Types of recreation and tourism. See what "Types of tourism" is in other dictionaries. Tours for two

Tourism

The word "tourism" (tourisme, from tour) in French means "walk", "trip", "journey".

Tourism is a journey made by a person in his spare time from his main work for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes. This is one of the types of outdoor activities, the best way to escape from the hustle and bustle, to see something new and interesting, to gain positive emotions. Tourism provides an opportunity to get acquainted with the culture of other countries and regions, satisfies the curiosity of a person, enriches him spiritually, improves his physical health, and contributes to the development of the individual. It allows you to combine relaxation with learning new things.

A tourist trip involves only a temporary departure of a person outside his usual environment, without conducting a paid activity at the place of stay, which excludes from the category of tourists people who travel professionally or involuntarily (diplomats and consular workers, military personnel, emigrants, refugees, nomads, etc.) .

The basis for the development of tourism are tourist resources (natural, cultural, historical).

The key figure in tourism is the tourist. He acts as a consumer of a tourist product or service (tour), for his quality service, the tourism industry is formed and operates.

Significance for the economy. Tourism is not only travel and recreation, but also an important sector of the economy. The tourism industry covers enterprises of various industries, from the products and services of which the tour operator creates an attractive tourist product for the consumer.

The tourism industry contributes to the flow of financial resources into the country. It not only generates income for tourism companies, but also provides tax revenues, increases the demand for food and a variety of services, thereby stimulating the development of related industries (transport, hospitality, communications, trade and catering, souvenir production, etc.) . Serving tourists is a source of income for the local population.

This type of activity does not require large initial investments, it is characterized by a high level of profitability and a relatively short payback period for capital investments. The development of tourism contributes to the creation of new jobs and provides employment for the population (foreign experience shows that up to 10 people are required to serve one foreign tourist).

Socio-cultural significance. The development of tourism improves the system of social and cultural services for the population, increases resources for the modernization of the relevant infrastructure, and improves the quality of life.

political significance. Tourism raises the prestige of the country, its authority in the world community and among ordinary citizens. It strengthens interregional and international friendly ties, develops people's diplomacy, and stabilizes relations between regions and states. The level of tourism development is a kind of indicator of the state of society, its material wealth and spiritual health.

Psychologists say that one of the main differences between humans and animals lies in human curiosity. Even in ancient times, noble Greeks and Romans went on trips to see the world and see how other peoples live.

Thus, tourism, as such, arose in time immemorial. However, mass tourism is a phenomenon of the 20th century, when effective means of transportation arose and the material level of the Earth's population increased. It is believed that the term "tourism" was coined by the famous writer Mark Twain, combining the words "tour" (in French - "journey") and "adventurism". Today there are various types of tourism, numbered in dozens.

Types of tourism are practically not subject to strict classification, especially since combined tours are becoming increasingly popular. The main goals of modern tourism are educational, recreational and entertaining. In addition, people go on health trips, as well as professional business, sports, wedding and guest trips. Below are the most popular types of tourism, as well as their brief descriptions.

Water tourism

It is an active or even extreme type of recreation. Water tourism trips are carried out using a variety of watercraft - boats, kayaks, catamarans, rafts, etc. River rafting is practiced using special equipment. Also included in the category of water tourism is quite calm travel on ships and ocean liners.

mountain tourism

This is one of the most popular types of outdoor activities, involving hiking routes with overcoming passes, steep slopes, rocky areas, mountain rivers and glaciers. There is a five-point classification of the complexity of the routes, so both professional climbers and office managers who decide to take a break from the bustle of the city can engage in mountain tourism.

Medical tourism

It is a trip to sanatoriums, dispensaries and resorts in order to improve health. As a rule, tourists choose a resort that has the most beneficial effect on the body and provides a range of wellness procedures aimed at treating chronic diseases.

ski tourism

It is one of the most popular types of sports tourism and involves the passage of routes of varying difficulty. This category also includes ski slopes. Such types of tourism require special training of participants and the availability of high-quality equipment.

Recreational tourism

One of the most popular types of mass tourism. It is carried out solely for the purpose of rest and restoration of physical, emotional and mental strength. This category includes sightseeing trips, visits to a variety of entertainment and entertainment events.

Maritime tourism

It is carried out on regular passenger sea liners or special cruise ships. As a rule, the route is chosen so that the ship periodically calls at the ports of different cities, where excursions and entertainment programs are organized for tourists. On board ships, passengers are usually provided with full board.

Ethnic tourism

It is more typical for older people who want to travel to their places of previous residence. It involves visiting not so much sights as memorable places, cemeteries, etc. Such types of tourism are also called nostalgic.

Pilgrimage tourism

It is one of the most popular types of religious tourism. Pilgrimage trips are made by believers of various faiths and denominations. As a rule, these are trips to holy places, visits to monasteries and various historical and archaeological sites.

Adventure tourism

Associated with non-standard travel to exotic places on the planet, as well as to environmentally friendly reservations. Often such tours are carried out using non-traditional transport. The most popular types of adventure tourism are safari tours, unusual fishing trips, hunting trips, yacht trips.

Discovering the world and getting acquainted with its beauties, we try to expand our horizons and at the same time satisfy our passion for adventure. In this article, we will consider both popular and relatively new, modern types of tourism practiced today on a global scale.

In each case, our travel preferences are based on a certain motivation. It is she who is the key to the rapid development of the tourism industry in those countries that have been able to meet the needs of travelers and respond to the growing demand with the maximum number of offers. The diversification of tourist flows has become a source of stable income amounting to trillions of dollars.

This is the most common type of recreation, implying physical and psycho-emotional recovery, a change of scenery. This type of modern tourism involves relaxing by the sea or in nature with a visit to the surrounding attractions. Such leisure is suitable for almost all categories of travelers, from families with children to pensioners and young couples.

This direction is represented by a network of small hotels, boarding houses built in the most secluded and quiet places on our planet, not affected by globalization. This relatively new type of modern leisure is designed to maintain a fragile ecological balance between nature and man, to cultivate a respectful attitude towards the environment.

Business tourism

It has become widespread in recent decades due to increased business activity on various continents. Trips within the framework of business relations are aimed at exploring new sales markets, searching for partners and raw materials. Modern business travel centers include the largest cities in Europe, North America and Asia. Most often, tourists go on business trips in order to take part in congresses, exhibitions, and seminars.

Separately, it should be noted incentive tourism- trips that the company organizes specifically for its employees as a reward for excellent work. Often, operators develop separate "incentive" tours that offer the highest level of service and a rich excursion program.

The global tourism industry has learned to use natural resources to heal and restore people. Travelers suffering from various ailments, such types of modern recreation allow you to experience the healing effects of sea salts, mud, algae, thermal and mineral waters, mountain air and other products of natural origin. Treatment and prevention of diseases are carried out in comfortable sanatoriums and clinics.

One of the oldest types of travel, which remains relevant today. Millions of tourists annually visit the centers of world religions in order to bow to the shrines and touch the eternal. Churches, cathedrals, mosques, spiritual and educational societies, holy places with a long history are in the center of attention of this category of travelers. There are a lot of such places in Israel, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Montenegro and other countries.

Shopping tourism

The latest trend in the tourism industry, which appeared in our country at the dawn of the 90s. In the world, this direction, although it does not dominate, still remains consistently in demand among a certain category of travelers who love to shop in other countries. The motivating factor in this case is the relative cheapness or uniqueness of the product.

• Do not miss:

Photo tours

Professional photographers and amateurs go to the most picturesque places to capture them in pictures and gain invaluable experience.

Tourism as a process is carried out in the form of travel. Depending on how the region of travel of a tourist correlates with the citizenship of this tourist, tourism can be divided into three types:

• - domestic tourism: travel of citizens of a given country within the same country;
• - outbound tourism: travel of citizens of a given country outside this country;
• - inbound tourism: travel within a given country by citizens of other countries.

Any tourist, intending to go on a trip, sets a specific goal or several goals. Such purposes can be: - rest; - treatment; - acquaintance with something in the travel area /with culture, history, architecture, art, customs of the people, etc./; - entertainment; - overcoming natural obstacles; - study of any branch of knowledge /foreign language, cultural monuments, etc./; - solving business issues; - satisfaction of religious needs; - protection and conservation of nature; - visiting places where you spent your childhood; - unconventionally celebrate a wedding or other event, and so on.

Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism can be divided into several types.

There is no single universally recognized register of types of tourism. This is due both to the appearance of new species from time to time, and to the different interpretation of the types and subspecies of tourism by tour operators and tourism theorists.

Without pretending to be comprehensive, we single out the basic structure of types of tourism.

In each of the three types of tourism indicated, there are two main types of mass - recreational tourism, the main purpose of which is rest and restoration of human vitality (physical, mental), and educational tourism, aimed at satisfying intellectual, moral, aesthetic needs, acquiring new experience , knowledge, etc.

Each of these types of tourism combines several subspecies.

RECREATIONAL TOURISM:

• - health resort
• - health-improving
• - sports

EDUCATIONAL TOURISM:

• - excursion tourism
• - study tours
• - scientific tourism

In addition to these main mass types, there are other types of tourism that differ in goals:

• - business (or business tourism)
• - entertaining
• - ecological
• - specialized tourism (tours of interest)

In turn, some of the listed species include certain varieties:

RESORT AND HEALTH TOURISM:

• - holidays in seaside resorts
• - recreation on the lakes
• - holidays in the mountains

HEALTH AND HEALTH TOURISM (rest and possible treatment):

• - in thermal spas
• - relaxation in SPA
• - in thalasso resorts
• - at mineral (salt) resorts
• - at mud resorts
• - at radon resorts (radon springs and radon caves)
• - in climatic resorts (recovery under the influence of air

and climate)

ENTERTAINMENT TOURISM. EVENT TOURISM:

• - weekend tours
• - trips to sports competitions as a fan
• - trips to concerts
• - trips to festivals, carnivals

SPORTS TOURISM:

• - route (water / rafting and kayaking /, mountain, speleological, hiking, cycling, skiing, combined - combining several types of sports tourism)
• - stationary (classes during the holidays by any kind of sport: ski tours, golf, diving, mountaineering)

EXCURSION TOURISM:

• - stationary
• - route (bus)
• - cruises

STUDY TOURS:

• - language classes
• - sports training camps
• - business trainings, etc.

BUSINESS TOURISM /its goals: solving issues related to the business that a person who goes on such tours is engaged in/:

• - trips to conferences, exhibitions, seminars, business meetings
• - incentive tourism (incentive tours)

Let us describe in more detail the most massive subspecies of tourism.

Health resort and health tourism.

This is the most massive type of tourism, since every person needs a health-improving vacation. Even adherents of excursion tourism, who are constantly striving for new knowledge and impressions, or lovers of sports tourism, at least once every few years, need a health-improving vacation.

In world practice, the concept of a resort (Kurort - a medical place, area) implies both rest and recovery, that is, resort services. In Russia, this concept often means balneological (sea, mountain) or mineral resorts.

In the broad sense of the word, a resort area is a territory with good ecology and favorable climatic conditions, located in a picturesque area and possessing natural healing factors: healing climate, mineral springs, salt, mud, etc.

Programs of health resort tours are aimed at providing maximum opportunities for recreation in the resort: maximum free time, ample opportunities for practicing various sports, a fairly wide range of additional services (excursions, concerts, etc.)

The programs of medical and health tours are diverse, but there are general specific requirements for the organization of just such tours. When creating such a tourist product, it must be remembered that it is made for people who want not only to relax, but also to improve their health at the same time. Therefore, the programs of health tours are built taking into account the fact that a significant part of the time should be allocated to health-improving procedures. If an excursion program is included in such tours, it should not be saturated. When organizing leisure programs, it is necessary to give preference to events such as competitions, dance evenings, quizzes, etc., as well as hobby activities that allow you to diversify your leisure time. Sports programs are allowed in the form of easy walks around the neighborhood, simple sports competitions, aerobics, shaping, swimming, etc. At the same time, it is recommended to create resort and tourist complexes in resort areas that are preferred for family vacations, allowing healthy family members to go in for sports, tourism and those in need of treatment to be treated and rest. Meals in wellness tours should have options for dietary tables.

Entertaining tours.

Not quite a good name (for lack of a more suitable one) hides a variety of tours that are becoming more and more popular. It is easier to characterize them with the slogan “Break out of everyday life”. The most common entertainment tours are "tours for the weekend" (week-end tour). Their essence is that a sharp change in the environment, even for a short time, gives a powerful boost of energy and restores strength well. Their main purpose, of course, is entertainment during a tourist trip. Excursions are usually provided at a minimum. More attention is paid to evening entertainment events. These tours include trips as fans to competitions, trips to various festivals, holidays dedicated to some events, phenomena, etc.

Sports tourism.

Sports tourism clients are people with an active lifestyle, sports enthusiasts (not professional athletes) who want to practice their chosen sport during their trip and entrust the organization of this to travel companies and enterprises. This group of tours includes specialized tours dedicated to sports activities that have been separated into special programs, and, accordingly, into separate segments of demand. These are the most common specific sports tours.

The purpose of sports tours can be defined as unity with nature in overcoming obstacles.

Sports tours are divided into route and stationary or local, i.e. passing in one place. This is due to the specifics of the chosen sport. The package of services on such tours, of course, is focused on a particular sport. However, there are general requirements for organizing sports tours.

So, for example, it is necessary to have appropriate natural conditions. For ski tourism, it is necessary to have mountains with suitable slopes of varying difficulty; for rafting - the presence of mountain rivers with interesting sections and water obstacles of varying degrees of complexity, the possibility of convenient entry and exit from the route, etc.

The material base (hotels, transport, sports equipment) should also be oriented towards sports recreation and a certain sport. The organizers of ski tours must provide the opportunity to use ski lifts, specially equipped slopes, as well as the possibility of renting tourist equipment. Sports type hotels are selected. Additional recreational services are highly desirable, relieving stress after sports: baths, saunas, swimming pools, masseur services, etc.

The material base of route tours, as a rule, involves the stay of tourists in the wild and, accordingly, living in tents, cooking on a fire or stove, the presence of tourists in special clothes, shoes, equipment, as well as certain physical and technical training. When organizing sports tours, a fundamental condition is the availability of qualified and experienced instructors in the relevant sport.

Athletes-hikers do not always turn to the services of professional travel organizers, preferring to organize everything on their own. Because of this, in our country they are often called "amateur tourists." At the same time, there is a certain segment of sports and hiking tours organized for a wide range of consumers by professional tourism organizations. These are hiking, water, horseback, bicycle, mountain, ski, caving and various similar tours.

Cognitive excursion tourism.

The educational tourism market is also quite wide, it is not limited by any age characteristics of tourists. Each person, to a greater or lesser extent, is interested in the new, unusual, unknown.

There are two main types of educational tours:

• - stationary tours with tourists staying in one city, tourist center;
• - route tours with visits to several cities, countries, regions.

Sea and river cruises with excursion programs can be considered as a separate specific type of educational tourism.

When organizing route tours, a special schedule is developed for visiting the planned points, the duration of stay in them, depending on the number and quality of attractions.

Cognitive tours have a lot of thematic varieties: historical, architectural, geographical, natural history, literary, theatrical, ethnographic, folklore, etc. Depending on the subject, the program is also built. But if we are not talking about a group with highly specialized interests, then, as a rule, a certain symbiosis of objects and topics covering different areas is created. The main role in such programs is played by excursion-cognitive and cultural (museums, architectural monuments) events aimed at meeting the aesthetic, moral and cognitive needs of tourists.

In stationary tours, a tourist often has the opportunity to choose a category of accommodation - hotels from 2 * to 5 * (1 * hotels are usually not offered on the Russian market). On route tours, all tourists in each city are accommodated, as a rule, in the same hotel. Their category is determined by the tour operator and adapted to the general price level of the tour.

Business tourism

Tourist trips for business purposes (business trips) have recently gained a huge scope.

Business tourism covers a wide range of trips:

• - individual business trips of employees of corporations and companies for the purpose of negotiations, participation in production meetings, presentations, sales activities, etc.;
• - congress services - trips to congresses, conferences, seminars;
• - exhibition services - exhibitions, fairs, exchanges;
• - incentive tourism (incentive) is a form of encouragement by companies of their employees in the form of organizing a free tourist trip for them;
• - service of delegations - trips to sports competitions of teams, tours, trips of official delegations.

Business tourism is one of the most highly profitable and promising types of travel, which is characterized by high and stable growth and relative resistance to the impact of economic, political, climatic, weather and other factors. Its important feature is that the customer, as a rule, is a firm, a corporation. Therefore, business tourism is most often carried out in the form of corporate tourism. In addition, congress tourism has two big advantages for the tour operator over other types of travel: - tours to congresses and exhibitions are usually held in the off-season, which makes it easier to work with a hotel base; - booking of seats for congress participants is carried out long before the event.

Incentive tourism - this term refers to the currently dynamically developing incentive tourism, which is a modern means of encouraging employees of firms and enterprises in order to further increase the productivity of employees. Companies consider tourist trips as one of the most effective means of encouraging employees at various levels. Experts note that incentive tourism has a great future, it will become the most important form of employee incentives. Attracting tourists traveling on incentive tours is one of the most important tasks of travel companies and hotels, since this category of tourists brings high incomes.

Ecological tourism.

According to the definition of experts from the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), ecotourism is a trip to places with relatively untouched nature and well-preserved cultural and historical heritage in order to study and preserve them. Ecotourism creates conditions under which environmental protection and rational use of natural resources become economically beneficial for the local population.

Specialized tourism.

This type of tourism can be attributed to everything that does not fall under the previously described types. These are, for example, pilgrimage, religious tours in which a person satisfies his religious needs. These are nostalgic tours in which a person goes in order to visit places with which he has important memories and impressions associated with him. This also includes wedding, fishing, hunting, prison tours. The market of specialized tours is constantly replenished, as over time a person has more and more new needs.

On different species due to its diverse manifestations. Tourism is divided into types, categories, types and forms.

Types of tourism

The division of tourism into types is directly related to nationality. There are three types of tourism:

• Outbound tourism (departure of residents of one country to another).
• Inbound tourism (travels in any country of people coming from abroad).
• Domestic tourism (movement of residents of the country within the territory of their own country).

Forms of tourism

Forms of tourism are determined by the number of tourists. The form of tourism is:

• Individual tourism (moving one person or a group of up to five people).
• Group tourism (groups of six to seven people or more).

Categories of tourism

• International tourism . It consists of outbound and inbound tourism. The main criterion here is the fact of crossing the state border of a country, for example, Italy. It does not matter whether the tourist is a resident of Italy or not, because the country's border can be crossed not only when arriving from abroad (inbound tourism), but also when leaving one's own country (outbound tourism).
• National tourism. National tourism is formed by outbound and domestic tourism. The basis of this category is residents of any country (Russians in Russia, Poles in Poland), who can either go on vacation abroad (outbound tourism) or relax within their own country (domestic tourism).
• Tourism within the country. It includes inbound and domestic tourism. The basis of this category is the space of any country (for example, the territory of Spain), through which not only residents of this country can travel (domestic tourism), but also tourists who come to see Spain (inbound tourism).

Types of tourism

The largest classification is the classification by types of tourism. Separate types of tourism are:

• Unorganized (or amateur) tourism. It is considered a specific type of tourism activity, which is carried out independently on an amateur, voluntary basis.
• Organized (or planned) tourism. It includes various types of tourism, which are developed and implemented by tour organizers.
• By way of travel. There is air, rail, road, bus, water, walking, cycling and combined tourism.
• According to the intensity of the tourist flow. Such tourism is divided into seasonal and off-season.
• Travel duration. Short-term (up to 1 week) and long-term tourism is distinguished here.
• By age. There are five groups: children traveling with parents (under 15); youth (aged 15 to 24); young economically active tourists (from 25 to 44 years old); middle-aged tourists, economically active (45-64 years old); so-called tourists of the third age (over 65 years).
• Purpose of travel. This is the largest classification, which is worth dwelling on separately.

Types of tourism depending on the purpose of travel

• Recreational tourism. The most massive type of tourism (it accounts for up to 70% of all tours in the world). Distinctive features of such tourism are: long duration of travel; a small number of cities included in the route; long duration of stay of a tourist in the same place (mainly in a resort). Recreational tourism is considered seasonal and is represented mainly by its two most popular types - skiing and beach tourism.
• Excursion tourism. This includes trips and travel for educational purposes. However, it is not an independent type of tourism, as it basically complements any other type of tourism.
• Medical tourism. These are trips for the purpose of treatment, which are individual and purely personal, which in turn distinguishes them from other types of tourism. The organization of such routes, as a rule, is carried out only by firms specializing in this type of tourism, often associated with any medical organizations and institutions. The average duration of such tours is longer than in other types of tourism: it ranges from 24 to 28 days.

• Business tourism. The growth of international contacts is due to the growing needs of the world economy. In this regard, trips of representatives of various business circles began to acquire a massive character. Such trips are economically very profitable, as they do not depend on seasonal factors. People traveling on business may also demand personal service, and at the highest class (with assigned cars for the whole day, accommodation in expensive apartments, etc.). Their requirements are also high for the professionalism of guides, who also perform the functions of referents-translators.
• Scientific tourism. A relatively new type of travel, which is a trip to take part in various symposiums, congresses, meetings. The popularity of this type of travel was facilitated by the scientific and technological revolution, the development of economic ties between different countries, etc. This is also an off-season type of tourism, during which a meeting participant usually spends more money than an ordinary tourist.

• Rural tourism (agritourism). A relatively new off-season type of tourism that originated in New Zealand. It is based on the irresistible desire of the inhabitants of large cities to "return" to the origins. For some time, tourists lead a rural lifestyle, getting acquainted with local customs and local culture and taking part in traditional hard rural work.
• Ecological tourism (green tourism). This type of tourism, although new, is quite rapidly developing and gaining popularity all over the world. It includes visits to various reserves, nature reserves, national parks. This off-season type of tourism can have two goals: actually a break from the bustle of the city and civilization, and an educational goal (studying wildlife and animals in their natural environment, as well as participating in various volunteer and environmental programs).
• Religious tourism (pilgrimage tourism). The oldest and most popular off-season type of tourism that appeared in ancient India and is associated with Buddhism. He makes very high demands on the knowledge and professionalism of the guide.

• Educational tourism(study tours). In such tours, the main focus is usually on learning languages, but there are also tours aimed at teaching sports games, any kind of sport, advanced training, and so on. As a rule, daily classes, which take 20-30 hours a week, are carried out until noon, and all subsequent time is devoted to excursions and entertainment.
• Shopping tourism. This is the name of the trip, which has as its goal the purchase of various goods. And although this type of tourism is off-season, sometimes it still shows seasonality, which depends on the period of holiday discounts.
• Event tourism (hobby tourism). Its essence is visiting all kinds of interesting events (Olympic Games, football matches, concerts, exhibitions, World Championships, etc.). Of all types of off-season tourism, it is the shortest (sometimes only 1 day) and extremely diverse in form, with the most democratic requirements for a guide.