Samoan tribe. School encyclopedia. The original islands of Samoa. How do they live there?

The islands are of volcanic origin, mostly mountainous (up to 1858 m high). The climate is tropical, hot and humid, with frequent hurricane winds. The average annual temperature is 26°C, and precipitation averages 3000 mm per year. The slopes of the mountains are covered with tropical rainforests, among which there are valuable species with very hard wood, large-leaved myrtles with fragrant flowers, gigantic banyans, the crown of which reaches 100 m in diameter. On the tops of the highest mountains, lush forests give way to so-called misty small forests and mountain shrubs, and on the flat coasts, cultural landscapes with plantations of coconut palms, bananas, cocoa and other crops predominate.

Most of the islanders live in traditional huts called fale, which have an oval shape. There are no walls and the roof, made from coconut palm leaves or a ramp, rests on wooden pillars. The only city and main port of Western Samoa is the capital of the state of Apia (33 thousand inhabitants), located on the island of Upolu. The center of Apia is built up with one-story and two-story houses of the European type, over which church bell towers rise powerfully. The city has an observatory, three hotels, small businesses, offices of foreign companies, as well as government offices. On the outskirts of Apia is the estate of the famous English writer R. L. Stevenson.

Nature and climate

The islands of Western Samoa are the peaks of an underwater ridge of volcanic origin. On the island of Savaii there is an active volcano Matawanu, the last eruptions of which occurred in 1902 (strong) and 1911. The relief of the islands is mountainous. The highest peaks are Mount Silisili (1858 m) on Savaii Island and Fito (1100 m) on Upolu Island. The surface of these islands decreases from the central, most elevated areas to the periphery and in some places turns into coastal lowlands. The islands have many fast mountain rivers with significant hydroelectric potential. The shores are mostly rocky and rugged. The total length of the coastline is approx. 400 km. Coral reefs fringe Savaii Island from the northeast and east, and Upolu on all sides except the northeastern part.

The climate is tropical, hot and humid. Average daily temperature approx. 26°C, temperature fluctuations are small (average temperature in summer – 27°C, in winter – 25°C). Average annual precipitation ranges from 2500–3000 mm in the northwest of both major islands to 5000–7000 mm in the central highlands. The dry season lasts from May to October, and the rainy season from November to April. Tropical hurricanes recur frequently.

Volcanic soils are very fertile, especially on Upolu Island. Soil and climatic conditions are favorable for the development of agriculture, however, due to the dissected relief, only a quarter of the territory is used.

The flora of Samoa includes ca. 600 species, about a quarter of which are endemic. Forests cover 47% of the country's territory. A strip of mangrove forests stretches along the coasts. In many places they have been replaced by coconut palm plantations. The mountain slopes are covered with tropical rain forest. The lower parts of the slopes are dominated by trees up to 20 m high, in the ground layer there are ferns, the trees are entwined with vines and various epiphytes. At an absolute altitude of 500–600 m, the tree layer reaches 25–29 m; tree ferns appear even higher in the mountains. In the central part of the islands the forests are wetter. Western Samoa has many valuable tree species, the wood of which is used by the population to build houses and boats. Banyan, nutmeg, bamboo, pandanus, and orchids are very common.

The fauna is extremely poor in mammals. The most common rats were brought by Europeans on ships. Chiropterans are characteristic. The avifauna includes 53 species, of which 16 are very rare (including the endemic Tooth-billed Pigeon). Reptiles include snakes and turtles. There are centipedes, scorpions and spiders. The insect fauna is richest, and the eastern part of the range of three groups of insects (mayflies, caddis flies and termites), widespread in Australia and New Guinea, is confined to these islands. The adjacent water area abounds in fish, crabs, octopuses; in deeper waters there are sharks, tuna, bonito, mackerel, etc.

Attractions

Western Samoa is a beautiful corner of the Earth that has not yet been greatly affected by civilization. For this reason, the country's main treasures are its mountains, forests, beaches and picturesque villages. If we talk about man-made attractions, then the largest number of them are concentrated in the capital of Apia on the island of Upolu. For example, in its western part there is the old ceremonial capital Mulinuu. The most interesting buildings in this area are the old observatory and the House of Parliament. In the central part of Apia, the most interesting is the memorial Clock Tower. There are also old colonial buildings scattered throughout the city, among which the most colorful is the courthouse, within the walls of which the Historical Museum is located. In addition, many churches were built in the capital and its suburbs: the Catholic Church, the Apia Samoa Temple complex, the Congregationalist Church, etc. Just 4 km from the center of the capital, on the outskirts of Vailima, is the estate of the writer R.L. Stevenson, and next to her is his tombstone.

There are other interesting places on the island of Upolu. Thus, in its northern part there are the picturesque Falefa waterfalls, the Uafato forest reserve and Lake Lanotoo, next to which stands the Bahai Temple. On the southeast coast, the most interesting cascade of five-meter waterfalls is Papassea Sliding Rock. Well, the main attractions of the south coast are the O-Le-Pupu-Pue National Park and Paradise Beach.

The island of Savaii is a virtually untouched place. Its main attractions are the Peapea and Paia Dwarfs lava caves, the ritual mound near Cape Mulinuu, the Alofaaga volcanic cavern, the Tia Seu mound, the ancient village of Fagaloa, the Falealupo lava tubes and Satiuatua beach with a colorful church. Also worth mentioning is Manono Island, the main historical monuments of which are the “Star Mound” and the “Tomb of 99 Stones” mound.

Nutrition

The national cuisine of Samoa is distinguished by not too spicy dishes, consisting of individual components, which are served separately and mixed directly during the meal. Here you can also try dishes that are cooked in umu earthen ovens. Some of the most important components of the local menu are coconut, sweet potato, vegetables and root vegetables, grains, fresh fruits and seafood. Among fish dishes, the main place is occupied by oka, which is finely chopped and specially marinated fish, which is then heat-treated or eaten raw. Similar recipes are used to prepare faiai-eleni (herring in coconut milk), faiai-fee (octopus in coconut milk) and other seafood (clams, shark meat, crustaceans, sea snakes, etc.).

In restaurants, some of the most popular dishes include palusami (pickled taro leaves used to wrap fillings), taisi-moa (fried chicken in banana leaves), supoesi (coconut milk and papaya soup), fia-fia (a mixture of meat and vegetables , umu-roasted), lupe-tunuwiliwili (roasted pigeon) and puaa-tunuwiliwili (umu-roasted pork). All dishes are served with soy sauce, tapa and breadfruit.

For dessert, local restaurants offer fruits, fausi (a dish made from coconut milk and baked pumpkin), coco arasa (cocoa with rice) and a variety of flour products.

The most common drinks include nui (the juice of the green coconut fruit), kawa (an unusual drink made from the yangona root) and strong cocoa, as well as local sodas. Alcoholic drinks in the country are mainly imported, and Vailima beer is the most popular among locals.

Accommodation

Today, tourism in Western Samoa is just developing, so the choice of hotels here is not yet very large. At the same time, Samoa is one of the cheapest countries in the South Pacific region. For this reason, the cost of living in high-level hotels here starts from $130–150 per night. In mid-price establishments you can count on $50 per day, and in motels and small private boarding houses - $35–40. In addition, many rural communities offer home rentals with full meals. In case of such accommodation, the cost of living will be only $20 per day.

Most of the hotels are located on the island of Upolu; on the island of Savaii their choice is much lower.

Entertainment and relaxation

Thanks to its rich nature, Samoa is an excellent destination for active holidays and hiking. The best way to explore the islands is by boat or canoe. Bicycle rides are also quite popular among tourists, especially around the picturesque island of Savaii. The islands also have many beautiful beaches that are suitable for both a simple beach holiday and snorkeling, and in some places even for exploring the underwater world. The best dive sites are located near the Palolo Deep Marine Reserve and Maninoa Beach (Upolu Island).

Surfing in Samoa is quite a difficult task, since many suitable places are replete with unstable currents and reefs. However, there are now resorts on the islands that specialize in wave play (Maninoa Beach, Ananoa Beach, Salouafata Harbor and Samoana). Fishing in Samoa is quite accessible, but expensive. The fact is that local residents often view sports fishermen as their direct competitors. For this reason, tribal leaders charge tourists quite large sums for harmless fishing.

An interesting way to spend time could be to participate in one of the local holidays and festivals. Among them, the largest is the week-long Teuila festival, which takes place in early September. The event includes competitions of dance groups and choirs, traditional dances, kirikiti competitions, fautasi boat races and a Flower Parade. Among other events, the most interesting are:

• International fishing tournament
• Argungu Fishing and Cultural Festival,
• South Pacific Games (rowing),
• Birthday of Tanumafili II Malietoa,
• International rugby competitions and a celebration in honor of the Palolo turtles.

Purchases

Samoa's largest shopping establishments are located in Apia - this is the large Flea Market and two supermarkets (Frankie and Farmer Joe). You can find almost any product on the market - from cheap electronics to jewelry. In supermarkets, the choice of goods is slightly smaller, but their quality is better. In general, almost every city and town in the country has its own market, where you can find very interesting souvenirs and simply make useful purchases. The most common items tourists purchase are bags and baskets made from ramp fibers, exquisite fabrics made from paper mulberry bark, wooden weapons, model canoes, wooden bowls, avocado oil and local honey. Local crafts, such as wicker fans, small figurines, vases, etc., are in particular demand. Women are advised to pay attention to original jewelry made from coconut shells, as well as amazing precious shells. The rugs woven by local craftsmen are also amazing. Their amazing pictures and bizarre ornaments conceal a piece of Samoan culture.

Most retail establishments are open from 08:00 to 16:30, and on Saturdays until 12:30, although many private shops have their own opening hours. On Sundays all shops are closed.

Transport

Apia is home to the country's largest port, through which Samoa maintains regular maritime connections with New Zealand, Great Britain and Fiji. Less significant ports are located at Asau, Saleologa and Mulifanua. There are regular ferry services between the islands of Savai'i and Upolu, as well as with the island of Pago Pago, which belongs to American Samoa. The international airport is located in Faleolo, 34 km from the capital.

Samoa has more than two thousand kilometers of roads, mostly rural. The main mode of intercity and urban transport is old buses with wooden seats. In addition, they run extremely irregularly. For example, if the driver feels tired or decides to play rugby with friends, then the bus will no longer operate. There are no stopping points. In order for the driver to stop, you need to vote. Well, in order to get out, it is customary here to knock loudly on the roof. It must be borne in mind that Samoan buses have their own seating order for passengers. According to it, unmarried girls must sit together, and foreigners and elderly people must sit at the front of the bus. If the bus is full, locals sit on each other's laps.

Taxis are available in the capital and major towns; car rental is only available to people over 25 years of age.

Connection

The islands have a completely modern telephone system, which is developing rapidly. Pay phones are installed in all major settlements. They work using prepaid cards, which are sold in stores, post offices and kiosks. You can also make a call from most hotels, although the cost will be 15–20% more expensive.

Mobile communications in Samoa have an analogue system (TDMA): only phones that support this standard can be used here. If necessary, such a phone can be rented at the offices of cellular companies. The coverage area mainly covers the capital, as well as nearby areas. At the moment, a system of repeaters is being built, which allows for high-quality communication between all points of the country.

Network services on the islands are developing rapidly, so there are Internet cafes in the capital and other localities of the country. Local mobile operators support WAP and GPRS.

Safety

Samoa is considered one of the most tranquil places in the region. The crime rate on these islands is extremely low, so there will be no problems with personal safety here. Still, it is not recommended to neglect simple precautions. Women traveling alone should be prepared for increased attention from local men. As a rule, it is expressed in various verbal comments, but some caution obviously does not hurt.

Tap water in populated areas is chlorinated and therefore safe for consumption. Although during the first week of your stay, we recommend using bottled or boiled water for drinking and brushing your teeth.

Before traveling to Samoa, vaccination against hepatitis B, cholera, typhoid, polio and Japanese encephalitis is recommended. In addition, outbreaks of tropical fever, carried by mosquitoes, sometimes occur on the islands. For this reason, it is worth bringing insect repellents with you.

Business climate

Samoa's financial system is almost completely integrated into the world economy, and the country's stable financial, economic and political structure attracts investors here, and their activities are encouraged by the government. In general, government policy is aimed at turning Samoa into a powerful offshore center in the Pacific region. Today, light industry is very developed here. A promising industry, of course, is the hotel business and the tourism sector in general.

On the islands, most of the land, including the coast, is communal property, the rights to which belong to families or villages. Rural communities view their shores as a protected area and therefore monitor them very jealously. This means that you will need to pay $1–3 for swimming on a stretch of coastline you like. There is no point in bargaining and sparing this money, as it goes towards the needs of medicine or community education. Additionally, some communities prohibit sailing on Sundays and charge surfers and windsurfers a small daily fee ($1-$1.50). The money goes to support the local school education program.

Visa information

A Samoan visa is issued directly upon crossing the border. To obtain it, you will need tickets and a passport, which is valid for 6 months after departure from Samoa. Sometimes customs officials ask you to show evidence of sufficient finances for the duration of your stay in a given country.

A visa is issued at the border for 30 days, but if necessary it can be extended for 60 days. To do this, you must contact the Immigration Office in Apia and present your passport, tickets, proof of sufficient financial resources, reasons for extending your stay, hotel reservation or confirmation of another method of accommodation, and pay a fee (about $45).

Culture

The traditional Samoan way of life (called faa Samoa) remains an important component of Samoan life and politics. Having been exposed to European influence for centuries, the Samoans nevertheless maintained their historical traditions, preserved their social and political structure, and their language.

Samoan culture is based on the principle of walealoai - a specific system of relationships between people. This relationship is based on respect (faaaloalo). When Christianity was brought to Samoa by missionaries, most of the population accepted it. Currently, 98% of the population identifies as Christian. The remaining 2% either identify themselves as non-religious or belong to other faiths.

Most Samoans live in traditional oval huts (fales). The roof is made from pandanus or coconut palm leaves and rests on wooden pillars. There are no walls, but at night and in bad weather, the openings between the pillars are covered with mats, which are rolled up and stored under the roof (along its perimeter). The floor is laid out with smooth large pebbles. Nowadays there are fales with an iron roof.

The main socio-economic unit of Samoan society is the community (ainga), which consists of three to four generations of immediate male relatives, women who came into the community by marriage, and persons included in it as a result of adoption. Members of the aingi (on average 40-50 people) jointly own the land and jointly perform all labor-intensive work.

Like many other Polynesian islands, Samoans have two types of tattoos for different genders. Tattoos for men are called tatau and consist of complex geometric designs placed from the knees to the ribs. A man with such a tattoo is called a sogaimichi. Samoan girls (teine) are given a mala that extends from just below the knees to the top of the thighs.

Traditional female Samoan dance - siwa. This dance is similar to the Hawaiian hula - the dancers “tell” their “story” with smooth movements of their arms and legs to the beat of the music. Male Samoan dances are more aggressive and energetic. Sasa is a male Samoan dance in which rows of dancers perform quick synchronized movements to the beat of drums or rolled mats. Its name is translated from Samoan as “slap” because it involves slapping different parts of the body.

Story

According to archaeological data, the settlement of Samoa occurred more than 2,500 years ago. The first European to visit Samoa was the Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen in 1722. In 1768, the expedition of the French navigator L.A. Bougainville visited the coast of Samoa, and in 1787 the expedition of J.F. La Perouse, who determined the coordinates of many islands of the archipelago. Close connections with the outside world were established with the arrival of English missionaries on the islands in 1830. In 1839, an American expedition led by Charles Wilkes worked in Samoa, which compiled a detailed description of the flora and fauna of the islands. From the second half of the 19th century. The confrontation between the USA, Germany and Great Britain for dominance over Samoa intensified. The contradictions were resolved in 1900, when at the conference of the three powers in Berlin the archipelago was divided along 171° W. into two parts. The US annexed Eastern Samoa, and Germany annexed Western Samoa. On August 29, 1914, New Zealand occupied German possessions, and on May 1, 1929 received a League of Nations mandate to administer them.

The activities of the New Zealand administration were aimed at developing export sectors of the economy, improving healthcare and education systems. After World War II, Western Samoa became first a mandate territory of New Zealand, and from 1946 a UN trust territory under the administration of New Zealand. The Legislative Assembly was established in 1947, and a draft constitution was adopted in 1959. At the same time, a government (cabinet of ministers) was created, headed by a Samoan. On January 1, 1962, Western Samoa became the first independent state in Oceania.

Since July 1997, the country received a new name - the Independent State of Samoa. Samoa is part of the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain.

The last parliamentary elections took place on March 4, 2001. 23 deputies from the Human Rights Party, 13 from the National Development Party of Samoa, and 13 independent deputies were elected to the Legislative Assembly.

The country has a national Broadcasting Service and a Television Corporation. The monthly government publication Savali (founded in 1904) and the Samoa Observer newspaper are published in Samoan and English, as well as the daily Samoa News and the weekly Samoa Weekly in English.

Policy

The country has a constitution that came into force on January 1, 1962 (when the independence of Western Samoa was proclaimed), as amended in July 1997. Initially, the country was led by two leaders - representatives of large family communities, who had previously held supreme power on the islands for a long time. After the death of one of them, Tupua Tumasese, Malietoa Tanumafili II became head of state for life from April 5, 1963 (according to the updated constitution, after his death the head of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly for a term of five years). Executive power in the country is exercised by the government headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the head of state and approved by the Legislative Assembly (Fono). It consists of 49 deputies, who have been elected by universal suffrage since 1991. All residents of the country who have reached the age of 21 have the right to vote.

The judicial system consists of magistrates' courts, which hear civil and criminal cases, the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. These courts operate in accordance with British law and taking into account Samoan customs. Minor offenses are under the jurisdiction of chiefs and family communities based on customary law.

In 1970 Western Samoa joined the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain. Since 1976 – member of the UN. Traditionally, close ties are maintained with New Zealand. Since July 1997 the country has been called Samoa.

Economy

Samoa's economy has traditionally depended on humanitarian aid, private remittances from foreign countries and agricultural exports. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the country's workforce and produces 90% of the country's exports, including cream of coconut, coconut oil, noni (noni fruit juice), bananas, copra, and others.

The country's gross domestic product (GDP) (at purchasing power parity) in 2006 was US$1.218 billion. According to 2004 data, the manufacturing sector is the main component of GDP (58.4%), followed by the services sector (30.2%), agriculture (11.4%). Samoa's working population is estimated at 90,000.

65% of the amateur population is employed in agriculture, 30% in the service sector, and 5% in industry. The main crops are coconut palm, cocoa tree, taro, yam, breadfruit tree and bananas. Livestock farming plays a supporting role. Cattle, pigs and poultry are raised to meet domestic needs. Most crops are grown on communal lands, but some produce (especially copra and cocoa beans) is supplied by large plantation farms.

Industrial production is reduced mainly to the processing of agricultural raw materials and fish, the production of clothing, shoes, souvenirs, tobacco products, food products, and beer. There is a wood processing plant and a soap factory. Hydroelectric power plants and diesel power plants produce approx. 65 million kW of electricity, which meets internal needs.

The value of imports significantly exceeds exports. Samoa imports mainly cotton clothing, cars, equipment, and food. In the structure of exports, agricultural products account for approx. 90%. The main exports - copra, coconut oil, cocoa beans, bananas, fish - are sent mainly to New Zealand, Australia, the USA and Germany. Imports come from New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Fiji and the USA.

Tourism is developing in the country. In 1996, it was visited by more than 70 thousand foreign tourists.

Regular maritime connections are maintained between Apia (the country's largest port) and New Zealand, Fiji and the UK. Less significant port facilities were built in Asau, Mulifanua, Saleologa. The total length of roads is 790 km, of which paved roads are approx. 330 km. In the vicinity of Apia there is Faleolo International Airport, and there are two airports for domestic traffic.

Since 1967, the official currency is the tala (Samoan dollar), equal to 100 sene.

General information

Official name - Independent State of Samoa. An island state in the South Pacific Ocean, occupying the western part of the archipelago of the same name. The area is 2,832 km2. Population - 188,540 people. (as of 2008). The official language is English, Samoan. The capital is Apia. The monetary unit is tala.

The state consists of two large islands - Savaii and Upolu, two small ones - Manono and Apolima and several other small islands.

Samoa has a humid tropical climate. The average annual temperature is +26°C, its fluctuations do not exceed 2°C. The year can be divided into two seasons: a wet one, from November to April, and a drier one, from May to October, during which time the southeast trade winds are present on the islands. On the plains the average annual precipitation is 2000-3000 mm, at altitude - 5000-7000 mm. The country is often affected by tropical cyclones.

Story

Residents of the Samoan islands celebrate the New Year among the last on our planet: near the borders of the state there is a conventional line of changing calendar dates, numbers, days of the week, months, years...

This line on the globe runs along the meridian of longitude 180° from Greenwich, between Asia and America along the Pacific Ocean, bypassing the land. Samoans are proud of their role as guardians of the “gates of time,” albeit conditional ones. But they also have grounds for unconditionally high self-esteem. Most ethnographers in the world believe that it is this small archipelago, the very core around which the entire Polynesian culture grew: myths, customs, traditions, way of life, ideas about beauty.

Archaeologists date traces of the first human settlements on the islands of Upolu, Apolima, Savaii and Manono to two to two and a half thousand years. However, other scientists believe that these were not the ancestors of the current Samoans, but some other Austronesian tribes. Their real ancestors came in the 5th century. from the Bismarck Islands in Western Melanesia, and these were representatives of the Lapita culture. However, there is very little reliable information about the life of the Samoan archipelago before the arrival of Europeans; archaeological excavations here were carried out only sporadically and not widely. But if we take the legends and traditions of Samoa as the source of information, and (with reservations, of course), then according to them it turns out, and here all the legends agree with each other, that it was the Samoans who were distinguished among all Polynesians by their special belligerence. As many historical examples confirm, it is on the shoulders of victorious warriors that customs and traditions often come to the lands they conquered, in this case to the nearby Pacific islands and atolls. In this regard, linguistic versions of the origin of the name Samoa are also interesting. According to one of them, “Samoa” is an abbreviation of Sa-ia-Moa (“sacred to Moa”), and Moa was the son of the god of the universe Tagaloa. According to another version, more common among the islanders themselves, Samoa is something other than the “sacred center of the universe.” In fact, in the Samoan language one of the meanings of the word "moa" is "center". It is also translated as... “chicken” (more precisely, one of the local species of this poultry on some islands). But what does chicken have to do with it? And besides, the Samoans answer that where there is a chicken, there is a house. It is truth too.

XVII century provides more accurate evidence regarding the role of Samoa in Polynesia. By this time, the archipelago, the geographical center of Polynesia, became a busy crossroads of trade and commodity exchange in the region. From time to time, merchant seafarers from more distant countries began to drop by the port of Apia. The discoverer of the islands among Europeans is, however, not a merchant, but a Dutch traveler, Jacob Roggeveen (1722). The Frenchman Louis Antoine de Bougainville, who arrived here in 1768, dubbed the archipelago the Islands of the Seafarers. His more famous compatriot, Jean-François La Perouse (1741-1788), also visited here. They were all surprised by how the seemingly wild islanders lived: they were clean, practical, and their handicrafts were simply excellent - both beautiful and durable.

In 1830, English missionary preachers John Williams and James Harris landed in Samoa. The Samoans greeted the reverend fathers friendly and were baptized willingly and in large groups. This was unexpected: the missionaries met with a completely different reception on other islands of the Pacific Ocean; let us clarify that both of them were eaten by cannibals in 1839 on the island of Eromanga in the New Hebrides archipelago (). It is believed that the Samoans were so loyal because in myths their gods always told them: the day will come when a new faith will come to you, which must be accepted with humility. And so it happened. And Samoa began to be called the “Bible Belt of the Pacific” in the world.

And they looked at Samoa not at all as an outpost of Christianity in Oceania, but as a stronghold for their future influence in the region. On March 16, 1899, ships from all three countries entered Apia harbor almost simultaneously. And here you can’t imagine it on purpose - the elements intervened in the plans of the colonialists: under the blows of an unexpectedly powerful typhoon, only the British frigate Calliope survived. Well, the Americans and Germans said cynically but quickly: you, gentlemen, have no losses, therefore you do not need any compensation. For some reason the British did not object. Thus, the Samoan islands were divided between Germany and the United States. Their western part, now the Independent State of Samoa, went to Germany, and the eastern part, now American Samoa, to the USA (an unorganized territory not part of the country). With the outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918), Germany had no time for Samoa, and in 1914 it occupied former German Samoa, then, in 1920, with the sanction of the League of Nations, it made Western Samoa its protectorate. In 1961, the UN, being the legal successor of the League of Nations, terminated this mandate. On January 1, 1962, Western Samoa became an independent state; since 1997, this is not only the status, but also the name - the Independent State of Samoa. And not a kingdom at all, despite the fact that its first person is the monarch. This is where the uniqueness of the state and social system of Samoa begins, which at first glance is quite chaotic. But this is not at all the case; on the contrary, it is very slender, because it is based on local unshakable traditions.

Sights of Samoa

Apia- a beautiful city that is the capital of Samoa. One of the most famous attractions of Apia is old catholic church, which was built in the western area of ​​the capital of Samoa. This church is a truly majestic building, it makes people come to it, look at it, admire it. The height of the church is approximately ninety meters. Tourists are also attracted by its cladding - Gothic columns and vaults, as well as stucco, which during the entire existence of the church was restored only five or six times! Tourists also like the large windows of this church, the dimensions of which are so large that two adults can stand there at full height if they are placed on top of each other.

Another attraction is Christian church, in which rests the relics of John Williams, a reverend and missionary who was one of the first to come to the islands. The Christian church is also very beautiful, but, alas, photography is prohibited both outside and inside. But you can buy photographs with her image in any store that sells souvenirs.

On the main island of the archipelago - Upolu, you can visit the Stevenson Museum, the Center for Traditional Polynesian Art, the Samoan Village Museum, Paradise Beach, scuba diving, take part in ocean fishing or get to know the nature of the interior of the island.

On the outskirts of Apia - Wallima(4 km along Beach Road) is the estate of the famous English writer R. L. Stevenson. Lying at the rear of the estate, the tombstone of the famous writer seems to look out over the town, the snow-white edge of the reef and the distant horizon. After the writer's death, the islanders worked 24 hours non-stop to cut a path to the top of the hill so that the body of their beloved "tusital" ("storyteller", as they respectfully called Stevenson) could be buried the next day with full ceremonial honors. Stevenson's elegy is engraved on the tombstone, his favorite two lines: "The sailor's home is in the sea. And the hunter's home is in the hills."

Papassea Sliding Rock(“Papassea Moving the Rock”) - five-meter waterfalls cascading directly into a common reservoir, lost along the banks in the intricacy of the jungle.

Savai'i Island- one of the largest islands in Polynesia, but also one of the least populated. It is an unspoiled and ancient island that has undergone few Western influences, and the people of Savai'i have maintained a way of life that is even more traditional than that of Upolu. There are a huge number of first-class beaches that are good for swimming and are considered the most perfect for snorkeling and other underwater sports.

Reserve " Tafua Rainforest" is one of the most beautiful and accessible rainforest reserves, located on a stretch of coastline with lava fields, caves and grottoes. The local lava fields - Matawanu, were formed when the volcano erupted lava almost continuously for almost six years in the early 1900s. Now they represent an impressive lunar landscape, and a walk around the volcano's crater is one of the most attractive excursions on the islands, and here you can take a couple of lava souvenirs with you as a souvenir.

Another tropical forest reserve on Savai'i - Falealupo, has a unique natural object - a green canopy over a gallery passage between majestic banyan trees, woven from thousands of tree branches.

Samoan cuisine

In the national cuisine of Samoa, seafood is mainly used, and very often raw, with the addition of salt and spices. The main place is occupied by "oka" - a collective image of the method of preparing raw fish, during which it is finely chopped, marinated in a mixture of lemon juice, coconut milk, salt and onions, and only then subjected to further processing or simply consumed almost raw ("oka- ia"). Other seafood is prepared in the same way - various shellfish, crustaceans, sea snakes, shark meat and even, perhaps, the most exotic delicacy of the islands - “si”, which is a specially processed sea cucumber.

Many dishes are prepared in "umu" - earthen ovens.

A special place in the dishes is occupied by coconuts, taro, sweet potatoes, vegetables, rice, millet, and fruits. Popular seafood items include shellfish, crustaceans, sea snakes, sharks, and sea cucumber.

Meat was traditionally considered a purely festive dish, and the daily diet of the islanders included only pork and various poultry products, although recently this picture has noticeably changed towards an increase in the range of various meat dishes.

The dishes are served with soy sauce, coconut milk and onion sauce, breadfruit, and herbs.

Among the famous local dishes, it is worth noting “luau”, or “palusami” (colocasia leaves processed like “oka”, in which various fillings are wrapped and then simmered in “umu”), “taisi-moa” (chicken fried in banana leaves), "moa-tunupau" (charcoal-grilled chicken), "supoesi" (papaya and coconut milk soup), "supasui" (the Samoan version of "suey", which is beef marinated in soy sauce with ginger, garlic and onions, then boiled with vermicelli and a lot of soy sauce), traditional “fia-fia” (a mixture of various meat products and vegetables fried in “umu”), “sua-arasa” (rice soup), “povi-masima” (regular corned beef) , “lupe-tunuwilivili” (fried wild pigeon), and, of course, the traditional island dish “puaa-tunuwilivili” (fried pork, a type of “puaa-tuna” - a whole pig fried in “umu”).

Drinks they prefer are coconut juice, cocoa, and kava. “Kava” is a non-alcoholic drink, rich in flavonoids, previously prepared according to a special recipe from the root of yangona (kava) - a shrubby plant from the pepper genus (botanical name - piper methysticum): simply chewed the roots of kava and left them in water to infuse

Samoa on the map

We departed from Nadi (Fiji) on September 30, and arrived in Apia (Samoa) on September 29 ;) It’s really cool to live twice today and miss tomorrow;) Actually, this is what we were counting on when planning our trip. Crossing the date line, what could be more mysterious?! But the Samoan leadership decided to outsmart everyone by introducing a new time zone, GMT+14, into Samoa. ;)

Flights

Our acquaintance with Samoa began on the plane. I have never seen such a gathering of obese people in one place. All 10 people in our group were scattered around the plane like precious seeds, although they asked to be seated as a group together.

Denis and I were lucky, and the Samoan agreed to change places with me, although he began to terribly resent the fact that he had a seat by the window, but had to sit in the middle. What window, is it night outside?! Our luck didn’t end there; they seated an obese girl next to us, who, oh joy!, fit into her seat. But our fellow traveler was unlucky; our chubby’s husband was put in with her. He raised, insolently, the dividing handle and sat down on the 1.5 seats. Believe it or not, no one even thought about solving this problem. The flight attendant just shrugged. But on normal airlines, obese people are required to buy 2 tickets!!!

Back we specifically asked that we, our group, be seated together. And even such a request was not fulfilled!!! We were scattered around the plane again. But this time, we didn’t leave the reception desk until we were given seats next to each other!!! What a rush has begun! Despite the fact that the plane was half full and “filled” with tiny people of an incomprehensible race. Neither Chinese nor Filipinos, but some men were small and thin;) They looked like real migrant workers;)

Samoa Hotels

I couldn't sleep for a minute. We got to the hotel, and it was a wonderful Aggie Gray's Resort, at 5 am. Despite the fact that the check in time in any hotel in the world is 14:00, we were promised that the rooms would be ready by 9.00, so we settled in, who, where he found a place. But first, we were invited to have breakfast. A chic restaurant, tablecloths and cloth napkins for breakfast - this is an indicator. The dishes were tasty and varied, but the fryer’s scrambled eggs did not work out, they stuck and spread, and he was worried and this made it even more successful worse. Due to the time shift, due to a late dinner on the plane, due to an early breakfast at the hotel, the gap between meals was 2 hours. It was possible not to get up from the table;)

The restaurant at Aggie Gray's Resort is ready to receive visitors even at 5 am

And after breakfast, our fellow travelers sat on sun loungers by the pool and relaxed, or, in other words, fell asleep. I want to sleep.

We went to the ocean to greet the sunrise and take pictures. Impressive! White sand, blue water, waves crashing on a reef somewhere in the distance and near the shore the water is calm like on a lake, the birds are singing, you lie under a palm tree, look at the coconuts and get high;) And such a sweet buzz that you fell asleep right there; )

A heavenly place. Morning beaches at Aggie Gray's Resort

And when we woke up, Aggie Gray's rooms were ready to welcome and surprise us. A cozy spacious room, a bright bathroom sparkling with surgical cleanliness, a large open loggia and a stunning view of the ocean!

There was no time to sleep, at 10.00 our acquaintance with the island of Upolu began. The island is actually small, 3 hours is enough to go around it. But our guides managed to stretch this trip over three days:) From the hotel in one direction and half the way, from the hotel in the other direction and the other half of the island;) Well, the third day is an acquaintance with the capital of Western Samoa - the city of Apia. Well, it’s hard to call it a city, the entire population of the island is 125 thousand.

Our second hotel, Tanoa Tusitala Hotel, a city hotel, was located in the center of the capital of Western Samoa in the courtyard of a government building. And lying by the pool in the evening, we could unhinderedly see what was going on inside. And on the porch of this building children, grimy and grimy, were playing. Across the road, with its frightening height (2 floors with a roof), we were pleased with its presence by the Ministry of (Rate) Women, something else and social development;)

Life of the inhabitants of Western Samoa

Here you go. So that you understand what Western Samoa is. These are 10 islands. But we were only on one. The island has endless white sandy beaches surrounded by blue open ocean. Coral reefs save beaches from large waves, so much so that even the foam does not reach the shore. People live on the coast. Their homes are monstrously poor and open to everything and everyone.

They have no walls, no windows. Only the flooring raised above the ground and the roof resting on wooden columns. Fabric curtains protect your home from the sun, wind and rain. Richer houses have glass shutters instead of windows and walls. The closer you get to the capital, the houses become different, because they are richer (?), some even have walls;) and certainly richer people have more substantial houses.

Everywhere you look you will see a coke palm or a banana grove. In general, it seemed to me that when going through passport control at the entrance to the country, they should be given helmets. Because coconuts tend to fall, and walking under palm trees covered with this seemingly kind and harmless murder weapon was scary at first;) but you get used to everything and relax.

I still haven’t seen what people are doing here. We saw few people here. On Sunday, everyone dressed in white clothes returned from churches, and on Monday, schoolchildren dressed in colorful uniforms (white top and pink or bright green bottom) went to school.

The grimy children were still running through the banana thickets, and the women were lying stupidly on the floor of their homes. Here the men wear pareo skirts, somewhat reminiscent of the long aprons of our waiters.

And one more interesting thing. Here, women do not use washing machines, everything is done by hand. And if you consider that there are 5-6 children in the family, you begin to understand why they are so grimy. But if the washing is successful, then the laundry is hung according to the rainbow, in the sense of taking into account colors, tones and halftones, with all the rules of transition from color to color. Apparently this is a kind of masochism: first wash it, and then hang it up. Or maybe it’s this kind of love for your island. Unlike Fiji, the cleanliness here is amazing, even in the most remote village.

further

). Member of the British Commonwealth. It occupies the western part of the Samoan archipelago in the Pacific Ocean - the islands of Savaii, Upolu, as well as Apolima, Manono and a number of small uninhabited islands. Total area 2842 km 2. Population 143 thousand people. (1970, assessment). The capital is Apia.

Political system. The current constitution was adopted in 1960. The basis of society is considered to be the community (aiga), that is, a family group headed by a leader - the elected head of the community. Only tribal leaders have voting rights and can be elected to government bodies. They elect a unicameral parliament - the Legislative Assembly, consisting of 45 leaders - for 3 years; 2 representatives from the European population are elected on the basis of universal suffrage. The head of state since 1963 is Chief Malietoa Tanumafili II. According to the constitution, after his death, the head of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly for a 5-year term. He also exercises executive power and appoints prime ministers and ministers.

V. M. Semenov.

Nature. The islands are mountainous, volcanic in origin, composed mainly of basalts. Height up to 1858 m(Sava'i Island). The mountain ranges are separated by wide valleys. The shores are mostly high and rocky. The climate is subequatorial and tropical, trade wind, humid. Average monthly temperatures are 25-27°C; annual amplitudes do not exceed 2-3°C. Precipitation up to 2000-4000 mm in year; Strong hurricanes are frequent. Due to the high water permeability of volcanic rocks, there are few surface watercourses. The flora includes about 600 species, of which about 25% are endemic. Characterized by an abundance of tree ferns. As part of dense tropical rainforests growing to a height of 1000-1500 m on fertile yellow-brown soils, many valuable tree species (podocarpus, nutmeg, palm trees, rubber plants). On the coast there is a coconut palm and breadfruit tree. The fauna is poor in mammals. Birds are numerous (among them are endemics: weed chickens, tooth-billed pigeons).

Population. About 99% of the population are Samoans (together with Samoan mestizos) - one of the Polynesian peoples (see Polynesians) , the rest are immigrants from other islands of Oceania and people of European descent. The official languages ​​are Samoan and English. By religion, about 80% are Protestants, the rest are predominantly Catholics.

During 1963-70, population growth averaged 2.5% per year. Economically active population (1965) 33 thousand people, including 21 thousand people in agriculture, about 6 thousand people in the service sector, trade and transport. As a result of unemployment, emigration is significant, mainly to New Zealand (about 16 thousand people left in 1965 alone). The most populated islands are Upolu (over 72% of the population in 1966, including the islands of Manono and Apolima) and Savaii (over 27%). Average density 50 people. by 1 km 2. Urban population 36% (1970). The most significant city is Apia (about 28 thousand inhabitants in 1970).

Historical reference. The territory of Z.S. was inhabited in ancient times by Polynesians who were at the stage of a tribal system. They were skilled farmers, fishermen, and builders. By the time the Samoan islands were discovered by Europeans in the 18th century. (Dutch J. Roggeveen, French L. Bougainville and J. La Perouse) their population was at the stage of decomposition of tribal relations. In 1830, English missionaries founded an evangelical mission here.

The advantageous geographical position of the Samoan islands (they lie on the sea routes from America to New Zealand and Australia) caused capitalist powers (Germany, Great Britain, USA) to fight for them; Z.S. at the end of the 19th century. Germany took over. In August 1914, the German colony in Samoa was captured by New Zealand troops. In May 1919, during the “division” of the former German colonies, the Supreme Council of the Entente transferred Z.S. to New Zealand. New Zealand's mandate to govern the Land was officially approved by the Council of the League of Nations on December 17, 1920.

The population of Z.S. constantly fought against the colonialists (the largest protests were in 1908-09). In the 20s In Z.S., the patriotic organization “May” was founded, leading the resistance against the New Zealand colonialists under the slogan “Samoa for Samoans.” In December 1929, demonstrations took place in the country demanding independence. In connection with the liquidation of the mandate system after the end of World War II (1939-1945), the UN transferred Z.S. to the guardianship of New Zealand. The population received autonomy in internal affairs. However, the struggle for independence did not stop. The Samoans' demand for independence was reinforced by a plebiscite held on May 9, 1961. On October 18, 1961, the UN decided to terminate guardianship over Z. On January 1, 1962, Z.S. was proclaimed an independent state. In the same year, the government of Z.S. concluded a friendship treaty with the government of New Zealand, which provided for the transfer to New Zealand of the competence of Z.S. in foreign relations, defense, banking, monetary circulation, etc.; Z.S. did not join the UN and did not establish diplomatic relations with foreign states (the only diplomatic representative accredited to the government of Z.S. is the High Commissioner of New Zealand). In 1970, West Side joined the British Commonwealth.

V. M. Semenov.

Economy. The basis of the economy is agriculture, mainly farming. Cultivated lands, concentrated in valleys and on a narrow coastal strip, account for (1966) 31.7% of the total area, meadows and pastures 2.1%, forests 64.8%. On the plantations (owned by American and New Zealand entrepreneurs) and on the farms of indigenous people, crops are cultivated, the products of which are mainly exported: coconut palms (copra harvest is 13 thousand. T in 1970, nuts 102 million pieces), bananas (area 2 thousand. ha, collection 3 thousand T), cocoa trees (collection of cocoa beans 3 thousand. T in 1970/71). For local consumption, sweet potatoes and yam, corn, rice, taro, as well as oranges, pineapples, etc. are cultivated. Livestock (in 1969/70, thousand heads): 24 cattle, 45 pigs.

There are small enterprises for the primary processing of valuable wood (for export), grinding coffee, producing coconut oil, soap, furniture and confectionery factories. Forestry and fishing are important. The main type of transport is automobile; the length of roads is about 800 km. The main port is Apia (all foreign trade transport, anchorage for ships crossing the Pacific Ocean). International airport in Apia. The foreign trade balance is passive. The deficit is covered by tourism and loans (mainly from New Zealand). They export: copra (30% of exports by value), cocoa beans (about 50%), bananas (8%); They import: food (mainly fish, meat, flour, sugar), as well as gasoline and light industry products (shoes, fabrics, etc.). The main trading partner is New Zealand. Currency - Samoan dollar = 1.12 US dollars.

V. M. Andreeva, V. M. Semenov.

Education. Children aged 7 years are admitted to the 6-year primary school; Education is conducted in English and Samoan. Secondary school is 6 years old: divided into junior (3 years) and senior (3 years); Training is carried out mainly in English. Missionary organizations play a significant role in the school system. Vocational training is carried out on the basis of primary schools. In the 1968 academic year, there were over 26.2 thousand students in primary schools, and over 9.4 thousand students in secondary schools and vocational educational institutions. An agricultural worker works on the basis of the junior high school. College in Apia (4 years of study; 200 students in the 1968 academic year); Primary school teachers are trained by the Pedagogical College (2 years of study; 250 students in the 1968 academic year). There are no higher educational institutions. Some of those who graduate from senior secondary school receive higher education abroad (mainly in the USA). There is a Public Library in Apia (founded in 1959; 8.5 thousand volumes).

Print, radio broadcasting. The press is represented by small-format newspapers: “Savali”, founded in 1904, government, circulation 6 thousand copies, published twice a month; private weeklies “Samoa Bulletin”, founded in 1960, “The Samoa Times”, founded in 1964, 5.5 thousand copies. All newspapers are in English and Samoan. The Z.S. Broadcasting Service is a government commercial service. Founded in 1948.

Lit.: Kassis V., Western Samoa, M., 1968; Nevsky V.V., Nilson O.A., Oceania, L., 1965; Western Samoa, ed. by J. W. Fox, Christchurch, ; Davidson J. W., Samoa Mo Samoa, Melbourne, 1967.

Western Samoa.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Western Samoa" is in other dictionaries:

State in Oceania, see Samoa, state in Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001. WESTERN SAMOA ... Geographical encyclopedia

Western Samoa- WESTERN SAMOA, a state in Oceania, in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Occupies the western part of the archipelago. Samoa islands of Savai'i and Upolu (almost 100% of the territory). The total area is 2.8 thousand km2. Population 163 thousand people, mostly Samoans.… … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Western Samoa) a state in the southwestern part of the Pacific region, in the western part of the arch. Samoa. 2.8 thousand km². population 163 thousand people (1993), mainly Samoans. Urban population 23% (1993). The official languages ​​are Samoan and English.… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 country (281) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Independent State of Samoa Malo Sa oloto Tuto atasi o Samoa (Samoan) Independent State of Samoa (English) ... Wikipedia

How often do Russian people want to take a break from the frosts and dull spring sun, to find a heavenly warm place with blue water and evergreen trees... You can only find it several thousand kilometers from Moscow, say, in the vast Pacific Ocean. An example is a small archipelago called Samoa. Its unique and fascinating nature attracts tourists from all over the world. It seems that everything here is created for rest and relaxation.

Location

Those who decided to visit the archipelago for the first time will be interested in learning detailed information about it, about the traditions of the local people, as well as about the attractions of this lost corner, the features of flora and fauna.

The Samoan Islands are located in the South Pacific Ocean and are part of the Polynesia subregion. The population of this area has always been famous for their sea voyages; even at the beginning of the new millennium, the natives successfully explored neighboring territories: the coasts of New Zealand, Hawaii, and the islands of Samoa. The ocean became their home and source of food.

The total area of ​​the archipelago is 3030 km, more than 250 thousand people live here. It is divided into two states, commonly referred to as Western and Eastern Samoa. Both of these territories differ in ideological, cultural and political ideas. If the first state has an independent character, then the second belongs to the United States, and the local population gravitates towards the lifestyle adopted there.

Islands of the archipelago

Even before the discovery by Europeans, Samoa was the center of Polynesian culture; it was from here that the development of neighboring atolls and distant lands of the Pacific Ocean began. The archipelago consists of two largest islands - Savaii and Upolu and two small ones - Manono and Apolima, the rest are practically uninhabited.

The government structure of the American part of the earth is not entirely ordinary: the region is under the authority of the US Department of the Interior and under the tutelage of the president. The country is led by a governor and eighteen deputies from among local leaders. People here adhere to the American way of life and often emigrate to Hawaii or the mainland.

Tourism development

The Samoan Islands have recently become a tourist destination, although this only applies to the western part. Previously, the economy of a small state was completely dependent on foreign subsidies, but today the share of tourism in GDP is 30 percent. In 2012, the archipelago was visited by a total of 250 thousand people from all over the world.

As you can see, tours here are very popular. In particular, one of the most famous travel agencies specializing in the sale of tours, including to Guam (island) is “Byzantium”. Both the western (Samoa, as we remember, is divided into several parts) part of the archipelago we are considering, and its entire territory as a whole, by and large, have good potential for the development of tourism, you can still find wild places and deserted beaches here, and the population is friendly and not intrusive. This archipelago amazes with its unique beauty from the first second. These islands are of volcanic origin, so the entire territory is covered with picturesque hills, immersed in the greenery of the tropical forest.

The country's leadership, together with the New Zealand authorities, have invested heavily in the construction of hotels and other related infrastructure, so there are all the conditions for a relaxing holiday.

Attractions

The main thing that the Samoan islands are famous for is the ocean. Stunning blue lagoons and a mild, warm climate make your stay here as comfortable as possible. It is because of the beautiful nature that many rich Europeans come here; the famous writer Robert Louis Stevenson also spent the last years of his life here. His house now houses a museum, located a few kilometers from the capital of the western part of the Alia archipelago.

Particularly good beaches on the southern side are “Matareva”, “Salamuma” and “Agaona”; nearby are the coral reefs of Aleipat with rich marine life, so there are all conditions for lovers of underwater tourism. On the islands of Upolu and Savaii there are stunningly beautiful waterfalls hidden in forests and between small mountains. Surfing enthusiasts often come here, however, this type of active recreation in the local coastal waters is quite extreme due to the wind and underwater currents.

For those who want to take a break from the ocean and learn more about the Samoans, their culture and history, there are also activities and attractions available. To get to know them, you need to travel the length and breadth of Samoa. Photos taken by people who have already been here once confirm that this country has something to be proud of besides the beaches. In the only city of the eastern state - Alia - you can walk through the old capital of the state of Mulinuu, there are several interesting buildings, such as the observatory and the Parliament House.

Visitors traditionally visit the Fleya Market, where they can not only look at very colorful representatives of the local population, but also buy inexpensive goods from the mainland, as well as products of folk craftsmen. There are many Catholic and Christian churches on the island of Samoa; the temple complex deserves special attention.

The pristine nature of this corner is amazingly beautiful; it is incomparable to any other place on earth. Isolation from Western civilization and the correct policy of resource use make this resort one of the most interesting and pleasant places to relax. The tourism industry here is still developing, but it is very active; the government has relied on attracting tourists from all over the world to the country.

Among all the resorts in the South Pacific region, the Samoan Islands are among the cheapest; here you can rent a room for 50-100 dollars; individual houses built in the national style are slightly more expensive. You will be lucky if your trip coincides with one of the Samoan holidays: on these days, stunning performances are held on the ocean shore in honor of a fishing tournament, a surfing festival, or an international rugby competition.

Shops and supermarkets in the country are open from 8:00 to 16:30, but some private traders keep the doors of their shops open until the evening. The capital is home to the country's largest port, from where ships depart daily to New Zealand and America. Samoa is considered one of the safest resorts in Oceania, but, as in any unfamiliar place, you should not neglect the basic rules of personal safety.