Adashova T.A. Candidate of Geological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Regional Economics and Geography of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (PFUR)

Adashova T.A. PhD Department of Regional Economics and Geography FGAOUVO Russian Peoples" Friendship University (University)

Kosareva N.V. Candidate of Geological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Tourism and Hospitality RSUPESY&T

Kosareva N.V. Ph.D., associate professor of the Department of Tourism and Hotel Management RGUFKSMiT

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The article discusses the importance of folk art crafts as an important component of Russian culture, a way of studying and preserving traditions. Particular attention is paid to the problems and prospects of using folk art in the development of ethnographic tourism. The analysis of the attractiveness of tours using objects of folk art crafts is carried out.

The article discusses the importance of folk arts and crafts as an important part of Russian culture, ways of studying and preserving the traditions. Special attention is paid to problems and prospects of the use of folk art in the development of ethnographic tourism. The analysis of the attractiveness of tours using objects of folk arts and crafts.

Key words: folk art crafts, ethnographic tourism, cultural heritage, symbols of Russia.

Keywords: folk arts and crafts, ethnographic tourism, cultural heritage, and Russian characters.

There was a long period in the history of the peoples of the world, when fishing activities (according to the dictionary of V. Dahl from the word “provide”, i.e. think about how to get a living) determined their way of life. Over time, this was transformed into various forms of folk art, on the one hand, still generating income, on the other hand, preserving and transmitting traditional customs that have been formed over many centuries. Products created with the help of simple improvised means, skills and ingenuity found practical and aesthetic applications. Their artistic features, taking into account differences in geographical location, the use of local raw materials and materials, manufacturing techniques, reflected religious and cultural traditions.

In the context of globalization, when differences between countries are being erased, folk art crafts (NKHP), due to their individuality and originality, become the object of close attention not only at the level of a single state, but is manifested in the activities of international organizations that have taken the achievements of folk art under their protection. For example, their material and spiritual value is noted by the UNESCO organization, which has included the creative achievements of many peoples of the world in the list of intangible cultural heritage. These are the art of home weaving of the inhabitants of Taquile Island (Peru 2001, 2008), Croatian lace (Croatia, 2009), folk craft of Croatian wooden toys (Croatia, 2009), lefkara lace (Cyprus, 2009) , sericulture in China (2009), yunjin brocade art in Nanjing (China, 2009), carpet weaving in Aubusson (France, 2009), papermaking in the Iwami region (Japan, 2009), method of making silk products (Japan, 2010), Azerbaijani traditional art of carpet making (2010), traditional art of carpet weaving in Fas and Kashan (Iran, 2010), Petrikov painting (Ukraine, 2013), production crockery and various copper products (2015), black pottery technology in Bisalhães (Portugal, 2016). The list of applications is updated every year. In accordance with the Strategy for the Development of Folk Artistic Crafts for the period up to 2020, a proposal has been prepared to include the manufacture of Gzhel, Khokhloma, Dymkovo toys, Veliky Ustyug silver into the list of intangible cultural heritage of the Russian Federation.

Undoubtedly, NHP is an important component of Russian culture and one of the ways to study and preserve the traditions of the state. Many of them have become brands of vast territories, national symbols reflecting the originality and individuality of the Russian Federation. Especially popular with tourists are: Khokhloma and Gorodets wood painting, Gzhel porcelain, Rostov enamel, Vologda and Yelets lace, Bogorodsk and White Sea wood carvings, Kubachi jewelry, Kholmogory and Tobolsk carved bones, Zhostovo and Nizhny Tagil painted trays, Skopinskaya and Pskovskaya ceramics, Torzhok gold embroidery, Kislovodsk porcelain, weapons of Zlatoust and Tula masters, artistic weaving and embroidery from various regions.

It is gratifying that, realizing the importance of folk art, a number of regions are successfully reviving folk crafts: in the Vologda region - hand weaving, blacksmithing, embossing and coloring on birch bark, in the Republic of Karelia - Olonets ceramics, in the Republic of Tatarstan - artistic processing of bone and horn, artistic manual carpet weaving. The legislative framework allows for the implementation of long-term federal and regional target programs: the republican target program "Development of entrepreneurship in the field of folk arts and crafts, crafts and the production of souvenir food in the Chuvash Republic for 2010-2020", the state program "Preservation and development of cultural potential, development of tourist Cluster and Archives of the Vologda Oblast for 2015-2020”, the state program of the Kirov Oblast “Support and development of small and medium-sized businesses for 2013-2020” and others. Specialized centers of folk arts and crafts are being created (Ryazan region, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Dagestan, etc.).

An equally important point in the preservation and revival of Russian NHPs is the employment of the population, especially in economically depressed areas. According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, at present, the NCP sector includes about 250 enterprises from 64 regions of Russia. They are engaged in the production of products related to 15 types of industries, where more than 30 thousand people work. Approximately 80 NHP organizations from 34 constituent entities of the Russian Federation are provided with support from the federal budget within the framework of the program "Industrial Development and Increasing its Competitiveness". This makes it possible to reimburse part of the costs of raw materials and materials, rail transportation, payment of interest on credit loans, organize work to promote goods on the market, etc. As for state financing of the folk arts and crafts industry as a whole, in 2017 million rubles, and in 2018 - 615 million.

Due to the state interest in supporting the revival and further development of the NHP, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation in 2013 proposed a draft Strategy for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, in which one of the prerequisites for its development is the development of a system of measures for the development of traditional crafts and crafts of the peoples of Russia . This makes it possible to consider the possibility of a wider use of NCPs and places of their traditional existence as tourist attractions when organizing and conducting ethnographic tours. Tourists are attracted by the original culture of numerous peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation. So, in the central part of the Russian Federation, tours to enterprises that introduce the technology and products of crafts known far beyond the borders of the Russian Federation are popular: Fedoskino lacquer miniature painting, Zhostovka decorative trays, Gzhel ceramics, etc. The developed tourist projects aimed at getting acquainted with the life and traditions of the peoples contribute to a wide coverage of the territories of folk crafts: "The Nizhny Novgorod Golden Ring of folk crafts and crafts" (acquaintance with wood painting - Khokhloma, Semenov, Gorodets, Polkhov-Maidan; Russian symbol - matryoshka - Semenovskaya and Polkhov-Maidanskaya; carving on wood, stone, bone; gold embroidery; Novinskaya and Fedoseevskaya wooden toys, etc.), “Patterns of Russian cities” (Vologda lace, crystal and glass products, basket weaving, patchwork, wooden toys, weaving, embroidery, etc.), "The Semi-precious Ring of the Urals" (pottery and stone-cutting) and others.

One of the popular types of organization of tourist leisure is participation in master classes. At the same time, attention is drawn to handicrafts, not only to those that have survived to this day, but also that have not lost their significance and demand in everyday life. For example, among the peoples of the north, these are “numerous products made of fur, beads, with suede from deer skin (rovduga) and fish skin, weaving from cedar roots and grass, working with fabric, birch bark and clay, carving on bone, wood, knitting , embroidery with threads, weaving ", among the mountain peoples -" weaving, weaving, stone and wood carving, cloak and leather production, gold and silver sewing ", among the steppe peoples - down knitting, wood carving, weaving, embroidery and more.

Despite the state's interest in supporting the revival and further development of NCP, the development of a legislative framework at the federal and regional levels should be recognized that the existing NCP industries face a number of serious problems. One of them is the process of forming a genuine interest in folk art and a culture of its perception. For today's youth, handicrafts are not a familiar attribute of the environment, but rather something archaic, unlike representatives of the middle and older generations. Therefore, great importance is attached to the issues of preserving the continuity of generations, transferring traditional technologies from masters to students. This is partly facilitated by the preservation of NKhP products in the collections of the best museums in Russia: the State Hermitage, State Museum A.S. Pushkin, the State Russian Museum, the State Museum of the East and many others. Among the priorities is the introduction of educational programs for preschool children. An example of this is the methodological complex “Property of Russia. Folk arts and crafts”, which includes recommendations for conducting classes, video presentations and samples of genuine handicrafts.

The popularization of folk crafts, their recognition, including in the international partnership environment, is promoted by active participation in regional, all-Russian and international exposition and exhibition projects and exhibitions, holding folk holidays, forums, conferences and much more. So, in many regions, the behavior of exhibitions and festivals of folk art has become traditional: “Kazan Cup” (Kazan), “Ufa-Ladya. Art. Crafts. Souvenirs" (Ufa), "The Blue Bird of Gzhel" (Moscow Region), "Golden Khokhloma" (Semenov), "City of Potters" (Bogorodsk) and many others. These events are widely covered by the media and attract thousands of visitors who are interested in folk art. Television projects aimed at a wide audience are being launched, regional and regional competitions of folk art masters, training master classes are being held, presentation catalogs of products are being published, and so on. A special role is given to the behavior of exhibition and fair events. So, for many years, the projects "Ladya" and "Firebird" have been successfully implemented, which showcase the creative achievements of craftsmen and artists and sell a variety of handicrafts (jewelry, art crystal, lace products, artistic painting, wood carving, bones, lacquer miniature, embroidery and much more). In order to preserve and maintain the historical traditions and stylistic features of the development of the NHP in a market economy, in 1990, the non-state non-profit Association "Folk Artistic Crafts of Russia" was created.

Such an approach to the promotion of NHP in the future, as expected, will contribute to an increase in the general cultural level and aesthetic education of the population, and will help preserve the national heritage. This will allow replenishing museum expositions, holding master classes and exhibitions-fairs, and will be reflected in educational activities among Russian and foreign tourists. As a result, this will further strengthen integration with the tourism sector and have a positive impact on the development of ethnographic tourism in Russia.

Bibliography

1. Adashova T.A., Kosareva N.V., Lapochkina V.V. Prospects for the development of ethnographic tourism in the Republic of Adygea // Economics and Management - 2015: collection of materials of the international scientific conference, 3rd session. Russia, Moscow, September 28-29, 2015 / ed. prof. G.A. Alexandrova - M .: RusAlliance Sova, 2015. S. 34 - 45.

2. Adashova T.A., Kosareva N.V., Lapochkina V.V. Ugra: features of promotion of tourism potential in the domestic market//Service PLUS. - No. 2. - Volume 10. - 2016. - P. 17-25.

3. Yakovenko N.V. Folk arts and crafts as a special brand cultural tourism depressive region (on the example of the Ivanovo region) // Modern problems of service and tourism - No. 4. - Volume 9. -2015. P.62-71.

4. Modern tourism: current problems and prospects. [Collective monograph edited by Dusenko S.V.]. - M .: RGUFKSMiT, 2016. - 238 pages.

5. Official website of the Association "Folk Artistic Crafts of Russia" [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.nkhp.ru/

6. Svetlana Dusenko, Natalia Avilova, Viktoriya Lapochkina, Natalia Kosareva, Tatiyana Adashova, Dina Makeeva Educational Technology in the Field Of Russian Tourism and Hospitality // Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences July – August 2016 RJPBCS 7(4) Page no. ISSN 1638: 0975-8585

7. Official website of the Chamber of National Thoughts: [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://palata-npr.ru/

8. Official website of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia: [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://minpromtorg.gov.ru/

Regional policy in the field of tourism: challenges of the time and prospects for development
Modern trends and topical issues in the development of tourism and hotel business in Russia
Materials of the international scientific and practical conference March 9-10, 2017

O.V. Pushkareva

On the specificity and diversity of the folklore of tourists

It is impossible to imagine the true picture of the current state of folklore traditions without studying the oral creativity of the townspeople. However, its collection, especially in large cities, is hampered by a number of circumstances. Therefore, the study of oral traditions of primary contact groups is of particular interest.

In particular, articles by K.E. Shumov and Yu.A. Korabelnikova about the demonological stories of climbers and speleologists, where it is quite convincingly proved that tourist folklore is typologically similar to traditional. The authors give many vivid examples of the modern myth-making of tourists.

A deeper and more comprehensive study of the oral traditions of tourist groups is needed. We will try to present tourist folklore as broadly and fully as possible, in its genre diversity, since it includes not only mythological stories and riddles mentioned by Perm scientists.

The material for this work was about 170 texts recorded by the author in the 80-90s from tourists in Moscow, Dnepropetrovsk, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and other cities. Our informants were representatives of almost all technical types of tourism - mountain, water, ski, speleotourism, as well as hang gliders and scuba divers. The most complete and interesting stories, as a rule, can be written down either from old acquaintances or in a field situation. At the same time, unlike Permian folklorists, it seems to us more important to note in the passport of the recording not so much the place where it was made, but the age and tourist experience of the performer.

There is a kind of "belief": if, after returning from his first trip, a person wants to go back, then he will be a real tourist. Such a "teapot" (novice) gradually turns into either a "serious tourist" or a "mattress" (vacationer) over time. However, it can combine both, or it can remain a "teapot" for a long time. Becoming a tourist, a person finds himself not only in a new social and landscape environment, but also in a special communication system. It develops due to periodic contacts of tourists both within groups and between groups, as a rule, from different cities: on routes, at railway stations and stations, in tourist clubs, etc. An important role in this process is played by meetings and festivals of the KSP. The existence of this communication system is especially evident when experienced, "burnt" tourists "teach life" to beginners, as well as in some extreme situations. The description and development of the system is served by numerous texts, both plot and short paroemia formulas, as well as rich and colorful tourist slang. Let us turn to the consideration of predominantly prose texts.

Some of them mark the border between the usual "civilized" life and hiking exotic:

What is tourism?

During the campaign, the tourist's occupational disease, the pit of the stomach, is exacerbated.

The signature forest drink is "smoky" tea: pour tea leaves into boiling water and stir in the smut taken out of the fire.

Each mote of the belly is a vitamin.

The microbe is a delicate creature, it dies from dirt.

On earth, all microbes are crushed.

Only lazy people who are too lazy to itch are washed.

A layer less than a centimeter is not yet dirt, but more will fall off by itself.

More mud wider muzzle. (The wider the snout, the tighter our ranks).

It is not this dirt that should be feared, but the soul should be taken care of.

In addition to playful reminders of the purely everyday side, in a number of stories, for example, behavioral and local oppositions are actualized. `tourist / ordinary person`, `inhabited / non-inhabited` (i.e. area):

Training output of skiers in the suburbs. They run all over the place. Naturally, when you walk, you walk slowly, "turning the carousel": the one in front takes fifty steps, after which a step to the side, and stands at the tail of the group. Well, it turns out a normal, good ski track. Suddenly a cry is heard from behind: "I'm skiing! I'm skiing!" And when there is a heavy trail, you just go crazy there. The people completely mechanically take a step to the side from the track. A man at full speed flies past them and flops into the virgin soil.

We walked along the Desna. By nightfall they entered the city. Well, what to do, we land on some shore. It turned out that the landfill at the pioneer camp had some boards, mattresses ... The weather was clear, without tents they put sleeping bags on carpets, chewed something, without a fire. Everything is fine, everything is fine. middle of the night Steps. Whether the watchman, or the bum, apparently decided to see what kind of new bales were lying around. And a flashlight in the face ... A very good shock: "What are you doing here?" "And we live here!"

Hang gliders told how in the Crimea they went to the vineyard under cover: while they were picking grapes, a man on a hang glider on a lookout was hovering over them and looking for watchmen nearby.

The ironically conditional opposition of different types of tourism is structurally and semantically very similar to traditional proverbs and anecdotes about the inhabitants of different localities. For example, cavers are jokingly called " cavers", climbers "alpinoids", watermen "wet-assed". The miners say that "Watermen eat immoderately, because they have no weight restrictions, and carry all sorts of delicacies with them, up to cucumbers in jars." "Certainly, watermen agree. Miners even saw off the cuttings of spoons to make them easier. And the kayak, although heavy, is good: at first you carry it a little, but then it takes you a long time. Experienced kayakers in the parking lot after passing the threshold show the beginners the famous "vodnik poses number one and number two" for drying certain parts of the body over a fire. Such humor sometimes reaches the grotesque:

The ideal catamaran sailor should have one arm shorter than the other to make it easier to row. The legs should be unfastened so that they do not become numb and so that it is more convenient to sit in the stops. At the request of the supply manager, one stomach per group. And you don't need brains. Only the leader should have brains.

Climbers and mountaineers are occasionally reminded of the old proverb: "Smart will not go uphill."

The stories about how mountaineers went on a water trip are typologically similar to traditional jokes about fools:

Mining section<турклуба>I decided to go to the water to relax, relax. The river, excuse me, is flat, flat, there is no flatter, from a technical point of view it does not represent anything. We are coming. I am collecting a kayak. I see people haven't gathered yet. I think we need to help the gentlemen of the miners. I notice a noise there, a rattle. People sawing some pieces of wood. I say: "Guys, do you need a rem?" "Yes, we have everything. "I go up, I look. The people naturally do not saw wood, but saw a set from an erzetka ...: "Guys, what are you doing?" “Yes, we, he says, assembled the frame, put the skin next to it, and put the skin next to it, and the skin is shorter than the frame. We shorten the frame ...” Well, of course, a skin not stretched is really shorter than the frame.

How people forgot the ax. I understand, okay, they have no water experience, but why an ax without a case, just throw it into a kayak? There is a head, albeit a miner maybe a stone was hit on the head, but still something should remain there ... They throw an ax into the kayak and find it there only after the keel, when water is poured out of the canoe like this<перевернув ее>and an ax falls out of it, which is stuck behind an inflatable side.

Such stories, among other things, perform one of the important functions of tourist folklore - the formulation of norms and laws of camp life, from technical to ethical and everyday. Also, for example, the saying "A tourist is a forest orderly", paraphrasing a well-known statement about an ant, jokingly recalls one of the vital activities of a tourist - collecting dead wood and deadwood for a fire. The rules for using a camping autoclave can be recalled in the popular sadistic rhyme genre:

The group took the Gumachi pass.

Vitya slaughtered grub in the can.

It's hard to get the gauge out of your eye...

Tighten the valve, infection!

Plots that perform this function (it can be defined as normative) usually describe a vivid, memorable incident, demonstrating the importance of observing a rule.

One instructor took the kids to the mountains. He had a favorite place and a favorite joke there. He leads the group to such a wonderful clearing, a small plateau, sets up a camp and lines everyone up on a ruler: “Here, you see, what a beauty. Don’t spoil anything here, don’t pick flowers, if you need to go there, to the gorge.-- I’ll make everything I’ve spoiled eat.” Everyone disperses. In the evening, they and an assistant open a can of squash caviar, dump it under a bush and cover it with a piece of paper.-- again a general gathering: "So. I warned you yesterday? And whose is this?-- And to this guy-- yours?" "No, yes I, but what are you ..." A man in front of the whole group approaches this pile,<обмакивает в нее палец и пробует на вкус>: "You're lying. Yours ..." The effect is one hundred percent: after that, the clearing always remained pristine.

How the cold woman took the girl. Cold fatigue - this is such a disease, not from the cold itself, but purely psychological, from unaccustomed. A quiet shift begins, the person becomes terribly irritable, and so on. On average, this occurs about two weeks later, for experienced skiers-- Later. To one degree or another, all people are subject to this fatigue. Sometimes it can come on the first or second day, with absolutely fantastic reactions.

In one of the training exits, such an incident occurred. We are sitting in a tent, the stove is hot, who is in what - in T-shirts, in swimsuits, to relieve tension ... The girl sits and sits, suddenly announces thoughtfully that she does not want to live anymore, and with the words: "I'll go, I'll drown myself," she gets up and goes to the exit. They sat down, calmed down. After a while, she says: "That's right, I'm wrong, I understood everything ... It's okay, I'll go out, I want to wee." And there is a joyful clatter. I'm jumping out. The tracks lead towards the river... Then the situation is as follows. Evening. Some skiers are returning home along the shore. And he sees how a girl in a training suit runs out from behind a river turn and runs across the ice (there is not a single hole there). Behind her appears a man in his shorts and rushes to catch up with her. Both are hiding behind another bend in the river. After a while, they see the man heading back, carrying the girl on his shoulder and periodically slapping her on the pope. The girl kicks her legs and tries to escape... There is not a single settlement near her. It's minus twenty outside. Such is the picture.

The stories, reminiscent of the moral precepts of tourism, are more serious, up to tragedy. As a rule, these are legends about dead tourists and stories about mythological characters.

Among the characters of tourist demonology, the most famous are the Black Climber and the White Speleologist, around whom quite extensive circles of plots have developed. Many of them are presented in the publications of K.E. Shumov and Yu.A. Korabelnikova (see above). One more "myth" about the origin of Bely can be added to them:

The name of the White Speleologist was Albest. Frenchman. His mother's name was Eva.

The cave in the Alps, one of the most powerful, is quite long. Frost figured that our Snezhnaya was still longer. (Frost is a man who died under unclear circumstances: he was either washed away or flooded with an avalanche in the offseason. Everyone knew him). And so four speleologists went to this cave. We got to the siphon. The first siphon was shallow, they passed the first, then the second. And there was a third siphon. And so Albest dived into the third siphon, terrible, very deep. And diving in a cave is raising the turbidity from the bottom, you can’t see anything and you don’t know when you emerge. And so his colleague pulled out the cut rope. The people are scared. And they got out of there. They couldn't find a way out.

Albest's mother, Eva (an old woman of about forty) entered this cave and said: "You left him. You must find him." And then she reached this siphon, turned around and they saw that it was not that beautiful woman, but a terrible gray-haired old woman, completely creepy ... One did not get out of this cave. Another died in the same year in the same place, in the Alps. The third was not a Frenchman, his name was Ludwig, Ludovic, a Swede. I know the person who saw him. It was not so long ago, in the year 64-65. Louis died in our Caucasus, on Shkhelde, not in a cave, in the mountains.

Since then, the Speleologist has appeared in the caves in a snow-white jumpsuit. Someone displays, someone does not, solely for moral reasons. Those who can potentially quit, as they threw him, he turns them on.

It happened to me, and not in the Caucasus somewhere, but in the nasty Nikitsky caves. We are sitting. the dude came without introducing himself, whistled, talked, that's all. From where he came, he went there ... But after that there was a whole chain of deaths.

And Eva is two-faced. Whoever goes into caves, if he does not leave anyone, always feels responsible for another, such a beautiful woman can appear to him. Accordingly, vice versa. Traitors have no faith. She always just shows up and leads. But some lead in one direction, and others in the other. And turns to them with one of his two faces.

In an atmosphere of prolonged emotional and physical stress, a sense of increased danger, many stories about supernatural phenomena and unusual incidents are born, which are often associated in the minds of performers with famous characters.

Bzyb river in Abkhazia. The canyon is no weaker than the American Great. Climbing World Championship. A man in black overalls participates in the individual competition. There are, as usual, two belayers... And in rock climbing, there is such a rule: you can rely only on the tips of your fingers and feet. And here is this man leaning on his knee. A whistle blew: a violation, there was another point of support. This guy, not at all embarrassed, got up and walked perpendicular to the sheer cliff. A lot of people have seen this.

Strange things were happening at the same time on Shkheld (this is somewhere between the 58th and 72nd year). One of the eccentrics dropped his backpack on the letter "m", the guys walked along the ledge, quite high. (This also happened to me once a week without grub.) So he climbed for a backpack. They attached a safety harness to him, went down ... After some time, he pulls the safety torso, they lift him up, he is all gray-haired and cannot say a word. He saw something there. The second climbed up there: curiosity and, then, not for the first time in the mountains, the desire to know everything ... Breakage of the rope. the rope was cut like a knife. And so, instead of slipping away from this place, the third photographer climbed up. This one returned safely. They raised him to speak, but he said: “I didn’t understand something, what it was there. We need to develop the films.” We've arrived. Everything is fine. He develops films at home. The guys are breaking into him, looking at him hanging on a hook. And there's a bunch of films burned in an ashtray... Maybe I've dumped two stories in a bunch, but that's all to the question of the black Alpinist.

Many climbers and mountaineers claim that meeting Bigfoot is a fairly common occurrence and usually portends trouble.

Like the bearers of ancient traditions, tourists inhabit the uninhabited space with wonderful and terrible creatures that may have certain relatively stable characteristics: habitat (mountains, caves, rivers, etc.), certain functions (help, punishment, warning, etc.). ), sometimes appearance (often reduced to one color, which brings them closer to the characters of children's horror stories). For example, there is a belief among watermen about the Midnight Waterman:

I don’t remember exactly how it all started. There were several versions of this story, but all of them are somehow connected with the theme of love and stupidity. In short, the guy got into an empty kayak in the middle of the night and set off to no one knows where.

Nobody saw him again. But since then, they say, in various places you can hear the splash of oars at night, this is the Midnight Vodnik floating. In this case, in no case should you approach the water and even look in that direction. You need to run away from the water and be especially careful the next day.

The author also had to hear indirect information about the Blue Vodnik, which is somehow mysteriously connected with river "pockets" (these are characteristic roughnesses of the coast, representing an increased danger in strong currents: it can be "dragged" there).

the serious pathos of such stories is contrasted with the comedy of numerous parodies in the genre form of anecdotes, “anti-bilichkas”, “anti-beliefs”, etc.

In the Caucasus, they somehow walked: it took a long time to go around the gorge, and on top of it a high-voltage line passes across, through the gorge. And I went along it, right along the wires. The height is quite decent... The next day at the shelter, they told how a black one flew over them.

All sorts of climbers and mountaineers consider it their duty to tell about the Bigfoot .... Here the guys once decided to walk on several peaks in one day. The weather is good, we jumped out of the base camp light: swimming trunks, sneakers, an ice ax and ran. And here one was impatient. He hid behind a pebble, sitting. And then a group of young people passed by, and is heading towards him. And he sits behind a pebble, he understands that he has nowhere to go. Jumps out and says: "Ah-ah-ah!" And they ran back. And the next day, at the shelter, they told how Bigfoot threw stones, screamed, almost ate someone.

In the A ... Gorge, the Bear eats throws from university tourists every two years. Capitally, from report to report. He ate ours. moreover, they warn: hide well, otherwise the Bear will eat it. And they hide it on a tree, or fill it up with stones. Still eats. We arrive, everything is dug out, and a bunch of candy wrappers from chocolates.

The author also had to hear at different times at least two songs about the White Speleologist. One of them sang about how a group of slobs descended underground, and as they violated the elementary rules of caving, Bely, following, aggravated the consequences of their negligence: he took away abandoned ropes, pulled out loosely fastened hooks, etc. Another song (it is known that its author is M. Volkov) is about how one man pretended to be White, how he was caught and beaten for a long time ... Hang gliders also talk about the black Hang Glider and the Flying Iron. Common plots of modern jokes are timed to mythological characters:

When jokes start to be told in the cave, there is such laughter there! Half an hour later, some ingenious phrase like: "Natasha Rostova is crawling along the drift ..." is enough, and the people simply fall.

Climbers sleep at night. Suddenly one wakes up: at the tent "top-top, top-top", then something furry climbs into the tent, eyes glow:

ѕ Man, do you have ink?

ѕ No.

It crawls out and back: "top-top, top-top"...

The man sighed, crossed himself, lay down. Just fell asleep again: "top-top, top-top." Again It breaks in, eyes burn in the dark. Well, the man thinks everything.

ѕ Man, do you have ink?

ѕ No...

ѕ Well, here you go. I brought.

Gathered cave witches, sitting. One:

ѕ And speleologists came to us.

ѕ So what?

ѕ And I went to them.

ѕ So what?

ѕ Imagine me being raped.

ѕ So what?

ѕ And I will go again.

So do tourists take all this "evil" seriously? It is impossible to answer this question unambiguously. But it should be noted that with age, many of them become more superstitious and, unlike young people, already 27-30-year-old informants can quite clearly formulate many beliefs:

If you meet Bigfoot, then the main thing is not to tell anyone anything. As you know, if you remember the devil, he will appear.

When you are sitting in the forest, it is better to talk about love, about work, about anything. Until then, neither witches nor goblin will come to you until you remember about them. As soon as you open a window into that world, get it, everyone will welcome it. By morning, they will not even find your corpse, but a crazy shadow that rushes around in a panic throughout the forest.

When Garis took the children to the grotto of Viti Chagall, he always first asked if there were people among them with the initials "V.Sh." He refused to do such things. Because there have already been coincidences: people with these initials do not return from the grotto.

There are also known beliefs of a practical nature, closer to signs. For example, hang gliders are largely dependent on the vagaries of the weather: flying requires a wind of a certain strength and direction. Here are just a few of the many signs of "hang gliders":

You can't drink to the weather, it's a forbidden toast.

Friday, the thirteenth non-flying day.

If the long-awaited wind rises, one cannot violently express joy on this occasion so as not to frighten it away.

To be lucky with the weather, on the day of arrival, be sure to climb to the top of the mountain and have a drink there.

There is always weather on the day of arrival and on the day of departure.

As collecting practice shows, many of those who consider themselves serious tourists do not talk about supernatural events so easily and superficially. Some of them prefer not to touch on such topics at all, especially in conversations with unfamiliar people:

I have been going for 35 years and I don’t know anything about any evil spirits ... Yes, stories are being told about both Black and White, who have nothing more to say. I never listened to them. For me, the main thing is order, technique ...

Others treat "forest" superstitions with peculiar respect:

The older generation is still more superstitious than we are. When, climbing into the unit, we jokingly said: “Well, guys, we’re climbing into a mass grave,” (and there were avalanches just there), the man was terribly scared: “That’s impossible, that’s impossible.”

When we were still walking with the old people, we were sitting around the fire one night, suddenly: "Oh, someone is rowing there." They listened so carefully<очень настороженно>: "Oh, no, just imagined"<с явным облегчением>. Then followed the story of the Midnight Vodnik<см. выше>.

Many of our informants note that tourists of the older generation ("sixties") "knew more interesting things", "in general, they were somehow more romantic." The oral tradition of tourism itself can be traced back to about the 1950s. However, in some cases it can be argued that some of its roots go much deeper. Tourism as a mass phenomenon did not arise from scratch: people have always traveled, especially in our vast country. And sometimes in the stories of modern tourists there are echoes of rather archaic traditions. So, once a former mountaineer recalled a proverb once heard on a campaign: "the black Alpinist grabs the last one," but he could not remember why and why it was said so. This was followed by the answer:

ѕ Yes, just like before. At the end of the last - the beginning of this century in the village, when unmarried girls went to the river to swim, they came out of the water and chanted: "Grandfather, grandfather, grab the last one!" And the last girl left in the water, in a panic, rushed to the shore ... It was my late grandmother who told me, from the Ryazan region ... Such things sometimes pop up in my memory just like that, you never remember, for no reason.

Even when I was little, I heard from an old tourist, somewhere in the camp site, in the forest, that when you walk along the road, you can’t drink from the source that is on the left hand. Or rather, you can drink, of course, but you will never get drunk, in a few minutes you will want to drink again.

For several years in a row we went on winter trips to Pomorie, Arkhangelsk region. And somehow I got into a conversation with one local village grandfather. He asks: "Why are you actually walking, why did you get carried here, into such a distance?" “Yes, I say, sometimes you want to somehow understand yourself, to understand yourself. When you walk through such open spaces, something becomes clearer, easier ...” “Ah, he says, it’s understandable. We have been doing this for a long time, too. It’s not like these here ... "And in those parts in the summer, watermen walk along the river. moreover, it looks like this: the people are dragging, straining, a bunch of heavy backpacks and kayaks to the upper reaches of the river, so that later they can float from there. So: "This, he says, everything is clear, these are athletes. And you are wanderers."

In the last story, we are talking, apparently, about the tradition of pilgrimage, common in the Russian North.

Much more often there are examples of the active use of modern folklore trends by tourists. Tourist folklore intensively absorbs and transforms them in a peculiar way, as a rule, in a parodic form. So, for example, tourist paraphernalia looks comical in plots about famous characters of modern jokes or, conversely, jokes about unexpected collisions of tourists with everyday reality:

Sherlock Holmes asks Watson:

ѕ Watson, what do you see above us above?

ѕ Well, stars.

ѕ And what can you assume by applying the deductive method?

ѕ Well, the weather is clear and warm. By morning it will probably get colder. What else?

ѕ I would say more: apparently, our tent was stolen.

Suitable speleologist to the cave. Looked there:

ѕ Woo!

He is there again:

ѕ Woo!

He again:

And then there is the train.

Stirlitz walked towards Bormann. "Isaev," thought Borman. "Vizbor," thought Stirlitz.

Such a widespread principle of creating a comic, as a parody of a language, style, is also popular in tourist anecdotes:

Spelik descends into the hole and the one at the top shouts:

ѕ Insure!

He is silent. He again:

ѕ Hey, you there, belay!

He is silent again. This one below again to him:

ѕ Yes, insure!

ѕ I hear from insurance.

walks down the woods. Look, the tent is up. Well, he untied one stretch, untied another, untied a third. The tent stands and stands. Well, he generally untied everything, but the tent stands and stands. Well, it got interesting. Peeps and there Do not care sits.

Among the parodies we recorded, both prose and song, the comic "prayer before meals" stands somewhat apart. it is pronounced by men with a very serious look, standing, holding a raised spoon in front of them:

Lord, who art in heaven,

Don't take a spoon past your mouth

Help the unshaven

Not quite washed

Don't get into trouble

While eating,

To meat and fat

Not stuck in the mouth

So that any food

fish and vegetable,

Went to no harm.

In conclusion, let us make some preliminary remarks about the richest song layer of tourist folklore. Its serious analysis is an extremely difficult task, primarily because it is too closely intertwined with literary creativity, and it is almost impossible to distinguish between such concepts as a tourist song and an art song. The circle of these songs is very diverse in terms of genre and thematically. In particular, stylizations of Russian folk songs and parodies of them are quite popular.

The watermen of the Earth, Mars and Jupiter gathered on Venus. We sat by the fire, drank, took out the guitars:

Guys, do you know this one?

But this one?

No. Do you know this one?

Well, okay, let's "rolls"!

It should be noted that the well-known song of A. Gorodnitsky "Shoots" is sung not only by water workers, but also by representatives of other types of tourism.

In general, the nature of most tourist songs can be defined as lyrical-epic: the plot and the description of feelings, as a rule, coexist in them and are inextricably intertwined.

It is also interesting to note the use of the ditty, couplet principle in the tourist song:

If the ears turned blue in the cold,

Don't pay any attention to:

In a few minutes

The ears will fall off.

Never, ever be discouraged.

If you're stuck deep in a cave

Don't pay any attention to:

In a few minutes

Or the years will find you.

Never, ever be discouraged.

If you fell from the kata on the threshold,

Don't pay any attention to:

In a few minutes

Rescuers will find the body.

Never, ever be discouraged.

There are other similar verses, but the earliest of them, the performers refer to the post-war years:

If they kicked you out of the institute,

Don't pay any attention to:

Like a worker, you will eat

"R-4" to receive.

Never, ever be discouraged.

The informant explained that "P-4" is a worker's card for receiving 400 g of bread. The connection between tourist traditions and student traditions is obvious not only in this case. In general, such an "ancient", by tourist standards, song is a rather rare phenomenon.

Even a brief review of the oral art of tourists allows us to assess it as a vast and complex set of traditions and trends, typologically and genetically related to all-Russian urban folklore, as well as to the literary process and partly to the activities of the media. Individual cases allow us to trace its continuity with older traditions. Tourist folklore is diverse in terms of genre: it includes songs, legends, beliefs, bylichki, anecdotes, proverbs, signs, proverbs, sayings, poems, etc. These texts perform both aesthetic and mnemonic, normative functions, in some of them there is an element of ritual.

For a serious and in-depth study of this layer of modern folklore, it is necessary, first of all, to further collect it, which is interesting and useful not only in scientific terms.

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9i-3_ Folk culture as the basis of event tourism

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3

1. Event tourism as an integral part of the tourism industry………………………………………………………………………………19
1. Examples of event tours based on Russian folk culture…………………………………………………………………..25

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….31

References…………………………………………………………………33

Introduction

As a rule, entertainment is inherent in any tourist trip. People go on a journey for new unforgettable impressions, thrills and positive emotions. Leisure combined with entertainment prevails among other travel purposes and forms the most massive tourist flows in the world. Visiting bright and often unique events in cultural, sports or business life on a regional or global scale is the basis of event tourism. Event tour operators associate certain destinations with specific events. There are many reasons to organize event tours. Entertainment on a tourist trip can be associated with visiting various events (sports, festivals, competitions, shows, carnivals, etc.). In the world of culture, various festivals are popular, which are held annually in many countries of the world and are represented by art festivals, classical, jazz and rock, folk music festivals, film festivals, flower festivals, etc. Significant events in the world of music include concerts of world celebrities.

The most spectacular world-class events are carnivals, historically timed to coincide with the beginning of the Catholic Lent. However, along with carnival celebrations, there are a large number of folk holidays, festivals of national cultures, and fairs.

In this regard, the relevance of event tourism studies is of particular importance in connection with the theoretical and practical needs.

The purpose of this course work is to study the role of folk culture as the basis of event tourism.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Consider elements of folk culture in tourism;

To study the recreational essence of folk culture;

Expand the concept of event tourism;

Give examples of event tours based on Russian folk culture.

The work was based on the works of Aleksandrov A.Yu., Babkin A.V., Kvartalnov V.A., Kuskov A.S., Sapozhnikova E.N., Senin V.S. and etc.

1. Folk culture as a factor of human motivation

1. Elements of folk culture

Folk culture, being very firmly rooted in the past, now looks rather vague, permeable to the most diverse areas of modern, very multi-layered culture, widely assimilating their elements and traditions and therefore not having an unambiguous, generally accepted understanding.

The concept of "folk culture" (and especially "people") is associated with a variety of everyday associations, mainly value ideas, sometimes of a purely populist kind. In the very general view It can be said that a lot of concepts and objects, in the name of which there is the definition of "folk", are associated with folk culture in the public mind. In culture and language, they are very widely represented: folk art, folk art, folk wisdom, rumor, folk traditions, legends, beliefs, songs, dances, proverbs, folk craftsmen, healers, etc. 1

Culture is a historically defined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​\u200b\u200bcreated by them. This is a general, philosophical definition of culture. In addition to it, there are several more definitions of the concept of "culture", each of them in its own way has a refraction in tourism and is important for the development of the tourist business. 2

Folkloristics is the science of tradition and its laws among civilized nations; the science of everything that is transmitted orally - knowledge, techniques, recipes, rules and customs, verbal expressions and superstitions, fairy tales, legends, etc. Within the framework of this topic, one aspect of tradition is mainly considered - traditions in artistic culture, the role of traditions in folk art. Folklore or ethnic traditions can be rural (village), urban, bourgeois, aristocratic. For example, the handicraft methods of labor of former times, which are currently used, not prepared by theory, are folklore. Industrial or factory methods of creating outwardly "handicraft" products, developed with the help of technology, theory, are not folklore. Ethnographic traditions are typical of the tribe. This is that part of the artistic culture, which is inseparable from the main carrier - the person. The preservation and transfer of the accumulated experience is carried out directly by the transfer (from senior to junior) of established forms of behavior, skills, concepts. For example, traditional, folk (ethnographic) holidays: economic-calendar, religious, family-personal. The degree of significance of each group is determined by the influence of the tradition underlying them in the cultural life of the ethnic group.

At the same time, the degree of their significance in culture decreases precisely in this sequence. The great role of economic-calendar holidays is due to their eventful nature in the life of the tribe. The modern national and social traditions include the extraterritorialized part of artistic culture (derived outside the person himself), preserved and transmitted through the system of public information media (books, paintings, diagrams, graphics, floppy disks, video cassettes, etc.).

But the most striking, complex and characteristic form of tradition is a mass holiday - this is the rhythm of life, its meaning is not in entertainment and recreation, but in meeting the needs of people in the implementation of collective memory, in participating in co-creation - a dialogue between the past and the future, in other words, the need to be in the thick of life, to feel its pulse and living breath. The formation of certain stereotypes of artistic and ethnic culture proceeded gradually with the development of ethnic groups. Already at the tribal level, people had not only an established clear system of customs, but also rituals and rituals, covering almost all spheres of culture and creative activity.

Further, at the level of the nationality, they developed and became more complex, sometimes acquiring the force of law, determining not only the characteristics of people's culture, but also the place of the individual in society. In this regard, complex ceremonials were created that determined the emergence of special trends or trends in artistic culture, for example, in knightly culture.

Customs, rituals, rituals and ceremonies in modern society (when folk art, art and mass culture coexist at the same time) are changing very quickly.4 Some of them remain unchanged, but only in certain, highly professional areas of activity or in archaic cultures. Although the main form of implementation of traditions is still a holiday in the broadest sense of the word. A feature of holding modern holidays (state, religious, public, domestic and international, including professional, sports, thematic, family and personal) is the inclusion of any other forms of implementation of traditions, primarily shows, in their composition.

Each element of the ethnographic heritage has a pronounced geographical localization. This applies to clothing, household utensils, decorations, dwellings, and ornaments, which allows them to be used as ethnic markers that characterize the features of ethnic culture and the degree of its attractiveness for tourism. The more such ethnic markers exist in a given territory, the more specific and unique they are, the higher the degree of attractiveness of this territory, people, culture for tourism.

All these elements together and each of them separately is the result, or product, of folk art. There are quite a few types of folk art, so it is advisable to start their characterization by listing the main types represented in this territory.

The most important element of folk art and at the same time material production is artistic craft.

Of greatest interest in folk art is the direct creative process of creating or reproducing experience. Therefore, the possibility of meetings, direct contact with folk craftsmen is so important for tourism. But even if we are talking about a specially prepared ethnographic show, it still gives great pleasure to tourists. Specially trained ethnographic teams act out folklore scenes for tourists using various forms of traditional art: ritual songs and dances, elements of holidays, feasts with cooking dishes of folk cuisine. Less often, there is an opportunity to get acquainted with the characteristics of the local traditional religion or belief, or to take part in traditional types of work. Usually, the lack of specific data limits the ability to compile such a characterization. But in most relevant sources of information there are descriptions of dishes of folk (regional or local) cuisine, holidays, clothing, features of residential, religious and outbuildings, interior, etc.; they must be used in full.

Folk art is alive with regional, local traditions, preserved mainly in rural areas. Some sources of information give the names of ethnographic settlements that have preserved the traditional way of life. The presence of such settlements is a favorable prerequisite for the development of tourism. Folk art centers have been set up in large tourist areas. The presence (name and location) and, if possible, the composition of the types of folk art in such centers must be indicated in the description.

Folk art is a process, an act, a phenomenon of creating works that reflect the peculiarities of the worldview and aesthetic ideals of a certain people (ethnos).

Folk creativity reflects the degree, the measure of the organic connection of art with the life of the people. Folk art has two sides: utilitarian and aesthetic. The main property of folk (traditional) creativity is collectivity. 3

Also popular are festivals that widely represent various types and elements of national fine arts. For example, a characteristic feature of the Edinburgh Festival, which takes place regularly in Scotland, is that it introduces not only the works of local artists, but also the work of local composers, folklore and others - everything that arouses interest among tourists.

Music and dancing. The musical potential of the region is one of the attractive elements of the culture. In some "countries, music is the main factor in attracting tourists. Famous music festivals attract thousands of participants every year. Many resort hotels introduce their guests to national music during evening entertainment programs, at folklore evenings and concerts. Audiotapes with recordings of national music, the sale of which is common in most tourist centers, serve as an excellent means of introducing tourists to the culture of the people.

Ethnic dances are a characteristic element of national culture. Almost every region has its own national dance. Tourists can get acquainted with dances at special shows, folklore evenings, during entertainment programs. Vivid examples of dance as an expression of national culture are the dances of the peoples of Africa, Polynesian, Japanese dance "kabuki", Russian ballet, etc.

Folk crafts. The region that receives tourists should offer them a wide range of souvenirs made (factory or handicraft) by local craftsmen and artisans. Souvenirs are a good memory of the country. However, it should be remembered that a memorable souvenir made not in the country of visit, but in another, loses its significance for the tourist and is perceived as a fake.

An outstanding large-scale cultural event was organized in Singapore on the occasion of the beginning of the third millennium. The most sensational Asian holiday "Millenia Mania" was designed for a long period - from June 1999 to August 2000. Tourists participated in fantastic events, festivals, entertainment shows that make the change of millennia unforgettable. The celebration was carried out in accordance with the Tourism Authority of Singapore's "Tourism XXI" plan, which includes a significant expansion of the Chinatown area (Chinatown), the restoration project of which is estimated at almost 57 billion US dollars. According to the project, Chinatown within three years should turn into the liveliest area of ​​Singapore, reflecting its historical past. The Tourism Department has developed a plan for special events unique to Chinatown: celebrating the New Year according to the Chinese calendar, performing the "lion dance", wushu competitions, etc. Ethnic zones will appear near Chinatown, such as "little India". The Millennium Celebration is expected to transform the city from a run-of-the-mill tourist destination to the tourism capital of the 21st century.

Religion. Pilgrimage is the oldest type of travel known to mankind for thousands of years. Up to 80% of objects of tourist display are cult objects, for example, in Paris, cult objects account for 44%. The motives for a pilgrimage are the spiritual desire to visit religious centers and holy places that are especially revered in a particular religion, the performance of religious rites, etc. Motivation comes either from the prescriptions of a religion (for example, every Muslim must make a hajj to Mecca), or from religious aspirations and beliefs of the person. In the world, there are a number of monuments of religious architecture that are outstanding in their significance: Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral in France, St. Peter's Cathedral in Italy, etc., which act as the most important objects of tourist interest and attract tourists from all over the world. 4

Description of work

The purpose of this course work is to study the role of folk culture as the basis of event tourism.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
- consider elements of folk culture in tourism;
- to study the recreational essence of folk culture;
- to reveal the concept of event tourism;
- give examples of event tours based on Russian folk culture.

Content

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3
Folk culture as a factor of human motivation……………5
Elements of folk culture……………………………………….5
Recreational essence of folk culture……………………..11
Event tourism as an integral part of the tourism industry…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
The concept of event tourism……………………………………..19
Examples of event tours based on Russian folk culture…………………………………………………………………..25
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….31
References………………………………………………………………33

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• Introduction
• 3.1.1 Travel agencies
• 3.1.2 Museums
• 3.1.3 Souvenir products
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

Introduction

Folk rituals of everyday life and holidays are an integral element of the culture and national mentality of each country. The loss of traditions, customs of the ancestors entails the loss of the identity of the people and the feeling of patriotism. In the program training of students of a tourist university, the goal is to train specialists who are able to attract the attention of tourists to Russia not only with historical, architectural and natural objects, but also with original rituals, customs, holidays, rooted in ancient times, in the days of Slavic paganism and the first centuries Christianity in Rus'.

Ethnological education in the structure of tourist training will allow training specialists who are able to competently work in the domestic and inbound tourism market. For foreign citizens, most of our rituals, customs and holidays are national exotics that attract them to Russia. Our compatriots, for the most part, do not understand the significance of many phenomena, rituals and customs in the culture of their people. The use of ethnographic materials in educational tourism will increase interest in any object - whether it is an architectural monument, a necropolis, or natural object. In each locality there is Red Mountain, Yarilin Meadow, Devil's Pool or other places with which ancient legends, rituals, and festivities are associated. Health tourism will only benefit from replenishment with such elements as picking up healing herbs that are special for the area, riding on the grass on Job the Long-suffering (May 19), a Slavic wrestling competition under the guidance of experienced instructors. Tourism-leisure, involving a long stay in a certain place (sanatorium, boarding house, camp site), provides the most complete opportunities for the use of ritual elements tied to calendar dates. What could be more interesting and exotic than the Ivan Kupala holiday with night swimming and jumping over the fire, trinity rites or participation in carnival fun? The use of the traditions of folk cuisine in the restaurant business has long established itself as a very promising direction.

The relevance of the study is also due to economic conditions, political and cultural transformations taking place in our country. The deployment of foreign and domestic policy requires new guidelines in humanitarian and professional education, ethical and national education of the younger generation.

Purpose: To consider the importance of Russian folk holidays for the development of tourism.

Tasks:

1. Consider the problems of tourism development.

2. Study Russian folk holidays.

3. Consider the impact of Russian folk holidays on tourism in Primorsky Krai.

theoretical significance.

In the course of the course work, you can see how developed the system for promoting Russian folk holidays in tourism is.

Practical significance.

The course work will consider the object of study, its development. When considering the subject of research, its significance and potential will be revealed.

1. The problem of the development of inbound tourism

1.1 Problems that foreigners face when they want to visit Russia

In Primorsky Krai, there are a number of factors hindering the full development of the tourism sector:

underdeveloped tourist infrastructure Primorsky Krai, which is due to the high level of capital intensity and, often, a long payback period due to the seasonal nature of the services provided.

· there is no reliable, operational information base of tourism resources, facilities, services, proven forms and methods of tourism statistics, a system for collecting marketing information that ensures the full promotion of the tourism product of Primorsky Krai;

· the assortment of souvenirs on the subject of Primorsky Krai is limited, the places of its sale are low positioned, which does not allow forming the image of municipalities of Primorsky Krai favorable for tourism;

· the recreational and historical and cultural potential of the Primorsky Territory is used to a small extent;

· the discrepancy between the places of collective accommodation facilities for tourists and recreants to the possibilities of the industry and the nature of the tourist product generates a low level of their occupancy, the average rate of which does not exceed 40 percent;

· high level prices for air transportation and services of collective accommodation facilities for tourists reduces the competitiveness of the tourist product of Primorsky Krai in the international tourist markets of the Asia-Pacific countries;

· a limited range of large-scale events at the regional and international levels of modern infrastructure does not provide an active growth in the tourist flow. To date, only two parks of culture and recreation are officially registered in Primorsky Krai; the number of cultural and leisure institutions has decreased by 125 units since 2002, the number of theater, musical, and folklore creative groups has decreased by 840 units;

· Quantity and quality of sightseeing objects are not able to provide content for long tours. Today's volume of objects of the excursion display allows organizing only a 2-3-day tour program;

despite the presence of a number of educational programs of a tourist orientation, in the Primorsky Territory there is no systematic approach in practice-oriented education, training of certain categories of specialists in the field of tourism, including guides, animators of entertainment programs, in establishing professional requirements for them, taking into account the needs of the market tourist services. An expert assessment shows that only 20 percent of hotel enterprises in Primorsky Krai employ university graduates without work experience, while the degree of dissatisfaction with the level of training and professionalism of their employees is manifested in about 80 percent of enterprise managers.

1.2 Ways to solve the problems of inbound tourism

On September 15, 2010, within the framework of the VI Baikal Economic Forum, a round table No. 7 "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation: problems and solutions" was held, which discussed the problems and prospects for the development of the tourism industry in Russia.

The Chairman of the Committee of the Federation Council on Youth and Tourism also noted that it is necessary to work on simplifying the visa regime. Now intergovernmental agreements are in force: with China - on visa-free trips for tourist groups for up to 15 days, with Korea - on simplifying visa formalities. A visa facilitation agreement is being prepared with Japan.

As a result of round table No. 7 "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation: problems and solutions", recommendations were adopted to the Government of the Russian Federation, federal agencies and ministries, as well as legislative and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. For example, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation was recommended to submit proposals to the Government of the Russian Federation on the development of the infrastructure of railway stations and airports on the most attractive tourist routes. Far East and the Baikal region. The Federal Agency for the Development of the State Border of the Russian Federation - to take measures to actually establish an international pass regime for the Mondy checkpoint, changing its status from bilateral to multilateral; provide for a major overhaul of the road from the village of Mondy to the Mondy ACP and others.

At the round table in RIA "Novosti" dated 06/23/2011, the Russian Union of Tourism Industry proposed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to create a working group to solve the problems of inbound tourism and stipulated that Russia would not be able to increase the inbound flow of foreign tourists if the consulates of our country abroad were unfriendly to the tourism industry, and the procedure for issuing visas will remain just as complicated. It is not enough to improve the infrastructure, improve the level of service and optimize the ratio of price and quality, especially since in both capitals all this already fully complies with international standards. We also need to make sure that foreign tourists want to visit Russia and could come to us without much trouble.

Yury Barzykin, vice-president of the PCT, noted that in 2010 Russians who went abroad took out 26.5 billion dollars. And foreigners brought 8.9 billion dollars into Russia. The difference between the two figures - 17.5 billion - is the deficit in the balance of payments under the "Trips" item. "For comparison, in the US from January to April, tourists brought in 12.9 billion dollars, plans for the whole of 2011 - reaching the figure of 151 billion," - added Mr. Barzykin.

Another problem of inbound tourism, according to Sergei Voitovich, is the high competition of different countries. "For example, the Russian ecological tourism product - Baikal, Altai, Kamchatka - competes with Costa Rica, Kenya, Tanzania, which go out of their way to make tourists come to them. And what are we doing for this?"

According to Irina Tyurina, operators accepting tourists in Russia, among the main problems hindering the development of inbound tourism, note the complexity of the procedure for issuing visas, as well as the troublesome and humiliating procedure for registering foreigners in Russia. Among other problems is the shortage of modern cruise ships, modern buses for group tourist transportation, as well as the lack of necessary information in foreign languages, the lack of signs in Latin. "The solution of these and other problems is not within the competence of any one ministry or department. Tourism is an inter-farm complex."

Outcome of the round table: The PCT proposed to create a working group with the participation of representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Sports and Tourism, the Federal Tourism Agency, industry public organizations and other interested parties - to jointly solve problems and discuss the prospects for the development of inbound tourism in Russia.

From the above, it follows that the tourism sector is underdeveloped and needs to be improved and supplemented. Under such conditions, it will be difficult to develop Russian folk holidays as a tourism factor. The development of infrastructure in this area is required.

2. Basic information about the potential of Russian folk holidays

2.1 The concept and essence of the holiday

A holiday is a special state of mind, an emotional joyful upsurge caused by the experiences of some solemn event. In human life, the personal and the public are closely intertwined.

Holidays associated with the history of the country, with its centuries-old traditions, rituals, customs, allow a person to realize his unity with all the people.

The holiday has always performed important social functions, had a deep meaning, in it a person felt like a person, a member of a team.

The manifestation of all forms and types of culture of any group, starting from the accepted forms of behavior, ending with the demonstration of outfits and the performance of traditional rituals, goes through a holiday.

The holiday calendar changes as the history of the Fatherland changes.

traditional Christian holidays remain unchanged, interest in which has now increased significantly. And it's not just curiosity. Knowledge of the origins of national culture, customs and habits of one's people will help to understand the history of one's country, the fate of generations and one's family tree.

2.2 Characteristics of Russian folk holidays

Mamslenica, symryan weekmla(before the spelling reform, buttermilk was also often used) is a folk holiday cycle that has been preserved in Rus' since pagan times. The rite is associated with seeing off winter and welcoming spring.

Maslenitsa got its name from the fact that during this period of time - the last week before Lent, it is allowed to eat butter, dairy products and fish. In the Orthodox (Russian) church calendar, this period is called the Cheese week, the week (week) following the meat-fat week. In its continuation, the Charter prescribes to abstain from meat (but not other fast food), and the usual fast on Wednesday and Friday is canceled; On Wednesday and Friday of the Cheese week, there is no liturgy. In the Orthodox Church, it is believed that the meaning of Cheese Week is reconciliation with neighbors, forgiveness of insults, preparation for Great Lent - a time that needs to be devoted to good communication with neighbors, relatives, friends, and doing good.

The start date of Maslenitsa changes each year depending on when Lent begins. The main traditional attributes of the folk celebration of Maslenitsa in Russia are pancakes and festivities.

springmnk (var. invocations spring) - Slavic rite of meeting spring; ritual songs of an incantatory nature, accompanying the rite of clicking (cooking) of spring. The timing of the holiday meeting of spring is not quite stable. Assimilation with the church calendar led to the fact that this holiday fell on Gromnitsy, Evdokia, Somroki, Annunciation, Easter, and ended almost everywhere on Krasnaya Gorka (the first Sunday after Easter) and only in some Western Russian villages - on Ascension or even on Trinity. During this time, the girls could gather to "click spring" at will on any day, but always on the Annunciation, Palm Sunday, Good Thursday, Thursday in Easter week and on Krasnaya Gorka. Prior to this, the holiday was probably approaching the astronomical beginning of spring - March 22 of the new style, the day of the vernal equinox. At the same time, apparently, the new year was also celebrated.

The designation of the holiday by the word "meeting" is not entirely accurate. They don’t meet spring, but they “call”, “hail”, “hoot”, “conjure”, that is, they call by means of spells. The primitive farmer did not fully understand the patterns of the change of seasons: the possibility was not ruled out that winter would last forever, and spring would not come. In order to prevent such a disaster, spring was invoked and attempts were made to bring about its return through rites. The beginning of spring was associated with the arrival of birds, and it was believed that the birds bring it with them. The words "as the birds fly, so the warmth will go with us" mean not only the sequence of events, but express the idea of ​​cause and effect.

In order to cause the arrival of birds, and consequently, the beginning of spring, it was necessary to depict this arrival, to imitate it. The main means of calling spring was that on one of the March days they baked larks or waders. These birds were given to children who placed them on elevated places, either tied with strings or thrown into the air. At the same time, the children sang stoneflies - ritual songs that were supposed to call, bring spring closer.

Nickymthat Vodopaml - day of the folk calendar among the Eastern Slavs, dedicated to the day of memory of St. Rev. Nikita 3 (16) April. The holiday is associated with feeding, appeasing the merman, who woke up on April 1 (according to the old style), on the day of Mary of Egypt. Waiting for three days for a treat, Vodyanoy breaks the ice and torments the fish. Part of the first catch, crumbs of bread, leftover wine, a pinch of tobacco, etc. were given as an offering to the waterman. In some cases, a horse bought in a clubbing was sacrificed to the waterman. If the merman is satisfied with the victims, then he will give the fishermen a good catch, will not interfere with them and will save them from the storm and drowning.

Water - a spirit, the embodiment of the destructive, hostile to man, the elements of water in the form of a mythical owner of a particular reservoir. In the view of the Belarusians, the merman had the appearance of an old average height with a long beard, smooth, shiny skin and webbing between the toes, which symbolized his connection with the water element. In stagnant lakes, he could represent a humpbacked and bearded old man with legs and a tail like a cow.

palm Sunday

On this day, the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the entry of the Lord into Jerusalem. This day is also called Palm Sunday.

In Rus', this holiday has long been called Palm Sunday. The name comes from the fact that believers come to this holiday with branches, as a rule, willow plants - willows, willows, willows or other trees that are the first to bloom in spring, in commemoration of those branches that were cut by the Jews who met Jesus in Jerusalem.

Of course, in the south, flowers and branches of other trees, usually palms, are used. In Russia, where there are no such trees and where willow is the first to bloom, its branches have been used since ancient times, which is why the holiday itself began to be called Palm Sunday. But its true name is the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem, the Week of Vay or Flower-bearing Sunday.

Vyamtskaya whistlingmnya, whistlemska- an original Vyatka folk holiday.

The first documented mention of the Whistler and its descriptions date back to the beginning of the 19th century.

According to legend, the holiday was celebrated as a day of commemoration of those killed in the fratricidal "Khlynov massacre" between Vyatchans and Ustyugs in the city of Vyatka and, according to pagan customs, was accompanied by whistling and dancing (Whistle was originally called "Svistoplyaska").

Initially, Whistle was celebrated on the fourth Saturday after Easter.

The holiday began in the chapel at the Razderikhinsky ravine of the city with a memorial service. Then violent fun unfolded, which also spread to the surrounding city blocks: people made noise, bawled songs, whistled whistles, staged fistfights and started brawls, treated themselves to various delicacies, drank wine. There was a fair right there: trading booths were set up, and Dymkovo craftsmen made hollow clay balls - "sharysh" and Dymkovo toys - ladies, cavaliers, bears, cows, goats, horses, bushy-tailed birds and cheap whistles in advance.

Gradually, the old holiday changed. The fisticuffs stopped, they stopped rolling balls down the ravine. The fair acquired great importance, the ancient ritual meaning of the holiday was forgotten. The sale of whistles, clay, and then plaster toys-figurines was expanding, and the children, having fun, whistled for two or three holidays.

In 1882, the Vyatskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti (Vyatskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti) used the new name "Svistunya" as a matter of course to designate the holiday.

The last whistle took place at the turn of the 1920s. In 1979, the elements of the holiday (fair, mass celebrations) were revived for the Day of the city of Kirov.

From the name of the holiday comes one of the nicknames of the Vyatchans - whistling.

Orthodox Easter

Christ's is the biggest and brightest Christian holiday. This holiday is also called Easter, that is, the Day on which our transition from death to life and from earth to Heaven took place.

Christ is risen! - and for the whole universe, a true spring began, a bright, joyful morning of a new life. The resurrection of the Lord Jesus is the first real victory of life over death.

Almost all Easter traditions originated in worship. Even the scope of Easter festivities is associated with breaking the fast after Great Lent - the time of abstinence, when all holidays, including family ones, were transferred to the celebration of Easter. Everything that expresses Renewal (Easter streams), Light (Easter fire), Life (Easter cakes, eggs and hares) becomes symbols of Easter.

On Easter, as on the most important holiday of the church year, a particularly solemn service is celebrated. It was formed in the first centuries of Christianity as baptismal. Most of the catechumens after the preparatory fast were baptized on this special day.

Kramsleepy thmrka- a folk spring holiday among the Eastern Slavs, known from ancient Russian times. With the spread of Christianity, it was timed to coincide with the first Sunday after Easter (the so-called Fomin Sunday or Fomin's Day) - the first day of the Radonitsa week.

The Red Hill symbolizes the full arrival of spring, this holiday was celebrated this time of the year.

Krasnaya Gorka is a holiday of fun, round dances, numerous booths and celebrations were held on this day.

This holiday, among other things, symbolizes the meeting of boys and girls, akin to the fact that spring is the beginning of a new life for all nature, therefore Krasnaya Gorka is also the first spring festivities for young girls. Games and festivities took place on hillocks, which were freed from snow earlier than others, hence the name - "red" (that is, beautiful) hill. Usually in Russia, weddings were timed to coincide with Krasnaya Gorka, in some places it began with the remembrance of the dead (at the cemetery), after which a holiday was held.

Holiday " Lelnik" usually celebrated on April 22, on the eve of St. George's Day (Egoriy Vesny). These days were also called "Red Hill", because the hill, located near the village, became the scene of action. A small wooden or turf bench was installed there. The most beautiful girl was put on it, who played the role of Lyalya (Lely).

To the right and left of the girl on the hill, offerings were placed on a bench. On one side was a loaf of bread, and on the other side was a jug of milk, cheese, butter, an egg and sour cream. Woven wreaths were laid out around the bench. The girls danced around the bench and sang ritual songs in which they praised the deity as a nurse and giver of the future harvest. In the course of dancing and singing, the girl sitting on the bench put wreaths on her friends. Sometimes, after the holiday, a fire (oleliya) was lit on the hill, around which they also danced and sang songs.

In spring rituals, throughout the entire Slavic world, various magical actions with eggs were widely used. Throughout the spring, eggs "pysanka", "krashenok" were painted - and various games were played with them. The church Easter calendar has largely obscured the archaic essence of the rituals associated with eggs, but the content of the Easter egg painting leads us into deep archaism. There are also heavenly deer, and pictures of the world, and many ancient symbols of life and fertility. Ethnographic museums keep thousands of Easter eggs, which are the most massive heritage of pagan ideas.

Trinity

50 days after Easter, the Orthodox Church celebrates the feast of Pentecost.

This day has another name - Trinity. Pentecost is considered the birthday of the Church of Christ. This is the day of the completion of the work of salvation and the day of the beginning of a new era that goes beyond our world. According to legend, before his ascension to heaven, the Son of God promised the apostles to send the Comforter, the Spirit of Truth. And on the 50th day after the Resurrection and 10 days after the Ascension in the Zion room, where the apostles prayed, the promise of the Savior was fulfilled. The holiday got its name because in this descent of the Holy Spirit, all the fullness of the Godhead (God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit) is manifested, which means that the economy of the salvation of the human race is completed.

The feast of the Trinity (Pentecost) and the following day of Spirits crown the chain of spring holidays (Shrovetide, Annunciation, Easter) and mark the onset of summer. The people called the Trinity week green Christmas time. Therefore, on this day, all Orthodox Christians rush to the church with flowers, where, after the liturgy, vespers are performed, at which the clergyman, together with those present in three kneeling prayers, asks for the Holy Spirit to be sent down to us, for the forgiveness of sins and for the repose of all in the faith and hope of the departed Christians.

Another feature of the feast of Pentecost is that on this day churches and houses of believers are decorated with trees, herbs, and flowers. This is how the Old Testament church celebrated Pentecost, thus celebrating the memory of God giving Moses the Law - the Ten Commandments - on Mount Sinai. And also, according to legend, the Zion chamber was decorated in this way, in which the apostles received the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost.

SemimTo (Green a week, Mermaid a week, Rusalia) - Slavic folk holiday after Easter, hence the name). It marks the end of spring and the beginning of summer. It is considered a women's holiday and is combined with the rituals of "seeing off the mermaids". In addition, it includes the rites of commemoration of the dead, merging in this with the Trinity Parental Saturday.

Mermaid week, or Rusalia, is the time when mermaids are on earth. It was believed that on Semik, that is, in May-June, when it becomes warm, mermaids appear on the banks of rivers, in forests and groves and swing on the branches of trees (cf. Pushkin: "The mermaid sits on the branches"). During the entire period, mermaids are in close proximity to a person, so that they can even come into contact with him. Numerous prohibitions and customs are associated with Rusalia, for example, a ban on large works was widespread, it was impossible to go into the forest alone, drive cattle there, rinse clothes and sew. One of the ancient customs associated with this holiday is the ban on swimming in the river, especially at noon and midnight. There was a belief that mermaids drag the drowned to themselves. In Mermaid Week, mermaids should have been appeased - then one could count on their help.

Rusalia in Rus' were celebrated on the eve of the Nativity of Christ and the Epiphany (winter Rusalia), in the week after the Trinity (Rusal Week) or on the summer Ivan's Day (Ivan Kupala). Judging by the annals, the main term of the Rusal was summer, tied already in the XII century to the Christian Trinity and ending with a strictly fixed day of the summer solstice - the day of Ivan Kupala (the birth of John the Baptist). The Kiev chronicle of the second half of the 12th century calls the "Mermaid Week" the seventh week after Easter, which ends with the feasts of the Trinity (seventh Sunday) and the descent of the Holy Spirit (Spirits Day).

On Thursday, the girls went to the forest to "curl a birch" (there was a birch in the field). Having chosen the trees, the girls curled them - they tied the tops of two young birch trees, bending them to the ground. Wreaths were woven from the branches. At the same time, they sang songs, danced round dances, and ate the food they brought with them under the birch trees (there must have been scrambled eggs). When curling the wreaths, the girls kumili, that is, they performed the ceremony of kumleniya: a cross was hung on birch branches connected in the form of a circle, the girls kissed in pairs through this wreath, exchanged some things (rings, scarves) and after that they called each other kuma (sisterhood). Experts explain this custom as a relic of ancient rituals that marked the puberty of girls. When the purely girlish rituals ended, the guys joined the festivities with refreshments and drinks.

Agrafena bathing suit (Agrafena Fierce roots) - such a popular name for the day of memory of St. Martyr Agrippina, which is celebrated on July 6.

This day of green Christmas time opened with a cycle of festivities of the summer solstice, which lasted until St. Peter's Day (July 12). The ceremonial actions that took place on the day of Agrafena Kupalnitsa were a kind of prelude to the rites of the following day of Ivan Kupala.

From that day on, for the first time after a long winter, people were allowed to bathe in rivers, streams, ponds and lakes. The Russians believed that on this day God lowers heat into the water, and John the Baptist cleanses the reservoirs of witches, water snakes, and other evil spirits that defile them. It was believed that water on this day receives life-giving force from the sun, useful for people. Peasants bathed naked in rivers and lakes, bathed in baths, poured water over each other from wells.

On Agrafena - votive porridge pooled. A pooled lunch, consisting of Lenten dishes, was put up in some villages for the poor brethren. The tables stood right in the middle of the village, and sometimes up to three hundred people came to such a meal.

From the same day, the ban on collecting flowers and herbs for magical and medicinal purposes was lifted. This was due to the fact that before Agrafena Kupalnitsa, according to legend, the souls of ancestors who lived on earth in the period between Easter and the Trinity lived on plants. On the same day they began to break the bath brooms. For this, not only branches of birch or oak were used, but also other deciduous trees: alder, bird cherry, willow, linden, currant, viburnum, mountain ash. It was believed that the brooms tied on this or on Ivanov's day had an increased healing power.

Peasants, to protect themselves from witches, put stinging nettles on the windows of their huts that day, and in the doors of cattle yards - a young aspen tree, uprooted by all means.

According to popular belief, on the night of Ivan Kupala, trees move from place to place and talk to each other through the rustle of leaves. Animals and even herbs talk to each other, which are filled with a special miraculous power that night.

The girls went out to look for "Ivanovo borscht" - a plant that, according to the Slavs, has great healing power. They usually went in search of whole companies, for fun and games the grass was heavily trampled.

In addition, they were looking for a white water lily, which was also called "grass-overcome". It was collected from creeks and dead ponds, so that, if necessary, they could take it with them on the road as a reliable remedy for various troubles and misfortunes.

At night, before sunrise, Ivan da Marya's flowers were plucked. It was believed that if you put them in the corners of the hut, then the thief would not be able to approach the house, they believed that the yellow and purple flowers of the plant (brother and sister) would talk to each other, and it would seem to the thief that the owner was talking to the hostess.

On the night from Agrafena to Ivan until sunrise, so that no one could see, they tore the Chernobyl, it was believed that coal could be found under the root. He, in turn, could become a salvation from many diseases of the abdomen, nausea, and so on. At the same time, it was believed that if someone sees you doing this, the coal will immediately go into the ground.

On the eve of Ivan Kupala, the girls were guessing by herbs.

They collected 12 herbs (thistles and ferns are a must), put them under the pillow at night so that the betrothed would dream ("The betrothed, mummers, come to my garden for a walk!").

At midnight, it was necessary to collect flowers and put them under the pillow. In the morning it was necessary to check whether twelve different herbs had accumulated. If you have enough, you will get married this year.

A plantain (triputnik) was placed under the head for the night with the words: "Triputnik-companion, you live by the road, you see the young and the old, tell me my betrothed!"

Willowmn Kupamla, Also Willowmnew day- a summer folk holiday of pagan origin, so called by the Eastern and Western Slavs. Midsummer Day has an old tradition of celebrating almost all over Europe. It is celebrated in many parts of Europe under a similar national name - in Russia, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine. It is especially strongly celebrated in Spain, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain and Ukraine, in many countries it is a national and church holiday. Initially, before the spread of Christianity, the holiday was associated with the summer solstice (June 20-22). With the adoption of Christianity, the ritual part of the holiday was timed to coincide with the birthday of John the Baptist - June 24th. Associated with this is its national name in different countries. In the new style, the date of birth of John the Baptist is later, falls on July 7, since the Russian Orthodox Church lives according to the old style. In Russia, the holiday has lost its astronomical correspondence to the solstice. There is no strict correspondence of astronomy in other countries: Sweden, Finland, etc.

Midsummer Day is filled with rituals associated with water, fire and herbs. The main part of the Kupala rites is performed at night.

Water

An obligatory custom of Ivanov's day was mass bathing: from that day on, all evil spirits came out of the rivers, so up to Ilyin's day it was possible to swim without fear. In addition, the water of Ivan's Day was endowed with life-giving and magical properties.

In places where there was a ban on swimming in the rivers (due to mermaids), they bathed in holy springs. In the Russian North, on the eve - on the day of Agrafena, the Bathers heated baths in which they washed and steamed, brewing the herbs collected that day. Both water and herbs on Midsummer's Day were endowed with magical powers, so their use was supposed to endow a person with vitality and health. Ivanovo brooms were used throughout the year.

On this holiday, according to popular beliefs, water can be "friends" with fire, and their union is considered a natural force. The symbol of such a connection is the bonfires along the banks of the rivers, which were burned on the night of Kupala. In addition, on Midsummer Night, as well as on Semik-Trinity, they very often divined with the help of wreaths lowered into the river: if the wreath floats, it promised happiness and a long life or marriage.

Fire

The main feature of the Kupala night is the cleansing bonfires. They danced around them, jumped over them: whoever jumps more successfully and higher will be happier. In some places, livestock were driven between the Kupala bonfires to protect them from pestilence. In Kupala bonfires, mothers burned shirts taken from sick children so that diseases would burn along with this linen. Young people and children, having jumped over the fires, arranged noisy fun games and races. Be sure to play in the burners. According to the beliefs of the peasants, on the Kupala, the shortest night, you can’t sleep, as all evil spirits come to life and become especially active - witches, werewolves, mermaids, sorcerers, brownies, water spirits, goblin. At the same time, it was believed that the Kupala fire had magical powers that could drive away all evil spirits, especially witches, who were especially dangerous on Kupala night and could steal milk from cows or spoil bread in the fields. In addition to bonfires, in some places on Kupala night, wheels and tar barrels were set on fire, which were then rolled down from the mountains or carried on poles, which is quite obviously connected with the symbolism of the solstice.

Herbs

A characteristic sign of Ivan Kupala is the numerous customs and legends associated with the plant world. Herbs and flowers collected before dawn are placed under Ivan's dew, dried and preserved, considering such herbs to be more healing. They fumigate the sick, fight evil spirits, they are thrown into a flooded oven during a thunderstorm to protect the house from a lightning strike, they are also used to kindle love or to "dry".

main character flora on Midsummer Day, a fern became, with which legends about treasures were everywhere associated. With a fern flower appearing for just a few moments at midnight on Midsummer Day, you can see all the treasures, no matter how deep in the ground they are.

In addition, one of the main symbols of Ivan's Day was the Ivan da Marya flower, which symbolized the magical union of fire and water. Folk tales connect the origin of this flower with twins - brother and sister - who entered into a forbidden love relationship and because of this turned into a flower. This legend goes back to the ancient myth of the incest of twins and finds numerous parallels in Indo-European mythologies. Ivan da Marya very often appear in Kupala songs.

Petrov day is a great holiday of the Orthodox calendar, which was celebrated on July 12 as the Day of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul.

According to Christian doctrine, the Apostle Peter was one of the closest disciples of Jesus Christ, was present at His Transfiguration on Mount Tabor and was the first to proclaim Him the Christ, the son of the living God. After the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, the Apostle Peter became a zealous preacher of His teachings and headed one of the first Christian communities, for which he was crucified upside down on the cross during the time of Emperor Nero, about 65 AD.

For about 5-7 days during the summer solstice, the sun rises and sets at the same time, during a certain period the length of the day does not change. Therefore, the celebration of the pagan Kupala lasted 5-7 days and ended with Peter's Day. This is evidenced by some motifs of the Kupala-Peter's songs: "Before Peter, on the fifth day, the girls collected the herbalist.", "Before Peter, on the fifth day, Janov's horse roamed." etc.

For the farmers it was good time. Summer is in full swing. Mushrooms ripen in the forest (boletus, mushrooms, mushrooms, chanterelles, porcini, etc.), in the gardens - strawberries, raspberries, currants, in the gardens - early vegetables. Almost immediately after the last Petrovsky Lent on this day, they broke the fast abundantly, slaughtered a ram, a bird, and prepared various dishes from them. They tried to serve young potatoes with dill, fresh cucumbers, fresh vegetable salads, cottage cheese and butter for the festive table. They baked pies with fresh mushrooms, berries, chicken and cottage cheese.

On Peter's Day, the godfathers with bows gave wheat pies to the godchildren. The matchmakers from the side of the wife treated the matchmakers of the husband to dinner, and the mother-in-law brought baked cheese to the sons-in-law in the second year of marriage. In the villages they arranged a cheerful brotherhood. They set up wide tables, laid out treats: roast lamb, pies stuffed with lamb, cheesecakes. They served wine bought with common money, with which the brotherhood began. Each drinker said: "Father Peter-Paul! Plug up a hole in the sky, plug up clouds, clouds, don't rain! Give, Lord, clean up the green mowing in a good way."

It is worth saying that there was a reason for such a joint celebration on Peter's Day. The fact is that in the summer it was unprofitable to butcher cattle in every house: firstly, she did not have time to "work up" the meat, and secondly, it was difficult to store meat in the heat - it quickly deteriorated. And therefore, in order to break the fast, the community stabbed a ram for everyone, it was enough to eat enough fresh meat at once for the inhabitants of the whole village. So the problem of storage was solved by itself: it simply did not arise. Mutton, being a traditional Russian dish, was the main treat at Peter's brotherhoods. A good side dish for lamb was rutabagas, turnips, beets, and beans.

On St. Peter's Day, it was customary to visit. For this, relatives came even from distant villages. Everyone walked and had fun from the heart, because ahead until the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos (September 21) there was a difficult, suffering time.

Elijahmn day- a traditional folk holiday among the Eastern and Southern Slavs, dedicated to the church day of memory of the prophet Elijah, one of the most revered saints in Rus'. Celebrated on July 20 (August 2).

Apparently, the holiday has pagan roots. With the adoption of Christianity, the image of the pagan Thunderer-Perun was replaced in the popular mind by Ilya the prophet, who assumed all the functions of the Thunderer. Apparently, the pagan holiday dedicated to Perun, during the Christianization, was "closed" by the Christian holiday of Elijah the Prophet, but only the name of the main character changed in the popular mind.

Celebrating this holiday began even from its eve - from the Thursday before Ilyin's day, when ritual cookies were baked in some areas. In addition, on the eve of Ilyin's Day, they took various precautions to protect their home, household and crops from rain, hail or lightning. On Ilyin's day, any work was strictly forbidden - it would not bring any result and could anger Elijah the prophet, who severely punished for disrespectful attitude to his holiday.

From Ilyin's day, according to popular belief, bad weather began, and it was also forbidden to swim. Swimming was forbidden due to the fact that from that day on, all evil spirits returned to the water (devils, mermaids, hair - from Ivan's Day and until now they were on land, where Ilya the prophet shot them with lightning). Therefore, bathing becomes fraught with the appearance of abscesses and boils on the body, and in some cases even drowning by evil spirits.

Almost everywhere, the obligatory rite of Ilyin's day was a collective meal ("brotherhood") with the slaughter of a ram or bull bought in a clubbing. In addition, beer or wort was brewed at Ilyina Bratchina. Such brotherhoods ended with youth festivities, games, round dances and songs. The organizers of Ilya's brotherhood, unlike other holidays, were men.

Successmnie Holymth Bogoromditsy- a holiday of the Orthodox and Catholic Church, dedicated to the remembrance of the death (assumption) of the Mother of God. In Orthodoxy, it belongs to the number of the Twelve (Assumption of the Most Holy Lady of Our Lady and Ever-Virgin Mary). According to church tradition, on this day the apostles, who preached in various countries, miraculously gathered in Jerusalem to say goodbye and perform the burial of the Virgin Mary.

In Orthodoxy, the holiday is one of the twelve holidays and has 1 day of forefeast and 8 days of afterfeast. The holiday is preceded by a two-week Assumption Fast from August 1 (14) to August 14 (27), inclusive, which is the strictest after Great Lent. The verses of the feast were written in the 5th century by Patriarch Anatoly of Constantinople, and in the 8th century Cosmas of Mayum and John of Damascus wrote two canons of this feast.

In some places, for the sake of a special celebration of the holiday, a special Service is performed for the burial of the Mother of God (especially solemnly - in Jerusalem, in Gethsemane in the tomb of the Virgin). This service is known from manuscripts of the 15th century and is performed in the likeness of the Matins service on Great Saturday. In the 16th century this service was very common in the Russian Church, but in the 19th century it was already almost forgotten and was performed only in a few places. Currently, the rite of the burial of the Mother of God is performed in many cathedral and parish churches on the 2nd or 3rd day of the holiday. The divine service begins with an all-night vigil, at the great doxology the clergy go to the shroud with the image of the Virgin lying in the middle of the temple; it is censed, and then the shroud is encircled around the temple. After this, the believers are anointed with oil, litanies are read, and dismissal.

honey, or poppy Saved, Also First Saved, Saved on water- these are the popular names of the Orthodox holiday on the first day of the Dormition Fast, August 14 (August 1, according to the old style). It was the first of three August holidays dedicated to the Savior Jesus Christ.

The origins of the Savior come from Byzantium. Back in 1897, it was written in the Greek horology: “Because of the diseases that were very common in August, the custom of taking the Holy Tree of the Cross onto the roads and streets for the consecration of places and the aversion of diseases was established from ancient times in Constantinople. On the eve (July 31, old style) they brought it from the royal treasury, put it at the holy meal of the Great Church (in honor of St. Sophia - the Wisdom of God). From this day and on until the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, making lithium throughout the city, they then offered it to the people for worship. This is the Predescent of the Honest Cross". That is, in modern terms, to consecrate the city, prevent diseases and epidemics, a cross was brought into the city.

In the Russian Orthodox Church, the feast of the Honey Savior was combined with the remembrance of the Baptism of Rus' by Prince Vladimir of Kiev, which took place in 988. According to tradition, on this day a small consecration of water is performed, as well as honey of the new collection, its use in food is blessed. On this day, it was customary to bake honey gingerbread, pancakes with poppy seeds and honey, pies, buns, buns with poppy seeds.

From the first day of August (August 14, according to a new style), they usually began to break the first honey, since from that day the bees stopped bringing it. Both the process of collecting honey and the personality of the beekeeper were given special importance. It was believed that if any beekeeper hides even a drop behind his cheek, then God's immediate punishment will befall him. After all, according to tradition, all honey should be taken to the church and consecrated. On the other hand, the taciturn honey-gatherer, who followed all the rules, doing his job with prayers, was considered a true Christian and a respected worker.

However, not only honey was harvested on August 14. From this period, the active collection of raspberries, bird cherry, medicinal herbs and ripe poppy pods also began.

So, for example, poppy was used in baking buns and other confectionery, as well as a means of protecting the house from witches. They also collected and harvested peas for the winter. And in the Urals and in Siberia, the cone of cedars has already begun.

August 14, in addition to the Honey Savior, is the day of remembrance of the seven Old Testament martyrs Maccabees, who died in 166 BC. Like all Christian holidays, the day of Maccabees is peculiarly intertwined with pagan customs and rituals.

The Slavs celebrate this day as the holiday of Maccabees. So, in the food that was prepared and served at the festive table, poppy must be added, which ripens by this time. Of course, the connection of the poppy with the Maccabees may be purely sound. And yet, where the old customs of their ancestors are still preserved, on this day they try to bake makans, machniks - lean pies, rolls, buns, gingerbread with poppy seeds and honey.

We started the meal with pancakes with poppy seeds. In a special dish for rubbing poppy seeds, poppy milk was prepared - a poppy-honey mass, into which pancakes were then dipped. This dish was called makalnik, makitra, makater.

Since the edible poppy was a widespread and favorite product, it was used in a variety of ways in folk cuisine, ritual dishes of the Eastern and Western Slavs.

Poppy is mentioned in many proverbs, sayings, choral songs and riddles: "Machek with honey - you will lick your mustache", "Cheren poppy, but the boyars eat", "Yakov is glad that the pie with poppy seeds", "Remembering the poppy, do not get angry anyway" , "On a stamen is a town, there are seven hundred governors in it."

On the day of Maccabee, young people took to the streets, where they danced round dances with the songs "Oh, poppy on the mountain" and playful flirtations. So, the girls sprinkled the guy with poppies, pinched him, tickled him, singing: "Poppies, poppies, poppies, golden heads!"

In honor of the small water blessing, the Honey Savior is also called the Savior on the Water. On this day, it was customary to consecrate new wells, clean old ones, make a procession to natural reservoirs, springs for the blessing of water. Immediately after the procession, people bathed in water and bathed livestock to wash away sin and be healthier. However, after the wet Savior, or Maccabee, they did not swim, because summer was waning, the water "bloomed", the birds fell silent, the bees stopped wearing fees, and the rooks began to gather in flocks and prepare for departure.

For the peasant, it was a painful time: field work, haymaking, harvest. The farewell to summer begins right from the Savior. The people said: "The Savior has everything in store: rain, and a bucket, and gray weather."

From that day on, roses begin to bloom, the first swallows and swifts fly away. According to the weather on August 14, they judge what the Third Spas will be like.

Apple Saved

This holiday is celebrated on August 19 and is called the Transfiguration of the Lord.

According to the Gospel, “once Jesus ascended a mountain with three disciples - Peter, John and James. This mountain was in Galilee. At the top of it, Jesus began to pray, and during prayer his face suddenly changed, became like the sun, his clothes became white At the same moment a bright cloud appeared, and two great prophets of antiquity, Moses and Elijah, came out of it, and a voice was heard: “This is My beloved Son; Hear Him." That was the voice of God the Father."

And therefore, in strict accordance with this text, the Transfiguration of the Lord was still called by the people the Savior on the mountain. And yet more often it was called Apple Savior, because by this time apples ripen.

On the occasion of the holiday, solemn services are held in the temples, apples are consecrated, which from that day are allowed to be eaten. Those who consider themselves to be truly believing Christians do not eat apples until the Second Savior.

The custom also has an instructive meaning: at first, the fruits are green, unripe, but as they develop, they fill with juice and ripen. So a person in earthly life can be ugly, sinful, but in the process of moral development he is transformed, imbued with the light of God. The most important fruit is our spiritual transformation.

On the day of the Apple Savior, apples, pancakes, pies with apples, mushrooms and berries are baked, with everything that the garden, garden, forest bestows. This day is the first meeting of autumn (autumn).

Along with apples, they continue to consecrate honey, cherries, plums, other fruits and even vegetables. From this day on, the harvesting of apples for the winter begins. At the same time, summer varieties were immediately allowed for processing, making jam, jam, juice, etc. For jam, compotes, varieties are chosen that do not boil soft, are well soaked in syrup - cinnamon striped, cinnamon new, autumn striped, Spartak. And winter, more lying, leave for future use.

It is worth knowing that Antonovka, saffron pepin, is perfectly stored. Apples are removed early in the morning, do not wipe off the dew in order to preserve the natural protective layer. Then they put them in boxes and boxes, while picking up fruits of medium size.

Walnut Saved

On August 29, the Third Savior was celebrated, the Orthodox Church celebrates it as the day of the transfer of the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands, i.e. fabric on which the face of Jesus Christ appeared. According to legend, the Image Not Made by Hands was imprinted on a towel when Christ wiped his face with it. That image was kept in the Syrian city of Edessa. When it was captured by the Arabs, the Byzantine emperor Constantine ordered the ransom of the Icon, and in 944 it was transferred to Constantinople.

In Rus', the image of Christ was very revered, for this reason the Third Savior (after Honey and Apple) was also called the Savior on the Canvas, Canvas, Bread, or Nut.

It was called nut because from that day on, Christians were allowed to eat nuts from a new crop.

Khlebny - since the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos was celebrated the day before, with which the end of the harvest of bread was associated.

3. The use of Russian folk holidays as a factor in the development of tourism

3.1 Use of Russian folk holidays in Vladivostok

3.1.1 Travel agencies

Few people know about all our holidays. But the most famous holiday is Maslenitsa.

Travel company "Holidays" held on February 26, 2012 a festive program "Wide Shrovetide".

Everyone was brought to the territory of the recreation center "Shtykovskiye Prudy". Where various games and demonstration events were held all day long: Maslenitsa fun games, fun-joy, burning of an effigy of Maslenitsa. In their free time, vacationers could go skating, sledding, tubing and cross-country skiing.

...

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- purposefully planned nature of the programs (the content of the programs of event events is developed in advance by the organizers and brought to the attention of potential participants in advance);

- increased motivation to visit destinations, the attractiveness of which during the period of event events increases significantly;

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– excursion, environmental and other thematic events within the dates of the international and national eco-calendar. For example, autumn birdwatching days have been held in Belarus since 1999 under the auspices of the public organization “Akhova Birdie Batskaushchyny”, the number of participants in the action is constantly increasing: in 2007 - about 600 people, in 2011 - over 5 thousand;

– competitions, tournaments in the field of natural history knowledge (Open Championship of Belarus in sports ornithology);

– participation in seasonal volunteer projects, nature protection and natural history camps.

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Folklore and ethnographic tourism is based on the interest of the people in their history and ethnic culture: the ancient way of life, folk traditions and rituals, culture, i.e. to everything that distinguishes one ethnic group from another. The resource base for folklore and ethnographic tourism is folklore, rituals, customs and traditions, folk holidays and festivals, crafts and crafts. An important element of tourist attraction is the festivals, holidays and other events held in the republic, which form the resource base of event tourism and enrich the programs of stay of foreign guests in Belarus.

The assessment of the folklore and ethnographic potential of the territory, the study of its specificity and structure in the context of ethnographic regions shows objective opportunities for the development of this type of tourism. The Belarusian people have preserved traditional folklore, rituals, holidays, customs and crafts, thereby creating a modern resource and infrastructure base for the development of folklore and ethnographic tourism on the territory of the Polessky-Turov zone.

On May 1, 2015, the city of Turov hosted the annual wader festival, the sixth in a row. This is the only festival dedicated to waders not only in Belarus, but also in Europe. This is also evidenced by the world's only monument to waders, located in the center of the city of Turov.

The inhabitants of the city, no doubt, also fell in love and got used to the wonderful festival. Therefore, each time, special attention is paid to the points of traditional creative workshops on the Red Square of the city: felting birds from wool, modeling waders from dough, flickers in the form of waders, face painting, children's and sports playgrounds, as well as much more.

It is also noteworthy that in 2015 a fascinating presentation of environmental projects of the European Union was organized: the projects “Energy Efficiency in Schools”, “Small Rivers – Big Problems” of the Integration Foundation, “Building the Capacity of Environmental Oil and Gas Optimizations of the Republic of Belarus to participate in the development and implementation of the waste management policy” organized by the organization “Ecopartnership”, the project “Improving the level of waste management of electrical and electronic equipment at the local level in the Republic of Belarus” of the Center for Environmental Solutions.

In parallel, an excursion was held for those who wished along the Turov meadow under the guidance of ornithologists. The Turov Meadow is an important territory for its inhabitants, for their migratory stopovers and nesting. Due to the specific ecological conditions in this area, more than 50 species of waders, gulls and other species of water birds nest, many of which have national and pan-European protection status. This became the basis for giving the Turov Meadow the status of a territory important for birds of international importance. In order to preserve bird species in the Turov Meadow, a biological reserve of local importance was also created in 2008. It is here that the largest stable settlement in Belarus, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, is located - the oystercatcher, in honor of which in 2009 the only monument in the world was erected in Turov. And in March 2014, on the Turov Meadow, ornithologists set an absolute record for counting birds: experts counted 200,000 birds per square kilometer. This is the maximum value for the entire period of observations in Belarus, starting from 1994. And this year, 80 thousand turukhtans were registered. And that's just in one day!

September 17, 2012 in the agricultural town of Lyaskovichi, Petrikovsky district, Gomel region, the first Festival of ethnocultural traditions "Call of Polesie" was opened (Figure 17).

The start of the festival was given by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus Sergei Sidorsky. In his opinion, the festival of ethno-cultural traditions "Call of Polesie" is not only evidence of great respect for the traditional culture of Belarusians, but also a confirmation of our desire to preserve the heritage of Polesie in all its originality and diversity, Sergei Sidorsky emphasized.

Everything that was presented to numerous spectators and guests of the festival by the work of professional and amateur artists, craftsmen is another special and inimitable, unique and memorable page of this grandiose event. What a rare opportunity everyone had to see the performances of the National Academic Choir of the Republic of Belarus named after Tsitovich, the State Ensemble "Pesnyary", the folk ensemble of folk music "Radunitsa", etc. Everyone received no less pleasure from the refined skill of amateur artists.

The festival program includes concert performances by creative groups, a fair of Polissya crafts, competitions of regional farmsteads and national cuisine, exhibitions and presentations of the most interesting social and cultural projects, presentation of films and video materials that reflect the nature, life and culture of Pripyat Polissya, a youth disco on Pripyat.

Figure 17 - The emblem of the festival "Call of Polesie"

For participants and guests of the holiday, riding on motor ships, motor and rowing boats, horses harnessed to carriages, canoes, fishing, Belarusian safari was provided. In the evening, those who wished had the opportunity to ride on a barge and participate in a three-hour dance and entertainment program.

The largest festival of folk humor in Belarus (Figure 18) takes place every few years in the villages of Bolshie and Malye Avtyuki, Kalinkovichi district. For almost two decades, the title of the most witty Belarusians has been confidently held by residents of two Polissya villages of Bolshoi and Maly Avtyukov. Books are written about them, their oral works are collected in collections, and every few years they arrange, perhaps, the largest feast in the country.

The last festival held in 2012, the seventh in a row, became international. Together with Belarusian comedians, Ukrainians and Russians performed on the big stage.

Figure 18 - the emblem of the festival of folk humor 2012

The official drink of the festival is Ragatuha. They drink it exclusively "according to a good anecdote." They say that at the first festival back in 1995, a whole milk truck was prepared for it. Instead of the planned two days, the holiday then lasted a week. Also in 2012, the country's first museum of folk humor was opened in Avtyuki.

The All-Belarusian Humor Festival has been held in Avtyuki since 1995 and during this time has put the name of the village near Kalinkovichi on a par with such recognized centers of humor as Gabrovo, Odessa, Sorochintsy.

Belarusian Polissya is distinguished by a rich ethnographic heritage and is the most attractive historical and cultural zone of the republic for domestic and foreign tourists.

Villages that have preserved their archaic way of life, traditional wooden household and residential buildings with regional decorative elements are unique and exotic objects of the excursion show on the territory of the Belarusian Polesie. Residential houses with roofs covered with reeds and straw have been preserved in the villages, some houses have earthen floors. Such places are of considerable interest to domestic and foreign tourists and are perceived as a kind of open-air ethnographic museums. It should be taken into account that the local population in each of the similar villages is several dozen people, among whom the elderly predominate. It is obvious that in the near future these settlements may become non-residential and disappear from the face of the earth if measures are not taken to museumify them and actively include them in excursion programs.

Of great interest to tourists are traditional folk holidays and ceremonies: “Kalyady”, “Kupalle”, “Gukanne vyasny”, “Dazhynki”, “Shchodryki”, “Vadzhenne bushes”, etc. Also, for example, 34 amateur groups operate in the Zhitkovichi region folk music, song, dance, including 17 groups have the high title of "folk amateur group". In addition to the recognized leader - the folk ensemble "Yarok" of the Turov House of Culture, the most famous are: folklore groups "Mizhrechcha" (village of Pogost), "Strachanne" (village of Grabovka), "Dubravitsa" (village of Rychov), . Semuradtsy), "Abibok" (v. Zapesochye), folk song ensemble "Zhytnitsa" (Zhitkovichi).

The popularization of folk cultural traditions and the development of educational tourism contributes to the holding of village holidays and ethnographic festivals such as "Spyavay, mae Palesse" - Zhitkovichi district.

An assessment of the folklore and ethnographic potential of the regions of the Polessky-Turov cultural and tourist zone indicates that the resources of the material and spiritual culture of the Belarusian people are an objective basis for the development of domestic and outbound tourism, and allow developing thematic tourist routes to the main cultural centers of the region.

Thus, folklore and ethnographic tourism can be considered as one of the areas of cultural tourism, based on a person's interest in the ancient way of life, folk traditions, rituals and culture, both of one's own and other peoples and ethnic groups.