient antique trombone is still kept in the collections of Windsor Castle.

9. A water tap was also excavated in Pompeii, which is a sealed structure of three parts: a body, a bushing with a through hole and a cylindrical shut-off valve ground into it.

Is it possible to make such a technologically advanced item using primitive tools in the 1st century? It is known that the supply and main pipes in Pompeii were made of lead. In England, for example, even to this day many old houses have the same lead pipes.

The water supply system in Pompeii cannot but evoke admiration from a contemporary. From the water distribution station in the form of a round reservoir with a diameter of 6 meters, closed by a dome at the Vesuvian Gate, water flowed by gravity through pipes with a diameter of 30 centimeters to local water towers, which served to reduce excess pressure in the system and intermediate accumulation of water for each quarter.

10. Products made of bottle glass, perfume bottles of colored glass of different shades, and many absolutely transparent thin-walled products were discovered in Pompeii.

The same glass vases are depicted in numerous Pompeian frescoes excavated from the ashes of the city.

But it is known that the first transparent glass was obtained only in the middle of the 15th century!

And the Venetians kept the secret of producing such glass for a long time, like the apple of their eye, from their competitors. In addition, standard large-sized window glass was found in Herculaneum - 45x44 cm and 80x80 cm.

But how did the Italians manage to make smooth, flat glass in the 1st century?

The first known window ( lunar) glass (from cloudy glass), for church windows, even as early as 1330, was made using the primitive method of “centifugation on a stick.” Well, the first real window glass using the modern rolling method was produced only in 1688 at Saint-Gobain.

Glass vase from Pompeii, housed in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples. Historians assure us that for the ancient Pompeii the production of such vases was commonplace.

It is not possible to list all the “strange” finds collected from the ruins of Pompeii and nearby settlements.

Among other things, this is also a bladed weapon from the 16th-17th centuries, graffiti in the Etruscan language, this is a red-hot medieval brick made on a belt press.

It also turns out that the Pompeians made of iron they made their own locks, door handles, hinges, bolts, latches, etc. What can you say? We have become accustomed not to be surprised by the miracles of historical science.

But this is not even surprising, but how historians, as if by agreement, never want to revise history, despite such obvious contradictions.

It is noteworthy that recently some exhibitions of Italian museum cities affected by Vesuvius have become less and less accessible to tourists. There are more and more reports that local rangers do not allow tourists, and especially those who show targeted curiosity, to the most “dangerous” objects from a revealing point of view.

Presumably, museum curators in Italy have already been instructed (as in Egypt and China) about the possible danger of exposing the so-called Italian antiquity.

More and more independent researchers are appearing, questioning not only the antiquity of individual Italian buildings or piece artifacts, not only the old times the so-called ancient Roman culture, but also the declared antiquities of England, France, Spain, Germany and many others.

However, the owners and keepers of these antiquities quickly learn to work in new conditions. Realizing that the time of deception and speculation on antiquities will one way or another end, they are trying to prevent tourists and researchers from accessing certain, most dangerous “ancient” exhibitions, prohibiting photography, and locking specific museum halls and areas until further notice from the authorities...

For some reason, in the historical museum of Thessaloniki, which stores exhibits that are scanty but important from a historical point of view, it is for some reason prohibited from taking photographs. Why did it happen? And if we prohibit foreigners from filming, for example, our Arkaim in the Urals, won’t we then be suspected of concealing the historical truth?

If we at least resolve such a “trifle”, based, however, on the most frank evidence, like the Death of Pompeii in the 17th, and not in the 1st century AD, then even this, it would seem, is an unimportant chronological clarification, suddenly included in the official historiography of Europe is capable of shaking the entire edifice of historical science.

We will have to revise many, many things, try to reconnect the once so convenient, “harmonious” and “logical” picture of the past with new data. And this revision will affect not only Europe.

A chain reaction will begin. The laws of logic will require historians to link thousands of newly emerged and contradictory facts, events, references, and will force them to rewrite hundreds of thousands of fundamental historical, archaeological, linguistic and related works. And this already means millions of ruined textbooks, manuals, travel agencies and museum storage facilities. It’s hard to even imagine how much money and effort this will require.

For a thinking person, even such a brief overview of the problem Pompey is able to sort everything out. Simple logic suggests an equally obvious conclusion - the listed evidence dates the death of cities not only to the 1st century, and not even to the early Middle Ages.

All the facts indicate that Pompeii, Herculaneum and other supposedly ancient Italian settlements close to Vesuvius died in the rather late Middle Ages. “Technology of material culture” is a serious thing, with its own strict laws. As they say, you can’t eat a bun without first growing bread in a field and toasting it in the oven. The laws of development have not yet been canceled.

The last 15-20 years have been characterized by an unprecedented rise in the self-awareness of representatives of a certain part of society. There are not as many of them as we would probably like. But enough to cause headaches in the heads of historians.

The indispensable desire of inquisitive contemporaries to seek and get to the bottom of the truth personally, despite the views, authorities and dogmas established in science and culture, it sweeps away any obstacles in its path.

The most “cynical” of them go further - they do not trust anything at all, questioning, for example, the fundamental principles of physics, chemistry, and astronomy. It is no longer enough for a person to simply listen to the truths chewed up by someone; he wants to go and reveal the secret himself. It is possible to even rediscover the basics (which often happens in practice), to find a completely new solution, previously unknown.

And even then, where and how did science obtain its knowledge about the world? Didn’t she sometimes use her authority, inflated in her offices, to the detriment of genuine knowledge? And where is the guarantee that science did not simply fool the average person with its “stunning discoveries” for the sake of gaining fame and bread?

It’s good when this is a real experiment with the object being studied, and not an armchair conclusion. But what are the reasons to believe, say, in a scientific theory about the structure of the Earth, built on very approximate and unverified data?

Or, for example, that there are only a few decades left in the reserves of oil, gas and some other “rare” reserves in the bowels of the planet?

Have we ever wondered how many scientific discoveries, dissertations and monographs have been protected and put on the shelf in the history of science? There are millions of them. We know almost nothing about them.

And there are many such questions, just have time to raise your hands.

Leading editor of the column “How much is a person worth”
Fedor Izbushkin

The city of Pompeii is a wonderful example of ancient Roman architecture, covered in legends. Rising from the ashes, it has become a popular Italian open-air museum, listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Still not fully explored, the city-museum is located in Campania (near Naples) in the shadow of Vesuvius - the infamous volcano, the eruption of which brought death to Pompeii, but not oblivion...

The Beginning of Pompeii

It is believed that Pompeii was founded in the 6th century BC. ancient people - the Osci, who lived in southern Italy. In Oscan, "pumpe" translates to "five", which may symbolize the merger of five small settlements that have existed in the area since time immemorial. According to another version, the name of the city comes from the ancient Greek “pompe”, which means “triumphal procession”. One of the legends tells about the founding of the city by Hercules, who solemnly marched through the streets of Pompeii after defeating the three-body monster Geryon (tenth labor).

All that is known about the early history of Pompeii is that it was owned in turn by the Greeks, Etruscans, Cums, and Samnites. Pompeii became part of the Roman Republic only in 310 BC, while maintaining its own autonomy. It remained self-governing until 89 BC, when the consul Sula gave it the status of another colony of Rome (payback for the anti-Roman uprising).

It should be noted that Pompeii connected Southern Italy and Rome, being one of the important points of the Via Appia trade route.

Here at an accelerated pace:

• built markets and other commercial premises;
• they built bridges, an amphitheater, baths, and multi-story buildings;

• water pipes were installed and streets were paved with stones.

At the same time, most of the city was given over to the luxurious villas of noble Romans.

Beginning of the End

The fatal earthquake that awakened Vesuvius from sleep occurred in 62. As a result of the strong earthquakes on February 5, not a single building remained standing in the city. And although most of the city buildings were repaired, some of them remained dilapidated until the “doomsday” day...

Death of Pompeii

The inhabitants of Pompeii could not even imagine that nature was preparing a truly cruel blow for them. They continued to carry out restoration work, even began the construction of the Central Baths, without taking seriously the new shocks (the seventies). Indeed, in those days, seismic activity in Campania was considered the norm.

However, retribution for the carelessness was not long in coming...

In August 79, Vesuvius awakened, showering innocent citizens with flakes of ash and stones falling straight from the sky. Only a day later the eruption ended, bringing death not only to Pompeii, but also to two large cities - Stabia and Herculaneum, not to mention small villages and villas. It's no joke, the ashes of Vesuvius reached the borders of Syria and Egypt!

There is a version according to which the eruption lasted not one, but two whole days. The first of them was marked by a rapid release of toxic smoke, inhaling which people immediately burned their lungs and died. Those who managed to escape returned the next day when the smoke had already cleared.

As soon as the smoke cleared, lines of surviving residents pulled towards the city, which became their fatal mistake.

On that terrible day, the peaceful city turned into an earthly “branch of hell.” Death seemed to be in the air, catching the townspeople in churches, houses, and markets. She also pursued beyond the city limits, taking, according to various sources, from two to thirty thousand human lives.

It should be noted that most of the inhabitants (at that time the population of Pompeii was 20 thousand people) still managed to avoid death. But they had nowhere to return to. A multi-meter ball of lapilli and ash is all that remains of a thriving house.

An investigative commission sent to Vesuvius came to the conclusion that there was no point in restoring the lost cities. For a long time, people wandered through the ruins of the dead city, trying to find their lost property. But they also left, realizing the futility of such searches.

The city that rose from the ashes

Consigned to oblivion for centuries, the city of Pompeii was accidentally discovered in the mid-16th century by the Italian architect Domenico Fontana.

Who knows if the ancient walls would ever have been discovered if Count Tuttavilla had not wanted to build an underground tunnel from his villa to the Sarno River? But, apparently, Pompeii was destined to be “reborn”...

Between 1592 and 1600, Fontana was lucky enough to discover several fragments of wall paintings and ancient inscriptions, one of which spoke of “decurio pompeis”. However, an incorrect interpretation of the phrase (a reference to a city office in Pompeii was mistakenly taken for the name of the owner of the villa, Pompey the Great) did not allow us to connect the find with the “lost” Roman site.

A find directly pointing to the location of ancient Pompeii was found only at the end of the 17th century. Thus, the inscription, in which the name of the city once again appeared, put an end to the discussion that had lasted in the scientific world since 1637.

However, the excavations turned out to be a very difficult task - a hard and thick layer of volcanic material reliably protected the secret entrusted to him. The boundary post, which clearly indicates the ownership of the ruins, was only excavated in August 1763.

"Modern" Pompeii

Incredibly, the sudden and rapid death “saved” Pompeii from slow destruction - there is no other ancient city that was so well preserved.

How to get to Pompeii

You can get to the famous archaeological complex inexpensively (for 2-4 euros) by the following types of transport:

• train to “Pompeii-Scavi-Villa dei Misteri” from Naples or Sorrento - the journey will take just over half an hour;
• bus – connections to Pompeii are organized by CSTP (in Salerno), SITF (in Naples) and Marozzi (in Rome).

Traveling in your own car will be much more expensive - you will have to pay about 5 euros for parking just for one hour. Despite the fact that the entrance ticket for adults is 12 euros.

The city of Pompeii - climate and travel features

When planning a trip, you should understand that in the hot summer the temperature in the south of Italy often rises to +35 °C. To prevent a walk around the complex from becoming a tedious task, it is recommended to take plenty of drinking water and a tube of sunscreen with you.

By the way, in addition to classic walking tours, rented bicycles are allowed on the territory of Pompeii. True, the comfort of movement using the latter method is somewhat questionable, since there are a lot of cobblestones on the territory, and the roads are dotted with wide furrows left on the stonework by the iron wheels of carts.

The appearance of stone blocks is easily explained by the specific structure of the ancient trading city, conventionally divided into upper and lower parts. Sewage flowed along the pavements of the latter, mixed with garbage, making it impossible to cross to the other side of the street. To solve the problem, high stones were installed - an ancient prototype of a modern pedestrian crossing (“zebra crossing”).

What are the ancient walls “silent” about?

A traveler who sets foot on the legendary lands for the first time discovers superbly executed statues, mosaics, and frescoes, which testifies to the high level of skill of their performers.

The next thing that catches your eye is the difference in architectural styles - the chaotic development of old quarters built during the Oscan times is replaced by new “slender” rectangular quarters with straight streets, temples, markets and amphitheaters.

Other advantages of Roman urban planning include the presence of:

• paved streets, the care of which fell on the shoulders of the townspeople who repaired and cleaned the area adjacent to his house;
• the sloping profile of sidewalks and roads that direct wastewater to the so-called urban sewer.

At the same time, shopping streets were framed by the facades of buildings, the lower floors of which were given over to shops, and the upper floors to private quarters (housing).

The residential areas did not look nearly as presentable. Thanks to the warm climate, private houses here were built mostly without windows, which made it possible to significantly save on expensive glass. Only occasionally did narrow cracks appear in the blind ends facing the street.

Through the efforts of outstanding archaeologists (Alcubierre, F. le Vega, Caroline Bonaparte, Giuseppe Fiorelli) the following were discovered:

• necropolises and forums;
• theaters and temples;
• gates, amphitheater and defensive walls;
• “remains” of animals and people - scientists discovered numerous voids in the thickness of the lava. Filled with plaster, they helped to recreate the poses and even facial expressions of the dead;

• entire residential areas filled with perfectly preserved household utensils, frescoes, mosaics, and sculptures.

A layer of solidified lava protected the interior of the houses from the merciless influence of time, which did not affect significant cultural values ​​- an important source telling about the urban way of life, life, and art of the Romans who lived here in the 1st century. And although more than half has already been cleared (about 3/5 of the ancient territory), the city of Pompeii continues to carefully guard its secrets, the solution of which falls on the shoulders of future generations.

The city of Pompeii and its attractions

Having allocated a whole day for an excursion, the tourist allows himself to calmly stroll through the streets in search of the next “tidbit”.

But what should people with limited time do?

There are a number of attractions that are recommended for mandatory visits during a tour of the city of Pompeii:

• Temple of Apollo - considered the oldest temple erected in honor of the Greek god in the 18th century BC. Of its majestic colonnade, consisting of 28 slender columns, only two have survived. It is believed that the main building, which lies in ruins today, rests on an ancient altar. The only thing that managed to survive were the frescoes decorating the internal niches of the temple (dedicated to the Trojan War);

Pompeii is an ancient Roman city in southern Italy near Naples. As you know, Pompeii was buried under a multi-meter layer of ash during the eruption in 79. Nowadays, the city is a huge open-air museum, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1997.

The city was founded by the Osci in the 6th century. The name of the city comes from the Oscan pumpe - five, since the city was formed by the merger of five smaller settlements. In Roman times, the division into five electoral districts remained. Another version of the origin of the name is Greek, from the word pompe - triumphal procession.

According to this legend, the city was founded by Hercules, who, after defeating Geryon, solemnly walked through these places. At different times the city was ruled by the Greeks, Etruscans and Samnites. In 310 BC. Pompeii became an ally of the Roman Republic as an autonomous, self-governing city.

In 90-88 BC. the city takes part in the revolt against Rome.

In 89 BC. Consul Sula took the city, limited its autonomy and made it a colony of Rome. The city occupied an important place on the trade route between and Southern Italy. Many noble Romans had villas on the territory of Pompeii. A high-profile event was the massacre between the inhabitants of Pompeii and Nuceria in 59 during the gladiatorial games. An ordinary fight between fans turned into a bloodbath. As a result, games were banned in Pompeii for 3 years.

Tickets

Entrance ticket to the archaeological complex of Pompeii costs 15 euros. For visitors under 18 years of age, admission is free, but you must show a document confirming your age.

• We recommend buying tickets in advance online only at official ticket offices ticketone.it
  See registration on the website.

How to get from Naples on your own

You can get to Pompeii on your own from Naples, by bus or rented car. We recommend options with public transport (in the south of Italy it travels according to mood and not regularly), only to the most experienced travelers with time to spare and a great desire to save money. Let's look at all the methods in detail:

By rented car

If you are traveling through small towns in Italy on your own, then you can come to Pompeii by personal transport - Of the independent options, it is the most convenient. Parking near the archaeological zone will cost approximately 5 euros per hour. We recommend reading about the features of car rental in Italy and choosing the best option on our website

• You will need:

By train

In Naples, Napoli Porta Nolana and Napoli P. Garibaldi stations have direct trains Circumvesuviana (literally translated “Around Vesuvius”) - of the options, public transport is the only one we can recommend. Here is a link to the schedule. You need to get off at Pompei Scravi Villa dei Misteri station– it is located almost next to the ticket office. The drive is approximately 30 minutes.

Tickets can be purchased in advance online at the ticket office ots.eavsrl.it/web/public/ots/ticket/index

Choose the Napoli-Sorrento line and ticket to Villa Misteri, date and number of passengers. Click Avanti. Please note that the site is also available in English, the switch on the right is the British flag.

Electric trains depart in the morning from 09:06 and 11:36.

To visit Pompeii you need to allocate at least 2 hours. You can also take this line to . From Pompeii back to Naples the train leaves at 17:18, a round-trip ticket costs 11 euros, there are no discounts for children.

Trenitalia companies depart from Naples Central Station towards Pompei station approximately every 30 minutes. The ticket costs 2.80 euros one way. If the train arrives on schedule and there are no stops, the travel time will be 38 minutes. Be prepared for frequent stops, proximity to gypsies and various beggars.

The station is located about 3 kilometers from the entrance to the archaeological park, so it makes sense to wait for bus 004 (possibly N50) and take it 3 stops.

Google advises looking at the schedule on the website of the official carrier http://www.fsbusitaliacampania.it, but, for example, in the schedule of bus 4 I don’t see the Mazzini stop. Apparently it’s easier to ask the locals upon arrival, they should help. We will be grateful if someone shares their adventure experience in the comments.

By bus

According to information from Google, direct buses N5000 and N5020 from SITAsud go to the archaeological complex relatively regularly from Naples - I do not recommend this option, since there is no real schedule or prices on the carrier’s website. To complete the picture, let's consider this method.

The Via Ferraris Galileo bus stop in Naples is located about a kilometer from Napoli Centrale station.

Bus tickets should cost 10 euros and can be purchased at:

• BAR ETTORE, PIAZZA GARIBALDI 95
• Inside Napoli Centrale station look for EDICOLA NUMBER ONE HUDSON NEWS
• ARPANET, corso Arnaldo Lucci, 163
• BIGLIETTERIA NAPOLI CAPOLINEA, PIAZZALE IMMACOLATELLA VECCHIA 1
• BAR DEL PORTO, VIA C OLIVARES ANG. VIA CAMPO D'ISOLA 26
• BAR TIRAMISU’, Napoli – Corso Lucci

What to see

Here are the attractions of Pompeii that are recommended to be visited during the tour:

1. Temple of Apollo - one of the oldest temples of the ancient city is dedicated to the Greek god Apollo. The first mention of the shrine dates back to the eighth century BC, which is also confirmed by archaeological excavations. Now we can only imagine and speculate, but most likely on the site of the current ruins there was first an altar, and only a hundred or two hundred years later (they were in no hurry to build before) the main building was built. Today, of the majestic colonnade containing 28 columns, only two have survived. Also, two millennia later, in the internal niches of the temple we can observe frescoes with scenes from the Trojan War.
2. Refugee Garden
3. Great Palaestra
4. Temple of Jupiter
5. Amphitheater
6. Street of Plenty
7. Thermal Baths
8. Venus's house in the shell
9. Thermopolis
10. Bolshoi and Maly Theater
11. Gladiator Barracks Triangular Forum
12. Lupanarium
13. Forum
14. Eumachia building
15. Temple of Vespasian
16. Market
17. House of the Faun
18. House of the Small Fountain
19. Basilica

Visiting architectural monuments with a good guide will allow you to temporarily immerse yourself in the ancient world and touch its secrets.

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