Marine knots. Knots for thickening the end of the cable (stop) Marine knot at two ends

According to the bookLev Scriabin "Sea Knots"

3. Knots for tying two cables.

oak knot(Fig. 20). Sailors use it only in exceptional cases, when it becomes necessary to tie two cables very quickly. Although the connection of plant cables with an oak knot is quite reliable, it has a serious drawback: a tightly tightened knot is very difficult to untie later, especially if it gets wet. In addition, a cable tied in such a knot has less strength and, during operation, creates a danger of catching on something during its movement. Its only positive qualities are the speed with which it can be tied and reliability.

To connect two cables, their ends must be folded lengthwise together and, retreating 15-20 centimeters from the edges, tie both ends as one with a simple knot.

Do not try to tie synthetic cables and fishing line with this knot: he crawls on them.

Flemish node (Fig. 21). This is one of the oldest marine knots, which was used on ships to connect two cables, both thin and thick. In fact, this is the same figure eight, tied with two ends. There are two ways to knit this knot. The first one is shown in the diagram.

First, make a figure-eight at the end of one of the cables tied together (see Fig. 3). Towards the exit of the running end from it, enter the running end of the second cable and repeat the figure “8”, tied on the first cable. After that, grasping each two ends, left and right, evenly begin to tighten the knot, trying to keep its shape. To finally tighten the knot, pull on the root ends of the cables.

To connect two cables with a Flemish knot in the second way, put the running ends of the connected cables parallel to one another so that they touch each other approximately along the length of one meter. At this point, tie a figure eight with two cables folded together. In this case, you will have to carry around and thread into the loop along with the short running end of one of the cables and the long root. This is precisely the inconvenience of the second method of knitting the Flemish knot.

The connection of two cables with a Flemish knot is considered very strong. This knot, even when tightly tightened, does not damage the cable, and is relatively easy to untie. In addition, it has excellent quality - does not slip and holds securely on synthetic fishing line.

Rice. 21. Flemish knot

water node(Fig. 22). No less durable is the connection of two cables with a water knot. To tie it, lay the ropes to be tied with their ends towards each other so that their ends run parallel and touch each other. Holding the running and root ends of two different cables in one hand, begin to knit an oak knot with them (see Fig. 20), but instead of one run-out of the root end, make two. Before finally tightening the knot, check that one pair of ends comes out of the loop from above, and the second from below, as shown in the diagram (see Fig. 22).

The water unit is simple and reliable. In the Navy, it has not found wide application, because with strong traction it drags on so much that it is very difficult to untie it.

Rice. 22. Water knot

Babi knot(Fig. 23). Let us make a reservation in advance that the author deliberately placed this knot in the book, as an example to explain the principle of other marine knots.

A woman's knot... How much irony and disdain can be heard on the part of sailors towards this primitive and, unfortunately, firmly rooted knot in our life! What sailors shouldn't do is tie a woman's knot. The naval man, who unluckily tied this knot even on the shore, will surely be ridiculed by his colleagues: they say, a shame for the fleet! But, alas, among land people this knot is a station wagon. The vast majority of people who are not familiar with rigging, or those who, by their profession, do not deal with ropes, ropes, or threads, use a woman’s knot in all cases when they need to tie, tie or tie. It seems that people, having mastered this knot in childhood, believed in its utility so much that they don’t even want to hear about any other complex sea knots. But, nevertheless, seriously speaking, this traitor knot has done a lot of trouble in the entire history of mankind and even claimed a lot of human lives.

The Babi knot consists of two half-knots tied in series one above the other in the same direction. If he ties two ropes and pulls, then it is immediately clear that he begins to move along the rope, to slide along it. And if you tie it close to one of the connected ends of the rope, then when pulling it, it can slip and will certainly slip if the connected ropes are of different thicknesses. Unfortunately, not everyone knows about this and continues to use it.

In our country, this knot got its name due to the fact that from time immemorial women tied the ends of headscarves with it (it is very convenient for this purpose). Abroad, it is called "grandmother's", "stupid", "veal", "false", "salaga" knot.

But, oddly enough, the woman's knot is used in their work by sailors and fishermen of some countries. In addition to its negative qualities (to slip and not succumb to untying), they caught one of its positive properties - under certain conditions, it instantly turns into a simple bayonet (see Fig. 10) - into one of the simplest and most reliable marine knots for securing a mooring vessel on the shore for a fell, bollard or mooring bollard. But in order to tie a simple bayonet when mooring, you need to get off the ship ashore and do it directly at the fell or put the end on the shore so that those on the shore do it. But it turns out that a simple bayonet can be tied to a bollard without leaving the ship ashore. And this is done with the help of a woman's knot despised by sailors ... To do this, at the end of the cable, which they intend to bring ashore for fastening it with a simple bayonet around the fell, a loop is made, the running end of the cable is connected to the root end of the woman's knot, which is not fully tightened. From the side of the ship, this loop is thrown onto the fell. When jerking at the root of the mooring line, the woman's knot turns into a simple bayonet.

"Teschin" knot(Fig. 24). Surprising but true. Some people, by tying two ropes together, somehow manage to tie a so-called “mother-in-law” knot, somewhat reminiscent of a woman. If at the latter the running ends come out of the knot on one side, then at the mother-in-law's knot they come out from different sides diagonally.

The "mother-in-law" knot is as insidious as the woman's (if not more). It should never be used under any circumstances. The author placed it in the book in order to show how not to tie knots. However, from this dangerous knot, you can make a beautiful knot, called "grass" (see Fig. 31).

straight knot(Fig. 25). This wonderful knot is worthy of being told in more detail about it. Archaeological finds indicate that the Egyptians used it about five thousand years before our era. The ancient Greeks and Romans called it Nodus Hercules - the Hercules or Hercules knot, because the mythical hero Hercules tied the front paws of the skin of the lion he killed on his chest in this way. The Romans used a direct knot for stitching wounds and in the treatment of bone fractures. It consists of two half-knots, sequentially tied one above the other in different directions. This is the usual, easiest way to knit it (Fig. 25, A).

Sailors who have been using this knot since ancient times to tie cables use a different knitting method (Fig. 25, b). Weavers who use a straight knot to bind broken threads of yarn tie it in a special, convenient way for them (Fig. 25, V).

The author of the book takes the liberty of declaring that a gross mistake was made in interpreting the characteristics of the direct knot and in the recommendations for its use, published in all domestic publications without exception. It has not been corrected until now, they forgot about it and believed that this knot "reliably serves to bind two cables of approximately the same thickness" and that "it is very difficult to untie it if it is tightened."

This is what modern marine reference books and textbooks published in our country in recent years tell us about the direct knot. “A straight knot is used to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness. With strong tension and getting wet, the straight knot is tightened and it can be very difficult to untie it. Therefore, when tying thick cables with a direct knot, it is necessary to insert a “toggle” into the knot (Handbook of marine practice. M .: Voenizdat, 1969, p. 192). Almost the same is said about the straight knot in the atlas of V. V. Grigoriev and V. M. Gryaznov “Ship rigging” (M.: Traneport, 1975, p. 3): “A straight knot is used when tying cables of approximately the same thickness. With heavy loads on the tied cables, as well as when the cables get wet, the straight knot tightens strongly. To prevent over-tightening, a wooden insert is inserted into the loops of the knot.

The idea of ​​taking reefs with a direct knot will seem absurd to today's sailors. But it was with them, with a direct knot, that in the days of the sailing fleet they took reefs on ships with direct armament: with two reef seasons they tied the upper part of the straight sail panel to the reef leer. The reef knot (see Fig. 94) took reefs on small vessels (yawls, longboats and yachts), picking up part of the sail along the luff, and connected it with reef-shterns.

A few years ago, the author of these lines drew attention to the fact that in almost all marine dictionaries and textbooks on marine practice published in our country in the last century, the knot in question had two names - “straight”, and, as this is not strange, he is also “reef”. For example, let's look at the “Explanatory Marine Dictionary”, compiled by V.V. Bakhtin and published in St. Petersburg in 1894 (pp. 265-266): “A straight knot or reef knot (Reef Knot; Right Knot) is knitted from two ends . First, a simple knot is knitted, then the end, extended with the right hand, is passed to the left, and the other end, taken over the first, is threaded under it and fitted. From this it can be seen that the reef knot consists of two simple knots knitted one above the other. The corresponding ends of both simple knots must be on the same side of the whole knot, then only it is called straight; otherwise, a skew knot will come out.”

The Soviet Admiral K.S. Samoilov in his two-volume “Sea Dictionary” (M.-L.: Voenmorizdat, 1939-1941, p. 465) also gives the second name of this knot: “The direct knot (Reef Knot) is a knot that binds two ends for weak traction, since with strong traction (if the toggle is not placed in the middle of the knot), it is so tightened that it cannot be untied and will have to be cut.

Having made an excursion into the old and modern encyclopedias, reference books, dictionaries and textbooks on maritime affairs published abroad, the author can state the following.

In English, the straight knot was called and is still called “The Reef Knot” - the reef knot. This name was introduced into his marine dictionary by the English admiral John Smith in 1627. The term "straight knot" (The Square Knot) was introduced into the English marine language by the American writer Richard Dana in 1841. He is known for the fact that, being a lawyer by profession, he was hired as a simple sailor on a merchant sailing ship, sailed for two years and after that he published an excellent book “Two Years as a Sailor” and compiled an excellent English explanatory marine dictionary. In addition to these two names, English-speaking sailors call the straight knot sailor's, correct, strong and ordinary. But the official and most common name for the knot, which we call the direct knot, is still “The Reef Knot” in English - a reef knot. Scandinavian sailors call it a reef knot: the Swedes - “Rabandsknop”, the Danes and Norwegians - “Raabandsknob”.

It turns out that in the days of the sailing fleet, a straight knot was used primarily not “for tying cables of approximately the same thickness”, but for taking reefs. Here is what is said about this in one of the best English marine sailing dictionaries - “Dictionary of Marine Terms”, compiled by A. Anetsd in 1897, which since then has been regularly reprinted every 5-7 years in Glasgow: “The most common knot for a bunch is a reef, or straight, node. It is applicable in many cases, as, for example, for tying the luff of a sail to a gaff, to a yard, etc., but it got its name (reef) due to the fact that reef seasons have always been knitted with this knot.

The exact and exhaustive formulation of the direct knot is given by Rene de Kershov in his International Marine Dictionary (New York, 1972): It was usually used to take the reefs of sails because of the ease with which it can be torn apart.

What we mean by the name "reef knot" (see fig. 94) in all marine manuals in English is called not just "The Reef Knol", but "The Slipped Reef Knot" (sliding reef knot) or "The Draw Knot" and "The Half Bow Knot". Rene ds Kershov writes about it this way: “The sliding reef knot - a knot similar to the usual reef knot, is untied even more easily. Also called The Half Bow Knot.”

How, then, is a straight knot untied, which, according to the characteristic unanimously accepted by our specialists, is tightened so that it cannot be untied and will have to be cut”? A straight knot, even wet and tightly tightened, is untied very simply, in 1-2 seconds. Tie a straight knot as shown in the top diagram of fig. 25, G. Take the ends in your left hand A And B, and to the right - the ends IN And G. Pull them strongly in different directions and tighten the knot as tight as possible. After that, take the root end in your left hand A(so that it does not slip out of the hand, make a couple of hoses around the palm). Take the running end in your right hand B(it can also be wound around the palm of your hand). Pull the ends sharply and strongly in different directions. Without releasing end A from your left hand, hold the rest of the knot in your fist with your right hand, holding it with your thumb and forefinger. root end A pull to the left side - the knot is untied. The whole secret lies in the fact that with a jerk of the ends A And B in different directions, the straight knot turns into two half-bayonets and completely loses all its properties. It will just as easily untie if you take the root end in your right hand. A and strongly pull the running end IN to the left. Only in this case the end A then you need to pull to the right, and the rest of the knot (half bayonets) - to the left. When untying a straight knot in this way, remember that if you pulled the running end to the right, pull the root to the left and vice versa.

When untying a straight knot, one should not forget that with what force it was tightened, it is necessary to pull one of its running ends with the same force. Even a wet straight knot tied on the thickest vegetable cable, which was under strong traction (without an inserted toggle), can always be untied by taking one of the running ends onto a capstan or winch. In any case, you do not need to cut the cable.

So, the reader now apparently agrees that the characterization of the direct knot, which has appeared for some unknown reason over the past seventy years in our country, is erroneous. Moreover, it is extremely important for our authors of manuals on marine practice and rigging to reconsider the interpretation of the very essence of the direct knot and the recommendations for its use.

Apparently, only in our country there is an unreasonably respectful attitude towards this knot. Sailors of other countries treat him more soberly and even with prejudice. For example, in no foreign manual on knots there is such a dangerous recommendation for a straight knot, which is contained in the “Handbook of Marine Practice” we mentioned: “A straight knot is used to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness.”

Ashley's Book of Knots (New York, 1977), widely known abroad, says the following about a direct knot:

“Previously, this knot had a specific purpose in the navy - they tied reef seasons of sails when they took reefs. Previously, sailors had never used it to tie two ropes if the latter were of different thickness or dressing. It should not be used to connect two cables that will be subject to strong traction. This knot creeps and is dangerous when it gets wet. After tying the knot, each of its running ends must be grabbed with a line to the root end. Elsewhere in his book, Ashley writes: "This knot, used to tie two cables, claimed more lives than a dozen other knots combined."

Not very enthusiastic about the direct knot was the well-known American sea captain Felix Riesenberg, the author of one of the best textbooks for sailors in English: “Model Maritime Practice for Merchant Marines” (New York, 1922). He wrote: “The reef, or straight, knot, as its name indicates, was used for knitting reef seasons ... This knot is used in many cases, although it can never be reliable enough if its running ends are not tacked. It should not be used for tying ropes for traction. This is a good knot for wrapping things, bundles, etc.”.

Unfortunately, many compilers of various manuals and manuals for riggers, builders, firefighters, rock climbers and mine rescuers still recommend a straight knot for tying two cables. Try to tie two nylon cables of “approximately the same thickness” with a straight knot and you will immediately see that even with not very strong traction, this knot does not hold, and if you accidentally jerk at one of its running ends, it will surely lead to tragedy.

And, finally, finishing the reasoning about the direct knot, we note that here the most paradoxical thing is that the ancient Romans called it the “female knot”, because it was "herculean knot" young Roman women tied the sashes of their tunics on their wedding night. The young spouse had to untie this knot. And, according to legend, if he did it quickly, the bride was not threatened with infertility.

Rice. 25. Straight knot
A - the usual way of knitting; b - marine knitting method;
V - weaving method of knitting; G - maritime way of untying

Thieves knot(Fig. 26). At first glance, it almost does not differ from a direct knot (see Fig. 25) and it seems that it is akin to it. But if you look closely, it becomes clear that the running ends of the thieves' knot come out of it diagonally. The thieves' knot, as well as the woman's and mother-in-law's knots, are shown for clarity, in order to emphasize their similarity and difference with the direct knot. The use of these four nodes is not recommended, as they are unreliable for tying two cables.

The origin of the name "thieves' knot" is curious. It appeared on English warships in the early 17th century. Theft of royal property and the theft of personal belongings of sailors on British ships were considered commonplace. In those years, the sailors of warships kept their simple belongings and food, mainly in the form of biscuits, in small canvas bags. The bag, of course, cannot be closed with a lock, it can only be tied. As a rule, sailors tied their personal bags with a straight knot. Thieves, mostly recruits who were not yet accustomed to the starvation of the ship's diet, having stolen other people's biscuits, could not properly tie the knot with which the bag was tied. They knitted something similar - a knot that the sailors began to call thieves. There is also a second version about the origin of this name: in order to prove the act of stealing from a bag, the owner deliberately tied a knot very similar to a straight one, and the thief, not paying attention to the trick, tied the robbed bag with a straight knot. But be that as it may, the origin of the knot, like its name, is connected with the fleet.

Rice. 26. Thief's knot

Surgical knot(Fig. 27). As already mentioned at the beginning of this book, knots have long been used for various purposes, not only in maritime affairs, but also in medicine. They are still used by surgeons to tie threads of ligatures to stop bleeding and to stitch tissues and skin together. Nowadays, medicine has not yet abandoned the use of knots, and doctors skillfully use them. During abdominal operations, surgeons have to suture catgut (a special material obtained from the mucous layer of the intestines of a ram or sheep), which resolves after 3-4 weeks. When tying, the catgut slides, and, making knots on it, surgeons use special clamps.

During microsurgical operations, doctors use extremely thin suture material - a synthetic thread 10-200 times thinner than a human hair. It is possible to tie such a thread only with the help of special clamps under an operating microscope. These threads are used in the suturing of the walls of blood vessels, for example, in the replantation of fingers, in the suturing of individual nerve fibers. Basically, women's, straight, bleached, surgical knots and the so-called “constrictor” knot, which will be discussed later, are used.

When tying a surgical knot, first two half-knots are made one after the other with two ends, which are then pulled in different directions. Then they tie from above, but in the other direction, another half-knot. The result is a knot very similar to a straight knot. The principle of the knot is that the first two half-knots do not allow the two ends to disperse in different directions while another half-knot is knitted on top.

It is convenient to use this knot when there is a need to pull off and tie some elastic bale or load with a rope, and the tightened first half of the knot on the rope, without releasing its ends with your hands, you have to press it with your knee.

academic node(Fig. 28). It is very similar to the surgical knot, differing only in that instead of one second half-knot, it has two of them. It differs from its, if I may say, progenitor - a direct knot in that the running end of the cable is wrapped around the running end of another cable twice, after which the running ends lead towards each other and again run around them twice. In other words, there are two half-knots at the bottom and two half-knots at the top, but tied in the opposite direction. This gives the academic knot the advantage that when the cable is heavily loaded, it does not tighten as much as a straight knot and is easier to untie in the conventional way.

Rice. 28. Academic knot

flat knot(Fig. 29). The name "flat knot" came into our maritime language from French. It was introduced for the first time in his Dictionary of Marine Terms by the famous French shipbuilder Daniel Lascals in 1783. But the knot was, of course, known to sailors of all countries long before that. What it was called before, we do not know. It has long been considered one of the most reliable knots for tying cables of different thicknesses. They even tied anchor hemp ropes and mooring lines.

Having eight weaves, the flat knot never tightens too much, does not creep and does not spoil the cable, since it does not have sharp bends, and the load on the cables is evenly distributed over the knot. After removing the load on the cable, this knot is easy to untie.

The principle of a flat knot lies in its shape: it is really flat, and this makes it possible to choose the cables connected by it on the drums of capstans and windlasses, on the backs of which its shape does not disturb the smooth overlap of subsequent hoses.

In marine practice, there are two options for knitting this knot: a loose knot with tacking of its free running ends to the root or half-bayonets at their ends (Fig. 29. a) and without such a tack, when the knot is tightened (Fig. 29. b). A flat knot tied in the first way (in this form it is called “ josephine's knot”), on two cables of different thicknesses, almost does not change its shape even with very high traction and is easily untied when the load is removed. The second knitting method is used for tying thinner than anchor ropes and mooring lines, cables, with the same or almost the same thickness. At the same time, it is recommended to first tighten the tied flat knot with your hands so that it does not twist with a sharp pull. After that, when a load is given to the connected cable, the knot crawls and twists for some time, but, having stopped, it holds firmly. It is untied without much effort by shifting the loops covering the root ends.

As already mentioned, a flat knot has eight interlacing cables and it would seem that it can be tied in different ways - there are 2 8 = 256 different options for tying it. But practice shows that not every knot from this number, tied according to the principle of a flat knot (alternating intersection of opposite ends “under and over”), will hold securely. Ninety percent of them are unreliable, and some are even dangerous for tying cables designed for strong traction. Its principle depends on changing the sequence of intersection of the connected cables in a flat knot, and it is enough to slightly change this sequence, as the knot gets other - negative qualities.

In many textbooks and reference books on maritime practice published in our country and abroad, the flat knot is depicted in different ways and in most cases incorrectly. This happens both due to the negligence of the authors, and due to the fault of the graphs, which, redrawing the knot scheme from the author's sketches in one color, cannot always make out whether the end passes over or under the other end. Here is given, one of the best forms of a flat knot, tested and tested by practice. Other valid variants of this node are deliberately not given by the author so as not to scatter the reader's attention and not give him the opportunity to confuse the scheme of this node with any other. Before putting this knot into practice for any responsible business, you must first remember exactly its scheme and tie the cables exactly along it without any, even the most insignificant deviations. Only in this case, the flat knot will serve you faithfully and will not let you down.

This marine knot is indispensable for tying two cables (even steel ones, on which a significant effort will be applied, for example, when pulling a heavy truck stuck in mud on half a wheel with a tractor).

Rice. 29. Flat Knot:
a - the first knitting method: b - the second knitting method

dagger knot(Fig. 30). In foreign rigging practice, this knot is considered one of the best knots for tying two large-diameter plant cables. It is not very complicated in its scheme and is quite compact when tightened.

It is most convenient to tie it if you first lay the running end of the cable in the form of the number “8” on top of the root end. After that, thread the elongated running end of the second cable into the loops, passing under the middle intersection of the figure eight, and bring it out over the second intersection of the first cable. Next, the running end of the second cable must be passed under the root end of the first cable and inserted into the figure-eight loop, as indicated by the arrow in the diagram in Fig. 30. When the knot is tightened. two running ends of both cables stick out in different directions. The dagger knot is easy to untie if one of the extreme loops is loosened.

Rice. 30. Dagger knot

"Herbal" knot(Fig. 31). Despite its name, this elementary assembly is quite reliable and can withstand heavy loads. In addition, it is easily untied in the absence of traction. The principle of the knot is half-bayonets with other people's ends (Fig. 31, and). Sometimes we have to tie two straps or two ribbons, let's say the reins. For this purpose, the “herbal” knot is very convenient (Fig. 31, b). It can be tied by changing the knot a little bit (see fig. 24) or by starting with half bayonets, as shown in the diagram (see fig. 31, A). When tightening the “grass” knot by the root ends, the knot twists and takes a different shape. When it is finally tightened, the two running ends look in the same direction.

Rice. 31. "Herbal" knot:
a - the first knitting method; b - the second way of knitting

Packet node(Fig. 32). Its name speaks , that it is convenient for tying packages and bundles. It is simple, original and designed for quick knitting. The packet knot is somewhat reminiscent of a herbal knot. In terms of strength, it is not inferior to the latter.

Fisherman's knot(Fig. 33). In Russia, this knot has long had three names - forest, fishing and English. In England it is called English, in America it is called a river or water knot.

It is a combination of two simple knots tied with running ends around other people's root ends. To tie two cables with a fishing knot, you need to put them towards each other and make a simple knot at one end, and pass the other end through its loop and around the root end of the other cable and also tie a simple knot. Then you need to move both loops towards each other so that they come together and tighten the knot. The fishing knot, despite its simplicity, can be fearlessly used to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness. With strong traction, it is so tightly tightened that it is almost impossible to untie it. It is widely used by anglers for tying fishing line (not synthetic) and for attaching leashes to the fishing line.

snake knot(Fig. 34). This knot is considered one of the most reliable knots for tying synthetic fishing tackle. It has quite a lot of weaves, is symmetrical and relatively compact when tightened. With a certain skill, they can even tie the strings of the piano. To do this, the place of the string bundle must be carefully degreased and covered with shellac.

The snake knot can be successfully used to tie two cables made of any material when a strong, reliable connection is required.

weaving knot(Fig. 35). In weaving, there are about two dozen original knots for tying a broken thread of yarn and for connecting new coils. The main requirements imposed by the specifics of production on each weaving knot are the speed with which it can be tied, and the compactness of the knot, which ensures the free passage of the thread through the machine. Experienced weavers are truly virtuosos in knitting their ingenious knots! They tie a broken thread in just a second. They have to do it without stopping the machine. Almost all weaving knots are designed primarily for instant tying, so that in the event of a thread break, the looms will continue to run smoothly.

Some of the weaving knots are very similar to sea knots, but differ from the latter in the way they are tied. Several weaving knots have long been borrowed by sailors in their original form and serve them reliably.

The weaving knot shown in fig. 35, can be called the "sibling" of the clew. The only difference is in the way it is tied and in the fact that the latter is tied into a krengels or sail fire, while the weaving knot is knitted with two cables. The principle of the weaving knot is considered classical. Truly this is the embodiment of reliability and simplicity.

Versatile knot(fig. 36). This knot is similar to weaving in its principle. The only difference is that in a knotted knot, the running ends look in different directions - this is very important when tying yarn threads. It is not inferior to a weaving knot in terms of simplicity or strength and is just as quickly tied. This knot is also known for the fact that on its basis it is possible to tie the “king of knots” - the gazebo knot (see Fig. 76).

Rice. 36. Versatile knot

Polish knot(Fig. 37). It can be recommended for tying thin cables. It is widely used in weaving and is considered a reliable knot.

Rice. 37. Polish knot

clew knot(Fig. 38). It got its name from the word “sheet - a tackle that is controlled by a sail, stretching it by one lower corner, if it is oblique, and simultaneously by two, if it is straight and suspended from the yard. Sheets are named after the sail they are attached to. For example, the fore-sheet and the main-sheet are tackles with which the lower sails are set - the fore and main, respectively. Mars-sheets serve to set the topsails, jib-sheets pull back the clew of the jib, and the fore-staysail-sheets pull back the clew of the fore staysail, etc. In the sailing fleet, this knot was used when it was necessary to tie the tackle into the fire sails in the middle, such as mars-foxle-sheet.

The clew knot is simple and very easy to untie, but it fully justifies its purpose - it securely holds the sheet in the crank of the sail. Strongly tightening, it does not spoil the cable.

The principle of this knot is that the thin running end passes under the main end and, when pulled, is pressed against it in a loop formed by a thicker cable. When using a clew knot, you should always remember that it holds securely only when traction is applied to the cable. This knot is knitted in almost the same way as a straight one, but its running end is passed not next to the main one, but under it.

A clew knot is best used for attaching a cable to a finished loop, krengels or thimble. It is not recommended to use a clew knot on a synthetic rope, as it slips and can spill out of the loop. For greater reliability, the clew knot is knitted with a hose. In this case, it looks like a bram-sheet knot; the difference is that his hose is made higher than the loop on the root of the cable around the splash. The clew knot is an integral element of some types of braided fishing nets.

Rice. 38. clew knot

Bram-sheet knot(Fig. 39). Just like the clew knot, it got its name from the name of the tackle - the bram-sheet, which stretches the clew angles of the lower edge of the straight sail when setting the bramsails. If single sheets of the lower sails are tied with a clew knot, then bram-sheets and bom-bram-sheets, bram-halyards and bom-bram-halyards, as well as bram-gits are knitted with a clew knot.

The brahm-sheet knot is more reliable than the clew knot, because it does not immediately untie when the pull on the cable stops. It differs from the clew knot in that the loop (or krengels) is surrounded by the running end not once, but twice, and also passed under the root end twice.

In the days of the sailing fleet, the bram-sheet knot was widely used when working with gear. It was used when it was necessary to take some tackle with the end into the fire, for example, bram-sheets and bram-gits. Usually they were used to tie bram-gintsy into bram-fal and gintsy into topenant of the lower yards.

Bram-sheet knot is also reliable for tying two cables of different thickness. It holds well on synthetic cables of equal thickness.

docker node(Fig. 40). In marine practice, it often becomes necessary to attach a much thinner cable compared to it to a thick rope. Such a need always exists during the mooring of the vessel to the berth, when one or several mooring lines must be supplied from the deck. There are several ways to attach the throwing line to a mooring line that does not have fire, but the most common of them is the use of a docker knot.

To tie this knot, the running end of the thick cable to which you intend to attach the thin cable must be folded in half. Insert a thin cable into the loop formed from below, make one run around the root of the thick cable, pass it under the thin cable, then over the running end of the thick cable and, passing under three cables, insert it into the loop. The docker knot is reliable enough to pull out (or lift onto the deck from the shore) a heavy mooring line with a throwing end, and quickly unties. It is best used as a temporary knot.

Rice. 40. Docker node (lower right - another version of the node)

furrier knot(Fig. 41). It seems strange that this wonderful knot, long known to furriers, has so far gone unnoticed by sailors. His scheme speaks for itself. It is relatively simple, has enough crossed ends and is compact (Fig. 41, A). In addition, the furrier knot has an excellent property: designed for strong traction, it is tightly tightened, but also untied without much difficulty. This knot can be successfully used for tying synthetic cables and fishing lines. On fig. 41, b the second way of its knitting is shown.

Rice. 41. Furrier knot:
a - the first knitting method; b - second knitting method

creeper knot(Fig. 42). This knot, although not widely used in the fleet, is one of the original and reliable knots for tying cables. It is unique in that, with a very simple interlacing of each end separately, it holds tightly with very strong traction and, moreover, it is very easy to untie after removing the load on the cable - just move any of the loops along the corresponding root end and the knot immediately crumbles. It does not slip on synthetic fishing line and can be successfully used by anglers.

Rice. 42. Liane knot

hunting knot(Fig. 43). The invention of a new knot by the English retired doctor Edward Hunter in 1979 caused a kind of sensation in the maritime circles of many countries. British patent experts, granting Huntsr a patent for his invention, admitted that the knot was indeed new. Moreover, it holds perfectly on all cables, including the thinnest synthetic lines.

In essence, the hunting knot is a successful interlacing of two simple knots tied at the ends of the cables. Dr. Hunter did not pursue the goal of inventing a new knot, but tied it quite by accident.

Since the name Hunter means "hunter" in English, this knot is named here hunting.

Rice. 43. Hunting knot

I came across Safronenko's brochure "Learning to knit knots." It may be useful for others to read this material.

For orientation in the description of the nodes used, in accordance with Fig. 1, the following terms: root end - the end of the cable, fixed or used when knitting a knot; opposite to the running end; running end - loose free end of the cable, which begins to move when knitting a knot; loop (open) - the running (or root) end of the cable, bent twice in such a way that it does not intersect with itself; kalyshka (closed loop) - a loop made by the running or root end of the cable so that the cable crosses with itself; semi-knot - a single overlap of two different ends of the same cable or two ends of different cables; run-out - a cable around an object (a log, a pole, another cable, a ring, etc.), made in such a way that both ends of the cable do not cross; hose - a full turn (360 °) of the rope around an object, made in such a way that after that the end of the cable is directed in the opposite direction; half-bayonet - carrying an object with a cable, followed by crossing its end with a cable at a right angle, without passing it into the formed closed loop.

KNOT FOR THICKENING THE CABLE "Simple knot" (Fig. 1). This is the simplest of all known knots. To tie it, you need to make a half-knot behind its root end with the running end of the cable. It can be tied at the end or at the middle of the rope. To do this, the running end of the cable is once encircled around its root part and passed into the loop formed. Depending on how it is tied, a simple knot can be left (Fig. 2, a) or right (Fig. 2, b). . It is not only the simplest of all knots, but also the smallest in size. When the cable is pulled, it is so tightly tightened that it is sometimes very difficult to untie it. One more negative feature for plant cables should be taken into account - this knot, like no other, spoils the cable, as it bends it strongly and weakens its strength by about half. A simple knot is used to tie a thread at the end so that it does not slip out of the fabric, to prevent the rope from unwinding, and also as an additional knot; for example, at the ends of a sheet tied together, serving as a rope in a fire. A simple knot, despite its primitiveness and the property of being strongly tightened, is an integral element of many useful knots. "Eight" (Fig. 2-2). This knot is considered a classic - it forms the basis of many other, more complex knots for various purposes. It can serve as an excellent stopper at the end of a thread, rope, cable. Even with strong traction, unlike a simple knot, it does not spoil the cable, and it can always be easily untied. In everyday life, the "eight" is widely used. It is very useful for securing a cable through a hole in an object, such as the wooden handle of an outboard motor rope starter. With two "eights" you can securely attach the rope to the children's sled. To prevent the hand from slipping off the end of the dog leash, you can use the "eight". It also serves well for attaching strings to the tuning pegs of violins, guitars, mandolins, balalaikas and other musical instruments. "Stevedoring knot" (Fig. 2-3). Like the "eight", this node is a stopper for cables passing through the hole. He knits, like the "eight", but with the only difference that the running end is inserted into the loop after it is surrounded around the root end of the cable twice. When tightening this knot, make sure that the hoses at the root end do not twist and slip into the loop. A tightened stevedoring knot is easier to untie if you pull on the loop that is closer to the root end. "Oyster knot" (Fig. 2-4). Due to its symmetry, this knot is successfully used by musicians to fasten the strings on the pegs of the violin, mandolin and other musical instruments. In terms of size, the tightened oyster knot is much larger than the "eight", and therefore it is used in cases where the holes on the pegs for some reason are larger than necessary for a particular string. This knot has one feature of tying: it is tightened in two steps. First tie a running knot (see Figure 8-52 below) and tighten it. After passing the running end of the cable into the loop, tighten the knot again. If the oyster knot is tightened in one step, then it will not form correctly. On fig. 2c shows a diagram of the oyster knot, indicating its symmetry. In this form, it can serve as a good decorative knot-ornament. "Ufer node" (Fig. 2-5). This ancient marine knot can be tied in two ways. The first method (Fig. 2-5, a) is based on a simple knot and involves inserting the running end into the loop from below between the root and running ends, followed by passing it under itself. The second knitting method (Fig. 2-5, b) involves tying a figure eight and pulling both ends into its corresponding loops. The peculiarity of the knot is that it is relatively easy to untie it even if it is strongly tightened. "Multiple figure eight" (Fig. 2-6). If there is a need to temporarily shorten the cable or exclude an unreliable part of its length from work (in case of fear that it will break), it is best to use the “multiple eight”, which can also serve as a convenient handle for both large and small object (cardboard box, bale, old suitcase). If you impose a "multiple figure eight" in the middle of the rope of a children's sled, then you get a very good handle, and it is better to fasten the free ends of the rope to the sled with a simple "eight". "Multiple eight" - a convenient handle at the end of a dog leash. To make the knot even and tight, as you tie each full turn, tighten it with movement to the previous one. If you later need to use the entire length of the cable, the “multiple eight” is easy to untie. No matter how hard it is tightened, it will not damage the cable. The "fire escape" (fig. 2-7) consists of a series of simple knots that are knitted one after the other very quickly (20 knots can be tied in half a minute). It is magnificent in its simplicity and efficiency, but it requires a certain skill and clarity in execution. The knitting of this knot begins with the formation of a certain number of closed loops (pebbles) wound one after another. Take the running end of the cable in your left hand, stepping back from its edge 15-20 cm. Make the first pebble with a diameter of not more than 10 cm so that the root end of the cable is at the bottom. Then make the same ka lyshku and press the thumb of your left hand to the tips of the rest. In exactly the same way, make 5-7 pebbles, evenly laid one on top of the other. "So that they do not move out and are not tangled, put them on the fingers (except the thumb) of the left hand extended upwards. You will get a kind of rope" glass ". Carefully remove it from your fingers so that it does not crumble or flatten. Now, pass the running end that you held in your left hand inside this "cup" and bring it out on the other side. Put the "glass" on the left palm and clasp it on all sides with five fingers.With the bent fingertips of the right hand, hold the upper edge of the "cup" and slowly, without jerking, pull the running end of the cable sticking out of the "cup" upwards.As you pull this running end on it simple knots will be tied. Their number will correspond to the number of pegs made, and the distance between them will be the length of their circumference. Knots can be quickly tied by fastening one end of the rope to the battery, to the leg of the bed (chair), throw the other end out the window and, if necessary, go down down the rope. Such a “ladder” can help a person who has fallen overboard. It is convenient for several people to pull out a car stuck in the mud. To make it more convenient to pull, tie a “fire escape” on the ground so that the knots go about every meter.

TIGHTENING KNOTS Self-tightening knot (Figure 4-18). This primitive knot is perhaps the most original. A pull commensurate with the strength of the cable can be applied to the root of this knot, and it will hold securely. The greater the thrust, the stronger the free running end is pressed against the hose, and the knot tightens itself. But it is reliable only when it is tied around a log and a constant effort is applied to the root end. If the force is applied to the cable alternately, in jerks, then the running end may slip out from under the root end of the cable. A self-tightening knot can be used in cases where the suspended load is motionless and the direction of thrust at the root end does not change. It is convenient for them to hang bags of food on the crossbar in warehouses to save them from rodents. Having loosened the running end of the cable, the suspended bag can be lowered smoothly. "Self-tightening knot with a half-bayonet" (Fig. 4-19). By adding one or two half bayonets to a self-tightening knot, we get a more reliable knot that can be used for various needs. "Bleach knot" (Fig. 4-20). This knot consists of two half-bayonets tied in the same direction. You can tie it in two ways. The first method is used in cases where one of the ends of the object around which the knot is knitted is open and accessible (Fig. 4-20, a), the second, when the cable has to be carried directly around the object (Fig. 4-20, b) . With the help of a knotted knot, you can attach a rope to a smooth post or crossbar, tie a bag, pull a rope between two posts, tie a bowstring to a bow, moor a boat behind a pile or a stake dug on the shore, attach twine to a thick cable. It is very convenient for feeding a tool to a height (for example, a hammer). When weaving many types of fishing nets, bleached knots form the first row of knitting. However, when using a bleached knot, you should always remember that it is reliable only with constant traction on a cable or rope. "Retractable bayonet" (Fig. 4-21). This knot is more perfect and more reliable than the bleached one. It can also be used in cases where the direction of the pull of the cable is at an acute angle to the log or cable to which it is attached. The retractable bayonet holds even when the thrust is directed almost along the br? v-. ^ a. Unlike the bleached knot, the retractable bayonet has not two, but three "hose covering the object; one on one side of the root end and two on the other. When tying this knot, it is necessary to take into account in which direction the thrust behind the root will be directed end, and depending on this, knit a knot. It is easy to remember: on which side the thrust is, there are two hoses. When using a retractable bayonet, do not forget that it is reliable only under load and does not like sharp weakening. "Constrictor" (Fig. 4-22). The knot, known throughout the world by this name, which in Latin means "boa constrictor", is one of the most tightly tightened knots. At the same time, it is also considered one of the most difficult knots to untie. As a rule, it is not even untied, it serves once. The constrictor tightens well on round objects that do not have sharp corners; in this case it is indispensable. This is a very useful and important node. With its help, you can, for example, tie a bag very tightly, the valve of a soccer ball chamber, compress a leaking rubber hose, pull a carpet, a bag, a wadded blanket from above, tie the hands of a bully, put a tourniquet on a wounded limb, and much more. . "Double constrictor" (Fig. 4-23). This knot is more complicated than the previous one and is tightened even more. "Python knot" (Fig. 4-24). In principle, it is similar to the constrictor. It can be used, except in those cases as a constrictor, and for tying two transverse rails (Fig. 4-24, b). Their connection with this knot will be much stronger than on nails. They can tie the wooden slats of a kite, and when building a wicker fence, tie one rope to another at a right angle. "Blind loop" (Fig. 4-25). This knot is also called a tag knot, as it is very convenient to use for tying keys together, for storing washers and other items with a hole, and also for fitting around the neck of the bag when tying it. "Stop knot" (fig. 4-26). Sometimes there is a need to hold a cable under tension. This is done with the help of another cable attached with a stop knot to the cable to be stopped. If the pull of the cable to be stopped is to the right, then the running end of the locking cable is placed on top of the cable with a hose to the left, then another hose is made and the running end of the locking cable is led towards the first and second hoses, clamping them, and then to the right around rope into the wrapping, making one or two more hoses, and in two or three places they put strong contractions or fix them “under themselves”. "Swing knot" (Fig. 4-27). If you decide to make a swing in the country or in the courtyard of your house, then do not look for a better knot. "Groove with half bayonets" (Fig. 4-28). This knot, proven by centuries of experience at sea, has long been used on the shore. It is reliable and very strong, tightening exceptionally firmly around the object, but when the pull on the cable stops, it is very easy and simple to untie it. The noose with half bayonets is widely used by lumberjacks. In many foreign languages ​​it is called "forest knot", or "log knot". To lift a heavy log or pipe, instead of special rigging devices, you can get by with a vegetable or steel cable of appropriate strength. But for this it is necessary to be able to tie a knot correctly. It must always be knitted a little away from the middle of the log (pipe). Having brought the running end of the cable out of the loop that makes up the knot, it is pulled towards the end of the object being lifted, from which there will be thrust, and two half bayonets are made. But, as a rule, two half-bayonets are made before the start of knitting the noose, since the root end of the tackle is already attached to the lifting mechanism. The slack in the cable between the choke and half bayonets must be taken out before lifting. Having lifted the object with a crane, it is better to deliver it to the place in one go, without lowering it to the ground. You should always remember that this knot must be checked before each lift (if it is carried out in two steps). It is also important in which direction to make half-bayonets on the log. They should be laid along the descent of the cable. Lifting heavy objects with a noose without half bayonets is considered dangerous.

NON-LOCKING KNOT "Simple half-bayonet" (fig. 3-8). It is the simplest of non-stretching knots, it is widely used - it serves as the final element of many knots. The knotted half-bayonet with the running end attached to the scrum reliably withstands strong traction. It may move towards the subject, but it will never drag on. "Simple bayonet" (Fig. 3-9). Two identical half-bayonets make up a knot, which is called a simple bayonet. This non-tightening knot is one of the simplest and most reliable knots for fastening. For a properly tied bayonet, its running end, both after the first and after the second peg, should exit equally above or below its end. In an inverted, that is, incorrectly tied bayonet, the running end after the second pebble goes in the opposite direction, not like after the first one. If the half-bayonets of a simple bayonet are made in different directions, then when the cable is pulled, they will converge together, and the knot will be tightened. More than three half-bayonets in such a knot should not be thrown, since this is quite enough and the strength of the knot as a whole will not increase with a larger number of half-bayonets. This simple but reliable knot can be used in all cases when the cable needs to be temporarily attached to some object for strong traction, for example, by a hook when towing a car. "Bed bayonet" (Fig. 3-10). This non-tightening knot securely holds even with strong pitching, and if necessary, it can be easily and quickly untied. "A simple bayonet with a hose" (Fig. 3-11). This knot differs from a simple bayonet by one additional hose around the object to which the cable is attached. Two hoses around the object make this knot more reliable under prolonged loads - due to the additional hose, it will not fray as quickly as a simple bayonet. "A simple bayonet with two hoses" (Fig. 3-12). It differs from the previous knot in an additional, third hose, which increases the strength and reliability of the knot if the cable is under constant pressure. "Bayonet with a run-out" (Fig. 3-13). More symmetrical than a simple two-hose bayonet, and in the event of a change in the direction of the thrust, it moves less along the object to which it is tied. To tie a bayonet with a run-out, you first need to make one hose around the object with the running end, surround it behind the root end and make the hose again, but in the other direction. After that, one or two half bayonets should be made. "Reverse bayonet" (Fig. 3-14). Often a situation arises when the running end of the cable is enclosed around an object (logs, etc.). p.) is very difficult. Using a reverse bayonet, you can wrap the cable around the desired object once and at the same time tie a knot with two hoses around the object to which you are attaching the cable. To do this, the running end of the cable must be doubled over a length of 2-3m and, passing it around the object in a loop, pull the loops towards you. Now the running end of the cable must be threaded into this loop, and for the root end, take out the slack and finish the knot with two half bayonets. "Fisherman's bayonet" ("anchor knot") (Fig. 3-15) Recognized by sailors of all countries as the most reliable for attaching a rope. It can be used in all cases when working with cables, when they are subject to strong traction. "Mast bayonet" (Fig. 3-16). First, a knotted knot is tied around the object to which the cable is attached (see; Fig. 4-20) and a simple bayonet is made at the root end of the cable - a reliable and simple knot is obtained. To prevent the mast knot from being tightened, the first knot is not fully tightened. "Port node" (Fig. 3-17). First, near the pedestal, you need to make several hoses with the running end of the mooring cable. After that, fold the running end in half and in this form, loop, pass it under the stretched root part of the cable, turn the loop 360 ° and throw it on top of the pedestal. This knot does not slip, holds securely. The cable can be released at any time, even if it is under strong tension. To do this, you need to slightly select the running end passing under the root end and increase the loop, after which it will not be difficult to throw it off the cabinet.

KNOTS FOR CONNECTING TWO ROPES "Oak knot" (Fig. 5-29). Its positive qualities are the speed in which it can be tied, and reliability. It is used only in exceptional cases, when it becomes necessary to tie two cables very quickly. When connecting plant cables, the connection has a significant drawback: a tightly tied knot is very difficult to untie later, especially if it gets wet. In addition, a cable tied in such a knot has less strength and, during operation, creates a danger of catching on something during its movement. To connect two cables, their ends must be folded along together and, stepping back from the edges of 15-20 cm, tie both ends as one with a simple knot. Do not try to tie synthetic cables and fishing line with this knot: he crawls on them. "Flemish knot" (Fig. 5-30). This is one of the oldest marine knots, which was used to connect two both thin and thick cables. In fact, this is the same figure eight, tied with two ends. First, make a figure-eight at the end of one of the cables to be tied (see Figure 2-2). Towards the exit of the running end from it, enter the running end of the second cable and repeat the figure eight tied on the first cable. After that, grasping each end on the left and right, evenly begin to tighten the knot, trying to keep its shape. To finally tighten the knot, pull on the root ends of the cables. There is a second way of knitting: with cables folded approximately one meter long, we tie a figure eight, but at the same time you will have to carry it around and thread it into the loop along with the short running end of one of the cables and the long root - this is the inconvenience second knitting method. The connection of the Flemish knot of two cables is considered very strong. This knot, even when tightly tightened, does not damage the cable, and is relatively easy to untie. In addition, it has excellent quality - it does not slip and holds securely on a synthetic fishing line. "Flat knot" (Fig. 5-31). This knot has long been considered one of the most reliable knots for tying cables of different thicknesses. Having eight weaves, the flat knot never tightens much, does not creep and does not spoil the cable, since it does not have sharp bends, and the load on the cables is evenly distributed over the knot. After removing the load on the cable, this knot is easy to untie. Its important advantage is that it is really flat. There are two ways to knit this knot: an unstretched knot with a tack of its free running ends to the root or half-bayonets at their ends (Fig; 5-31, a) And without such a tack, when the knot is tightened (Fig. 5-31b). A flat knot tied in the first way (in this form it is called the “Josephine knot”) on two cables of different thicknesses almost does not change its shape even with very high traction and is easily untied when the load is removed. The second knitting method is used for tying thinner cables, with the same or almost the same thickness. At the same time, it is recommended to first tighten the tied flat knot with your hands so that it does not twist with a sharp pull. After that, when a load is given to the connected cable, the knot crawls and twists for some time, but, having stopped, it holds firmly. It is untied without the application of special efforts by shifting the loops covering the root ends. Since the flat knot has eight intersections, it can be tied in different ways - there are 256 different options for tying it. But not every knot from this number, tied according to the principle of a flat knot (alternating intersection of opposite ends “under and over”), will hold securely. Ninety percent of them are unreliable, and some are even dangerous for tying cables designed for strong traction. Its principle depends on the change in the sequence of intersection of the connected cables in a flat knot, and it is enough to slightly change this order, as the knot receives other negative qualities. On fig. 5-31 is a knitting scheme, proven and tested by practice. Before you use this knot for a responsible business, you must first remember exactly its scheme and tie the cables exactly along it without any even the most insignificant changes. Only in this case, the flat knot will serve you faithfully and will not let you down, the “Hunting knot” (Fig. 5-32). This new knot was invented by an English retired doctor Edward Hunter (translated from English as “hunter”), and the receipt of a patent for the invention by the author in 1979 caused a sensation in the maritime circles of many countries. In essence, the hunting knot is a successful interlacing of two simple knots tied at the ends of the cables. It holds perfectly on all cables, including the thinnest synthetic lines. "Bramshkotovy knot" (Fig. 5-33). This knot is also reliable for tying two cables of different thicknesses, both vegetable and synthetic. Its reliability is also in the fact that it does not immediately untie when the pull on the cable stops. "Furrier knot" (Fig. 5-34). This wonderful knot is relatively simple, compact, has enough intersections to provide strong tightening, and is untied without much difficulty. It can be successfully used for tying synthetic ropes and fishing lines. There are two ways to knit it. "Surgical node" (Fig. 5-35). Physicians still use this knot in our time. First, one after the other, two half-knots are made with two ends, which are then pulled in different directions. Then they tie from above, but in the other direction, another half-knot. The principle of the knot is that the first two half-knots do not allow the two ends to disperse in different directions while another half-knot is knitted on top. It is convenient to use this knot when there is a need to pull off and tie some elastic bale or load with a rope and tighten the first half of the knot on the rope, which, without releasing its ends with your hands, you have to press with your knee. "Academic knot" (Fig. 5-36). This knot is similar to the surgical one, differing only in that instead of one second half-node, it has two of them. It differs from its progenitor, a direct knot (see Fig. 6-39), in that the running end of the cable is wrapped around the running end of another cable twice, after which the running ends lead towards each other and again run around them twice, that is, below two half-knots and two half-knots on top, but tied in the opposite direction. This gives it the advantage that when the rope is heavily loaded, it does not tighten as much as a straight knot and is easier to untie. "Dagger knot" (Fig. 5-37). This knot is considered one of the best knots for tying two large diameter vegetable cables. It is not very complex in its scheme and is very compact. It is most convenient to tie it if you first lay the running end of the cable in the form of the number "8" on top of the main one. After that, thread the elongated running end of the second cable into loops, pass it under the middle intersection of the figure eight and bring it out over the second intersection of the first cable. Next, the running end of the second cable must be passed under the root end of the first cable and inserted into the figure-eight loop. When the knot is tightened, the two running ends of both cables stick out in different directions. The knot is easy to untie if one of the outermost loops is loosened. "Weaving knot" (Fig. 5-38). This knot embodies simplicity, reliability and compactness with instant thread tying. "Straight knot" (Fig. 6-39). Apparently, only in our country there is an unreasonably respectful attitude towards this knot. Sailors of other countries treat him more soberly and even with prejudice. After all, it cannot be used to connect two cables that will be subject to strong traction: it creeps and is dangerous when it gets wet. This knot has claimed more lives than a dozen other knots combined. Unfortunately, many of the compilers of various manuals and manuals for riggers, builders, firefighters, climbers and mine rescuers still recommend a straight knot for tying two cables. But it can be sufficiently reliable only if its running ends are attached to the main ones. This knot is good for packing things, bundles, etc. A straight knot is two half knots, sequentially tied one above the other in different directions. This is the usual, easiest way to knit it (Fig. 6-39, a). Sailors, who have been using this knot since ancient times to tie cables, use a different knitting method (Fig. 6-39, b). Weavers who use a straight knot to bind broken threads of yarn tie it in their own way, in a special, convenient way for them (Fig. 6-39, c). This knot, which, according to the characteristic unanimously accepted by our specialists, “is so tightened that it cannot be untied and will have to be cut,” it turns out, even wet and tightly tightened, it is untied very simply, in 1-2 seconds. Take root end A in your left hand (Fig. 6-39, d) and, so that it does not slip out of your hand, make a couple of hoses around your palm. Also take the running end B in your right hand. Pull the ends sharply and strongly in different directions. Without releasing end A from your left hand, hold the rest of the knot in your fist with your right hand, holding it with your thumb and forefinger. Pull root end A to the left side, and the knot will untie. The whole secret lies in the fact that when the ends of A and B are jerked in different directions, the straight knot turns into two half bayonets and completely loses its properties. It is also easily untied if you take the root end D in your right hand and pull the running end B strongly to the left. Only in this case, the end of G then needs to be pulled to the right, and the rest of the knot (half bayonets) to the left. When untying a straight knot in this way, remember that if you pulled the running end to the right, then pull the root to the left, and vice versa. When untying a straight knot, one should not forget that with what force it was tightened, it is necessary to pull one of its running ends with the same force. Even a wet straight knot tied on the thickest vegetable cable, which is under strong traction, can always be untied by taking one of the running ends to a capstan or winch. In any case, you do not need to cut the cable. There are three dangerous knots that are very similar to the straight knot: "baby" (Fig. 6-40), "mother-in-law" (Fig. 6-41) and thieves (Fig. 6-42). The primitive "woman's" knot, unfortunately, has firmly taken root in our everyday life, and most people, having mastered this knot in childhood, believed in its utility so strongly that they do not even want to hear about any other knots. However, this traitor knot in the history of mankind has done a lot of trouble and even claimed a lot of human lives. The "baby" knot consists of two half-knots tied in series one above the other in the same direction. If they tie two ropes and pull, then it is immediately clear that the knot begins to move along the rope, slide along it. And if you tie it close to one of the tied ends of the rope, then when pulling it, it can slip off. But, oddly enough, the woman's knot is used in their work by sailors and fishermen of some countries. In addition to its negative qualities (to slip and not succumb to untying), they caught one of its positive qualities: under certain conditions, it instantly turns into a simple bayonet (see Fig. 3-9) - one of the simplest and most reliable ¬nyh maritime knots for securing the mooring ship on the shore for a fire, bollard or berth, without leaving the ship ashore. And this is done with the help of the “woman's” knot, despised by sailors. To do this, a loop is made at the end of the cable, which they intend to bring to the shore for fastening it with a simple bayonet around the pedestal, while the running end is connected to the root end of the “woman's” knot, which is not fully tightened. From the side of the ship, this loop is dropped onto the pedestal and, with a jerk for the root part of the mooring line, the “woman's” knot turns into a simple bayonet. Some people, by tying two ropes together, somehow manage to tie a so-called "mother-in-law" knot (Fig. 6-41), somewhat reminiscent of a "woman's" knot (Fig. 6-40). If at the latter the running ends come out of the knot on one side, then at the “mother-in-law” knot they come out from different sides diagonally. The "mother-in-law" knot is as insidious as the "woman's" knot (if not more). It should never be used under any circumstances. "Thieves' knot" (Fig. 6-42). At first glance, it almost does not differ from a direct knot (see Fig. 6-39) and it seems that it is akin to it. But if you look closely, it becomes clear that the running ends of the thief's knot come out of it diagonally. The thieves' knot, as well as the "baby" and "mother-in-law" knots, are shown for clarity, in order to emphasize their similarity and difference with the direct knot. The use of these four nodes is not recommended, as they are unreliable for tying two cables.

NON-TIGHTENING LOOPS "Oak loop" (Fig. "7-43). This is the simplest loop of all existing non-tightening loops. It is knitted with a simple knot at the end of a cable folded in half (hereinafter, the circle indicates the working loop in the diagrams). The oak loop is strong and safe, unlike the oak knot, it can be used on a synthetic cable. However, oak; the loop weakens the cable by bending it; it is strongly "tightened" and very difficult to untie. "vein loop" (Fig. 7-44). If, by tying an oak loop, with a doubled running end to make an additional hose, you get a loop that will be a little easier to untie. It is used for thin fishing lines. "Flemish loop" (Fig. 7-45). Tied with a figure eight on a double-folded cable, it is a strong and easily untied loop at the end of the cable. The Flemish loop is suitable for knitting on both thick and thin cables. It almost does not weaken the strength of the cable. It is used for fastening the strings of musical instruments and other purposes. "Perfect loop" (Fig. 7-46). The knot with which this fixed loop is knitted at the end of the cable is simple, reliable and does not slip even on the thinnest synthetic fishing line. The perfect loop is very popular with anglers abroad. "Arbor knot" (Fig. 7-47). The second name for this knot is "booline knot", or "booline". This is one of the oldest and most amazing knots ever invented by man. He is often referred to as the "King of Knots"; not every sea knot can be compared with it in the number of positive properties that it possesses. It is surprisingly easy to knit, even with strong traction it never tightens “tightly”, does not spoil the cable, never slides along the cable, does not untie itself and is easily untied when needed. In appearance, it looks like a weaving knot, but its running end does not go into the loop of the other end, but into the loop of its root end. The arbor knot, despite its amazing compactness, contains elements of a simple knot, half-bayonet, weaving and direct knot at the same time. The elements of all these nodes in a certain combination give the gazebo node the right to be called universal. The main purpose of the gazebo knot is to tie a person with a cable under the armpits when ascending to a height or when lowering. A gazebo can be inserted into the non-stretching loop of this knot (a small wooden platform board used to lift a person onto a mast or lower a ship overboard during painting or other work). This knot can be successfully used for tying two cables of the same or different diameters or cables from different materials (connecting two cables from different materials with loops using two arbors will be the most reliable). In addition, a reliable tightening loop can be made from the gazebo knot (see “Running Bowline” below). The gazebo knot can also be used without fear for temporary shortening of the cable or in the case when it is required to exclude a worn-out piece of cable from work by tying the knot so that this piece falls on the loop. There are many ways to knit a gazebo knot. On fig. 7-47 shows the most rational and simplest way. In life, the ability to quickly tie a gazebo knot around your waist can always come in handy. You need to be able to do this with one hand with one continuous movement of the brush, in the dark, in 2-3 seconds. It is not difficult to learn this at all, it is enough to do it several times in a row. To untie the gazebo knot, it is enough to slightly move the loop of the running end along the weakened root of the cable. Double arbor knot (Fig. 7-48). This knot, which has two non-stretching loops, is used instead of a gazebo for lifting a person to a height, for lifting or lowering a person who has lost consciousness, and in other cases. When knitting a knot, one of the loops is made almost half the size of the other. A person sits in one loop, the second loop wraps around his armpit torso. This allows him, having risen to a height, to work with both hands. There are several ways to tie a double bow knot. Let's consider the simplest one. The knot is knitted with a cable folded in half. After entering the running end (in the form of a loop) into the small loop of the knot, it needs to be pulled out a little and, wrapped around the large loop, placed in the upper part of the knot. Holding the root of the cable, with the other hand, pull down the right side of the large double loop. After that, the knot will tighten and be ready for use. The top knot (Fig. 7-49) can be used for fastening temporary guys when installing masts, driving piles, planting seedlings. If you have a jug with a more or less large protrusion in the neck, you can make a convenient handle for it with the help of a top knot. For carrying watermelons and large melons, it is best to use this knot, because it was once used on warships to carry cores. From a piece of any cable 2 meters long, a reliable basket for the largest watermelon is obtained. At the same time, the knot should not be completely tightened, and its three loops should be tied with two free ends. Of the known methods of knitting a top knot, the one shown in the diagram is considered the best. Boatswain, or "Spanish gazebo" knot (Fig. 7-50). It, like the double gazebo, serves to lift a person up or to lower him from a height. A foot is inserted into each of the two loops of the boatswain's knot and a hand is held on the cable. With this knot, you can raise (or lower from a height) an unconscious person. So that he does not fall out of two loops, one or two half-bayonets are additionally tied on his chest with the running end of the cable. Burlatsky loop (Fig. 7-51). It is also called a harness loop, or a Pushkar knot. This loop can be made both at the end of the cable, and on any part of it. The loop is designed to apply traction in any direction. It is easy to tie and holds securely, but before a load is applied to the loop, it must be tightened firmly by hand, as with a sharp pull it tends to turn over and slide along the cable for a while. Several loops tied in this way will help to pull out a car stuck in the mud, allow you to climb to a height or descend from a sheer cliff.

TIGHTENING LOOP A running simple knot (fig. 8-52). This is the simplest knot, forming a tightening loop. When pulling at the root end, the loop is tightened, but it can be increased in size by pulling the running end away from the loop. A knot can be tied anywhere in the rope. With it, you can tighten a bag, tie a bale, attach a cable to something, moor a boat behind a pile. Sliding figure eight (Figure 8-53). Based on the principle of eight, this knot belongs to the category of reliable, highly tightened loops. It has the property of smoothly and evenly tightening when pulling at the root end. ".-." ...: ..; . Silk knot (fig. 8-54). This knot is borrowed from the simple technique of birders. Snares made from horsehair, hair or the thinnest fishing line, with the help of such a knot, work flawlessly. The silk knot is considered one of the most smoothly and easily tightened knots. A running bowline (Figure 8-55). This is the same gazebo knot with a small loop into which the root end is passed. It is based on the lasso principle. The running bowline works flawlessly. It is used to catch floating logs and driftwood, they are looking for and raising anchors left at the bottom. Tightening noose (fig. 8-56). This node is also called the "scaffold", or "hanging" node. It also finds another application: it is used for temporary fastening of a cable for objects floating in water or for throwing and fastening a cable for any object. This knot has an advantage even over such a Good knot as a half-bayonet garrote, in that the running end of the cable cannot slip out of the loop, and therefore a tightening garrote is considered more reliable. To tie this knot, the cable is laid in the form of two loops of the same size. Both loops are surrounded several times with the running end of the cable, after which this end is passed into the loop facing the root of the cable, and, PULLING the extreme loop, they are clamped in it. A tightening noose can always be easily untied by pulling on the root cable. This dark knot can also be used to store the cable in a compact coil or as a weight at the throwing end for its supply. If it seems to you insufficient as a load at the throwing end, then lower it into the water before use. The "drunken" knot (fig. 8-57) has two tightening loops. When pulling simultaneously on the running and root ends, the loops are tightened. The knot got its name, apparently, because it was used to pacify excessively roaming people, putting loops on the wrists behind the back and tying the ends on the chest.

QUICK UNLOADING KNOTS Untying figure eight (fig. 9-58). If an ordinary figure eight (see Fig. 2-2) is made with a loop, i.e., skip the running end folded in half into its last loop, then we will get a quick-release stopper. Unleashing a running simple knot (Fig. 9-59). A running simple knot (see Fig. 8-52) can be easily turned into a quick untied knot without changing its function, that is, using it as a tightening loop, and not as a quick untied knot. To do this, you need to enter the running end, folded in half, into its loop. In this case, it will have two properties at once: it will tighten and quickly untie if you pull the running end sticking out of the loop. This is a very common knot. All over the world, it is to them that horses are tied by a bridle to a leash. So that the knot does not accidentally untie, the end of the bridle is pushed into the loop (Fig. 9-59, b). With the help of a simple knot that can be untied, it is possible to moor a boat behind a coastal pile or pedestal in such a way that, if necessary, the cable can be released without leaving the boat by pulling on the running end, left long enough. The Kalmyk knot (Fig. 9-60) is one of the most practical and reliable knots. The origin of the node is clear from the name. And, although the Kalmyk steppes do not evoke associations with the sea and ships, it has long been used in the navy. Foreign sailors do not know him, he is not mentioned in foreign manuals. This beautiful knot is knitted almost instantly in the following way. Get the running end of the cable behind the object and take it, stepping back a little from the end, from above with your left hand with your thumb towards you. With your right hand, place the root end over the left fist, in which the running end is already clamped, and make the root of the cable complete a turn around it. Then, with the movement of the left hand, move the root end under the root of the large loop with the simultaneous carrying of the running end around the same part of the cable and with the subsequent interception of the running end with the fingers of the left hand. After that, gently pull the running end in the form of a loop through the root end hose located on the left hand (by dropping the hose), so that the running end does not straighten out, and tighten the knot with the root end. The Kalmyk knot securely holds and quickly unties if you pull on the running end. It is used for temporary fastening of the throwing end to the mooring line (ring) when the latter is fed from the vessel to the berth. It is used to attach the reins to the bridle, as well as to tie the horse in the stable. If a running end that is not folded in half is passed into the loop of the Kalmyk knot, then the knot will not be quickly untied. He is in this form. called the Cossack knot. The untied weaving knot (Fig. 9-61) holds securely, but can be untied at any moment, even under tension. Reef knot (Fig. 9-62). This popular in the past marine. the knot is known in everyday life under the name "knot with one bow". He is familiar to everyone, many tie their shoelaces with them. This simple and useful knot is very similar to the straight knot and is knitted in the manner shown in fig. 6-39, except that when knitting the second half-knot, its running end is threaded into the loop folded in half. When jerking the running end, the knot is instantly untied. Double reef, or fall knot (Fig. 9-63). Sailors almost never use it: for a temporary connection, a reef knot is enough for them. In the dictionary of Vladimir Dal, it is called a "loop knot" and "repeik (bow)". Often it is also called a byte node. It knits from the same way as a straight knot, but in the second half-knot, the running ends of the cable are tied folded in half. It is an indispensable knot for tying shoelaces, rope, bows around the neck and bows in the hair, as well as on bundles and boxes. The mill knot (fig. 9-64) is considered one of the most common among the many ingenious knots for tying bags. In principle, this is the same figure eight, in the second loop of which a double-folded running end is skipped. It is very convenient in that it can be tightly tightened and quickly untied by pulling on the running end. Bucket knot (fig. 9-65). With this "remotely untied" knot, you can lower an object from a height, such as a bucket of water or mortar, put it on the ground and raise the rope up again. Firefighters, builders and climbers can successfully use this original knot. Imagine that a climber needs to descend from a height down a rope. He walks alone, and he has one rope that he still needs. The rope needs to be fixed with a bucket knot, go down along its root end and, with a jerk for the long running end, untie the knot tied at the top.

SPECIAL SEA KNOTTS Tack knot (Fig. 10-66). When the necessary stopper is not at hand, the load is lifted by a crane or an arrow on the hook, using an ordinary steel or vegetable cable. At the same time, they use a hook knot. When the root end is loaded, the running end of the cable is pressed against the inside of the neck of the hook, and the loop tightened around its back holds both ends - this is the great wisdom of this simple knot. Putting the cable on the hook, you need to carefully ensure that the root end of the cable must pass under the chassis. However, it should be borne in mind that it is possible to lay and safely lift the load with a single hook knot only if the cable is thick enough in relation to the hook. So that the hook knot does not get poisoned when the load is stopped, the running end is seized with a temporary fight to the root one. Using the principle of the hook knot, it is possible to lift a bag on the hook without a cable if its neck can be wrapped once around the back of the hook. Shack knot with a hose (Fig. 10-67). A thin cable laid with a single hook knot can slide off the back of the hook. If the cable is thin in relation to the hook, it is laid with a hook knot with a hose, which greatly increases the reliability of lifting the load. "Cat's paw" (Fig. 10-68). The name of this node is justified - it looks like a cat's paw. This knot is used in cases where the line must be attached to the hook in such a way that there is no excess slack. To tie this knot, a loop of the sling is placed on top of its two ends - two small loops are obtained, each of which is simultaneously twisted outward several times, depending on how much the sling needs to be reduced. Then the loops are brought together and put on the hook. The "cat's paw" is not clamped tightly, and the knot is easy to remove from the hook if there is no load on the sling. The barrel knot (Fig. 10-69) is used when there is no special sling or device for lifting full open barrels in a vertical position. A half-knot is knitted on the middle part of the cable, the half-loops of the knot are pulled apart and cover the middle part of the barrel with them. The lower part of the loop runs along the center of the bottom of the barrel, the free ends of the cable are tied with a straight knot, and if the cable is already fixed at one end, then with a gazebo. The barrel assembly is used when loading various types of containers that have a cylindrical shape. In everyday life, they can quickly tie a can or a tank without a handle. Amphora knot (Fig. 10-70). The ancient Greeks came up with this knot, it allowed them to conveniently carry amphorae (universal vessels with pointed bottoms, in which they stored and transported olive oil, olives, wine, grain, flour, etc.). ) without the risk of losing their valuable content. This knot is not simple, it is difficult to knit, in several stages, but with its help you can make an excellent rope handle for carrying a bottle, a jug, and in general any vessel with a small protrusion on the neck. Olympic knot (Fig. 10-71). It was called Olympic because it is obtained from five rings. This ancient sail knot from the Golden Age of Sail sounds very sentimental in English: "Two hearts beating as one." The purpose of the knot is to shorten the cable for a while. The Olympic knot is reliable and, despite the bulkiness that seems at first glance, it fits quite simply. Crab loop, or lingering fire (Fig. 10-72). The peculiarity of this knot is that it can work in two qualities: a tightening loop or a non-tightening loop. If the ends of the crab knot at the points marked with the letters A and B are sharply and strongly pulled in different directions indicated by the arrows, the knot ceases to be tightened. Taking the form shown in the third position from the right in the figure, the knot is no longer tightened, its loop becomes permanent.

KNOTS FOR FISHING GEAR Blind knot (Fig. 11-73). If a non-tightening loop is made at the end of the leash, the easiest and most reliable way to attach a fishing hook to it is to thread its end into the eye of the hook and throw it over the hook, forming a blind loop. This method is good for both cotton and thin synthetic lines, it can also be used if the loop is made of soft wire. This knot is convenient to tie sinkers to the fishing line. Fishing eight (Fig. 11-74). This is a reliable way to attach fishing line to an eye hook. He gives a full guarantee that the hook will not come off. Tuna knot (Fig. 11-75). It differs from other knots in that the eye of the hook is wrapped around two loops at the same time (as in a blind loop). Although it is difficult to knit, it is considered the best of all fishing knots designed for synthetic line. Step knot (Fig. 11-76). This knot is the most reliable for attaching fishing line to a hook without an eye. It is somewhat reminiscent of a tightening noose. Lead based on a running knot (Fig. 11-77). The ability to quickly and reliably tie leashes to the fishing line is an important matter for every angler. To tie a cross leash to the fishing line in this way, tie a running simple knot in the right place on the fishing line, but do not tighten it all the way. Tie a figure-eight at the end of the leash and pass its end into the loop of the running knot. After tightening the last knot, as shown in Fig. 11-77, you will securely attach the leash to the fishing line. Leash based on a snake knot (Fig. 11-78). This is a more complicated, but also more reliable way of tying a transverse leash to a fishing line. Before tightening the snake knot made on the fishing line, insert the end of the leash with the figure eight tied into its middle. When tying a snake knot, both parts of it will converge and securely clamp the leash in front of the figure eight. Roller assembly (Fig. 11-79). To tie this knot on the fishing line, first you need to make a simple knot and insert the running end of the leash into it. The latter must be fixed like a multiple figure eight around the fishing line and the root end of the leash. Such fastening is quite reliable and easy.

DECORATIVE KNOTTS In addition to the decorative knots already discussed (oyster, straight, Flemish, flat, and flat), many other beautiful knots can be used in applied art. After all, strict, symmetrical, and often ornate and very complex in their form, drawings of knots have long been used to create heraldic signs, coats of arms, emblems, company signs, seals and vignettes. Tailors often took schemes of knots for galloons and decoration of ceremonial uniforms and ladies' ball gowns. Many schemes of tied but loose knots are used by lace makers and embroiderers to finish their products, as well as when weaving macramé. Consider knots, which, in addition to their practical purpose, can be used in everyday life as decorative knots during various work with cables. Royal knot (Fig. 12-80). In principle, this is a reliable stop knot, like a figure-eight, stevedoring, yufers, etc. Tied on a thick cord, the royal knot is decorative and can be used to tie the ends of cords for curtains, curtains, curtains, etc. Cord knot (Fig. 12-81). A correctly tied and evenly tightened cord knot looks very impressive on cords for curtains, curtains and curtains. It can be used at the end of a cord to switch an electric switch. Turkish knot (Fig. 12-82). To properly tie this knot, you need to be patient. The knot is quite complicated, but it looks beautiful on a thick cable, especially if it is doubly tied. Can be applied to already mentioned cords. Three-loop knot (Fig. 12-83). The symmetrical scheme of this stopper unit, used in maritime affairs, has long attracted the attention of artists and graphic artists of applied art. This is a good ornament for all sorts of decorative artwork. Four-loop knot (Fig. 12-84). The symmetry and certain ornateness of this knot allow us to classify it as decorative knots. It serves the artists in choosing the ornament for the decorative finish.

This is the simplest of all known knots. To tie it, you need to make a half-knot behind its root end with the running end of the cable. It can be tied at the end or at the middle of the rope. To do this, the running end of the cable is once encircled around its root part and passed into the loop formed. Depending on how it is tied, a simple knot can be left or right. It is not only the simplest of all knots, but also the smallest in size. When the cable is pulled, it is so tightly tightened that it is sometimes very difficult to untie it. The Russian folk proverb fits him perfectly: "The knot is not big, but it is tightly tightened." This knot, like no other, spoils the cable, as it bends it strongly.

"Bloody" knot

This knot differs from a simple knot in that its running end, being inserted into the loop, wraps around the root of the cable one more time. This almost doubles the size of the node. There are two ways to knit such knots. If the number of knots does not exceed three, the hoses are made with the running end of the cable inside the loop (a.), And if it is more, then around the root of the cable and its running end is passed inside (b.). Since the distant times of the sailing fleet, such multiple simple knots have sailors from different countries were called "bloody". In the register of punishments for sailors of the military fleets of the past, there is a beating, forgotten today, with molts and whips, which were called "cats". They were a whip made of a hemp cable, which had from seven to thirteen braids, but more often - nine. Each of the braids ended in a knot, on which there were from two to ten hoses. "Cats" were divided into simple and thieves. The latter were more difficult. They were flogged for theft. Depending on the offense, the sailor could receive from one to twelve dozen as a punishment. Usually, after the third blow on the offender's back, blood appeared, since the knots, tightly tightened at the ends of the "cat" pigtails, cut through the skin (hence the name of the knot). After the first dozen blows, the bloody pigtails of the "cat" stuck together into one bundle and the blows became unbearable, the sailors lost consciousness and died in a state of shock. In order not to lose well-trained sailors in this way in peacetime, the British Admiralty in the middle of the 27th century issued a sanctimonious order: after the first dozen blows, the boatswain's assistant was obliged to unweave the pigtails of the "cat" that had stuck together from the blood. This procedure was called "combing the cat." Until now, in modern English, the idiomatic expression "To scratch the cat" has been preserved, which, recalling the barbaric punishment on ships, now has the meaning "to alleviate suffering."

Eight

This knot is considered a classic. It forms the basis of a dozen other, more complex nodes for various purposes. In the form in which it is shown here, this knot in maritime affairs serves as an excellent stopper at the end of the cable so that the latter does not splash out of the block pulley. Unlike a simple knot, even with strong traction, it does not spoil the cable and can always be easily untied. To tie the figure eight, it is necessary to encircle the running end of the cable around the main one and then pass it into the loop formed, but not immediately, as in a simple knot, but first winding it for yourself. This knot can be applied to the rope handles of a wooden pail or bucket if the rope passes through the two holes on the protruding ends of the wooden staves. In this case, after threading the rope through both holes, at its ends, on the outer sides, the rivets are tied in a figure-eight. With two figure eights, you can securely attach the rope to the children's sled. To prevent the hand from slipping off the end of the dog leash, we advise you to tie a figure eight. In addition, it serves well for attaching strings to the tuning pegs of violins, guitars, mandolins, balalaikas and other musical instruments.

Stevedoring knot

Like the figure eight, this knot is a stopper for cables passing through the pulleys of the blocks. It is knitted in the same way, with the only difference being that the running end is inserted into the loop after it has been wrapped around the root end of the cable twice. When tightening this knot, make sure that the hoses at the root end do not twist and slip into the loop. A tightened stevedoring knot is easier to untie if you pull on the loop that is closer to the root end. The name of this knot is of American origin. It first appeared in Webster's Dictionary of the English Language in 1890. The compilers of this dictionary borrowed it from the knotting manual issued by the American rope company Stevedore Ropes.

Ufer node

The diagram shows two ways to knit it. The first method (a.), based on a simple knot, involves inserting the running end into the loop from below between the root and running ends, and then passing it under itself. The second way of knitting the lufer knot (b.) involves tying a figure eight and dragging both ends into its corresponding loops, as shown by two arrows. In the days of the sailing fleet, this ancient marine knot was used to tension the shrouds with the help of cable lanyards and yufers. It was knitted at the end of the lanyard in order to hold the latter in the hole of the lufer.

oyster knot

This knot has one feature of tying: it is tightened in two steps (a.). First tie a running simple knot and tighten it. After passing the running end of the cable into the loop, tighten the knot again. If the oyster knot is tightened in one step, then it is not formed correctly. The diagram (b.) shows a drawing of an oyster knot, indicating its symmetry. In this form, it can serve as a good decorative ornamental knot for finishing a women's dress or a pattern for embroidery. Despite its name, this knot, like the eight, due to its symmetry, is successfully used by musicians to fasten the strings of a violin, guitar, mandolin and other musical instruments to the pegs. In size, a tightened oyster knot is much larger than a figure eight, so it is used in cases where the holes on the pegs for some reason are larger than necessary for a particular string.

Multiple eight

Imagine that you need to tie a large cardboard box, bale or old suitcase with a rope. Having done this, you found that one and a half meters of rope remained unused. By tying the running end of the rope around its part for which you have to carry this load, with a multiple eight you will not only shorten the rope, but also make a convenient handle for this burden. To make the knot even and tight, as you tie it, pull each hose, moving it to the previous one. If you later need to use the entire length of the rope, the multiple eight is easy to untie. No matter how hard it is tightened, it will not ruin the ropes. The knot can be used in all cases where it becomes necessary to temporarily shorten the cable or exclude an unreliable part of its length from work if there is a fear that it will break. The multiple figure eight is a good handle for both a dog leash and a children's sled.

"Fire escape"

The "fire escape" consists of a series of simple knots that are knitted one after the other very quickly. The knitting of this knot begins with the formation of pebbles wound one after another. Take the running end of the cable in your left hand, stepping back from its edge 15-20 cm. Make the first pebble with a diameter of no more than 10 cm so that the root end of the cable is at the bottom. Then make exactly the same pebble and press the thumb of your left hand to the tips of the others. In the same way, make 507 pebbles, evenly stacked one on top of the other. So that they do not move out and are not tangled, put them on the fingers extended upwards (except the thumb) of the left hand. You will get a kind of rope "glass". Carefully remove it from your fingers so that it does not crumble or flatten. Now the running end that you held in your left hand, pass inside this "cup" on your left palm and grab it from all sides with five fingers. With the bent fingertips of your right hand, hold the upper hose of the "cup" and slowly, without jerking, pull the running end of the cable sticking up from the cup. As this running end is pulled out, simple knots will be tied on it. Their number will correspond to the number of pebbles made, and the distance between them will correspond to the length of their circumference. In the daily activities of sailors, steeplejacks, builders, firefighters, mine rescuers and rock climbers, it is often necessary to use the so-called pendant with musings. A pendant in the Navy is called a vertically hanging cable, fixed to something by the upper part, and musings are thickenings on it, woven into it in the form of knots, at regular intervals. But the made pendant with musings is not always at hand. In such a situation, the "fire escape" helps out.

"Knot at the Throwing End"

The throwing end is folded in the form of a loop and wrapped around it several times with the running end, which is then pulled through the loop from the outside. This node is very mobile. Therefore, it is preferable to make the loops long and bring the ends of the knot together with a ring. Before tightening the knot, the root part of the throw is inserted into the same loop as the running end (b).
The knot can also be tied on a line folded in four (b). The throwing end is folded four times with long loops. The running end is wrapped around the loops along the entire length. After that, the running end is passed through two loops from the outside of the knot. Tighten the knot as shown in the figure. First, to tighten the spiral, loop 1 is pulled out. Then, by pulling loop 2, the running end of the line is fixed. The root part of the line is passed through the loop 3, thus pulling the loop 4. The knot is finally tied after pulling the root end 5.

Fisherman Musing

Forms moussing on the cable. It is used when tying reef-shterns into a sail.

Sailors use it only in exceptional cases, when it becomes necessary to tie two cables very quickly. Although the connection of plant cables with an oak knot is quite reliable, it has a serious drawback: a tightly tightened knot is very difficult to untie later, especially if it gets wet. In addition, a cable tied in such a knot has less strength and, during operation, creates a danger of catching on something during its movement. Its only positive qualities are the speed with which it can be tied and reliability. To connect two cables, their ends must be folded lengthwise together and, stepping back 15-20 centimeters from the edges, tie both ends as one with a simple knot. Do not try to tie synthetic cables and fishing line with this knot: he crawls on them.

This is one of the oldest marine knots, which was used on ships to connect two cables, both thin and thick. In fact, this is the same figure eight, tied with two ends. There are two ways to knit this knot. First, make a figure eight at the end of one of the cables tied together. Towards the exit of the running end from it, enter the running end of the second cable and repeat figure 8, tied on the first cable. After that, grasping each two ends, left and right, evenly begin to tighten the knot, trying to keep its shape. For the final tightening of the knot, pull on the root ends of the cables (see figure). To connect two cables with a Flemish knot in the second way, put the running ends of the connected cables parallel to one another so that they touch each other approximately along the length of one meter. At this point, tie a figure eight with two cables folded together. In this case, you will have to carry around and thread into the loop along with the short running end of one of the cables and the long root. This is precisely the inconvenience of the second method of knitting the Flemish knot. The connection of two cables with a Flemish knot is considered very strong. This knot, even when tightly tightened, does not damage the cable, and is relatively easy to untie. In addition, it has excellent quality - does not slip and holds securely on synthetic fishing line.

No less durable is the connection of two cables with a water knot. To tie it, lay the ropes to be tied with their ends towards each other so that their ends run parallel and touch each other. Holding the running and root ends of two different cables in one hand, begin to knit an oak knot with them, but instead of one run-out of the root end, make two. Before finally tightening the knot, check that one pair of ends comes out of the loop from above, and the second from below, as shown in the diagram. The water unit is simple and reliable. In the Navy, it has not found wide application, because with strong traction it drags on so much that it is very difficult to untie it.

How much irony and disdain can be heard on the part of sailors towards this primitive and, unfortunately, knot that has firmly taken root in our life. That's exactly what sailors shouldn't do - tie this knot. A naval man who unluckily tied a woman's knot even on the shore will surely be ridiculed by his colleagues. Like, this is a shame for the fleet. But, alas, among land people this knot is a station wagon. The vast majority of people who are not familiar with rigging, or those who, by their profession, do not deal with ropes, ropes, or threads, use a woman’s knot in all cases when they need to tie, tie or tie something . It seems that people, having mastered this knot in childhood, believed in its utility so much that they don’t even want to hear about any other complex sea knots. Nevertheless, speaking seriously, this traitor knot in the entire history of mankind has done a lot of trouble and even claimed a lot of human lives. The Babi knot consists of two half-knots tied in series one above the other in the same direction. If he ties two ropes and pulls, then it is immediately clear that he begins to move along the rope, to slide along it. And if you tie it close to one of the connected ends of the rope, then when pulling it, it can slip and will certainly slip if the connected ropes are of different thicknesses. Unfortunately, not everyone knows about this and continues to use it. In our country, this knot got its name due to the fact that from time immemorial, women tied the ends of headscarves with it. Abroad, it is called "grandmother's", "stupid", "veal", "false", "salaga" knot. But, oddly enough, the woman's knot is used in their work by sailors and fishermen of some countries. In addition to its negative qualities (to slip and not succumb to untying), they caught one of its positive properties - under certain conditions, instantly turn into a simple bayonet - into one of the simplest and most reliable marine knots for securing a mooring vessel on the shore for a fell, bollard or mooring bollard . But in order to tie a simple bayonet when mooring, you need to get off the ship ashore and do it directly at the fell or put the end on the shore so that those on the shore do it. But it turns out that a simple bayonet can be tied to a bollard without leaving the ship ashore. And this is done with the help of a woman’s knot despised by sailors ... To do this, at the end of the cable, which they intend to bring ashore for fastening it with a simple bayonet around the fell, a loop is made, the running end of which is connected to the root end with a woman’s knot, which is not completely tightened. From the side of the ship, this loop is thrown onto the fell. When jerking at the root of the mooring line, the woman's knot turns into a simple bayonet.

Some people, by tying two ropes together, somehow manage to tie a so-called "mother-in-law" knot, somewhat reminiscent of a woman. If at the latter the running ends come out of the knot on one side, then at the mother-in-law's knot they come out from different sides diagonally. The "mother-in-law" knot is as insidious as the woman's (if not more). It should never be used under any circumstances.

Archaeological finds indicate that the Egyptians used it about three thousand years before our era. The ancient Greeks and Romans called it Nodus Hercules - the Hercules or Hercules knot, because the mythical hero Hercules tied the front paws of the skin of the lion he had killed on his chest with it. The Romans used the straight knot to stitch wounds and heal broken bones. It consists of two half-knots, sequentially tied one on top of the other in different directions. This is the usual easiest way to knit it (Fig. a). Sailors, who have been using this knot since ancient times to tie cables, use a different knitting method (Fig. b). Weavers who use a straight knot to tie broken threads of yarn tie it in their own way, in a special way that is convenient for them (Fig. c). With heavy loads on the tied cables, as well as when the cables get wet, the straight knot is strongly tightened. How can a straight (reef) knot be untied, which is so tightened that it cannot be untied and will have to be cut. A straight knot, even wet and tightly tightened, is untied very simply, in 1 - 2 seconds. Tie a straight knot as shown in diagram (d). Take ends A and B in your left hand, and ends C and D in your right hand. Pull them strongly in different directions and tighten the knot as tight as possible. After that, take the root end A in your left hand (so that it does not slip out of the hand, make a couple of hoses around the palm). Take the running end B in your right hand (you can also wrap it around your palm.). Pull the ends sharply and strongly in different directions. Without releasing end A from your left hand, hold the rest of the knot in your fist with your right hand, holding it with your thumb and forefinger. Pull root end A to the left side - the knot is untied. The whole secret lies in the fact that when the ends of A and B are jerked in different directions, the straight knot turns into two half-bayonets and completely loses all its properties. It is also easily untied if you take the root end D in your right hand and pull the running end B strongly to the left. Only in this case, the end of G must then be pulled to the right, and the rest of the knot (half bayonets) to the left. When untying a straight knot in this way, remember that if you pulled the running end to the right, pull the root to the left and vice versa. When untying a straight knot, one should not forget that with what force it was tightened, it is necessary to pull one of its running ends with the same force.

At first glance, it almost does not differ from a direct knot and it seems that it is akin to it. But if you look closely, it becomes clear that the running ends of the thieves' knot come out of it diagonally. The thieves' knot, as well as the women's and mother-in-law's knots, are shown for clarity, to emphasize their similarity and difference with the direct knot. The use of these four nodes is not recommended, as they are unreliable for tying two cables. The origin of the name "thieves' knot" is curious. It appeared on English warships at the beginning of the 17th century. Theft of royal property and the theft of personal belongings of sailors on British ships were considered commonplace. In those years, the sailors of warships kept their simple belongings and food, mainly in the form of biscuits, in small canvas bags. The bag, of course, cannot be closed with a lock, it can only be tied. As a rule, sailors tied their personal bags with a straight knot. Thieves, mostly recruits who were not yet accustomed to the starvation of the ship's diet, having stolen other people's biscuits, could not properly tie the knot with which the bag was tied. They knitted something similar - a knot that the sailors began to call thieves. There is also a second version about the origin of this name: in order to prove the act of stealing from a bag, the owner deliberately tied a knot very similar to a straight one, and the thief, not paying attention to the trick, tied the robbed bag with a straight knot. But be that as it may, the origin of the node itself, like its name, is associated with the Fleet.

They are still used by surgeons to tie threads of ligatures to stop bleeding and to stitch tissues and skin together. Nowadays, medicine has not yet abandoned the use of knots, and doctors skillfully use them. During abdominal operations, surgeons have to suture catgut (a special material obtained from the mucous layer of the intestines of a ram or sheep), which resolves after 3-4 weeks. When tying, the catgut slides, and, making knots on it, surgeons use special clamps. During microsurgical operations, physicians use extremely thin suture material - a synthetic thread 10 to 200 times thinner than a human hair. It is possible to tie such a thread only with the help of special clamps under an operating microscope. These threads are used in the suturing of the walls of blood vessels, for example, in the replantation of fingers, in the suturing of individual nerve fibers. Basically, they use the woman's, straight, bleached, surgical knots and the so-called "constrictor" knot. When tying a surgical knot, first two half-knots are made one after the other with two ends, which are then pulled in different directions. Then they tie from above, but in the other direction, another half-knot. The result is a knot very similar to a straight knot. The principle of the knot is that the first two half-knots do not allow the two ends to disperse in different directions while another half-knot is knitted on top. It is convenient to use this knot when there is a need to pull off and tie some elastic bale or load with a rope, and the tightened first half of the knot on the rope, without releasing its ends with your hands, you have to press it with your knee.

It is very similar to the surgical knot, differing only in that instead of one second half-knot, it has two of them. It differs from its, if I may say, progenitor - a direct knot in that the running end of the cable is wrapped around the running end of another cable twice, after which the running ends lead towards each district and again run around them twice. In other words, there are two half-knots at the bottom and two half-knots at the top, but tied in the opposite direction. This gives it the advantage that when the rope is heavily loaded, it does not tighten as much as a straight knot and is easier to untie in the normal way.

It has long been considered one of the most reliable knots for tying cables of different thicknesses. They even tied anchor hemp ropes and mooring lines. Having eight weaves, the flat knot never tightens too much, does not creep and does not spoil the cable, since it does not have sharp bends, and the load on the cables is evenly distributed over the knot. After removing the load on the cable, this knot is easy to untie. The principle of a flat knot lies in its shape: it is really flat, and this makes it possible to choose the cables connected by it on the drums of capstans and windlasses, on the welps of which its shape does not interfere with the even overlap of subsequent hoses. In marine practice, there are two options for knitting this knot: a loose knot with tacking of its free running ends to the root or half-bayonets at their ends (a) and without such a tack, when the knot is tightened (b). A flat knot tied in the first way (in this form it is called a Josephine knot) on two cables of different thicknesses almost does not change its shape even with very high traction and is easily untied when the load is removed. The second knitting method is used for tying thinner than anchor ropes and mooring lines, cables, with the same or almost the same thickness. At the same time, it is recommended to first tighten the tied flat knot with your hands so that it does not twist with a sharp pull. After that, when a load is given to the connected cable, the knot crawls and twists for some time, but, having stopped, it holds firmly. It is untied without much effort by shifting the loops covering the root ends. As already mentioned, a flat knot has eight intersections of cables and, it would seem that it can be tied in different ways, there are 256 different options for tying it. But practice shows that not every knot from this number, tied according to the principle of a flat knot (alternating intersection of opposite ends from under and over), will hold securely. Ninety percent of them are unreliable, and some are even dangerous for tying cables designed for strong traction. Its principle depends on changing the sequence of intersection of the connected cables in a flat knot, and it is enough to slightly change this order, as the knot receives other negative qualities. Before putting this knot into practice for any important business, you must first remember exactly its scheme and tie the cables exactly along it without any, even the most insignificant deviations. Only in this case, the flat knot will serve you faithfully and will not let you down. This marine knot is indispensable for tying two cables (even steel ones, on which a significant effort will be applied, for example, when pulling a heavy truck stuck in mud on half a wheel with a tractor).

In foreign rigging practice, this knot is considered one of the best knots for tying two large diameter cables. It is not very complicated in its scheme and is quite compact when tightened. It is most convenient to tie it if you first lay the running end of the cable in the form of a figure of the number 8 on top of the main one. After that, thread the elongated running end of the second cable into loops, pass it under the middle intersection of the figure-eight and bring it out over the second intersection of the first cable. Next, the running end of the second cable must be passed under the root end of the first cable and inserted into the figure-eight loop, as the arrow indicates. When the knot is tightened, the two running ends of both cables stick out in different directions. The dagger knot is easy to untie if one of the extreme loops is loosened.

Despite its name, this elementary node is quite reliable and can be heavily loaded. In addition, it is easily untied in the absence of traction. The principle of the knot is half-bayonets with other people's ends (a). Sometimes we have to tie two straps: or two ribbons, let's say the reins. For this purpose, the "herbal" knot is very convenient (b). It can be tied by changing a little "Teschin" knot or starting with half bayonets, as shown in diagram (a). When tightening the "grass" knot by the root ends, the knot twists and takes a different shape. When it is finally tightened, the two running ends look in the same direction.

Its name suggests that it is convenient for tying bags and bundles. It is simple, original and designed for quick knitting. The packet knot is somewhat reminiscent of a herbal knot. In terms of strength, it is not inferior to the latter.

In Russia, this knot has long had three names - forest, fishing and English. In England it is called English, in America it is called a river or water knot. It is a combination of two simple knots tied with running ends around other people's root ends. To tie two cables with a fishing knot, you need to put them towards each other and make a simple knot with one end, and pass the other end through its loop and around the root end of the other cable and also tie a simple knot. Then you need to move both loops towards each other so that they come together and tighten the knot. The fishing knot, despite its simplicity, can be fearlessly used to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness. With strong traction, it tightens so tightly that it is almost impossible to untie it. It is widely used by anglers for tying fishing line (not synthetic) and for attaching leashes to the fishing line.

This knot is considered one of the most reliable knots for tying synthetic fishing tackle. It has quite a lot of weaves, is symmetrical and relatively compact when tightened. With a certain skill, they can even tie the strings of the piano. To do this, the place of the string bundle must be carefully degreased and covered with shellac. The snake knot can be successfully used to tie two cables made of any material when a strong, reliable connection is required.

In weaving, there are about two dozen original knots for tying a broken thread of yarn and for connecting new coils. The main requirements imposed by the specifics of production on each weaving knot are the speed with which it can be tied, and the compactness of the knot, which ensures the free passage of the thread through the machine. Experienced weavers are truly virtuosos in knitting their ingenious knots. They tie a broken thread in just a second. They have to do it without stopping the machine. Almost all weaving knots are designed primarily for instant tying, so that in the event of a thread break, the weaving machines will continue to run smoothly. Some of the weaving knots are very similar to sea knots, but differ from the latter in the way they are tied. Some weaving knots have long been borrowed by sailors in their original form and serve them reliably. The weaving knot can be called the "brother" of the clew knot. The only difference is in the way it is tied and in the fact that the latter is tied into a krengels or sail fire, while the weaving knot is knitted with two cables. The principle of the weaving knot is considered classical. Truly this is the embodiment of reliability and simplicity.

This knot is similar to weaving in its principle. The only difference is that in a knotted knot, the running ends look in different directions - this is very important when tying yarn threads. Neither in simplicity nor in strength is it inferior to a weaving knot and is just as quickly tied. This knot is also famous for the fact that on its basis you can tie the "king of knots" - the gazebo knot.

It got its name from the word "sheet" - a tackle that is controlled by a sail, stretching its one lower corner, if it is oblique, and simultaneously for two, if it is straight and suspended from the yard. Sheets are named after the sail they are attached to. For example, the fore-sheet and the main-sheet are tackles with which the lower sails are set - the fore and main, respectively. Mars-sheets serve to set the topsails, jib-sheets pull back the clew of the jib, and the fore-staysail-sheets pull back the clew of the fore-stay, etc. In the sailing fleet, this knot was used when it was necessary to tie the tackle into the fire of the sail, in the middle, such as, for example, mars-foxle-sheet. The clew knot is simple and very easy to untie, but it fully justifies its purpose - it securely holds the sheet in the crank of the sail. Strongly tightening, it does not spoil the cable. The principle of this knot is that the thin running end passes under the main end and, when pulled, is pressed by it in a loop formed by a thicker cable. When using a clew knot, you should always remember that it holds securely only when traction is applied to the cable. This knot is knitted in almost the same way as a straight one, but its running end is passed not next to the main one, but under it. A clew knot is best used for attaching a cable to a finished loop, krengels or thimble. It is not recommended to use a clew knot on a synthetic rope, as it slips and can spill out of the loop. For greater reliability, the clew knot is knitted with a hose. In this case, it looks like a bramshkot knot; the difference is that his hose is made higher than the loop on the root of the cable around the splash. The clew knot is an integral element of some types of braided fishing nets.

As well as the clew knot, it got its name from the name of the tackle - the bramsheet, which is used to stretch the clew knots of the lower edge of the straight sail when setting the bramsails. If single sheets of the lower sails are tied with a clew knot, then bram-sheets and bom-bram-sheets, bram-halyards and bom-bram-halyards, as well as bram-gits are tied with a clew knot. The clew knot is more reliable than the clew knot, because it does not immediately untie when the pull on the cable stops. It differs from the clew knot in that the loop (or krengels) is surrounded by the running end not once, but twice, and also passed under the root end twice. In the days of the sailing fleet, the bramshkot knot was widely used when working with gear. It was used when it was necessary to take some tackle with the end into the fire, for example, bram-sheets and bram-gits. Usually they tied bram-gintsy into bram-fal and gintsy into topenant of the lower yards. Bramshkotovy knot is also reliable for tying two cables of different thicknesses. It holds well on synthetic cables of equal thickness.

In marine practice, it often becomes necessary to attach a much thinner cable compared to it to a thick rope. Such a need always exists during the mooring of the vessel to the berth, when one or several mooring lines must be supplied from the deck. There are several ways to attach the throwing line to a mooring line that does not have fire, but the most common of them is the use of a docker knot. To tie this knot, the running end of the thick cable to which you intend to attach the thin cable must be folded in half. Insert a thin cable into the loop formed from below, make one run around the root of the thick cable, pass it under the thin cable, then over the running end of the thick cable and, passing under three cables, insert it into the loop. The docker knot is reliable enough to pull out (or lift onto the deck from the shore) a heavy mooring line with a throwing end, and quickly unties. It is best used as a temporary knot.

It seems strange that this wonderful knot, long known to furriers, has so far gone unnoticed by sailors. His scheme speaks for itself. It is relatively simple, has fairly crossed ends, and is compact. In addition, the furrier knot has an excellent property: designed for strong traction, it is tightly tightened, but also untied without much difficulty. This knot can be successfully used for tying synthetic cables and fishing lines.

This knot, although not widely used in the fleet, is also among the original and reliable knots for tying cables. It is unique in that, with a very simple interlacing of each end separately, it holds tightly with very strong traction and, moreover, it is very easy to untie after removing the load on the cable - just move any of the loops along the corresponding root end and the knot immediately crumbles. It does not slip on synthetic fishing line and can be successfully used by anglers.

In our time, to invent a new knot is an almost unbelievable thing, since no more than 500 of them have been invented in five millennia. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the invention of a new knot by the English retired doctor Edward Hunter in 1979 caused a kind of sensation in the maritime circles of many countries. British patent experts, issuing Haiter a patent for his invention, recognized that the node is really new. Moreover, it holds perfectly on all cables, including the thinnest synthetic lines. In essence, the hunting knot is a successful interlacing of two simple knots tied at the ends of the cables. Dr. Hunter did not pursue the goal of inventing a new knot, but tied it quite by accident. Since the name Hunter in English means "hunter", we called this knot a hunting knot.