From Paris to Berlin on the map of the Chelyabinsk region. Southern Urals Mountain guard tube message

Two wonderful Crimean bays, Golubaya and Kutlakskaya, are separated by the Karaul-Oba rock massif; sometimes you can hear the old name of the cape - Chicken-Kaya. From the village of Novy Svet it is 3.5 km along a marked path to the top, and from the camp site in the village of Veseloy it is only 2.5 km. True, the road takes a long time due to the ascent and numerous stops for photo sessions and sightseeing.

Origin of names
The toponym Karaul-Oba is of Turkic origin and stands for Sentinel Mountain.

The meaning of the name Kutlak is interpreted as follows: the Turkic root “kut” means happiness, and the suffix “lac” indicates that there is a lot of object. Thus, “Kutlak” is a place where a lot of happiness is collected. No wonder the Valley of Paradise is nearby.

Walking to the Karaul-Oba rock

This route is not difficult; even older young ladies can climb along a clearly visible path. There are steps cut into the steep areas. The ascent begins near the juniper grove or from Cape Kapchik in the village of Novy Svet. There are many paths, they either converge or gather into one again. Step up, you won't miss!

Advice:
Although along the way there are people wearing beach shoes and clothes, it is better to take care of your equipment. You will feel comfortable in trekking shoes or sports sneakers, a hat and shorts. Bring your camera and water bottle.

All along the way there are excellent viewing platforms, oddly shaped pine trees and junipers. The road rises smoothly, higher and higher.

• Here is Golitsyn's throne. You get good photos here.
• Then we descend to the Kholodnaya cave, from where permafrost blows. You can get there only with special caving equipment.
• And here the roots of the trees are intertwined and the result is an intricate staircase worthy of your attention.

Where the Valleys of Heaven and Hell meet

You will recognize the Hell's Glade by the pile of frightening stones. Approach the cliff and admire the beautiful seascapes: Cape Kapchik, Cape Meganom in the distance, Blue (Tsar) Bay. Emperor Nicholas II swam here while visiting Prince Lev Golitsyn and his estate Paradise (modern New World). The exit from the Valley of Hell is guarded by two rocks called the Devil's Horns.

Further on, at the bend in the path, look carefully to the right. The main path leads to Kutlak Bay, and a crushed stone path goes up to the right. Follow it to the Valley of Paradise and Sentinel Peak (modern name Peak of Cosmos). This modern name was invented for another observation platform. Once again you can admire the scenery and take pictures.

Video review Karaul-Oba

How Karaul-Oba helped the ancient brands

A little more and you will climb to the top of Karaul-Oba, the height seems to be small, 342 m, but the views from the cliff are excellent. Every weather and lighting creates interesting effects. Along the way you will come across numerous crevices and caves, under your feet are the remains of ancient Taurus staircases. When Crimea was attacked by Roman legionnaires, local residents had to leave the fertile lands and take refuge from the enemy in the mountains, making homes in caves. The Tauri not only hid, but also attacked the barbarians, and used the Karaul-Oba rock to monitor enemy troops and set up signal fires.

Returning to the marked route, follow to Vesele. Another interesting stone stands at the end of the path, this is the Axe rock. To some, its shape really resembles a weapon, while others see it as a mushroom cut in half. After a few hundred meters the trail will lead to the Marianida recreation center.

Inspection of the ancient Kutlak fortress

If you are lucky, then on the descent from the camp site, you will be able to examine the remains of the walls and defensive buildings of the ancient fortress. It was located on a natural terrace, approximately 70 m above sea level. The Kutlak fortress is the oldest fortification structure in Crimea, dating back to the reign of the Bosporan king Asander. Archaeologists discovered her remains relatively recently, in 1982. It is believed that the fortress protected the borders of the Bosporan kingdom from barbarians and sea pirates 2,000 years ago, at the turn of the old and new eras. The ancient fortress had a quadrangular shape with watchtowers at the corners. The height of the surviving walls reaches 4 meters.

After resting in the village of Veseloye, set off on the way back...

How to get to Karaul-Oba rock

If you are planning to take a walk along the Karaul-Oba rock massif, then you need to get to the village of Novy Svet. Minibuses from the city of Sudak go here every hour.

Another option is to start the route in the village of Veseloye. Whatever option you choose, you will have to walk further; there are no roads to Karaul-Oba.

Karaul-Oba on the map of Crimea

GPS Coordinates: 44°49’21″N 34°53’36″E Latitude/Longitude

* The first settlement near the Kartaly station was the village of Poltava, founded in 1743 as a military settlement of the Orenburg Cossack army in the novolineiny district at No. 6. Named in memory of the famous Battle of Poltava in 1709. Now one of the towns of the city.

Karasu, four rivers, the left tributary of the Uvelka (territory of the city of Plast), the Uya basin; left tributary of the Bolshoi Kizil (Kizilsky district), Ural basin; right tributary Bersuat (Bredinsky district), Tobol basin; left tributary of the Nizhny Toguzak (Varna region); lake, Nagaybak district.

Among the Turks, this is the name given to steppe shallow rivers and lakes fed by spring waters.

Karasye, Karas'i, Karasevo, Karas'i more than a dozen lakes and rivers in different areas of the region.

The lakes are almost all stagnant and stagnant, fed by groundwater outlets. Some of the names are Russian, indicating the type of fish common in water bodies. Others arose as a result of rethinking in Russian “in crucian carp” the Bashkir toponym Karasu, indicating the source of nutrition by groundwater; the third are formed from personal Bashkir names: Karas, Karasya, Karasa, Karasu.

Karataban, village, lake, Etkul district.

The toponym has a historical connection with the naming of the Bashkir family that lived here, which is based on an ancient Turkic name Karataban“crucian carp”, associated with the cult of fish.

Karatavka, lake, Oktyabrsky district.

From the Turkic male name common in the past among the Tatars and Bashkirs Karatau, Karatavu.

Kara-Tau, ridge, Ashinsky district.

From the Bashkir “mountain with a dense forest”, where punishment "dense", tau "mountain".

Kara-Tash, top of the Karaul-Tau ridge, Ashinsky district; two mountains, Uysky, Verkhneuralsky districts.

Translated from Bashkir “black mountain”, where punishment “black”, tash “stone”, “mountain”; here is the word punishment indicates not only the black color of the rocks, but also the lack of vegetation.

Kara-Tibis, lake, Oktyabrsky district.

The name is from the language of the Siberian Tatars, punishment “clean”, “transparent”, tebis, tbys, tabs “mirror” (smooth, even, like a mirror); that’s what they called open areas of water “glass” on an overgrown lake. Kara-Tibis “a lake with an open, clean surface and clear water.”

Kara-Uzyak, rivers, right tributary of Gumbeyka (Nagaibaksky district), Ural basin.

Translated from Bashkir “spring channel” or “river flowing from the earth (earthen)”, where punishment indicates the river is fed by groundwater, zyak "river".

Karaulovka, village, Katav-Ivanovsky district.

The settlement arose in the second half of the 18th century. at the site of the factory picket guard.

Karaul-Tau, ridge, Karaul-Tyubya, mountain, in the Kara-Tau ridge, Ashinsky district; Karaul-Tube, Mount Agapovsky district.

From the Turkic word karau, karauyl “guard”, “inspection”, “guard”, tau "mountain", tube “peak”, “hill”, “mountain”, i.e. “guard or sentry mountain”.

Karaulnoye, lake, Oktyabrsky district.

In the XVIII XIX centuries. there was a post of the Orenburg Cossacks here.

Kara-Chura (Kara-Churin), lake, Nagaybak district.

From a Tatar male name Karachura, with base punishment “black”, “black”, crazy “slave”, “slave”, “helper”.

Karashar, river, left tributary of the Uya, Uya district.

From the ancient Turkic male name Karashar “dark-haired”, common among the Bashkirs.

Karbys-Kul, lake, Oktyabrsky district.

From the Turkic name common among the Tatars and Bashkirs Karbys, Karbos.

Karelka, rivers, the right tributary of the Malaya Satka; mountain, farmstead, former Karelian mine, Satkinsky district.

Most likely, from the Turkic name Kara-Elka “river with dark water”.

Karmatkul, lake, Argayash district.

From the Turkic male name common among the Bashkirs and Tatars Karmat, Karmyak, Kormat, Korman.

Karsanak, village, territory of the city of Verkhny Ufaley.

From an ancient Turkic male name Karsanak.

Karsy, village; Karsky, stopping platform, Troitsky district.

The village was founded on the site of what was here in the 18th century. postal station Yam Uslaminsky (along the Uslama river, from the Turkic name Uslam). Renamed Karsy from a Turkic male name Karasy, Karasa. That was the name of the neighboring lake.

Kartabyz, village, lake, Oktyabrsky district; Kartak, village, lake, Troitsky district.

From the ancient Turkic male names Kartabyz and Kartak, Where kart “old”, “elder”, abyz “learned”, “enlightened”, or simply “literate” person (from Arabic hafiz “defender”).

Karyaz, mountain, Katav-Ivanovsky district.

From the common Tatars and Bashkirs of the ancient Turkic male name

Southern Urals (56°00′ N - 51°00′)

The Southern Urals include part of the Ural mountainous country between the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ufa River and the latitudinal section of the Ural River between Orsk and Orenburg. The total length of the ridges of the Southern Urals is more than 550 km. In the latitudinal direction, the Southern Urals between Ishimbay and Magnitogorsk reaches 200 km. This is a vast mountainous country, the ridges of which in its northern part between Ufa and Inzer run in a general direction from NE to SW, and in the southern part between Inzer and Belaya - in the meridional direction. In the northwest, the Southern Urals are adjacent to the Ufa Plateau (Ufa Plateau), which received its name from the Ufa River, which borders this plateau from the west (the most significant peak is Mount Golaya, in Bashkir Taz-Tube - “Bald Hill”). To the south of the valley of the White Mountains of the Southern Urals they become significantly lower and pass between the Bolshoy Ik and Sakmara rivers into the vast Zilair plateau. However, in this part of the Southern Urals there are ridges with peaks over 600 m, for example, Dzyau-Tyube - a meridional ridge adjacent to the Zilair plateau from the south. The Southern Urals end with the low Guberlinsky Mountains, which connect the Urals proper with Mugodzhary. From the southwest the hills of General Syrt adjoin the ridges of the Southern Urals. To the south between the Ural and Ilek rivers is the Ilek Plateau, and to the southeast is the Ural-Tobolsk Plateau.

The mountains of the Southern Urals are quite high, the most significant being Yaman-Tau (1640 m).

The orographic system of the Southern Urals is very complex. In order to present the oronymic material more or less consistently, it had to be divided into nine regions, only partially taking into account the orographic division: the western part from the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ufa to the mouth of the Sim River, including the foothills, mountains from the upper reaches of the Kusa River to the latitudinal section of the lower reaches of the Inzer, mountains between the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ufa and the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ai River, mountains between the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ai River and the sections of the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Inzer and Belaya at approximately 54° N. w. (western ridges), mountains between the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ai River and the sections of the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Inzer and Belaya at approximately 54° N. w. (eastern ridges and the Beloretsk uplift), the western part south of the latitudinal section of the lower reaches of the Inzer to the latitudinal section of the middle reaches of the Belaya at approximately 54° N. sh., including the foothills, mountains between the sections of the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Inzer and Belaya at approximately 54° N. w. to the latitudinal section of the Belaya current at approximately 53° N. sh., eastern part (Ural-Tau, Irendyk and eastern foothills), mountains south of the latitudinal section of the Belaya River and adjacent hills.

On the territory of the Southern Urals are the eastern part of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the western regions of the Chelyabinsk region and the mountainous part of the Orenburg region.

The oronymy of the Southern Urals is mainly of Turkic origin: these are primarily Bashkir names, among which there are inclusions of Tatar oronymy, especially noticeable in the Zlatoust region. In the extreme south and southeast, Bashkir names are replaced by Kazakh ones. In many cases, the Bashkir names of ridges and mountains appear in written sources and on maps in Tatarized form, since in the old days they were usually written down from the lips of literati - elders and clergy, among whom there were many Tatars.

There are many Russian mountain names in the Chelyabinsk region, where in some places they are more common than Turkic ones.

Western part from the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ufa to the mouth of the Sim River, including the foothills

Hookah, a ridge stretching from NNE to SSW about 20 km long between Ufa and its left tributary the Suroyam River (to the southwest of the city of Nizhny Ufaley). The highest elevation is 750 m.

Exactly corresponds to the Bashkir hookah - “a special bag for arrows,” a type of quiver that was once used by Bashkir warriors. Perhaps the name of this domed peak represents a powerful metaphor (cf. Mashak).

The Tatar hookah, a “kind of smoking pipe,” is much less suitable.

Zakharova Shishka, a mountain on the right bank of the Uraim River, 20 km 3 from the top of the Kalyan ridge.

A combination of the Russian calendar name Zakhar with the geographical term shishka, widespread in the Southern Urals - “cone-shaped mountain”, “pointed mountain”. There are a lot of toponyms that include this geographical term in the Southern Urals: Vysokaya Shishka, Naked Shishka, Kutkurskie Shishki, etc. The geographical term arose as a result of the development of a secondary metaphorical meaning for the word shishka in its usual sense. This was also noticed by P. S. Pallas, who mentions a conical mountain near the Simsky plant, “which the inhabitants named Shishka in its likeness.”

Zotova, a small ridge 4 km to 3 from Zakharova Shishka near the Unkurd railway station. From the Russian surname Zotov or directly from the name Zot, derived from the now practically unused calendar name Izot.

Dankova, the most significant peak on the Zotov ridge. From the Russian surname Dankov or directly from the personal name Danko, derived from the calendar names Daniil and Donat.

Azam, a meridional ridge in the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Ik River, the right tributary of the Aya, south of the Unkurda station. In the southern part of the ridge, the Azyam River, the right tributary of the Bolshaya Arsha (Aya basin), originates. Not on the ridge of the peaks - Golaya, Azyam (Azyam-Tau), etc.

Since many of the names of the mountains in these places (Kalyan, Ak-Kashka, etc.), as well as rivers (Allaelga, Vaselga) are of Turkic origin, it is inappropriate to associate the oronym with the outdated Russian word azyam (“men's outerwear with long sleeves”), although this the word is borrowed from Turkic languages ​​(Azerbaijani Ajam - “Persia”, adopted, in turn, from Arabic). Rather, here is the Bashkir ezem, Tatar adem, edem - “man”, “Adam”. Arabic Adam, borrowed from Hebrew, is a well-known Muslim name. The local population confirms this etymology.

It is difficult to say what comes first - an oronym or a hydronym.

Mayak-Tau, a mountain to the southeast of the Azyam ridge, 30 km north of the city of Kusa. A hybrid oronym consisting of the Russian word lighthouse and the Turkic orographic term tau, i.e. “Mayachnaya Mountain”. The names Mayak-Tau, Mayak, Mayachnaya are very common in the oronymy of the Southern Urals. For the meaning of the oronym, see Mayak (Subpolar Urals).

Berkut-Tau, mountain south of Mayak-Tau. Bashkir burkyut, Tatar burket - “eagle”, tau - “mountain”, i.e. “Eagle Mountain”. See also Berkut.

Moder-Tau, a mountain southwest of the Azyam ridge in the upper reaches of the Bolshoy Ik River. Bashkir modir - “manager”, “manager”, tau - “mountain”.

Fazulova, mountain 3 from the Azyam ridge. From the Turkic anthroponym of Arabic origin Fazlulla, Fay-zulla - “The Mercy of Allah.” The name is fixed in the Russian form, complicated by the suffix “ov”. The basis can be either a personal name or a surname.

Saryyak, mountains between the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Ik River and the Ai River to the southwest of the Azyam Ridge.

On old maps the spelling Sary-yak is found, so the most likely comparison is with the Bashkir and Tatar sary - “yellow”, yak - “side”, “edge”, “terrain”, that is, “Yellow side”, “Yellow area”. Obviously, a “color” name, cf. the name of the nearby mountain Ak-Kashka.

Local residents confirm this interpretation, adding that the Saryyak Mountains are home to deciduous forests that turn yellow in the fall.

Ak-Kashka, a mountain (779 m) on the right bank of the Bolshaya Arsha River, adjacent to the Saryyak group of mountains on the E side. Translated from the Bashkir and Tatar languages ​​“White spot”, “White bald spot”.

Kashka-Tau, a mountain in the southern part of the Saryyak Mountains (8 km southwest of Ak-Kashka Mountain). Bashkir kashka - “spot”, “bald spot”, “stripe (on the forehead of an animal)”, i.e. Kashka-Tau - “Mountain with a spot”, “Mountain with a bald spot”. The local population translates it as “Naked Mountain”.

Sakma-Tau, a mountain on the right bank of the Ai River, 21 km southwest of Mount Kashka-Tau. In the Bashkir language, sakma means “flint”, “flint”, thus Sakma-Tau means “Flint Mountain”, “Flint Mountain”. Apparently, the mountain is composed of rocks that were previously used to make flints.

Yashil-Tyube, in Bashkir, Yeshel-Tube, a mountain 14 km southwest from the village of Novobelokatay and about 25 km 3 from the northern end of the Saryyak Mountains. In Bashkir, tube is “hill”, yeshel is “green”, i.e. “Green Hill”

Big Munchug, a mountain on the right bank of the Aya, 35 km from the village of Novobelokatay. The “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” gives the Bashkir form of the name Munsak, which is compared with the word munsak - “necklace”. Probably a metaphor

Karaul-Tau, a mountain 20 km southwest from the village of Novobelokatay

It is one of the numerous “Guard Mountains”, of which there are many in both Russian and Turkic oronymy. The identical sound is explained by the fact that the Russian word Karaul is borrowed from the Turkic languages ​​(in Bashkir - karauyl) There are other Karaul-Taus in the Southern Urals, and also Mount Soleyman-Karaul - “Suleiman Guard”, the Kalmak-Karaul River - “Kalmyk Guard”, etc. Not all of these names are associated, however, with guard outposts. Monitoring the terrain, forest fires and much more was the reason for the widespread “ guard" toponymy.

Ak-Tau, a mountain 5 km WSW from Karaul-Tau and 24 km SW from the village of Novobelokatay. Bashkir ak - “white” So, Ak-Tau - “White Mountain”. There are a lot of such names in Bashkiria.

Tui-Tyube (Tui-Tyubya), a hill on the right bank of the Ai River Stretches for almost 20 km from NE to SW between the Shulemka River and the village of Elanlino Bashkir tui - “wedding”, “feast”, tube - “peak”, “hill”, that is, “Wedding (feast) peak » Local residents say that Bashkir weddings took place on this hill

Buz-Arka, a mountain on the Tui-Tyube hill, 7 km east of the village of Elanlino. Bashkir buz - “gray”, “gray”, arch - “ridge”, i.e. “Grey (gray) ridge”.

Buz-At, a mountain on the right bank of the Ai River, 1 km southeast of the village of Verkhnie Kigi Bashkir buz - “gray”, at - “horse”, i.e. “Gray horse”.

Lasyn-Tash-Tau, a mountain on the left bank of the Ay above the village of Lakly. Bashkir ylasyn (dialectal lasyn - “falcon”), i.e. Lasyn-Tash - “Falcon Stone”, La-syn-Tash-Tau - “Mountain of the Falcon Stone” Here on the river bank there is the Lasyn-Tash rock

Yaman-Tau, a ridge on the left bank of the Ai River south of the village of Lakly Bashkir yaman - “bad”, “bad”, i.e. Yaman-Tau - “Bad Mountain”. There are a lot of such names on the territory of Bashkiria. Local residents say that this mountain is high and therefore difficult to climb. In fact, it is not very high, but it is steep. This, apparently, was the reason for the name. Sometimes they indicate that “the rains come from there.”

Bash-Tash, a ridge between the Ai and Yuryuzan rivers between Yaman-Tau and the Vyazovaya railway station. Translated from Bashkir - “Head-Stone”, “Main Stone” (Bashkir bash - “head”, “main”, tash - “stone”)

In the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic there are several more oronyms Bash-Tash.

According to N.I. Shuvalov, the top of this ridge is called Kugryak-Tash - “Bluish Mountain” (cf. Tatar ku-gerek - “bruise”, Bashkir kugereu - “blue”)

Sagan, a mountain adjacent from the southeast to the Bash-Tash ridge. Bashkir sagan - “maple”. The full form is apparently Sagan-Tau, or Sagan-Tash - “Maple Mountain”. The Sagan-Elga - “Maple River” (Aya basin) originates on its slopes. It is not known what comes first - the river or the mountain.

Arka-Tau, a mountain 5 km southeast of Mount Sagan (5 km north of the Tyubelyas railway station). Translated from Bashkir “Spinal Mountain” (arch - “ridge”).

Bear Mountain (Bear), a mountain on the right bank of the Yuryuzan River above the city of Ust-Katav. The Russian name is a copy of the Bashkir Aiyu-Tau - “Bear Mountain” (aiyu - “bear”).

Yangan-Tau, a mountain on the right bank of the Yuryuzan River below the village of Komsomol, 35 km NNE from the Kropachevo railway station. In Bashkir, yangan means “burnt”, “burnt”, tau means “mountain”, i.e. “Burnt Mountain”, “Burnt Mountain” (translated as “Burning Mountain”). The local Russian name is Teplaya Gora.

Hot steam is still billowing over this mountain - a consequence of a fire of oil-soaked rocks (bituminous marls), which, according to P. S. Pallas, began from a lightning strike back in the middle of the 18th century, “according to the tales of the old-timer Bashkirs living near them, thunder struck a large pine tree... burned it even from the very roots. This flame was communicated to the mountain, and since that time it has been burning inside incessantly.”

There is, however, a completely different explanation, which we find in one of the tourist guides to Bashkiria: “The mystery of Yangan-Tau was solved relatively recently. It turned out that the mountain is made of bituminous shale, slowly oxidizing under the influence of air penetrating into the mountain. Oxidation produces a lot of heat. Hot gases (up to 75°) rise up through cracks and are released into the atmosphere.”

According to G.V. Vakhrushev, this mountain was called Karakush-Tau (Berkut Mountain) before the fire started, and that it is called “Burnt” (Yangan-Tau), and not “Burning” (Yangyn-Tau) because the sources of combustion over time they go deeper into the mountain.

The Bashkirs tell a legend that in time immemorial, when people did not yet know fire, fire came down from the sky to Yangan-Tau, and people spread it from here throughout the earth

Kara-Tau, a mountain range of latitudinal direction (length - 60 km) between the Sim and Yuryuzan rivers, to the northeast of the Kropachevo station. In Bashkir, kara - “black”, i.e. Kara-Tau - “Black Ridge”, “Black Mountains” This is what they call comparatively low mountains, completely covered with dark coniferous forest. According to another version, the sun rarely shines on the northern slopes of this ridge, so they are always in the shade, which was the reason for the appearance of the name Kara-Tau - “Black Mountains”

The name Kara-Tau is often found in Turkic oronymy. Several Bashkir mountains bear this name; there are such mountains in Mugodzhary, on the Mangyshlak Peninsula and in the north-west of the Tien Shan (Kazakh SSR).

Urman-Tau, a densely forested part of the Ufa Plateau, located between Kara-Tau and the lower reaches of the Yuryuzan River. Bashkir urman - “forest”, Urman-Tau - “Forest mountains”.

Tall, a mountain on the right bank of the Sim River to the NE of the city of Minyar. Most likely, from the Russian vysokashka, which is not attested in dictionaries, but is clearly derived from high, cf. Russian dialect word vysokar - “thin tall forest”, vysokusha - “very tall, tall man”, etc. This oronym may also turn out to be a purely toponymic formation that does not have direct correspondence in dialect vocabulary.

Adzhigardak (Azhigardak), a ridge on the left bank of the Sim River southwest of the city of Minyar. Some sources contain the variant Dzhigardak. In the “Materials on the History of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” under 1762, we find Mount Zigerdyak, possibly the same Adzhigardak. The forms Dzhigardak and Zigerdyak most likely arose on Russian soil, since Russians pronounce the initial syllable in Turkisms much weaker than the final syllable, which is stressed.

The oronym from the modern Bashkir language is not interpreted in any convincing way. It is possible that it should be divided not by Adzhigar + dak (cf. ancient Turkic tag - “mountain”), but by Adzhig + ardak, considering the second part as a geographical term (for more details, see Zilmerdak). The meaning of the first part is equally problematic.

It is interesting that P.S. Pallas calls Adzhigardak - Jigger-tau. This form would seem to favor the division Adzhigar + dak, since tau is a Bashkir geographical term meaning “mountain,” but an isolated case can also be considered as a folk etymology.

Baskak, a ridge 10 km WNW from the upper reaches of the Sim River and 25 km SSE from the Adzhigardak Ridge. In the Bashkir and Tatar languages ​​there once existed the word baskak - “Khan’s tribute collector.” The reason for the name is unknown, but the names of mountains and rocks such as Boyarin, Colonel, Protopop, etc. are quite widespread. Oronym is probably a Turkism, but it could also have arisen in the Russian language, since the word baskak penetrated from the Turkic languages ​​in ancient times to Russian.

Bakhmur, a mountain in the upper reaches of the Atya River 3 from the Baskak ridge. The name is derived from the Russian dialect word bakhmurny - “cloudy”, “gloomy”, i.e. Bakhmur - “Gloomy Mountain”. In Bashkir, this mountain is called Ara-Tau - “Intermediate Mountain”.

Big Kuyuk, a mountain 3 km south of Mount Bakhmur. It is adjacent to the Maly Kuyuk Mountain from the southeast. In the Bashkir language, kuyuk means “cinder”, “burnt”. Local residents explain that on Mount Bolshoy Kuyuk the grass regularly burns out in the sun.

Jackal, a mountain near the southern end of the Baskak ridge. The Bashkir-Tatar name Sakaltai, modified on Russian soil, is “Bearded”, “Bearded”. Apparently a metaphor.

Black, a meridional ridge to the south-southwest from Mount Shakal in the interfluve of the Lemeza River and its right tributary of the Bedyarysh River. In Bashkir, Kara-Arka means “Black Ridge”, in the oral speech of Karak and Krak, from where the cartographic form of Krak is sometimes found. The following explanation is attested: “Black Mountain, because the forest there is coniferous, so the mountain seems black.”

The name of the Kraka mountains in southeastern Bashkiria (see Kraka) is of another origin.

Big Kasyk, mountain 3 from the northern end of the Cherny ridge. It is located in the upper reaches of the Kysyk River (Bashkir kysyk - “narrow”), after which it is named.

Yash-Kuz, a mountain 8 km southwest of Bolshoy Kysyk Mountain. In the Bashkir language, kuz means “eye”, yesh means “young” and “tear”. Accordingly, the local population interprets both “Young Eye” and “Eye with Tears.” The reason for the name has not been established. On maps there is an erroneous form of Yashkurt.

Ak-Kuyan, a mountain 6 km northwest of Mount Yash-Kuz. Translated from Bashkir “White Hare”. Local residents claim that on this mountain the snow appears early and disappears late. Cartographic form - Kuyan.

Kashka-Tau, a mountain 5 km southwest of Mount Ak-Kuyan. In Bashkir, kashka means “bald spot”, as well as “a white spot on the forehead (of animals).” This means that Kashka-Tau means “Bald Mountain”, “Mountain with a spot”.

Baka (Baka-Tau), a mountain on the right bank of the Lemeza River. 30 km to 3 from the Baskak ridge. According to the materials of the toponymic expedition of 1988, the name is based on the Bashkir word beke - “penknife”, “razor”. Old-timers say that on this mountain the old man lost his knife. It is possible, however, that there is a metaphor here.

Manu, a ridge on the left bank of the Sima between the lower reaches of the Lemeza and Inzer, 20 km southwest of Mount Baka.

Some sources give the Bashkir form of this name, Manyu. It can be translated as “Dipping”, “Dyeing”, “Dipping”, “Dyeing”. From the point of view of the structure of Turkic languages, there is nothing unusual in such a toponym. The reason for the name, however, is unknown.

The “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” analyzes only the name of the village of Managora, which is located on the eastern slope of the Manu ridge. The toponym Managora is considered as a literal translation of the Bashkir Mana-Tau, possibly meaning “Guard Mountain” in translation.

Russians live in the village of Managora. The local Bashkir population tells a curious legend that their ancestors, having sold this land, told the Russian settlers: “here is the mountain, live and cultivate it.” Sonically, this explanation is unacceptable. There is a clear folk etymology here.

Mountains from the upper reaches of the Kusa River to the latitudinal section of the lower reaches of the Inzer

Tura-Tash, mountain (828 m) in the upper reaches of the Bolshaya Arsha River, 10 km to 3 from the source of the Kusa River. The sources also include Turotash, Toratash, Taratash, Tarantash, Karatash. There are many rocks at the top of this steep mountain. The local Turkic population translates “Standing Stone”, “Straight Stone” (Bashkir Torah - “standing”). It should, however, be borne in mind that the Bashkir and Tatar word toratash means “idol”, “image”, and the collector of Bashkir folklore A.G. Bessonov provides interesting ethnographic data: “This is the name of stones that are similar in shape to a person or some kind of some animal. There are legends among the Bashkirs, Tatars and Meshcheryaks about how God turned people (specifically Russians) into stones for their sins (for blasphemy over the graves of Mohammedan saints).

Thus, the Bashkir Tora-Tash is essentially identical to the Mansi Pupyg-Ner - “Stone of Idols” and may be an indirect reflection of ancient pagan beliefs.

According to N.I. Shuvalov, Tura-Tash is “Straight Mountain” (Bashkir tura - “straight”), i.e. “A mountain located straight, without bends,” but the mountain has two peaks, so it is very difficult to consider it straight .

In Bashkiria there are several mountains with the name Tora-Tash (Tura-Tash). Mount Tora-Tash on the Irendyk ridge is also remarkable for its bizarre rocks.

Radoshnaya, a mountain on the left bank of the Bolshaya Arsha River, 3 km south of Mount Tura-Tash. Cartographic form - Radashnaya.

The name of the mountain is associated with Russian dialect words: radoshny - “one who rejoices”, radoshnitsa - “parent’s day”, “remembrance day” (cf. Pomyanennyi Kamen in the Northern Urals). The reason for the name has not been established.

In the records of the toponymic expedition of 1988, Mount Radostnaya.

Pencil (Pencil), a mountain in the upper reaches of the Kusa River, 7 km ESE from Mount Tura-Tash. Let us give the explanation of N.I. Shuvalov: “The indicated place is known for the deposit of graphite, which was mined here in the 18th-19th centuries. At this time, graphite was called pencil stone. The word pencil comes from the Turkic words: kara - “black”, tash - “stone”.

It remains to add that the Russian name of the mountain, apparently, is also an adaptation of the Turkic Kara-Tash - “Black Stone”.

Sherlin Mountains, sometimes Sherlova or Sherlinskaya Mountain, between Kusa and its tributary Izranda to the southwest of Mount Karandash. The name is given from the black scorl (tourmaline) found here in large quantities.

Izrandinskaya, also Izranda, a mountain between Kusok and Izranda, 5 km NE from the working village of Magnitka. Along the Izranda River, the right tributary of the Kusa.

In documents of the 19th century. the name Mount Izranda (Izrandskaya) is applied to everything mountainous between the rivers of Izranda and Kusa up to the source of Izranda and Mount Karandash.

Big Miass, a mountain in the upper reaches of the Malaya Arsha River, a tributary of the Bolshaya Arsha, 13 km north of the working village of Magnitka. Together with Maly Miass Mountain, located 5 km to the south, it forms the Miass Mountains group.

The names Big Miass and Small Miass cannot be separated from the name of the Miass River, a large right tributary of the Iset, but the oronyms in this case cannot go back directly to the hydronym: the mountains are very far from the source of the river (80 km). Obviously, the names of the mountains and the river arose independently of each other.

Since in early fixations (19th century) oronyms usually appear in the forms Big Miyas and Small Miyas, it can be assumed that the modern appearance of names was influenced by the name of the Miass River. This could have happened either orally or as a result of the activities of cartographers. However, the Miass River was previously called Miyas, Miyaz, so the oronyms and hydronyms seem to have a common linguistic source. This should be a common term in toponymy, denoting something important, especially since there is also the village of Miyassy on the river of the same name in the Nizhnetavdinsky district of the Tyumen region and the Miass river (formerly Miyas) in the Sylva basin (Shalinsky district of the Sverdlovsk region).

There are many versions of the origin of the toponym Miass (Miyas), which are supported by data from the Finno-Ugric, Ket and Evenki languages. However, the frequency of the name and the possibility of its use to designate both large and small objects indicate a relatively recent origin. Since in all the places where the names Miass (Miyas) are recorded, Turks currently live or once lived, there is reason to look for the source of these names in the Turkic languages, primarily in Bashkir.

Supporters of the Turkic version of the origin of the word Miass (Miyas) usually cite the Bashkir meye - “brain”, related to the Kazakh and Kyrgyz miy - “swamp”, “swampy place”, emphasizing that the valley of the Miass River is very swampy. However, the proposed version is completely unsuitable for the names of the Miass Mountains.

Another Turkic word mees - “treeless sloping place”, “sloping”, “southern side of the mountain”, is recorded only in the Altai and Sayan Mountains, and can also hardly be used to explain the Ural oronyms denoting fairly steep mountains covered with forest.

A very interesting version was recently proposed by the Bashkir scientist G.K. Valeev, who is looking for a solution in the terminology of the Ural coal burners. He points out that in the Urals, the impractical method of extracting coal in boars (coal heaps - A.M.) was gradually replaced by burning firewood in huge brick kilns, which could be very far from the factories. Therefore, the names of glades, forests, rivers, wastelands, villages with the base meyes - “furnace” are found near the mining centers of the Southern Urals.

In the summer of 1988, in the village of Muldakaevo (Beloretsky district of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), a toponymic expedition recorded the name Meyes-Tau - “Stove Mountain”, while local residents explained that “there used to be stoves there in which charcoal was burned.”

This version explains well the origin of the oronyms, especially since in the old days coal was actually burned on the Miass Mountains, but it is hardly suitable for interpreting the hydronym. In addition, the Miass River in Bashkir is not called Meyes, but Mies, Meyes. Another difficulty is that the Bashkir word is less related to the Russian stove: it is difficult to believe that the basis of this hydronym is a Russian word in origin. Perhaps oronyms and hydronyms are nevertheless formed from different words and only over time they were likened to each other. If this is so, then the name of the Miass River may turn out to be pre-Turkic.

Maly Miass, mountain. See Big Miass.

Mascarali, a ridge on the left bank of the Bolshaya Arsha River, 6 km to 3 from the Bolshoy Miass Mountain. According to A.G. Bessonov, the Bashkir name of this mountain Maskyaryale goes back to maskar, maskarya - “disgraced” (Bashkir meskhere - “shame”, “shame”, meskherele - “mocking”, “shameful”). N.I. Shuvalov associates it with the name of the Bashkir clan group maskara.

According to the stories of the local population, “someone was offended” here in the old days.

P.S. Pallas calls this ridge Maskeryal-arkasse and mentions the Maskeryal stream, which flows into Ai. For the term arcasse, see Bakal Mountains.

Kopanets, a mountain on the left bank of the Bolshaya Arsha River, 5 km NNW from the city of Kusa.

The names Kopanets and Kopanka are often found in the Urals. They are also typical for oronyms. These names are derived from the Russian verb to dig and indicate that excavation work was carried out on a geographical feature for one reason or another.

Makurikha, a mountain on the left bank of the Ay, 4 km south-southwest of Kusa. From the Russian dialect word makura - “blind (blind) mythical creature”, “short-sighted, short-sighted person” or the anthroponym Makura derived from it (the surname Makurin is attested in documents of the 17th century).

Forge, mountain southeast of Kusa. There are also the Gornovaya Mountains downstream of the Aya near the mouth of the Bolshaya Arsha River and the Gornovaya Mountain in the Upper Ufaley region.

As N.I. Shuvalov explains, in the quarries of these mountains a heat-resistant rock was mined - quartzite (forge stone), which was used in metallurgical production in the 18th-19th centuries. for laying blast furnace hearths.

Shishim Mountains, a mountain range along the left bank of the Ai River to the south from the city of Kusa (near the village of Medvedevka).

As geologist I.V. Mushketov explains, these mountains received the name “Shishi” for their general appearance, which appears to be a separate ridge, on the crest of which cone-shaped, sharp peaks are drawn in relief.” Thus, the oronym is purely Russian, which is not surprising for the long-developed mining hub of Zlatoust - Kusa. However, the question arises about the origin of the element im in the suffix. It, obviously, can be considered as euphonic, that is, inserted for euphony, since the adjective Shishsky is inconvenient to pronounce (cf. from Ufa - Ufimsky, not Ufa).

Sungurka, peak in the Snake Mountains massif (left bank of the Aya, 6 km south of Mount Makurikha). Bashkir dialect songor - “pit”, “ravine”. Initially, apparently, Songor-Tau - “Yamnaya Mountain” with the subsequent loss of the geographical term on Russian soil and the appearance of the suffix “ka”. The Bashkir word songor in Russian forms of toponyms is regularly rendered sungur (cf. the Bashkir names Songor, Songoryilga, Songor-Tau and their Russian translation - Sungur, Sungur'el-ga, Sungur-Tau - the name of a mountain in the Zyanchurinsky region of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).

Bagrushinsky, mountains with a NE-SW direction between the Bolshoy Bagrush and Maly Bagrush rivers. The primary hydronym is Bagrush.

Zhuka-Tau, a ridge running along the left bank of the Ai River from NE to SW, adjacent to the Bagrushinsky Mountains from the SW. Bashkir-Tatar yuke - “linden tree”, tau - “mountain”, that is, “Linden Mountain”. The initial z is explained by the alternation and - z in the Bashkir and Tatar dialects.

Kazan-Salgan, a ridge on the left bank of the Ai River, running parallel to the Zhuka-Tau ridge 1 km northwest of it.

Translated from the Tatar language “They put the cauldron” (kazan - “cauldron”, salgan - past participle of the verb salu - “put”, “put”). In Turkic toponymy, verbal constructions of this type are found very often. As for the meaning, there are many “boiler” names in the toponymy of various peoples (Kotelny Island in the Arctic, Put-Tump - “Kotelnaya Mountain” in Mansi oronymy, etc.).

Bashukty, a ridge running parallel to the Kazan-Salgan ridge 2 km northwest of it.

The name is well explained from Turkic sources: Bashkir-Tatar bash - “head”, uk - “arrow”, you - suffix of possession. In the modern Bashkir language there is the word bashak - “ear”, “tip”, and uk bashagy means “arrowhead”. In one of the Eastern Turkic languages ​​- Uyghur - there is also the word bashuk - “iron arrowhead”. Now it is difficult to determine which Turkic source this oronym goes back to, but it may turn out to be Bashkir or Tatar: geographical names often preserve dialect words or archaisms that have already been lost in living speech. Taking into account all that has been said, the oronym of Bashukty should be interpreted as “Having a tip.” Perhaps this is a metaphor (cf. Mashak).

Wars, a mountain on the left bank of the Ay above the mouth of the Satka River to the northwest of the Bashukty ridge. Since in the middle of the 19th century the form of Ura was attested by E. K. Hoffman, it can be compared with the Tatar ora, the Bashkir oro - “growth”, “nodule”, “bump”, especially since the Bashkir and Tatar “o” is pronounced close to the Russian “ y". Names with this meaning are often found in oronymy, cf. Zakharova Shishka, Shishimskie Mountains in the Southern Urals.

The toponymic expedition of 1987 repeatedly recorded Russian versions of the names Uara and Uvara (the sound “v” here is “insert”, as in the Russian colloquial kakavo, radivo, with the literary kakao, radio).

Against this version, firstly, the fact that the transition of Ora (Ura) to Uary is difficult to explain both on Turkic and Russian soil, and secondly, the name of the river Yuary (Russian Uvara) in Bashkiria. Therefore, an assumption arose that the oronym Uary is pre-Turkic; it is compared, in particular, with the Hungarian var - “fortress”. For now this is just a hypothesis.

Mamyr-Tau, a mountain on the right bank of the Ay, 8 km north of Mount Uara. From the Arabic name Maamur, common in Turkic languages, “Living”, “Prosperous”, i.e. “Mountain Mamur”.

Chulkova, a mountain on the left bank of the Ay below the mouth of the Satka River (to the southwest of Mount Uary). The variants Chulkovaya, Chulkovka and Chulkov (ridge) have also been recorded. There are two different peaks - Bolshaya Chulkovka and Malaya Chulkovka.

The local Tatars recorded the name Efek-Tau - “Silk Mountain” with a translation into Russian - “Shelkovka Mountain” and a characteristic explanation “a long mountain stretches like silk.” If the Tatar toponym is primary, then the Russian name is its translation followed by folk etymological rethinking (Shelkovaya Mountain > Chulkovaya Mountain). Subsequently, the name was likened to oanthroponymic toponyms (Chulkovaya > Chulkova). The nickname Chulok and the surname Chulkov have long been common in Russian anthroponymy, and in the Middle Urals near Novoutkinsk there is Mount Chulkova.

But we can also assume something else: the local Tatar population rethought the Russian name and translated it into their language. This version is supported by the existence of the Bashkir name for Mount Khaldyz (on one old map of Saldyz), which, however, did not find a convincing explanation among the local residents.

Suleya (Suleya-Tau), a ridge between the Aya and Yuryuzan rivers between the Zhuka-Tau ridge and the city of Yuryuzan Length - about 50 km The most significant peaks are Krasnaya Repka and Suleya

P. S. Pallas mentions the Silias-Arcasse ridge near the Ai River (for the geographical term arkasse, see Bakal Mountains). Obviously, he means Suleya. The German traveler geologist G. Rose, who visited these places in 1829, writes about the Siliya ridge, through which the big road from Ufa to Zlatoust goes. On maps of the 19th century. usually also Silia (less commonly Sulia, Suleya). The forms Silias and Silia are primary. They exactly correspond to the Bashkir name of the ridge Hileye (Siliya), which the authors of the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” translate as “Quiet Valley” (hil - “quiet”, “calm”, uya - “valley”).

Kukshik, a ridge on the left bank of the Ai River, adjacent to the Suleya ridge from the northwest.

Local historian V.P. Chernetsov claims that Kukshik is “Blueish Mountain” (“Satkinsky Rabochiy”, October 9, 1979). Wed. Bashkir words kuk - “blue”, “blue”, sheke - “peak”. N.I. Shuvalov gives the same translation, but believes that chic (chik) is a word-forming suffix. In the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” it is left without explanation.

The interpretation of the first component (cook) is beyond doubt, but with the second there is no complete clarity.

Osto-Tau, a mountain adjacent from the southwest to the Kukshik ridge. Bashkir dialect osto (literary oslo) - “sharp”, “pointed”, i.e. Osto-Tau - “Sharp mountain”.

Yukala, a ridge on the right bank of the Yuryuzan to the east of the railway station and the working village of Vyazovaya. Adjacent from 3 to the southern end of the Suleya ridge. Bashkir yuke - “linden”, yukele - “linden”, i.e. “Linden (ridge)”. Wed. Yukala.

Drunk, a mountain between the western outskirts of the city of Satka and the Suleya ridge. According to legend, the meeting of Emelyan Pugachev and Salavat Yulaev was celebrated here.

Boy, a mountain on the southwestern outskirts of Satka. It is apparently based on the Tatar Malchy-Tau (Tatar malchi, Bashkir malsi - “cattle breeder”, “having livestock”), i.e. “Cattle breeder’s mountain”. Over time, the name became Russified, lost its geographical term and, according to folk etymology, was associated with the words boy, boy, etc.

Cain (Kaingora), in written sources also Kainova and Kainovaya, a mountain near the Satkinsky pond (in the city of Satka). Originally Kaiyn-Tau (Bashkir kaiyn, Tatar kaen - “birch”) - “Birch (mountain)”.

Kazymovskaya, a mountain south of the city of Satka and Satka Pond. They associate it with the Bashkir-Tatar kyz - “girl”, “girl” and explain “Maiden (mountain)”. Indeed, in the neighborhood of many settlements in the Southern Urals there are mountains called Kyzlar-Tau - “Mountain of Girls”. Hen parties - spring holidays and games - were once held there. However, the oronym Kazymovskaya in terms of sound and structure is incompletely explained by the proposed etymology. Therefore, other versions are also possible, cf., for example, the Turkic name of Arabic origin Kazim - “Restrained”, “Patient”, from which the oronym Kazimovskaya (mountain) could very easily be formed, i.e. “Mountain Kazyma (Kazim)”.

Bakal Mountains, a group of mountains to the south of the Suleya ridge in the immediate vicinity of the city of Bakal, containing a rich deposit of iron ore, which was discovered and began to be developed in the middle of the 18th century. P. S. Pallas calls one of these mountains Bacalarkasse. He immediately explains the Bashkir word arkasse as “a rocky long and steep mountain mane” (cf. modern Bashkir arka - “back”, “mountain range”). Since the name of the city of Bakal was transferred from the name of the river Bakal (Big Bakal), which originates west of the city and then flows into Malaya Satka, there is every reason to believe that Bakalarkasse in translation simply means “Bakal Range”, “Bakal Mountains”. These currently include the Makarushkina, Bulandikha, Irkuskan mountains and the Shuida ridge.

Makarushkina, one of the Bakal Mountains in the interfluve of the tributaries of the Malaya Satka - the Bolshoi Bakal and Small Bakal rivers. It is adjacent to the town of Bakal from the NE. The new maps show the Makarushkin Ridge. In sources of the 19th - early 20th centuries. often called Mount Bakalskaya. Apparently, it is this mountain that Pallas calls Bacalarkasse.

The anthroponym Makarushka is a diminutive form of the Russian personal names Makar and Makarii.

Bulandiha, one of the Bakal mountains. Located on the southeastern outskirts of the city of Bakal. Between Bulandikha and Mount Irkuskan, located to the southeast of it, flows the Bulanka River, a tributary of the Yuryuzan. M.I. Albrut connects the oronym Bulandikha with the Turkic bulan - “elk”, bulandy - “elk” (cf. Bashkir bolan - “deer”), but it is difficult to say what comes first - the river or the mountain.

P. S. Pallas and I. I. Lepekhin call this river Bulan and Bulanka, emphasizing that “Bulan is the Tatar name for elk, of which there are a great many in the local... forests.” Pallas calls the mines near the Bulan River Bulansky.

Irkuskan, one of the Bakal mountains. It is located southeast of the city of Bakal between Mount Bulandikha and the northeastern end of the Suka ridge.

A.G. Bessonov, and then M.I. Albrut translate “The Earth has vomited” (the mountains, according to Albrut’s explanation, seem to have reared up). Since in addition to er koskan - “The earth vomited up”, in the Bashkir language there is also the combination ir koskan - “The man vomited”, it would seem that both interpretations are quite possible. But Pallas wrote down this name in the forms Dzhirkuskan, Dzhirkuskan, which allows us to see in the first part of the oronym the Bashkir “er”, the Tatar fat - “earth”, and associate the participial form not with the Bashkir verb kosou - “vomit”, “vomit”, but with kuseu - “to move”, “to move”, “to move over”, etc. And indeed, in Bashkir toponymy we find the name Ergusken (from er kusken), which is given by V. Sh. Psyanchin with the translation “The land crossed.” Taking into account all that has been said, the oronym Irkuskan must be restored in the form of Irkusken and translated “The Earth has moved”, “The Earth has moved”, obviously in the sense of “The Earth has moved (collapsed)”. This translation is convincingly confirmed by the existence in the Bashkir language of the word kusken - “avalanche”.

Shuida, a ridge of latitudinal direction, belonging to the group of Bakal Mountains and located to the WSW of Bakal (between Bakal and the city of Yuryuzan). The exact Bashkir (Tatar) correspondence to the Russian name has not yet been recorded, and the possibilities of interpretation are varied. However, I. I. Lepekhin in the 18th century. witnessed Shiid's form. If it is closer to the Turkic source, then the name can presumably be associated with the Bashkir shyiza - “pole”.

Naked Shishka, a mountain adjacent to the Shuida ridge from the south. For the geographical term shishka, see Zakharova Shishka.

Bakhtiarskaya, mountain south of the Shuida ridge. From the Turkic name of Persian origin Bakhtiyar - “Happy”.

Aksarka, a ridge between the Yuryuzan and Katav rivers, running south of the Yuryuzan - Katav-Ivanovsk railway parallel to it. On the ridge, the left tributary of the Yuryuzan, the Bolshoi Aksarsky stream, begins.

This indisputably Turkic toponym is difficult to explain, firstly, due to the high degree of Russian development, which is indicated by the suffix “ka”, and secondly, due to the fact that the primary name can be either the name of the ridge or the name of the stream, although it is more likely that it is based on the name of the ridge (due to the insignificance of the water body and the suffix “sky” in the hydronym). In addition, the Turkic languages ​​themselves have diverse possibilities for interpretation. There is the Bashkir village of Aksar (Aksarovo) and the Tatar village of Aksar (Aksarino). A document of 1675 mentions the Kungur Tatar Aksarko (from Aksar). Then there is the Bashkir anthroponym and toponym Askar (the village of Askarovo), which in the Russian form Askarka could easily change into Aksarka. Other versions may be offered. It is most likely that Aksarka is “Mountain of Aksar (Askar),” but the final solution to the issue depends on the recording of the Bashkir (Tatar) form of the name.

Zavyalikha, a mountain on the right bank of the Yuryuzan, 10 km east of the Aksarka ridge. This name is associated in origin with the Russian dialect word zavyala, zavyalitsa - “blizzard”, “blizzard” or with its derivative anthroponyms Zavyala, Zavyalov.

Midday Mountains, a group of mountains on the left bank of the Yuryuzan to the SE of the Aksarka ridge and to the north of the Rakhmanka ridge. The Russian word midday was previously used in the meaning of “southern”, which means the Midday Mountains - “Southern Mountains”. The reason for the name may be different. It is possible that this name is opposed to the name located north of Mount Zavyalikha.

Rakhmanka, a ridge on the left bank of the Yuryuzan to the south of the Midday Mountains and to the northwest of the Zigalga ridge From the Turkic anthroponym of Arabic origin Rahman - “Merciful”

Polozovaya, a mountain 20 km to 3 from the southwestern end of the Aksarka ridge. It is considered the eastern continuation of the Amshar ridge. This purely Russian name is derived from the name of a large but harmless snake - a snake, occasionally found in the Southern Urals.

Amshar, ridge in the upper reaches of the Sim River (30 km to 3 from the southwestern end of the Aksarka ridge) The main peak is Mount Naked Shishka. Local Bashkirs call this ridge Mysh-Arka (full form Myshar-Arka) - “Rowan ridge” (myshar - “rowan”), so the name Amshar is the result of Russian processing. There are many names of mountains of this kind in the Southern Urals (cf. Ryabinikha to NE from the cities of Kusa, Ryabinovaya to the north of the city of Uchaly, Myshar in the Kiginsky district of Bashkiria).

Dry Mountains, a ridge of latitudinal direction in the upper reaches of the Lemeza River to the southwest of the Aksarka ridge. On maps it is sometimes artificial - the Dry Mountains ridge. See Sukhogorsky Stone

Cheerful, mountain (1153 m) 1 2 km south-southeast from the upper reaches of the Lemeza River, adjacent to the Sukhoi Mountains in the south. The highest of the many “fun” mountains in the Urals. See Merry Mountains.

Karyazy (Karyady), a ridge between Mount Veselaya and the Tulmen River, the right tributary of the Inzer. On the ridge is Mount Bolshaya Karyada (Kareda). Probably from the Bashkir kerez - “honeycomb”. The motives for the name become clear in the light of another Bashkir name for Karez-Tishek - “Honeycomb Hole”. This is the name of one of the caves on the Western Ik River, according to geologist G.V. Vakhrushev. “The surroundings of the cave,” writes the geologist, “really resemble a giant honeycomb. This is a huge karst field dotted with sinkholes..."

Biryan(in Bashkir Biryen), the ridge between the upper reaches of the Lemeza River and the Inzer River to 3 from the Karyazy ridge. In Bashkir bir - “give”, “give”, yen - “soul”, the whole expression as a whole is translated by local residents as “give soul”, “die” (the combination yen bireu and in literary language means “give soul”, “die” "). From a grammatical point of view, the name fully complies with the norms of the formation of Turkic place names. The mountain could have received a name that translates to “Give up your soul” or “Die” due to its inaccessibility. The local population sometimes also says that this was the name of some person whose name was transferred to the ridge.

Mountains between the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ufa and the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ai River

Potanins, mountains on the western shore of Lake Irtyash south of the Cherry Mountains (10 km north of the city of Kyshtym). From the Russian personal name Potanya, derived from Potap, Potapii and the rarer Potamiy.

Borzovskys, mountains, southern continuation of the Potanins (to the north of Kyshtym). From the old Russian surname Borzov, or nickname Borzoi.

Sugomak, a mountain 4 km to 3 from Kyshtym near the Sugomak River, which flows into Lake Sugomak. The primary name is the river, from which the neighboring objects - the lake and the mountain - were named.

Golden eagle, a mountain in the upper reaches of Ufa (20 km southwest of Kyshtym). In the Bashkir language, burkyut is “eagle”, in Tatar -byurket- “golden eagle”, “eagle”, however, this name cannot be attributed with complete confidence to Turkic oronyms, since in Russian there is the word berkut - “a type of eagle” (borrowed from Turkic sources), and in Russian oronymy names like Sokol (Balaban) are common.

The name Berkutova Gora (Berkutskaya Gora) near Miass is certainly Russian. On the contrary, the oronym Berkut-Tau in the western spurs of the Irendyk ridge (southeastern Bashkiria) should be considered clearly Bashkir. And again, the name of Mount Berkut to the ESE of Verkhneuralsk is mysterious - it can be either Turkic or Russian.

Yurma, mountain (1002 m) between the sources of the Ufa and Kusa rivers, 15 km to 3 from the city of Karabash.

It is a widely held view that, translated from the Bashkir (Tatar) language, the oronym Yurma means “Don’t go!”, since the slopes of the mountain are steep and difficult to pass due to dense forest. This interpretation was first given in the “Mining Journal”, 1825, No. 5. Geologist I.V. Mushketov colorfully depicts the difficulties of working in the Yurma region: “We descended along the southwestern granite slope of Yurma into a wooded and swampy valley separating Yurma from Taganay. It is difficult to imagine the wilderness that greeted us in this place. Barely passable forests, bottomless swamps with heaps of scree from sharp-angled boulders and with whole fires of dead wood, often completely decayed and bearing fresh traces of a bear, swamps deceptively covered with moss - that’s all that the observer finds in this desert.”

In the Bashkir and Tatar languages ​​there is indeed a verb with the base “yur” - “to walk” and “ma” - a negation suffix that is used in verbal forms. Therefore, the interpretation of “Don’t go!” not without reason. Moreover, the local population adheres to this explanation.

Compare, however, the Bashkir dialect yurme - “dense forest”, recorded in the Miass dialect of the Bashkir language.

Karabash, a mountain on the eastern outskirts of the city of Karabash, 5 km to 3 from the northern end of the Ilmen Mountains. Sometimes the entire mountain range running in the meridional direction east of the city of Karabash, and even all the mountains between the Yurma ridge and the Miass valley, are called the Karabash or Karabash mountains.

The primary name of the mountain, which translated from the Bashkir and Tatar languages ​​means “Black Peak”, or “Black Head” (kara - “black”, bash - “head”, “peak”). One must think that the name Karabash is a metaphor that arose on the basis of the similarity of the mountain with a dark Bashkir cap or head in a hat.

The oronym Karabash (Kara-Bash, Karabash Mountains) is regularly found in sources of the 19th and early 20th centuries, but later Mount Karabash is usually called the Golden Mountain (after the gold deposit).

Ilmen Mountains, or Ilmen Range (sometimes Ilmeni, Ilmeny), a ridge on the right (eastern) bank of the Miass River, running from NNE to SSW between the cities of Karabash and Miass. In the southernmost part of the ridge rises the most significant peak - Mount Ilmen-Tau (753 m). To the south of the ridge is Lake Ilmenskoye (otherwise known as Ilmen). The famous Ilmensky Nature Reserve has existed in this area since 1920.

It is based on the name of the lake, but the path of the word is very tortuous. According to I.G. Dobrodomov, the Greek limen - “harbour” penetrated into the Russian language in the forms limen, estuary, ilmen, receiving a number of new meanings (“bay”, “lake”, “river flood”, “oxbow lake”). At the same time, new meanings arose not without the influence of another Greek word limne - “bay”, “lake”, “swamp”. At the same time, the borrowing was connected by folk etymology with the Russian “il” and the suffix “men” (for example, in the dialect uzmen - “bottleneck”). And finally, it is assumed that the Greek word penetrated into the Russian language through Turkic mediation (Polovtsian limen, Turkish liman). This, according to Dobrodomov, is evidenced by Turkic toponyms and, in particular, the name of Mount Ilmen-Tau in the Southern Urals. Much, however, is unclear, and first of all, how the word ilmen got into the Turkic toponymy of the Urals.

There is, however, another assumption that the basis of the oronym is the Bashkir word for names - “whole”, “unharmed”, “safe”, “prosperous”, that is, it is necessary to interpret “Whole mountains”, “Unharmed mountains”, “Safe mountains” , “Harmless mountains” (not as high as others), or the Bashkir imen - “oak” (“Oak mountains”). Researchers who defend this version (M.I. Albrut, G.K. Valeev, N.I. Shuvalov) point out that P.S. Pallas (18th century) calls the Ilmen Mountains Imen-Tau, and Lake Imen-Tau Kul. The Russians, in their opinion, over time brought the Bashkir name closer to the word ilmen, which was common in the speech of Russian settlers to the Southern Urals. After all, Pallas already writes about lakes in the Orenburg steppes, “from which there is no current,” that they “here are usually called ilmens.” He also gives an example - Mergenskaya Ilmen.

The second version is preferable.

Ishkul, a ridge in the northern part of the Ilmen Mountains (16 km south of the city of Karabash). Near the eastern slope of the ridge are the Bolshoi and Maly Ishkul lakes. The primary hydronym is that M. I. Albrut does not very successfully translate “Lake Like” (what is it like?). The meaning of this name is “Pair Lake”, or “Pair of Lakes”, since there are two lakes (Bashkir-Tatar ish - “pair”, “similar”).

Karymka, a mountain 12 km south-southwest from Karabash and 8 km north-west from the Ishkul ridge. Probably from the Turkic name of Arabic origin Karim - “Generous.” Wed. still outdated Bashkir-Tatar karymta - “blood feud”.

Talovsky(Bolshoy Talovsky), ridge between Mount Karymka and Lake Turgoyak. Named after the Bolshaya Talovka River, the left tributary of the Kushtumga River, which flows into the Miass.

Varganova, mountain northwest of Lake Turgoyak. From the Russian nickname Vargan or the surname Varganov (varganit - “to make noise”, “to shout”).

Pugacheva, mountain southwest of Lake Turgoyak. According to legend, Emelyan Pugachev passed through here with his army. There are many mountains in the Southern Urals, which popular memory associates with the name of the leader of the Peasant War of 1773-1775. The Russians call them the Pugachev or Pugachevsky mountains, the Bashkirs call them Bogas (Bugae) or Bogastas (Bu-gasts), since in the Bashkir language the surname Pugachev (Pugach) changed to Bogas (Bugae).

Kostrominka, mountain 3 from Lake Turgoyak. From the Russian nickname Kostroma, recorded in a monument of the 14th century, or the surname Kostromin, which are secondary toponymic names (from the name of the city of Kostroma, known since the 13th century).

Alexandrovskaya Sopka, a separate rocky mountain (845 m) on the watershed ridge (8 km ESE from Zlatoust).

In Bashkir, this mountain, like the watershed ridge in general, is called Ural-Tau, but the Russians, as E. K. Hoffman writes in the Mining Journal, began to call it Aleksandrovskaya Sopka from the time of the ascent of Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich (the future Tsar Alexander II) in 1837

Itsyl, a mountain on the right bank of the Bolshoy Kialim River, 19 km northwest of Zlatoust. Height - 1068 m.

This name contains the sound “ts,” which is no longer found in any of the Turkic oronyms of the Southern Urals, since it is absent in the local Bashkir and Tatar dialects. Obviously, the “ts” here is secondary, arising from some group of consonants like “those” or “ee”. In studies on geology and geography of the 19th - early 20th centuries related to the Zlatoust region, the spellings Issyl, Isyl are indeed constantly encountered; along with the rarer Itsil, already appearing in the “Mining Journal”, No. 1, 1834. According to N.I. Shuvalov, from the Bashkir issil - “eternal wind” due to the constant wind on this high peak. Wed. Bashkir iseu - “to blow” and ate - “wind”.

Taganay, or Big Taganay, ridge to the NE of Zlatoust (length - 20 km). The most important peaks (from the north): Dalniy Taganay (1146 m), the most distant from Zlatoust; Kruglitsa (Round Hill), or Round Taganay (1177 m), so named “because it appears round from the south” (E.K. Hoffman. “Mining Journal”, 1868, No. 4), the peak of Kruglitsa is called the Bashkir Shapka ( according to Hoffmann, “you rise to the very top, which rises like a button above the round mountain”); Responsive Ridge (1155 m), in the powerful, almost hundred-meter-high rocks of which multiple echoes arise; Maly Taganay (1034 m), or Two-Headed Sopka (not to be confused with the Maly Taganay ridge). From the southeast, two small ridges adjoin Bolshoy Taganay, first the Middle Taganay, and behind it the Small Taganay. They go in the same direction - from NE to SW.

Traditionally they explain from the Bashkir-Tatar words tagan - “stand”, “support” and ai - “moon”, as “Moon stand”, “Moon support”. This beautiful and semantically transparent metaphor encounters, however, difficulties of a grammatical nature: it is necessary to translate “Moon Stand”. Perhaps for this reason, G. E. Kornilov (see “A Brief Toponymic Dictionary” by V. A. Nikonov) is trying to elevate Taganai to the Bashkir tyugan ai tau - “mountain of the rising moon.”

Since the Turkic ay - “moon” is often used metaphorically to denote something beautiful, the translation “Moon Stand” is not at all as unsuccessful as it seems at first. It is much better to interpret not “Moon stand”, but “Tagan-moon”, using in translation the Turkic word tagan - “tripod (iron stand for a cauldron on three legs)”. The figurative vision of the local Tatars or Bashkirs found in the Bolshoi Taganay mountain range (more precisely, in its southern part, where the peaks of Kruglitsa, Otkliknaya Greben and Maly Taganay are located) a semblance of a tripod, tagan, a very important object of ancient Turkic life. It is no coincidence that P.S. Pallas wrote in his diary on June 2, 1770: “The three-headed (emphasis added by me - A.M.) high and now still covered with snow (mountain) Taganay, which under Aya is the highest protected by a mountain.” This image is apparently quite common: in Bashkiria there are several mountains with the names Tagan-Tau - “Tagan Mountain” and Tagan-Tash - “Tagan Stone”.

The final element “ay” can, however, be considered as an ancient Turkic suffix with a diminutive meaning. In this case, obviously, there was a subsequent rethinking of the suffix into the word ai - “moon”.

In Russian documents of the 17th century. the “Taganaeva volost” is mentioned on the left bank of the Belaya River opposite the Bir River. The village of Taganay (Taganaevo) still exists in the Kushnarenkovsky district of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In this case, Taganay is an anthroponym, but nothing is known about its connection with the name of Mount Taganay.

Nazminskie (in various sources also Nazemskie, Nazimskie, Nazyamskie), mountains on the right bank of the Aya to 3 from the southern end of the Bolshoy Taganay ridge (between the working village of Magnitka and Zlatoust). On some new maps there is the Nazminsky ridge. The local Russian population has the Nazminskie (Nazminskie) mountains.

Perhaps from the Turkic name of Persian origin Nazim - “Organizer”, or from another Muslim name Najim - “Star”. Vowel vibrations in the last syllable of a toponym arose in the Russian language in an unstressed position.

The southern part of the Nazminsky Mountains is called the Evgrafovsky Mountains (from the Russian canonical name Evgraf or the surname Evgrafov. N.I. Shuvalov names two more peaks of the Nazminsky Mountains - Copper Mine (after the copper mine located here in the 18th century) and Maximilianovskaya Mountain (Maximilian), named in honor of Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg, who visited the Southern Urals in 1845.

Protopop, a mountain adjacent from the north to the Nazminsky Mountains (on the eastern outskirts of the working village of Magnitka). From obsolete Russian protopop - “priest of the highest rank.” Apparently a metaphor.

Kosotur, a mountain on the right side of the Ai River. On its slopes is located part of the city of Zlatoust, originally the Kosotursky plant.

The interpretation of “Where to stand”, “Place of parking” found in some popular works (from the Bashkir words kaiza - “where” and torou - “to stand”), from a linguistic point of view, is unsatisfactory.

There are three ways. The first is to connect the name Kosotur with a series of other mysterious names for “tur”, such as Bashtur, Belyatur, Silitur (see Belyatur). The second is, without denying the connection with the names for “tour”, to see in the oronym the result of Russian processing under the influence of such words as the well-known verkhotura and the dialect kosour - “oblique arc”, “oblique arch”. The names of the Kosoturikha rock in the Northern Urals (the left bank of the Vishera near the village of Akchim) and the Kosoturka River in the Sylva basin (Shalinsky district of the Sverdlovsk region) are also indicative. The third is to consider the name of the mountain purely Russian, since these places were inhabited and developed by Russians more than two hundred years ago (in this regard, the already mentioned Kosoturikha and Kosoturka are especially interesting).

Chuvash, a mountain on the right bank of the Ai River 3 from Zlatoust. From the ethnonym Chuvash, indicating that the Chuvash took part in the development of the Urals, along with the Kazan Tatars. In the Southern Urals there are other names of this kind: the Chuvashka River, Chuvash-Tau Mountain, etc.

Mountains between the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ai River and the sections of the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Inzer and Belaya at approximately 54° N. w. (western ranges)

Magnetic, a mountain 15 km to the east from the city of Satka, adjacent to the Zyuratkul ridge from the northeast. Sometimes - Magnetic Ridge. The mountain is composed of coarse-grained gabbro, in which there are more or less significant accumulations and nests of magnetic iron ore.

Zyuratkul, a ridge on the left bank of the Bolshaya Satka River, 1 2 km southeast of the city of Satka. The highest height is 1184 m (Mount Kruglaya Shishka). From the southeast the lake of the same name Zyuratkul adjoins the ridge. The Bashkir-Tatar term kul - “lake” indicates the primacy of the hydronym, but the reality turns out to be much more complicated.

There are a number of assumptions about the meaning of the name of Lake Zyuratkul (“Horse Lake”, “Cemetery Lake”, “Lake that has an image”, “Lake in which mountains are reflected, like in a mirror”), but they are all wrong.

Hydronym Zyuratkul means “Heart-lake”. True, “heart” in Bashkir is yurek, not zyurat, but it is known that in some Bashkir and Tatar dialects, instead of the initial “i” (yu = yu), a special sound is used, such as a soft “zh” or “dzh”, which is usually is rendered by Russian "z". The difficult to pronounce group of consonants “kk” (Zyurak-kul) has changed into “tk” (Zyuratkul). In one study on the geology of this area (1901), both the mountain and the lake are also called Zyurakkul. On the map of 1800 the lake is called Zyuryak. In the record of the toponymic expedition, the name of the lake is Yurekkul.

It remains to add that in its shape Lake Zyuratkul resembles a heart and that comparisons of this kind in toponymy are widespread: in Bashkiria there is Yurak-Tau - “Heart-mountain” near Sterlitamak and Yurak-Tash - “Heart-stone” (rock) on the ridge Big Shatak, and in Mansi toponymy Sintur (from Simtur) - “Heart-lake” and Sim-Syakhyl - “Heart-mountain”.

It is possible to determine more or less accurately the time when the name of the lake was transferred to the mountain: in the “Mining Journal” for 1835 and 1837. Mount Zyuratkul has already been mentioned.

What then remains to be decided? Evidence from the 18th century is important. V.N. Tatishchev mentions Yarak Tau (Mountain of the Heart), at the top of which there is a lake. P. S. Pallas writes about Mount Yurak-Tau (Heart-Mountain) along the Bolshaya Satka River, which received its name “due to the towering blunt top, which is completely bare and rocky.” In this case, of course, we mean Round Cone Mountain. We find approximately the same thing in I.I. Lepekhin (who talks about Mount Zhuryak Tash (Mountain Heart), located 30 miles from the Urangi ridge, that it is so nicknamed “after the round hill located in the middle of the ridge.”

This evidence suggests other solutions: either the name of the mountain was primary (Yurek-Tau), or the name of the mountain and lake (Iurekkul) coexisted from the very beginning

Overall, there's still a lot to think about here.

Maskal, a ridge adjacent to Lake Zyuratkul from the southwest (1029 m). In the 19th century sources - Matkal, on later maps - Mashkal or Moskal, apparently not without the influence of the colloquial Russian moskal - “Moskvich” (in Bashkir meskeule), but the local Russian population calls this ridge Maskal.

Local historian V. Chernetsov believes that this oronym translated from the Bashkir and Tatar languages ​​means “Witch Mountain” (“Satkinsky Rabochiy,” 1979, October 4) and points out that back in the 18th century. on Maskala there were wooden idols that the Bashkirs worshiped. This interpretation can be accepted, since in the Bashkir language there is indeed the word meskei - “witch”, the form of possession meskale - “with witches”, and in the Bashkir toponymy of the Kuvandyk district of the Orenburg region the name of Mount Meskei - “Witch” is attested.

The northern part of the ridge is called Mount Bulanikha (see Bulandikha) or Small Maskal.

Bitch, two ridges between the Malaya Satka and Yuryuzan rivers - Bolshaya Suka and Malaya Suka. 12 km to 3 from Lake Zyuratkul is Malaya Suka, to the southwest of it is Bolshaya Suka (1194 m). P. S. Pallas in the 18th century. witnessed the name in the forms Suka, Sukatau.

There are three etymologies: 1) from the Tatar bough, Bashkir huk - “plow”, as A.G. Bessonov suggests (if you look at the ridge from a distance and from the side, then you can see in it a vague resemblance to a plow), i.e. in front of us metaphor; 2) from the Bashkir suki - “hill”, “peak” (written message from R. Z. Shakurov); 3) from the Bashkir syuyk (suuk) - “cold” (V. Chernetsov, N.I. Shuvalov). The disadvantage of the first etymology is that the Turkic word was borrowed from the Russian language, therefore, we have to assume that the Turkic name of the ridge arose relatively recently, which is surprising. The vulnerability of the second etymology is that Suka is two ridges, and not a separate hill. Therefore, if the Turkic form Suuk (Syuyk) is reliable, preference should be given to the third version, however, with the caveat that this is a Tatar or Tatarized toponym (cf. Tatar suyk - “cold” and Bashkir hyuyk with the same meaning).

Kurgashka, mountain 3 from the Bolshaya Suka ridge. From the Bashkir kurgash - “lead”. The name is attested in Russian form with the suffix "ka". The toponyms Kurgash, Kurgashly, Kurgashty are common in Bashkiria.

Uvan, two mountains in the upper reaches of the Malaya Satka River, adjacent from the southeast to the Bolshaya Suka ridge. Bolshoi Uvan (1222 m) is located to the north. Maly Uvan is to the south. Like Suka, they are located in that part of the Chelyabinsk region where there is no indigenous Bashkir population, so the toponymic expedition was able to record this indisputably Turkic oronym only among the Russians.

With some risk it can be compared with the Bashkir uba - “hill”, “mound”. The Bolshoy Uvan and Maly Uvan mountains are separate peaks, only adjacent to the Bolshaya Suka ridge and can well be perceived as separate large hills. The Bashkir “b” is rendered as “v”, since it is known that between vowels the voiced stop “b” in the Bashkir language is close in sound to the labial “v” (the Russian sound “v” is labial-dental) and that in some dialects of the Bashkir language "b" turns into "c" and "y". Already in the Russian language, the final “n” could appear, for example, under the influence of the dialectism widespread in the Southern Urals shihan - “high cone-shaped mountain.”

According to N.I. Shuvalov, from the name of the Bashkir clan group Uvan, which was part of the Katay tribe. R. G. Kuzeev’s book “The Origin of the Bashkir People” actually mentions the similar-sounding name of the clan group Uvanysh, but this group is attributed not to the Kathays, but to the Turkified Finno-Ugric peoples.

Nurgush, ridge between Lake Zyuratkul and the Yuryuzan River near the village of Tyulyuk. The transverse valley divides it into two parts: the northern - Big Nurgush and the southern - Small Nurgush. The highest peak (1406 m) is located in the northern part of the ridge. The local Bashkir population associates it with nur - “ray”, “radiance” and kosh - “bird” (in complex words also gosh, see Belyagush), that is, translated as “Radiant Bird”. Before us is either a luxurious metaphor, or folk etymology, with the help of which some ancient, perhaps pre-Bashkir name is being mastered.

Zigalga, one of the highest and most beautiful ridges of the Southern Urals, located on the left bank of the Yuryuzan, between the Nurgush and Nary ridges. Length - more than 40 km.

Zigalga was already well known to Russian researchers of the 18th century, who attested to this name in the forms Dzhigalga (V.N. Tatishchev), Dzhigalga or Dzhigala (P.I. Rychkov), Egalga, Dzhigalga, Dzhigalga (P.S. Pallas), Dzhigalga (I.I. Lepekhin), Dzhigalga (I.P. Falk), Dzhigyalga (I.G. Georgi), while Tatishchev and Rychkov emphasized that there is always snow on Zigalga (as well as on Yamantau), and Pallas pointed out , that deer live on it (again, like on Yamantau). Georgi also notes that the name Dzhigyalga refers to the highest part of the ridge, obviously referring to the treeless mountain-tundra zone with long-standing snow. In the “Materials on the History of Bashkiria,” dating back to the 18th century, the ridge is named Yugalga, Zigalga, Zyagalga.

The Bashkirs call Zigalga - Egelge, which is quite consistent with the form of Egalga given by Pallas, but do not provide an explanation for the name. The variant Zigalga, which penetrated into the Russian language, was influenced by the Tatar language.

It is difficult to even imagine what this very mysterious name, possibly pre-Bashkir, could mean. In any case, the authors of the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir ASSR”, citing another name for this ridge - Zenggerge, compare it with the Iranian zangar - “big rock”, although in the Bashkir language there is a word zengger with the meaning “blue”, “blue”. Interesting in this regard is the word yelga, yilga - “summer high mountain pasture”, “summer place”, recorded in the Iranian languages ​​of Tajikistan.

There are many peaked mountains and rocks on the ridge. The most significant peaks: in the northern part of the ridge - Poperechnaya - 1389 m, in the central - Mezly Utes, or Merzlaya - 1237 m, in the southern - Mount Big Sholom (see) - 1425 m.

The southeastern spurs of Zigalga have bright metaphorical names - Big Stepson and Small Stepson.

The local Russian population says that there is snow on Mount Frozen Cliff for a very long time and that an eighteen-year-old girl once got lost and froze there, but in the 50-60s of the current century there was no snow on Zigalga in July.

Big Sholom, the highest mountain on the Zigalga ridge, located at the extreme southwestern tip of the ridge, the third highest mountain (after Yaman-Tau and Iremel) in the Southern Urals - 1425 m.

The name Big Sholom was given to this high domed mountain by Russian settlers - workers of South Ural factories, most likely Beloretsk. The Old Russian word shelom - “helmet” over time also came to mean “hill”, “hillock”. In the toponymy of the Russian North we find more than one Shelomya: this is the name of villages located on the hills. Many Russian dialects even now have the word Sholom - “hill”, “hillock”. It is this word that is fixed in the name of the highest peak of Zigalga, but with a completely justified addition indicating its size - Big Sholom.

Nary (Bashkir Nere), a ridge between the Maly Inzer and Tulmen rivers to the southwest of Zigalga. Length - 45 km, maximum height - 1328 m. One of the high peaks in the northern part of the ridge was named Kopeshka for its characteristic shape.

On the basis of the Bashkir language, the name is not satisfactorily explained, so it was compared with the Mansi Nyor - “rocky peak”, “Ural” and even with the mysterious Noros Mountains of the Greek geographer Ptolemy. The second assumption is from the realm of science fiction, the first requires additional argumentation.

A more interesting comparison is with the Finno-Ugric root, reflected in the Komi nyr, Mari ner, Mordovian ner, nyar, Sami nierra - “nose”: it is known that the word with the meaning “nose” in a variety of languages ​​is also used in the sense of “cape”, "mountain spur" The Nara ridge, located between the valleys of two rivers, due to its marginal position (in relation to the highest ridges of the Southern Urals) can well be considered as such a spur (cf. Saledy in the Subpolar Urals).

The Russian population associates the name of the ridge with the word nora, but this is a clear folk etymology.

Bayramgul, a ridge on the right bank of the Tulmen River northwest of the Nara ridge. From the Turkic name Bayramgul, which is based on the word bayram - “holiday”.

Belyagush, a ridge on the right bank of the Inzer River 3 from the southern end of the Nara ridge. The second part of the name “gush” (in local pronunciation gosh) is often associated by Bashkirs with the word kosh - “bird”, which in complex words also appears in the form “gosh” (cf. baygosh - “tawny owl”, karagosh - “vulture”) . The first part of the name usually remains without interpretation, only in one case was it said that the word bil is hidden here - “loin” and should be translated “Bird with a loin.” All this, of course, is very similar to folk etymology. It is interesting to see the coincidence of the stems in two unclear oronyms - Belyagush and Belyatur.

Kalty, a ridge running between Belyagush and the Tulmen River in the meridional direction. Local residents translate into Russian “Stayed”, “Stayed”, “Remained” (Bashkir kalyu - “to stay”), and various legends are told about a runaway bride (the groom, usually an old man, remained), a deceased husband (the wife remained), an abandoned settlement (space left), etc.

Yaman-Tau, a mountain to the southwest of the Nara ridge on the right bank of the Maly Inzer River, 10 km above the confluence of the Big and Maly Inzer. On maps and in reference books there is usually Mount Small Yaman-Tau (in contrast to Yaman-Tau at the top of the Bolshoi Inzer River - the most significant peak of the Southern Urals). Translated from the Bashkir language - “Bad Mountain”, “Bad Mountain”.

Mountains between the latitudinal section of the upper reaches of the Ai River and the sections of the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Inzer and Belaya at approximately 54° N. w. (eastern ridges and Beloretsk uplift)

Saltanka, a mountain on the left bank of the Ai River near the mouth of the Saltanka River 3 from Zlatoust. In the 19th century record - Soltanka. From the Turkic name of Arabic origin Sultan - “Lord”, “Sovereign”. Not necessarily from the Bashkir or Tatar language, since the word sultan and its folklore counterpart saltan (soltan) have long been present in the Russian language. It is not known what comes first - the name of the mountain or the river.

Tatar, a mountain on the left bank of the Ay on the northwestern outskirts of Zlatoust. In the source of the 19th century - Tatar Mountains. From the ethnonym Tatar. There are many mountains with this name in the Southern Urals (near the city of Satka, near the Kumach ridge, etc.). They indicate that the Kazan Tatars played a significant role in the development of the Southern Urals. It should, however, be noted that in the old days Russians called other “foreigners” of the Urals and Siberia Tatars.

Urenga, a long ridge (about 70 km) between Zlatoust and the upper reaches of the Ai River (highest point - 1198 m).

I. I. Lepekhin in the 18th century. wrote down this name in the form of Ureng and Urangi and translated “Maple”, and P. S. Pallas then recorded it in the forms Uryangetau, Urangetau, of which the first is an accurate rendering of the Tatar words urengge - “maple”, “maple” and tau - “ mountain". Thus, Urenga is truly “Maple (ridge)”. Travelers of the 18th century. Obviously, the records were made by the Tatar population (Zlatoust Tatars), since local Bashkirs from the Uchalinsky region use another word (sagan) to denote the concepts “maple” and “maple”. They call the ridge, like the Tatars, Urengge, but they cannot translate this oronym.

Among the names of the mountains, it is worth noting the metaphorical name Chests (in the central part of the ridge) and the Russian folk etymological adaptation of Korotysh from the Tatar-Bashkir Kara-Tash - “Black Stone” (in the southern part).

Sviridikha, a separate mountain WSW from Mount Sunduki on the Urenga ridge. From the Russian personal name Svirid, a colloquial form of Spiridon, using the suffix “iha”.

Nasyrka, a separate mountain on the left bank of the Ay to the ENE from Mount Korotysh on the Urenga ridge. From the Turkic name of Arabic origin Nasir - “Helper”, “Friend”, “Winner”. Initially, obviously, Nasir-Tau. In Russian, the geographical term was lost, and the personal name was complicated by the suffix “ka”.

Yelauda(Bashkir Yalaudy), in various written sources and on maps - Elavda, Evlavda, Ivalda, Ivaldy, etc. One of the peaks in the southern part of the Urenga ridge (1116 m) between the Sunduki and Korotysh mountains is known under this name. Sometimes this is the name given to the entire southern part of Urenga, starting from Mount Elauda, ​​as well as the Yagodny ridge (Berry Mountains), which are the southwestern continuation of Urenga.

Local Bashkirs claim that the name Yalauda should be translated “Licked Mountain”. This allows us to connect it with the Bashkir verb yalau - “to lick”, “to lick”. At first glance, the absurd name is easily explained if you consider that the Russians call one of the objects called Yelaudy the Yagodny ridge, according to local residents; there used to be a lot of raspberries there. Bashkirs sometimes call the Yagodny ridge Elek-Tau - “Berry Mountain”.

Biyakskie shishki (Biyakskie shishki, Biyak), two mountains between the Yagodny ridge and the Berezyak river. From the Bashkir beyek - “height”, “high”. For the term shishka, see Zakharova Shishka.

Avalyak, a ridge in the upper reaches of the Belaya, running in a southwestern direction from the source of the Aya to the Bolshoi Avnyar River. Can be considered as a southwestern continuation of Urenga. The Iremel mountain range adjoins the ridge from the west.

According to some researchers (G. E. Kornilov, M. I. Albrut), this is a name already known to I. I. Lepekhin in the 18th century. (Avalak, Avelyak), goes back to the Bashkir-Tatar aulak - “deserted”, “deaf” (in other Turkic languages ​​also - “hunting place”, “place abounding in game”). The Russian old-timer population calls the ridge Uvalyak, the same form is regularly used in the “Mining Journal”, 1842, No. 1.

It’s different in the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,” where the origin of the name of the ridge from a consonant anthroponym is allowed.

At the northeastern end of the ridge there is a rocky mountain with a characteristic Turkic (Bashkir) name Kara-Aigyr - “Black Stallion” (on some maps - Mount Avalyak).

Iremel, one of the highest and most beautiful mountains of the Southern Urals, which the Bashkirs used to consider sacred. It is located near the sources of the Belaya between the Avalyak and Bakty ridges, but orographically it belongs to the Avalyak ridge, being its powerful western spur. It has two peaks - Big Iremel (1582 m) and Small Iremel located to the north (about 1400 m). The peak of Big Iremel is also called Big Kaban (“boars” are individual hills with a flat “table” surface and terraced slopes; this word goes back to the Bashkir keben - “stack”; there are many such “boars” on other ridges and mountains of the Southern Urals ). The spur Zherebchik (from the Russian stallion) extends to the northwest from Mount Bolshoi Iremel, and Mount Sinyak (from the Russian blue) extends to the southwest.

In the “Brief Toponymic Dictionary” by V. A. Nikonov, the multi-volume publication “Russia” edited by V. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and a number of popular publications, especially in tourist guides, it is stated that in translation from the Bashkir language Iremel means “Sacred (mountain)". But “holy”, “sacred” in Bashkir and Tatar is an outcast.

Perhaps they meant the Bashkir-Tatar words yrym - “spell”, “witchcraft”, yrymly - “bewitched”, “bewitched”, but they in no way correspond in their sound composition to the Bashkir sound of the toponym - Iremel.

In sources of the 18th century. the form Iremel with certain distortions is also recorded: Iremyal, Erenyal (V.N. Tatishchev), Iryamel Tau, Iryamyali Tau (P.I. Rychkov), Iryamyal Tau (I.I. Lepekhin - repeatedly). However, none of the travelers of the 18th century. did not write down the explanation of the name, and the staff of the toponymic expedition of the Ural University could not hear it in any of the surveyed points of Bashkiria. There were only interesting from a folklore point of view, but which did not provide anything for etymology, stories about a Bashkir hero named Iremel (Iremel).

This forces us to look for other ways. Here's one of them. In some Turkic languages ​​there is the word emel (in Russian translation emel) - “saddle”, “saddle”, which goes back to the Mongolian emeel - “saddle”. This word is often found in the names of the passes of the Tien Shan, Altai and other mountains of Central Asia and Southern Siberia.

It is known that in the names of the Bashkir mountains many elements of hoary antiquity have been preserved, which are inexplicable from the modern Bashkir language. If we assume that the same Mongolian element was once in the language of the Bashkirs or their Turkic predecessors, then Iremel can easily be interpreted as “Saddle of a man (hero)”, or “Saddle of a man (hero)”, because the word ir in the Bashkir language is “man”, "hero". Anyone who has seen Iremel can easily detect in this gigantic, obliquely truncated pyramid a resemblance to a giant saddle, and then this is a flowery metaphor in truly oriental taste. But it may also be that what is meant is the vast saddle between the Big Iremel Mountain and the Small Iremel Mountain, or the mountain valley between the Small Iremel and Zherebchik, as V. Chernetsov thinks, who proposes to interpret the name of the mountain “Horseman’s Saddle”. Where the truth is is difficult to decide.

Thus, thanks to its characteristic shape and size, Iremel has become an attractive object for figurative perception, but, of course, different images are born. For example, for D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak, Iremel is “a huge ship that ran aground and blocked the current.”

The already difficult case is greatly complicated by the names of three rivers in the upper reaches of the Miass, Iremel, sometimes Eremel (Big, Middle and Small) and the Iremel Mountains, or Iremel Hill, approximately 30 km south of Zlatoust. P.S. Pallas has the Eremel stream and Mount Eremeltau. The Bashkir form of the names of rivers, according to the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” is Iremel Yylgakhy, that is, “Iremel River”. This toponym may turn out to be a transfer from the name of Mount Iremel, and then nothing changes in our constructions. If the Miass names arose independently of the oronym Iremel, then it is possible that they go back to the Bashkir-Tatar yrymly - “bewitched”, “bewitched” or some other word, and then were brought together by folk etymology with the name of the famous mountain Iremel (Iremel ).

Suk-Tash, a mountain adjacent from 3 to the Iremel mountain range. According to N.I. Shuvalov, from the Bashkir syuyk (suuk) - “cold”, i.e. “Cold Stone” (cf. Bitch), since “The mountain has many rather deep karst sinkholes, at the bottom of which icy springs emerge, which is why and the stones here are always damp and cold.” In the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” the similar name of the village and rock Suk-Tash in the Kiginsky region is explained differently - “Protruding Pointed Stone”. Local Russians call the mountain Suk-Tash Chests (cf. the same name of the mountain on the Urenga ridge), because the stones on it are “laid like chests.” This is an argument in favor of the version of the Bashkir scientists.

Bakty, a ridge on the right bank of the Yuryuzan River between the Nurgush and Kumardak ridges. In various written sources of the 18th-19th centuries. the forms Bekty (Bekta), Bykty, Bakhty are also indicated; the local Russian population most often calls the ridge Bekhta or Bikhta, but when explaining, one must proceed from the Bashkir form of the name - Bakty. It can be considered as the 3rd person singular past tense from the verb baguu - “look”, “look” (bakty) and, therefore, translated “Looked”, “Looked”. Such verbal names are common in Turkic languages. As for the meaning of the toponym - “The mountain from which they look”, it is typical for a variety of languages. Thus, in Russian oronymy, in particular in the Urals, the names of the Glyaden mountains are often found. The possibility of the emergence of such names in toponymy is also evidenced by Bashkir personal names such as Baktykhuzha - “The owner looked”, Baktyuraz - “Happiness looked”, Urazbakty - “Happiness looked”, Isenbakty - “The Living Looked”, etc.

In general, the oronym Bakty is explained in almost the same way in the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”: from bak - “look; observation room", with the affix "you".

The highest peak on the Bakty ridge is called the White Ridges by the local Russian population.

Bashtur, a mountain on the right bank of the Belaya, 15 km southeast of the southern end of the Bakty ridge. Oronym is on a par with such names as Belyatur, Silitur, etc., containing the mysterious geographical term tour. If the bash component is Turkic in origin (Bashkir bash - “head”, “top”, “main”), then there is every reason to consider the tour component to be Turkic, considering it as a forgotten geographical term, preserved only in toponymy. However, it cannot be excluded that the component bash appeared as a result of the alteration of the pre-Bashkir name in the Bashkir language on the basis of folk etymology (for more details, see Belyatur).

Pillars, a mountain on the right bank of the Belaya, 6 km to 3 from the working village of Tirlyansky. The local Russian population also calls this mountain Stolbishche, explaining that “the rocks stick out like pillars” on it.

Inzerskie Zubchatki (Inzerskie Zubtsy), a ridge between the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Inzer and Tirlyan rivers (15 km WNW from the working village of Tirlyansky). Named after the Inzer River and the picturesque, sharply prominent rocky peaks (“teeth”), which stretch for several kilometers.

Kumardak, a ridge between the Bakty ridge and the southern end of the Mashak ridge. The highest altitude is 1318 m.

The “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” provides the Bashkir form of this name (Kyumerzek) and its interpretation (kyumer - “hunchbacked”, zek-suffix).

It is possible, however, that the oronym Kumardak should not be separated from other names for ardak, erdak such as Mayardak, Zilmerdak. In this case, it is necessary to divide Kum-ardak (Kyum-erzek), but the origin of the name and its meaning have not yet been established.

Mashak, a ridge between the upper reaches of the Maly Inzer and Yuryuzan rivers. It starts 8 km southeast of Mount Big Sholom and initially goes in a south-west direction, and then from the highest peak - Mount Shiroka (1341 m) it turns sharply to the south. Other high peaks of the ridge are Medvezhya (1307 m) and Stozhok.

The name is compared with the Bashkir bashak (in dialects - mashak) - “ear of ear”, Uk bashagi - “arrowhead”. This is an elegant metaphor: from a distance the Mashak ridge really resembles, with its sharp peak and smooth slopes, an arrow or spear tip (this is exactly what it looks like, for example, according to the author’s observations, from the Zilmerdak ridge).

In the recording of I. G. Georgi (XVIII century) - Mashak, Mashaktau.

Yaman-Tau, the highest mountain in the Southern Urals (1640 m). Located in the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Inzer River to the southwest of the Mashak ridge, it has two peaks - Big Yaman-Tau (1640 m) and Small Yaman-Tau (1519 m). Translated from Bashkir, the name means “Bad Mountain”, or “Bad Mountain” (yaman - “bad”, “bad”, tau - “mountain”): the top of the mountain is often covered with clouds and fog, and on the approaches to the mountain there are desolate places and swamps. At the top of Yaman-Tau there is a vast plateau with rocks and sparse vegetation, unsuitable as pasture.

I. I. Lepekhin gives a different explanation for the name: “for the ever-present snow that covers the top of the mountain, it was nicknamed evil by the Bashkirs.” V.N. Tatishchev and P.I. Rychkov also emphasize that there is always snow on this mountain.

On the territory of Bashkiria there are several more mountains with the name Yaman-Tau.

Kuyan-Tau, mountain 3 from Yaman-Tau. From the Bashkir kuyan - “hare”, i.e. “Hare Mountain”. There are several more mountains with this name in Bashkiria.

Belyatur (in Bashkir Beletur), the ridge between the Bolshoy and Maly Inzer rivers in their upper reaches. In the north it adjoins the Yaman-Tau mountain range, in the southwest it ends with the separate mountain Dyunyan-Suigan (see). Adjacent to the central part of the ridge from the north-west near the village of Kuzelga is a separate mountain Kara-Tash - “Black Stone” (1171 m). Another high peak on the ridge is Mount Sunduk-Tash (“chests or syndyks are what the Bashkirs call all rocky outcrops on the ridge of mountains” - written in one work on the geology of the Southern Urals at the end of the 19th century, compare the names Chests on the Urenga Ridge and Mount Suk- Tash).

The question of the origin of the name Belyatur is very complex. The local Bashkir population does not know what this oronym means, but toponymic analysis makes it possible to identify the components bel and tur in it. The basis of Belaya is also found in the equally mysterious names of the Belyagush ridge (see) and Mount Balyatar, or Beletar (Bashkir Beleter and Beletur) on the right bank of the Belaya to the east of the Bazal ridge. The tur component is attested in a number of mountain names in the northeastern part of the Southern Urals (Silitur-tau, Silitur near the city of Kusa, Siratur, also Seratur, Saratur in the upper reaches of the Miass, Bashtur to the SE of the Bakty ridge)

The basics are “revealed” with the help of the Bashkir language (sile - “cart body”, bash - “head”, “main”, cap - “wheten”, “grinder” or sary - “yellow”). It is possible to find a satisfactory explanation for the basis bele (Bashkir bele - “trouble”; however, the component tour does not find analogies worthy of attention in the modern Bashkir language. This makes us think that the word tour has been preserved only in toponymy, or more precisely, in oronymy. You can talk about its meaning just guess (mountain, ridge, stone?). But since the Turkic languages ​​do not know oronymic terms such as tor, dor, tur, dur (compare, however, the Kyrgyz tor - “high mountain pasture”), the version about the connection of names with tur is also acceptable. with the ancient pre-Bashkir substrate. In this regard, Iranian data are interesting: Ossetian dur, dor - “stone”, reflected in toponymy (mountain names: Shavdor - “Black Stone”, Sagdor - “Deer Stone”, Sturdor - “Big Stone” and etc.), Tajik tor - “top”, torak - “top”, Yazgulyam tur - “top”, “upper”. But, firstly, the assumption about the Iranian (Scythian-Alanian) substrate in Bashkiria has not yet been proven (its should be confirmed by other oronymic and hydronymic facts), and secondly, the ease of interpretation of the first component of oronyms for Tur from the Bashkir language does not fit well with this hypothesis, which, however, can be explained by folk etymology, so characteristic of Bashkir toponymy.

Thus, if the word tour does not turn out to be an archaism that once existed in the Bashkir vocabulary, or has not yet been recorded as a dialectic, the version of its substrate origin remains valid. In this regard, two points are interesting. Firstly, the Turkic word bele - “trouble” is an Arabism, widespread in Iranian languages ​​(Ossetian, Persian, Tajik, Iranian languages ​​of the Pamirs), and secondly, and this is worthy of special attention, next to the Belyatur ridge - “Unfortunate Stone" (?) is Yaman-Tau - "Bad Mountain", and next to the Belyagush ridge (cf. Tajik kukh - "mountain") - "Mount Misfortune (?)" - Small Yaman-tau. Maybe this is not a coincidence. On the other hand, we must also keep in mind the Iranian bala - “peak”, “high”.

Dyunyan-Suigan, also Dunan-Suigan, a separate mountain adjacent from the southwest to the Belyatur ridge (1091 m). This name refers to the area of ​​horse breeding life of the Bashkirs and is translated “The stallion was slaughtered” (dunen - “stallion (three-year-old)”, huigan - past participle of the verb huyyu - “to slaughter”). The cartographic form is Tatarized (Tatar suyu - “to cut”).

Kapkaly (Russian Kapkalka), a mountain 15 km south of Yaman-Tau. From the Bashkir kapok - “gate”, kapkala - “with a gate”.

Yalangas, mountain (1297 m) 10 km east of Mount Kapkala and 15 km NNW from Beloretsk (Bashkir form of Yalangas-Tau). In Bashkir, yalangas means “open”, “bare” (about the area), tau means “mountain”, therefore, “Open Mountain”, “Bare Mountain”. This oronym is also found in other regions of Bashkiria.

Raspberry, a mountain 10 km northwest of Beloretsk (1152 m). Sometimes - Raspberry Ridge, Raspberry Mountains, Malinovka. The name was given for the abundance of berries (raspberries), which is well confirmed by the Bashkir name of Mount Elek-Tash - “Berry Stone”.

Mratkina (Bashkir Morat), mountain in the city of Beloretsk. From the Bashkir anthroponym Morat. In the Russian language, the suffix “ka” was added and the unstressed vowel was lost: Moratka - Mratkina (mountain).

Mayardak (in Bashkir Mayerzek), a ridge on the right bank of the Belaya, 15 km to 3 from Beloretsk. In the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” the formant zek - “mountain” and the stem meyer with an unknown meaning are highlighted. In the record of the toponymic expedition, Mayerzek is the name of a Bashkir. This seems to be a folk etymology. It is more convincing to isolate the component erzek (ardak) and associate it with other names of this type (see Zilmerdak).

Yandyk (in Bashkir Yendek), a mountain in the southern part of the Mayardak ridge. Sometimes the name Yandyk is used in relation to the entire ridge. From the Bashkir dialect yendek (literary yenlek) - “beast”, “bestial”. The name was given for the abundance of animals and game. There are many other hunting names on the ridge: Kese atkan - “Where the roe deer was shot,” etc. (G.K. Valeev).

The western part south of the latitudinal section of the lower reaches of the Inzer to the latitudinal section of the middle reaches of the Belaya River (approximately 54° N), including the foothills

Ulu-Tau (in Bashkir Olo-Tau), a low but long (up to 30 km) ridge running from NNE to SSW from the Basu River to the Zilim River, one of the ridges bordering mountainous Bashkiria from the west. Translated into Russian - “Big Mountain”. There are mountains with such names in other places in the Southern Urals (on the Irendyk ridge and north of Verkhneuralsk).

Ak-Biik (Bashkir Ak-Beyek), a mountain adjacent from the east to the Ulu-Tau ridge (16 km southeast of the village of Arkhangelskoye). Translated from the Bashkir language “White Height”, “White Mountain”. There are other mountains in Bashkiria with the name Ak-Biik - on the Bazal, Bashtin ridges, in the Bolshoi Inzer valley.

Iman-Arka, a mountain on the right bank of the Kurgash River to the SE of Ak-Biik Mountain. In Bashkir, Imen-Arka means “Oak Hill.”

Timer Arch, a low ridge running to the east from Ulu-Tau between the Kurgash and Zilim rivers in the direction NNE - SSW. From timer - “iron” and arch - “ridge”, i.e. “Iron ridge”. Iron ore was previously mined here.

Magash, a separate mountain on the right bank of the Zilim River, 15 km to 3 from the Ulu-Tau ridge. Starting with J. G. Kiekbaev, it is compared with the Hungarian magash - “high”, based on the well-known hypothesis about the former presence of the Hungarians in Bashkiria. This comparison is very tempting, but it requires additional argumentation and, in particular, first of all, further searches for Hungarian toponymy in the Belaya Valley are necessary.

Kyr-Tash, a mountain on the left bank of the Zilim River, 9 km east of the village of Saitbabino.

In the literary Bashkir language kyr is “field”, “field”, also “wild”, tash is “stone”, therefore, the translation “Wild Stone” is possible, however, it must be borne in mind that the word kyr in Bashkir dialects can have and other meanings, for example, “ridge”, “ridge”, “rocky ridge”.

Fatima-Tash, a mountain to the south of the Kyr-Tash mountain, 15 km to the east of the working village of Krasnousolsky. Translated from Bashkir - “Stone of Fatima” (Fatima is a female Turkic name of Arabic origin, tash is “stone”).

Karamaly, a separate mountain 21 km east of the working village of Krasnousolsky. In the Bashkir language, karama is “elm (tree)”, karamaly is “elm”, hence “Vyazovaya”. On the territory of Bashkiria there are many other mountains and rivers with this name.

Takata (sometimes Takata-Arca), a ridge running along the left bank of the Zilim River from the mouth of the Bolshoi Revat River to the northern end of the Ala-Tau ridge. In Bashkir teket - “patience”, tekette korotou - “to get out of patience”, “to get bored”. Local residents explain it this way: “Patience has run out” (because it’s difficult to climb).

Biik-Tau, a low mountain range in the meridional direction to the south of the working village of Krasnousolsky (between the right tributaries of the Belaya - Usolka and Zigan).

In Bashkir, beyek means “high”, “height”, tau means “mountain”, hence “High Mountain”. There are other mountains with this name in Bashkiria.

An excellent illustration of the thesis that the idea of ​​height is relative: in the foothills a ridge appears high, which in the center of a mountainous country could receive a name meaning “low.”

Shihany (Sterlitamak Shihany), single mountains on the right bank of the Belaya in the Sterlitamak region, which are characterized by a conical shape with steep slopes. The most famous are Yurak-Tau (see), Kush-Tau (see), Tura-Tau (see). The geographical term shikhan - “a hill, especially steep, peaked”, as well as “top of a mountain” is widespread in Russian dialects and Russian toponymy of the Southern Urals, the southern part of the Middle Urals, the Middle and Lower Volga region: Mount Shikhan near Saratov, the Shikhany tract west of Buzuluk, Mount Shikhan on the outskirts of the city of Ust-Katav, mountains Siny Shikhan and Arakulsky Shikhan in the Chelyabinsk region, Baklushin Shikhan in the Tagil Urals and others.

There is an assumption coming from V.I. Dahl that the geographical term shihan was borrowed from the Tatar language, but so far no one has been able to indicate which Tatar word was borrowed. Considering that this term exists primarily in Russian dialects, another assumption can be made: the word shikhan is derived from the geographical terms shish, shishka, denoting pointed peaks in many places in our country (Volchi Shishki on the Kola Peninsula, Round Shishka, Shelvyagin Shishka, Osinovaya Shishka in the Chelyabinsk region, Bystrukhinsky Shish in Altai, etc.). The path of education (shish, shishka - shikhan) here is approximately the same as in the case of baldness - the nickname Plekhan (surname Plekhanov). However, it is necessary to take into account the data of the Turkic languages, in particular, the Bashkir dialect sheke - “pik”, so the final solution to the issue is still ahead.

Yurak-Tau, a mountain on the right bank of the Belaya River NNE from Sterlitamak. One of the Sterlitamak shihans. P. I. Rychkov in “Topography of the Orenburg Province” correctly interprets “Mountain Heart” (Bashkir yurek - “heart”, tau - “mountain”).

Here is the legend told about this mountain by A.D. Koptyaev in the essay “I Love You, Bashkiria”:

“In ancient times, a guy fell in love with a girl. She said: if you want to prove your love, bring me your mother's heart.

The son tore open his mother's chest and carried her heart to the girl. But on the way he stumbled and dropped his heart into the dust. The dying heart trembled and asked sympathetically: “Are you hurt, son?” - and became petrified. So in this place Mount Yurak-Tau arose, which means “Heart Mountain”.

Kush-Tau, a mountain on the right bank of the Belaya to the ENE from Sterlitamak, one of the Sterlitamak shihans. In the “Topography of the Orenburg Province” this name is given in the form Kosh-tau and is accompanied by the translation “Double Mountain” (in Bashkir kush - “paired”, “double”, “pair”).

Tura-Tau, or Tra-Tau (Bashkir Tyra-Tau), a mountain on the right bank of the Belaya River opposite Sterlitamak. Even P.I. Rychkov wrote in “Topography of the Orenburg Province” that on this mountain, “according to the legend of the Bashkirs, a certain Nogai khan lived, which is why it is called Tura,” “for Tura in the Nogai dialect means an earthen town or rampart.” I. I. Lepekhin translates this name as “Gorodkovaya Mountain”.

The authors of the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” compare with the ancient Bashkir tura, tora, tyra - “town”, “fortress”, the ancient Turkic tura - “fortified dwelling”, “fortress” and indicate that, according to the Bashkir shezhere, Mount Tyra-Tau was in ancient times the place of headquarters of the Bashkir khans.

Caderals, a meridional ridge about 30 km long between the upper reaches of the Zigan River and the Uryuk River.

In Bashkir kezerle - “dear”, “honorable”, “venerable”, also “cherished”, “reserved”, “secret”, in Tatar kaderle - “dear”, “precious”, “cherished”. If this comparison is correct, then we must assume that the name appears in a Tatarized form.

Ak-Kyr, a mountain on the right bank of the Nugush River, 10 km southeast of the southern end of the Kaderaly ridge. Translated from Bashkir, confirmed by local residents, it is “White Ridge”.

Bash-Ala-Tau, a ridge on the right bank of the Uryuk and Nugush rivers to the south-southwest of the Kaderaly ridge. The length is more than 30 km, the most significant peak is Mount Red Stone. Translated from Bashkir, Ala-Tau means “Motley Mountain,” Bash means “Main,” that is, “Main Motley Mountain.” For the reason for the name, see Ala-Tau.

The “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” indicates, however, that the Bash component in this case arose “in geographical literature” (from Bashkir).

Balya, a mountain on the right bank of the Belaya to the southwest of the Bash-Ala-Tau ridge. From the Bashkir bele - “trouble” (“Dictionary of toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”).

Mountains between the upper reaches of the Bolshoi Inzer and Belaya at approximately 54° N. w. to the latitudinal section of the Belaya current at approximately 53° N. w.

Zilmerdak, a long (more than 70 km) ridge of a meridional direction between the Inzer River and the Zilim River (a tributary of the Belaya) in its upper reaches. Orographically located between the Biryan and Bashtin ranges. The maximum height is 921 m. In Bashkir, Elmerzek (ridge) and Ezem (river), respectively, V.N. Tatishchev gives the name of the ridge in the form Dzhilmerzak. In Russian sources of the 19th century. The ridge is called Ilmerzak. In the Bashkir shezher, according to R. Z. Shakurov, the Zilim River - Zhirem, Zhilem, Zhitem, Chetum, Zhezem; by P.I. Rychkov and P.S. Pallas - Ilim, which allows us to compare this hydronym with the name of the left tributary of the Chusovaya - the Ilim River. Forms with initial “z” - Zilmerdak and Zilim - are the result of Tatar mediation.

A. A. Kamalov suggests that the component dak (zek) hides an ancient Bashkir geographical term with the meaning “mountain” (can be compared with the ancient Turkic tag - “mountain”). In the initial component ate (zil) one can see the Bashkir word “wind”. This, obviously, was the basis for numerous folk etymological explanations of the name, common among the local population, linking the name of the ridge with the word el - “wind” or the verb elberzeu - “to flutter”, “to sway”. At the same time, they talk about strong winds on Zilmerdak, that a flag was placed on the top of this ridge during the war, and it fluttered there, etc. One of these folk etymological explanations also penetrated into the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, in in which the oronym Elmerzek is compared, however, in a cautious form, with elmer, elber (ate - “wind”, bar - “is”) and zek - “mountain”.

When explaining the name Zilmerdak, two circumstances must be taken into account.

Firstly, the Zilmerdak ridge is located in the upper reaches of the Zilim River, and these two names cannot be separated from each other (cf. the basis of Zilm and the name of the Zilim River, in the monuments of the 18th-19th centuries, respectively, Dzhilm, Ilm and Ilim). True, in the modern Bashkir language there is a difference in sounds - Elmerzek, but Ezem, however, it is well known that in the Bashkir language “z” in some cases goes back to “l”. It could well be that in one word with a forgotten meaning and more difficult to pronounce due to its length, the loss of a vowel occurred and the “l” ended up before the consonant (Elmerzek from the supposed Elemerzek), in another, where the “l” ended up between the vowels, it moved to "z". If this construction is correct, then the Zilm element in the oronym should be interpreted simply as “Zilimsky,” since the names of rivers are usually ancient and, in addition to the Zilim (Ilim) river in Bashkiria, there is also the Ilim river, which flows into Chusovaya.

Secondly, in a number of Bashkir oronyms the element ardak, erdak (in Bashkir - erzek) is regularly repeated. In addition to the name Zilmerdak, we can cite:

Avdardak, a ridge near the sources of the Basu and Kurgash rivers (Euzerzek in Bashkir), Mayardak, a ridge west of Beloretsk (Meyerzek in Bashkir), Adzhigardak (see), a ridge east of the city of Asha, finally, Kumardak (Kumerzek in Bashkir) , unless this name is divided into Kumar-dak (for more details, see Kumardak).

The component ardak, erdak is not explained from the modern Bashkir language, and the listed oronyms are usually interpreted by the local population only at the level of folk etymology and with great difficulty. It is no coincidence that the compilers of the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, analyzing the oronym Mayardak and highlighting the element dak - “mountain” in it, indicate that the meaning of the stem Mayar is unknown.

Meanwhile, such repetition of the component ardak, erdak and the presence of the element Zilm (“Zilimsky”) in the oronym Zilmerdak allow us to assume that some kind of geographical term is hidden in this component. It, of course, may turn out to be an ancient Bashkir word that has fallen out of use (cf. Ardakty), but its substratum nature cannot be excluded. As a very problematic assumption, one can compare ardak, erdak with the Ossetian ardag - “half”, “side”, assuming the existence of a Scythian-Alan substratum in Bashkiria (cf. tour to Belyatur).

The local Bashkir population often calls Zilmerdak simply Arka - “Ridge”. There are many peaks on this long ridge. Among them: Keyeu-Uygen - “The son-in-law laid down” (someone got married and laid down a pile of stones in honor of this), Kanly - “Bloody”, Mai-Kaskan - “The oil ran away”, Et-Atkan - “The dog was shot”, Tash-Oy - “Stone House” (there is a cave in the mountain), Moron - “Cape” (southern tip of Zilmerdak).

Revat-Biik (in Bashkir Reuet-Beyek), a mountain on the left bank of the Revat River, the right tributary of Zilim, 3 from the Zilmerdak ridge. Translated from Bashkir “Revat heights”.

Susak (Susak-Tau), mountain to the east of the Zilmerdak ridge near the village of Aryshparovo. In Bashkir, susak means “hill.”

Sarlacc, mountain to the east of the Zilmerdak ridge near the village of Aryshparovo. Bashkir dialect sarlak (literary sarzak) - “attic”. Probably a metaphor.

Kyzlar-Karauyly, mountain to the east of the Zilmerdak ridge near the village of Aisovo. Bashkir kyz - “girl” (kyzlar - “girls”), karaul - “guard”, “guard” (s - affix of belonging), i.e. “Guard of girls”. Local residents explain: “The girls were watching, the girls were guarding.”

Yabagi, a mountain east of the Zilmerdak ridge in the upper reaches of the Zilim River. From the Bashkir yabagi (yabagi tai) - “hair foal” (born in the spring).

Ala-Tau, a ridge on the left bank of the Sheshenyak River (a tributary of the Zilima) to the southwest of the Zilmerdak ridge. Translated from Bashkir - “Motley Mountain”. This is usually the name given to mountains with clearly defined vegetation zones, as well as mountains on which patches of snow remain for a long time. This name is widespread in Turkic toponymy: Dzungarian Ala-Tau in Central Asia, Kuznetsk Ala-Tau in Southern Siberia and others.

Kalu (in many sources erroneously - Kolu), a long meridional ridge between Zilim and Nugush on the right bank of the Sheshenyak River to the south-southwest of the Zilmerdak ridge. The length of the ridge is up to 60 km.

The Bashkir form of this name, Kalyu, literally translates as “Stay”, “Stay”. The local population tells various legends, which generally boil down to the fact that someone remained or was abandoned on the ridge (an old mullah abandoned by his young wife; a child who had nothing to feed, etc.).

The “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” gives the name of the Sheshenyak tributary of the Kalyuayyry river (kalyu - “remaining”, “extreme”, aiyry - “tributary”, “river branch”, “river”).

The primary one is most likely oronymous.

Kuk-Biya (Bashkir Kuk-Beye), a mountain on the left bank of the Zilim River, 6 km south of the village of Zigaza. Translated from Bashkir “Grey mare” (kuk - “blue”, “gray”, beye - “mare”). A figurative name common for the Turks, reflecting horse breeding life.

Bashtin, ridge between the Zilim and Bolshoy Nugush rivers to the south of the Zilmerodak ridge. In the Bashkir language, bash is “head”, “top”, tin is “penny”. One of the local residents translated the name: “Head-penny,” immediately adding with bewilderment: “It doesn’t stick!” Indeed, the interpretation is very strange and similar to folk etymology. In this regard, it is curious that V.N. Tatishchev (XVIII century) gives the name in the form Beshtyn, and that some local residents have it written with a different vowel in the first syllable - Beshtin, Bishtin. The instability of sounds indicates the oblivion of the original meaning of the name, which naturally leads to folk etymology. It is possible that this is why the name originally sounded Bishtin, that is, “Five kopecks”

The “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” mentions the Bishtin area in the Blagoveshchensk region (downstream of Ufa along the Belaya River), which, according to legend, was sold for five kopecks, and the Bishtin Yalana field in the Uchalinsky region. Maybe the Bashtin ridge was purchased by someone at one time for this reasonable price

The northern part of the ridge in Bashkir is called Zur Bashtin - “Big Bashtin”, the southern - Belakei Bashtin - “Small Bashtin”. There are many peaks on the ridge Ak-Moron - “White Nose”, Kara-Moron - “Black Nose”, Arka-Yort - “House on the ridge”, Koza-Ash - “Matchmaker’s food”, Kyzyrym-Tau - “Easily passable mountain” Especially beautiful is the typical Turkic name of one of the peaks of Ala-Kuzle - “Pied-Eyed” (the forest on this mountain alternates with large clearings) .

Ardakty, ridge to the south of the Bashtin ridge. The Bashkir forms Arzakty and Erzekte in the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” are left without translation. It is possible that the name, complicated by the accessory affix “you,” hides the now forgotten Bashkir geographical term arzak (erzek), or an ancient substrate word. See Zilmerdak for more details.

Yurma-Tau, a long meridional ridge (up to 80 km) between the upper reaches of the Zigaza River and the Belaya River near Starosubkhangulovo. The most significant peaks are Ismakaevskaya, 5 km to 3 from the village of Ismakaevo (from the anthroponym Ismakay), Beritek - “One Slope”, “One Rise”, Yurmashka, Malaya Yurmashka

In cartographic materials, in geographical and local history literature, the shape of Yurma-Tau is noted. The local population more often calls the ridge Yarma-Tau, although Yurma-Tau Primary is also recorded, apparently, a form of Yarma-Tau, which is translated as “Grain Mountain” (yarma - “groats”, “millet”), since, according to the explanation of the old-timers, On this mountain there are many scatterings of small pebbles, similar to cereals. The form Yurma-Tau is usually associated with the word yurme - “a type of meat dish”, or with the verbs yurmeu - “to sew over the edge”, yurtyu - “to trot”. It seems very likely that all this is already from the field of folk etymology.

It’s different in the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,” where the name of the mountain is compared with the Bashkir ethnonym Yurma.

Wed. also Yurma and the Bashkir dialect yurme - “dense forest”.

Cuckoo, mountain, western spur of the Yurma-Tau ridge, 10 km southeast of the village of Zigaza. The Bashkir phrase kuk kashka is translated as “gray spot.” The name could be given for the characteristic change in color of any part of the mountain, and the comparison was drawn from the arsenal of horse breeding terminology. However, the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” mentions the Kukkashka River, the name of which is derived from a zoonym. This allows us to assume that the name was transferred to the mountain peak from an adjacent object.

Basal, a ridge running from NNW to SSE between the Yurma-Tau ridge and the Belaya River. No parallels were found in the Bashkir language; no interpretation is given in the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”. As a hypothesis, it can be compared with the ancient non-Turkic basal - “mountain onion (ramson)”.

On the ridge of the peak Kaze-Tash - “Goat Stone”, Ak-Beyek - “White Height”, Kymyz-Tube - “Koumiss Hill” (here they once cooked and drank kumys during an overnight stay).

Bayit-Tau, mountain east of the Bazal ridge near the village of Novosubkhangulovo. Bashkir beyet - “folk poetic work, beyt”, therefore, Bayit-Tau - “Mountain where beyts (read).” Informants say that on this mountain they used to read prayer verses when someone died.

Masim(in Bashkir Mesem), mountain (1040 m) on the right bank of the Belaya to 3 from the Bazal ridge.

Masem Khan, or Masembai, appears in the Bashkir folk epic. Since the headquarters of this feudal lord, according to legend, was located in the upper reaches of the Belaya, there is reason to associate the name of Mount Masim with the anthroponym Masemkhan (Masembai).

It is difficult to say what comes first - the name of the mountain or the folklore character. In any case, the message of the famous ethnographer S.I. Rudenko is of interest, who in the book “Bashkirs” writes that on the top of Mount Masim-Tau he had to see “the sacrifices made to the master-spirit of the mountain by the persons who climbed it; the victims most often were either copper coins, tin or silver decorations on women’s breastplates, or, finally, scraps of cloth hung on trees or tied to a stick stuck into a crevice between the stones at the very top of the rock.” That is why the main peak of Masim is obviously named Kyzlar-Tash - “Maiden Stone”. Connoisseurs of these places unanimously claim that the rocks on the main peak are very beautiful (tall pillars composed of pink quartzites). This, apparently, made Kyzlar-Tash a place for girls’ holidays and rituals.

It is very important that in these places there are other mountains and rocks, the names of which are associated with Bashkir folklore: Mount Babsakbey, Mount Karahyyyr (“Black Cow”), Ataysal (“Kill, father”) and others.

Bash-Tau, a ridge with a direction NNE - SSW, running along the right bank of the Belaya River between the village of Nizhnesermenevo and the working village of Verkhniy Avzyan. Length - up to 40 km, the most significant peak is Mount Big Shatak in the central part of the ridge. Translated from Bashkir, Bash-Tau means “Main Mountain”, “Head Mountain”, but the fact is that Bash-Tau is a cartographic form, and the local population calls the ridge Bish-Tau, or more often Bishitek, Beshetek (see Big Shatak ).

Big Shatak, the most significant mountain (1270 m) on the ridge, which in some cartographic sources is called Bash-Tau (see), in others - Big Shatak.

The Bashkir name of the entire ridge is Bishitek, Beshetek (less commonly Bish-Tau), the form Big Shatak (or simply Shatak) is a Russian adaptation of the Bashkir name, and other variants of the oronym found on maps and in special works (Shatan, Shaitan, Shatag) - distortion of the name. The Russian form Shatak apparently arose a long time ago. In any case, it was already recorded by I. I. Lepekhin in the 18th century.

The Bashkir name Bishitek, Beshetek is translated “Five hemlines (frills)” in the sense of “Five slopes”, “Five ascents” (bish, besh - “five”, itek, etek - “hemm”, “frill”, “sole of the mountain”, "slope"). There are actually five peaks on the ridge. A less common form, Bish-Tau, is translated “Five Mountains.”

Yaulyk-Tau, or Yaulyk, in written sources also Yaulyk, Yavluk-Tash, a mountain in the upper reaches of the right tributary of the White River Yaulyk to the E from the northern end of the Bash-Tau ridge. Translated from Bashkir “Scarf-mountain”. It is unclear what comes first - the name of the river or the mountain.

Kraka, mountain ranges on the left bank of the Belaya to the east of the villages of Uzyan and Kaga (the most significant height is 1037 m). There are Northern, Middle and Southern Kraka massifs. Geomorphologist N.P. Verbitskaya describes this part of mountainous Bashkiria as follows: “A characteristic feature of the relief of the Kraka massifs is their strong dissection. A dense, pinnately branched network of rivers and lairs is deeply incised into the slopes, resulting in the formation of narrow ridges radiating radially from the nodal watershed peaks.”

In Bashkir, the ridge is called Kyraka (V.N. Tatishchev gives the form Karaka, reflecting the similarity of vowels in Russian or Bashkir speech). The local population believes that the name Kyrak goes back to the more ancient Kyrk-Arka - “Forty Ridges” (kyrk - “forty”, ark - “ridge”), which exactly corresponds to the above geomorphological characteristics. It is quite possible to assume that the difficult to pronounce Kyrk-Arka eventually turned into Kyrak, but still retains its original meaning in people's memory. At the same time, something else is also possible: this is simply a successful folk etymology that has become widespread among the local population.

In the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” the oronym is raised to the Bashkir word kyraka - “ridge”, “mountain ridge”.

Eastern part (Ural-Tau, Irendyk and eastern foothills)

Ural-Tau, a watershed ridge running from NNE to SSW across the entire Southern Urals from the Zlatoust-Chelyabinsk railway to the upper reaches of Sakmara and the Zilair plateau. In the northeast, almost the entire watershed ridge up to Karabash can be attributed to the Ural-Tau, since the local Turkic population also calls it Ural-Tau (cartographic form - Ural ridge). The total length of the Ural-Tau is 300 km, and with the Ural ridge - up to 340 km. The oronym Ural-Tau should simply be translated as “Ural Range” (for more details, see the section on the origin of the word Ural).

Nurali, a meridional ridge at the very upper reaches of the Miass River. In the pronunciation of Russians, due to the assimilation of vowels, it is usually Narali, which is why the variants Narali and Naralinskiye Gory are often found in written sources. From the Turkic name of Persian origin Nurali (from Nyr Ali - “Light of Ali”).

Kuterdy, a mountain 11 km east of the Nurali ridge on the left bank of the Miass. From the Bashkir kuter - “swamp” with the help of the accessory affix “dy”, therefore, Kuterdy - “Swamp”. The fact is that below the mountain the Miass River flows through a vast marshy swamp.

Aush-Tau, a mountain 4 km southeast of the southern end of the Nurali ridge near Lake Aushkul (the mountain is also sometimes called Aushkul, cf. Zyuratkul). There is more reason to consider the hydronym a derivative, since the Bashkir ayysh, the Tatar avysh - “sloping”, “leaning”, can most likely be attributed to the name of the mountain (“Slanted Mountain”).

Kumach, a ridge running from NNE to SSW from the upper reaches of the Miass River to the Uy River. It consists of the Bolshoy Kumach massif (8 km southeast of Mount Aush-Tau) and Maly Kumach. The Kumach River flows near the ridge and flows into the Miass. According to the explanations of the local population, grain is sown in these places and good harvests are harvested, which is why the mountain is called kumech in Tatar - “bun”, “kalach” (Bashkir kumes). But perhaps this is a simple metaphor: the shape of the mountain suggests a comparison with a round or oval loaf of bread.

Ozongur, a ridge 3 km east of the southern end of the Kumach ridge. In Bashkir, ozone means “long”. The component gur apparently arose from kyr - “field”, “ridge” (“k” became “g” after the voiced “n”). The ridge is small (2.5 km), but narrow and therefore has an oblong shape, which could be reflected in the meaning of the name - “Long Field”, “Long Ridge”. Since the exact Bashkir form has not been established, one must also keep in mind the Bashkir ozan - “grouse-grouse”, i.e. Ozan-Kyr - “Grouse (grouse) field (ridge)”.

Shelkands, a mountain 13 km east of Mount Bolshoy Kumach. Probably, the Bashkir-Tatar name is based on shalkan - “turnip”, shalkandy - “turnip”. The meaning of “Turnip” for the mountain is somewhat strange, but one can also cite the name of the Red Turnip mountain on the Suleya ridge and the Shalkan-Tau mountain - “Turnip Mountain” near the village of Muldakaevo in the Beloretsky region of Bashkiria. Wed. also the related “agricultural” oronyms Kumach and Ozongur.

May-Tyubya (Bashkir May-Tube), a mountain 9 km southeast of Bolshoi Kumach Mountain. From the Bashkir may - “oil”, “fat”, tube - “hill”, “hill”, i.e. May-Tyubya - “Fat (oil) hill”. Maybe for good grass in the area (cf. the name of Mount Maslo in the Polar Urals). Wed. also related names Kumach, Ozongur, Shelkandy.

Ola-Tau, a mountain 1 km southeast of the southern end of the Kumach ridge. Apparently, the Bashkir Olo-Tau is inaccurately written - “Big Mountain”.

Karagaz-Tau, a mountain on the left bank of the Uy River, 3 km south-southwest from the southern end of the Kumach ridge. The Bashkir form of Karagas-Tau is “Larch Mountain”.

Maly Irendyk, ridge (NE - SW) on the right bank of the Uy River between the upper reaches of the Uy and Ural. Length - 15 km, maximum height - 922 m. See Irendyk.

Uy-Tash, the eastern spur of the Ural-Tau at the sources of the Ural and Uy rivers, which originate on the southern and eastern slopes, respectively. The main peak has numerous rocks, of which the Finger Rock is the most famous. Translated from Bashkir, the name means “Uysky Stone”. In the recording of I.P. Falk, Vitau, that is, “Uyskaya Mountain” or Karatash - “Black Rock” (“Black Stone”). P. S. Pallas and I. I. Lepekhin call the peak at which the Ural and Uy rivers begin Karatash - “Black Rock” (“Black Stone”).

Ala-Biya, a rocky ridge adjacent to the southwest of the Uy-Tash massif. Bashkir ala - “piebald”, “motley”, beye - “mare”, i.e. “Motley mare”. A metaphorical name from the field of horse breeding, common among the Turks.

Tash Mosque, a mountain 9 km northwest of the Uy-Tash massif. Bashkir tash - “stone” and meset (Tatar mechet) - “mosque”, i.e. “Stone mosque”. Metaphor by similarity of form. The name is russified.

Zengur, a mountain 11 km WNW from the Uy-Tash massif. Bashkir zengger - “blue”, “blue”. The geographical term tau (tash) is lost in the Russian language.

Yartuba (Bashkir Yar-Tube), a mountain 5 km south-southwest from the Uy-Tash massif. Translated from Bashkir “Steep peak”, “Steep hill” (yar - “steep bank”, “precipice”).

Yantyk, a mountain 12 km southwest of the Uy-Tash massif. In the Bashkir language, the word yantyk means “sideways”, “lopsided”. This name could have been given for its specific form. It is somewhat different in the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, where the ancient Turkic yantyk is used - “mountain slope”.

Pressure, sometimes Nazhim-Tau, the name of two mountains 12 km to 3 and 16 km to the WSW from the Uy-Tash massif. From the Turkic name Najim - “Star” or from Nazim - “Keeper in order”, “Organizer”, Arabic in origin.

Karaguzhnaya, a mountain 7 km WSW from Mount Nazhim (southern) and 23 km WSW from the Uy-Tash massif. The Bashkir word “karagosh”, mastered by the Russian language, means “vulture”. A little further north is Mount Karagush.

Bik-Batter, a mountain 12 km southwest from the Uy-Tash massif. In Bashkir, beyek means “tall”, batyr means “hero”, “hero”, i.e. “Tall hero”. A common metaphor for mountain names, based on the likening of a mountain to a person.

Ara-Tau, a mountain 12 km southwest from the Uy-Tash massif. Translated from Bashkir - “Middle Mountain”, “Intermediate Mountain”. One of the peaks of this mountain is called Berkutuya (in Bashkir Burkut-Oya) - “Eagle’s Nest”.

Ishikai, a mountain 1.5 km south of Mount Ara-Tau. From the Bashkir-Tatar personal name Ishikei. According to folk etymology, local residents associate it with the Bashkir word ishek - “door”.

Ayu-Atkan, mountain 3 from Mount Ara-Tau. Bashkir ayyu - “bear”, atkan - past participle of the verb atyu - “to shoot”, which means Ayu-Atkan - “(The mountain where) they shot the bear.”

Kanshal, a mountain 5 km northeast of Mount Ara-Tau. According to the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, from the Bashkir kan - “blood” and shal (sal) - “branch”, “spur of the mountain”, “mountain”, i.e. Kanshal - “Bloody spur”.

Siyale-Tau, a mountain southwest of Ara-Tau near the village of Burangulovo. Bashkir seyele - “cherry”, i.e. Siyale-Tau - “Cherry Mountain”.

Serekaidy-Tau (Serekai), a mountain in the interfluve of the Urals and its right tributary of the Baral River between the settlements of Burangulovo and Kiryabinskoye. In the Bashkir language, serekei means “mosquito,” serekade means “mosquito,” therefore, Serekaidy-Tau means “Mosquito Mountain.” I. I. Lepekhin has Mount Chirkai with the translation “Moshkara”.

Yakub-Tau, a mountain on the left bank of the Urals southeast of the village of Burangulovo. From the Turkic name Yakub, i.e. “Mount Yakub”. By origin, this is a Hebrew name that penetrated into the Turkic languages ​​through Arabic media. In the Christian name book he corresponds to Jacob. The primary meaning of the name is “The one who follows.”

Kaza-Tau, mountain 3 from the village of Kiryabinskoye. Bashkir kese - “goat”, i.e. “Goat Mountain”.

Yaprak-Tau, a mountain between the Birsya and Baral rivers, tributaries of the Urals, 6 km south-southeast from the village of Kiryabinskoye. In the speech of the local Russian population - Eprahta. The erroneous form of Diafraktau is found on maps. Bashkir yaprak - “leaf”, therefore, Yaprak-Tau - “Leaf Mountain”. Local residents say that “there were a lot of leaves, the harvest was rich.” This explanation, however, does not reveal the reason for the name.

Kubiak, a mountain 12 km southwest of Yaprak-Tau. See Kubyakskaya.

Kubyakskaya, a mountain 24 km southwest of Yaprak-Tau and 3 km from the village of Kubyakovo. From the Bashkir anthroponym Kubek.

Kalkan-Tau (Kalkan), a mountain 12 km east of Mount Kubyak near Lake Kalkan (NNW from the city of Uchaly).

P.I. Rychkov gives the forms Kalgan and Kalkan-tau with the translation “the rest, or extreme mountain.” The same interpretation is found in local history literature with reference to the Bashkir kalgan - “remaining”, “rest”, however, the local population claims that the oronym Kalkan should be translated “Defense” and additionally explains that “Bashkir warriors used to have such metal plates attached to their chests for protection from weapons." In the Bashkir language, kalkan means “shield”, kalgan means “remaining”, “rest”, therefore the interpretation of Kalkan-Tau as “Shield-mountain” is preferable.

Karagai-Tau, a mountain 7 km NE from Kalkan-Tau to N from the city of Uchaly. Translated from Bashkir “Pine Mountain”. There are a lot of such names in the Southern Urals.

Tash-Yar, a mountain 15 km east of the city of Uchaly. Translated from the Bashkir language “Stone cliff”.

Akhuntova, a mountain 12 km ESE from the town of Uchaly. The modern Bashkir form is Akhun-Tau. The Turkic anthroponym Akhun, or Akhund, is a form of Persian origin Agakhudavand - “Lord-Sovereign”. There are two possible ways of forming the Russian form: from the variant Akhund (Akhunt) with the help of the Russian suffix ov (a) and from the variant Akhun with the processing of the Turkic tau on Russian soil into tov (a), similar to the one from Ural-Tau (Oral-Tau) Oral (b) Tova Mountain arose.

Barangul, mountain 20 km. to the southwest from Mount Kubyakskaya and 15 km to the east from the working village of Tirlyansky (953 m). It is based on the Bashkir personal name Burangol (in Russian translation Burangul), in some dialects - Barangol, cf. names of the Bashkir villages of Burangulovo in the Abzelilovsky, Davlekanovsky and Uchalinsky districts.

Ustu-Biik, a mountain on the right bank of the Ural River, 15 km east of Mount Barangul. In Bashkir, Osto-Beyek means “Sharp height.”

Ulu-Tau, a mountain on the right bank of the Ural River, 2 km south-southwest of Mount Ustu-Biik. In Bashkir, Olo-Tau means “Big Mountain”.

Urazy-Tau, a mountain 25 km southwest from Mount Barangul and 20 km east from Beloretsk. There is another Urazy-Tau in the Burzyansky district of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic near Starosubkhangulovo. According to the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, perhaps from the Bashkir ureze - “elevated, hilly place.” The population associates it with the religious holiday of Uraza (Muslim fast), apparently based on folk etymology.

Uzun-Kyr, a ridge 1–2 km E from Mount Urazy-Tau and 18 km WNW from the city of Verkhneuralsk. In the Bashkir language, ozone means “long”, kyr means “field”, “ridge”, i.e. “Long field”, “Long hill” (ridge length - 12 km). 3 km from the ridge is Lake Uzunkul - “Long Lake”. The lake also has an oblong shape, so it is difficult to say which name is primary.

Tash-Kaya-Tau, a mountain on the left bank of the Urals, 15 km NNW from Verkhneuralsk. Translated from Bashkir - “Mountain of stone rock”. There are many stone placers and rocks on the mountain, which was the reason for the name.

Yukala, a mountain on the right bank of the Urals, 18 km northwest of Verkhneuralsk. From the Bashkir yukele - “linden”, i.e. “Linden (mountain)”.

Izvoz (Izvoz-mountain), a mountain in the bend of the Urals 3 from Verkhneuralsk. According to the explanation of N.I. Shuvalov, in the 18th and early 19th centuries. “Here was the path from Mount Magnitnaya, where iron ore was mined, to Beloretsky and other ironworks. Peasants who carried ore as carriers usually stopped on this mountain to rest, hence the name..."

Mameeva, a mountain 12 km ESE from Verkhneuralsk. From the Bashkir anthroponym Memay (cf. memay - “sweet”, “children’s food”, but also “mumble”).

Kurkak, a ridge between the upper reaches of the Mindyak and Maly Kizil rivers, 22 km ESE from Beloretsk. The most significant peak in the southern part of the ridge is also called Kurkak and has an absolute elevation of 1008 m (in some sources this peak is called Kara-Tash - “Black Stone”).

In Bashkir, kurkak means “coward,” “coward,” but there is no certainty that the name of the mountain is really connected with this word.

Kur-Tash, a mountain 10 km ESE from Beloretsk (Big Kur-Tash-1021 m and Small Kur-Tash). G.E. Kornilov explains from kor-tash - “grouse stone”.

In the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” the name of Mount Kurtash is interpreted from kur - “rich” and tash “stone”.

Arvyak-Ryaz, a mountain 20 km southwest from Beloretsk (1067 m). This oronym is “constructed” according to the common principle that the mountain is named after two rivers originating near it (the Ryaz River flows into the Belaya on the left, the Arvyak River is a tributary of the Ryaz). The Bashkirs themselves call this mountain Ryaz (Rez), Ryaz-Tash (Rez-Tash), that is, “Ryaz Stone”, or Arvyak. In geographical works of the 40s, the mountain is called Ryaztash, in the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” - Arvyak.

Utkal-Tash, a mountain 7.5 km south-southeast from Mount Arvyak-Ryaz Bashkir utkel - “passage”, “transition”, meaning Utkal-Tash - “Passage Stone”.

Shonkar, a mountain south of Mount Utkal-Tash in the upper reaches of the Malyi Kizil River. From the Bashkir shongkar - “falcon”, “falcon”.

Krykty-Tau, a ridge of almost meridional direction between the Kurkak and Irendyk ridges. From the west, the ridge is limited by the valleys of the Maly and Bolshoy Kizil rivers, which then bypass it from the north and south, respectively. The length of the ridge is about 60 km. The most significant peak of the ridge is Mount Kara-Tash (1114 m) - “Black Stone”. Other high peaks: Shershil-Tau (Shyrshyly-Tau) - “Spruce Mountain” (1087 m), Ak-Tash - “White Stone”.

In Bashkir the ridge is called Kyrkty-Tau, or Kyrkty. This name literally means “He cut through” (“cut off”, “cut”), representing one of the past tense forms of the Bashkir verb kyrkyu - “to cut through”. G. E. Kornilov translates - “Cut off (cut off) mountain.” Usually this expression is given the following meaning: the Bolshoy Kizil (Kyzyl) river flowing along the ridge, turning sharply to the east between the Krykty and Irendyk ridges, “cut” the mountains and broke out into the steppe expanse. At the end of the Bashkir legend “Ural Batyr” we encounter the same explanation, but in poetic form: the son of Ural Batyr, the hero Idel, cut a large mountain with a blow of a damask sword, and the gorge began to be called Kyrkty (and the ridge after the gorge). Perhaps, as S. F. Mirzhanova suggests, the modern Bashkir form arose on the basis of folk etymology.

The “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” gives a different interpretation from the Bashkir kyrk - “forty” in the meaning of “many”, “multiple” and the suffix you (tau) - “mountain”.

Kuryatmas, meridional ridge to the east of the Krykty-Tau ridge (25 km to 3 from Magnitogorsk). In local history literature, the name is given in the form Kur-Yatmas with the translation “Grouse do not live.” Since “grouse” in Bashkir is kor, and the word yatmas can be considered as a negative form of the future participle from the verb yatyu - “to lie”, “to lie down” (“The black grouse will not lie down”), this translation is quite accurate.

Tashty-Kuriatmas, meridional ridge to the east of the Kuryatmas ridge (23 km to 3 from Magnitogorsk). The Bashkir dialect tashty means “stone”, therefore, Tashty-Kuryatmas should be translated “Stone Kuryatmas” (see Kuryatmas).

Magnetic, a mountain range on the left bank of the Ural River on the eastern outskirts of Magnitogorsk, which in the past contained rich deposits of iron ore - magnetic iron ore, discovered in the first third of the 18th century. The massif stretches from north to south along the Urals and is surrounded by other less significant peaks. The highest Mount Atach (614 m), located in the southern part of the massif, is considered the main peak of Magnitnaya. This is quite consistent with P.I. Rychkov’s remark in “Topography of the Orenburg Province” that Magnetic Mountain “is called Atachi in the Bashkir name.” In some sources, Mount Atach is also called Mayachnaya.

The Russian name of the massif (Magnitnaya) does not require any additional explanation; on the contrary, the meaning of the root name (Atach) is difficult to establish. M.I. Albrut, who studied this issue, rejects the assumption of a connection between the oronym Atach and the Bashkir etes, Tatar etech (we will also add the Kazakh etesh) - “rooster”, since the configuration of the mountain does not resemble a rooster. He prefers to compare the name Atach with the Bashkir-Tatar at - “horse”, ach (as) - “hungry” (“Hungry Horse”), since the mountain is devoid of vegetation, and, in addition, cites the legend of the Bashkir hero Atach, as if buried on the top of the mountain.

The legend, of course, as in many other similar cases, is a late fabrication, and the etymology Atach - “Hungry Horse” is unsuccessful, since the order ach + at (“Hungry Horse”) is more natural than at-(-ach (“Hungry Horse”) On the contrary, the assumption about the connection of the name Atach with Turkic words with the meaning of “rooster”, contrary to Albrut, is interesting in terms of sound, the comparison with the Tatar etech is impeccable (long-acquired names are in many cases Tatarized), but in relation to the meaning of the oronym one must keep in mind. that according to the description of 1901 (before the intensive development of Magnitnaya) Mount Atach was a narrow ridge more than a mile long. The resemblance to a rooster’s comb, observed from a certain angle, could lead to the appearance of the name Atach - “Rooster”. This version therefore seems more justified.

Of the names of other peaks of the massif (Berezovaya, Dalnyaya, Ezhovka, Uzyanka), only Uzyanka is interesting, which is associated with the Bashkir-Tatar uzen - “valley”, “valley”, “low-lying”.

Kuybas, a mountain range to the NE of Magnitnaya with the peaks of Bolshoy and Maly Kuybas. In the Kazakh language, koy is “sheep”, bas is “head”, therefore, Kuibas is “Sheep’s head”. The character of the vowel of the first syllable could be influenced by the related Tatar and Bashkir word kuy - “sheep”.

Aydarly, mountain southwest of Magnitnaya. In the Kazakh language, aidar is “chub”, “crest”, as well as “hill”, “hill with a cone-shaped pile of stones on top”, aidarly is an adjective from aidar. According to geomorphological observations of 1901, the mountain is characterized by a pyramidal shape.

Kara-Adyr-Tau (Kara-Adyr), a mountain southwest of Mount Aidarly. Translated from the Kazakh language “Mountain with a black hill (hill).”

Kuchaikina, mountain to the SE of Kara-Adyr-Tau mountain. From the Bashkir anthroponym Kuchey, in Russian assimilation - Kuchaika.

Uzun-Dzyal (Uzun-Zyal), a long ridge to the southeast of Magnitnaya Mountain on the right bank of the Gumbeyka River. In the Kazakh language, uzyn is “long”, sting is “mane (of a horse)”, figuratively “mountain range”, therefore, Uzyn-Dzyal is “Long ridge”. The name accurately conveys the character of the object.

Irendyk (in Bashkir Irendek), sometimes Irendyk-Tau, a ridge in the southeastern part of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on the border with the steppe Trans-Urals. It begins on the right bank of the Bolshoi Kizil River and ends south of the city of Baymak. The length of the ridge is more than 110 km. The northern continuation of Irendyk beyond the Bolshoi Kizil River are the Krykty-Tau and Kurkak ridges. Then even further to the northeast between the upper reaches of the Uya and the Urals we again encounter a ridge (approximately 15 km long), which is called Irendyk, and on the maps - Maly Irendyk (see). Therefore, it may be that earlier the indigenous population considered the entire mountain range running parallel to the Ural-Tau, but 15-20 km to the east, to be the Irendyk ridge.

The highest part of the ridge is located in the center opposite Lake Talkas and is called Kara-Tash in Bashkir - “Black Stone” (987 m). Of the names of numerous peaks, the following are interesting: Tagan-Tash - “Stand-Stone” (cf. Taganay), Kozgon-Tash - “Raven Stone”, Keme-Bash - “Boat Peak” and Balta-Tau - “Axe-Mountain” (at According to the description, it has an oblong, sharp and steep top).

The name Irendyk is mysterious. They tried to compare it with the Bashkir yyryn, yyryndy - “a ravine dug by water,” but this does not fit sonically. In the component “dec” they found a modified ancient Bashkir geographical term with the meaning mountain (ancient Turkic tag - “mountain”).

Local residents associate the name of the Maly Irendyk ridge with ireneu - “to be lazy” and tell various legends, but all this is clearly from the field of folk etymology.

We can decompose this name into the components ir (Turkic “land” or “hero”) and endyk (in Middle Turkic there was a similar-sounding word endek with the meaning “roof”). In this case, Irendyk is “Roof of the Earth.” For residents of the Trans-Ural steppes, such a perception would seem to be quite possible, however, this version is unproven.

It is curious that I. I. Lepekhin wrote down in the 18th century. the name of the ridge is in the form of Irentik, and P. S. Pallas mentions the name of two salt lakes near Chelyabinsk Irentik-Kul, in Russian - Bitter Lakes. However, the name of the lakes is difficult to compare with the oronym.

In the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” Irendek is divided into the stem iren and the suffix dek - “mountain”. The stem Iren is compared with the hydronym Irentik-kul and the Iren River, a tributary of the Sylva.

Karagay-Susak, a mountain west of the Irendyk ridge, 20 km NNW from the city of Baymak. In the Bashkir language, karagai means “pine tree,” susak means “hill,” that is, “Pine Hill.”

Aitugan, a mountain at the top of the Kana River, a tributary of the Belaya, 30 km WNW from Mount Karagay-Susak.

The name of the mountain may turn out to be an anthroponym, since Aitugan, the son of Kasbulat, is mentioned in the shezher of the Bashkir Tamyan tribe. The anthroponym Aitugan means “Relative of the Moon.” But it may well be that this is a purely toponymic metaphor (cf. Taganay).

Elbash, a mountain at the southern end of the Irendyk ridge, 30 km south of the city of Baymak. Perhaps this oronym combines the Bashkir words el - “wind” and bash - “head”, “top”, that is, “Windy peak”. A name of this kind is appropriate for a mountain located on the border with the open steppe. In the toponymy of various peoples, similar names are often found, cf. the famous Vetreny Belt ridge in the north-west of the Arkhangelsk region.

Check, a mountain on the left bank of the Urals, 50 km east of Baymak. Apparently, the Tatarized form of the Kazakh shoka is “hill”, “hillock with a pointed top”. From a 19th century geologist. G. P. Helmersen Kara-Chek (obviously, Kazakh Kara-Shoky) - “Black Hill” (cf. Kara-Shoky, Mugodzhary).

Ala-Baital, a mountain on the left bank of the Urals opposite the mouth of the Bolshaya Urtazymka River. Bashkir or Kazakh name with the meaning “piebald mare” (ala - “piebald”, baytal - “unfoaled mare”). The name reflects the horse breeding life of the Turks.

Asafkina, a mountain to the southeast of Mount Ala-Baital. From the anthroponym Asaf, which goes back to a Hebrew source and penetrated into the Turkic languages ​​through Arabic media. Its original meaning is “He whom God adds.” The name of the mountain is derived from the Russian form Asafka.

Mountains south of the latitudinal section of the Belaya River and adjacent hills (listed from 3 to E)

General Syrt, a vast hill - the watershed of the Urals and Volga, which is a powerful western spur of the Ural Mountains. The most significant peak is Mount Medvezhiy Lob northwest of Orenburg (405 m). The toponym General Syrt was already used by P.I. Rychkov in “Topography of the Orenburg Province”.

The Turkic word syrt means “an elongated flat hill forming a watershed.” The famous explorer of the Southern Urals, geographer E. A. Eversmann, in the book “Natural History of the Orenburg Region” writes that the Common Syrt “forms a general division of waters throughout its entire length, which means the most Russian-Tatar name. All streams and rivers flowing on the southern slope of General Syrt go to the Urals; on the northern slope - they flow indirectly or directly into the Volga.

This name is interpreted differently by E.M. Murzaev and V.A. Nikonov: General Syrt was not inhabited for a long time, but was used as a pasture by both the Kazakhs and the Russian population.

Finally, very recently, Kh. A. Samakaev from Orenburg proposed another solution. In his opinion, General Syrt occupies a dominant unifying position among other similar hills (syrts), known under the names Cretaceous Syrt, Middle Syrt, Blue Syrt.

The point of view of E.M. Murzaev and V.A. Nikonov is more consistent with the laws of the emergence of toponyms.

Mayak (Mayachnaya), mountain 3 from Orenburg. In “Topography of the Orenburg Province” by P.I. Rychkov this mountain is named Syrt, and it is indicated that there is a lighthouse on the mountain. See Mayak (Subpolar Urals).

Ilek plateau, a latitudinal elevation in the interfluve of the Urals and its tributary of the Ilek River (length more than 150 km). Named after the Ilek River.

Battle Mountain, a mountain on the Ilek plateau 22 km northwest of the city of Sol-Iletsk. Here in 1919, units of the Red Army fought with the White Guards.

Tuz-Tube, the name of the mountains near the city of Sol-Iletsk, containing a huge deposit of salt. In the “Book of the Big Drawing” of 1627 it is written: “the Ilez river fell into Yaik, on the left side of Yaik, below Mount Tustebi, in our opinion that Solyanaya mountain: they break the salt in it.” Translated from the Bashkir and Kazakh languages, Tuz-Tube means “Salt Hill”, “Salt Mountain”.

Korsak-Bas, a mountain on the left bank of the Ilek River in the upper reaches of the Malaya Khobda River. Kazakh karsak - “corsac (steppe fox)”, bass - “head”, i.e. “Head of a corsac”. This steep, characteristically shaped mountain is composed of red sandstones. Hence the metaphor.

Nakas, a meridional ridge on the border of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Orenburg region on the right bank of the Bolshoy Ik River (to the east of the working village of Tulgan). The highest height is 667 m. There are Big Nakas and Small Nakas. Here is the Nakas River, the right tributary of the Big Ika. The authors of the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” compare it with the Bashkir nakys - “small”, “short”.

Bish-Bulyak, the ridge between the Nakas River and the tributaries of the Togustemir River (Salmysh River basin) to 3 from the Nakas Ridge. In one work on the geology of the Orenburg region there is a translation of this name - “Five Hills”. A more accurate translation is “Five parts” (Bashkir bulek, Kazakh bulek - “department”, “part”). The fact is that this small ridge is divided into a number of hills

Yaman-Tau, mountains on the left bank of the Bolshoi I ​​River to the southeast of the Nakas ridge. Translated from the Bashkir language - “Bad Mountain”, “Bad Mountains”.

Zilair plateau, a vast plateau in southern Bashkiria between the Bolshoy Ik River, the right tributary of the Sakmara, and the Sakmara River. By the name of the right tributaries of the Sakmara rivers Yalan Zilair - “Field Zilair” and Urman Zilair - “Forest Zilair”, crossing this plateau from north to south, as well as the village of Zilair - the center of the Zilair region. The Russian name reflects the Tatar form. In Bashkir, the toponym sounds Yylayyr.

Dzyau-Tyube, a meridional ridge running along the right bank of Zilair, and then along the right bank of the Sakmara almost until it turns west near the city of Kuvandyka. The length is about 45 km, the maximum height is 619 m. The ridge adjoins the vast Zilair plateau in the north.

The Bashkir words dzyau (in the literary language yau) and tube mean “battle”, “army” and “hill”, “peak”, respectively. Thus, Dzyau-Tyube should be translated - “The peak where the battle took place.” In the Bashkir villages of Sakmara they say that some kind of battle actually took place here in the old days, sometimes they add that the battle was between the Bashkirs and Kazakhs. In the Southern Urals there are many similar names: in Bashkiria there is, for example, Mount Yaugasta - “The army retreated”, and in the Orenburg region northwest of Sol-Iletsk - Battle Mountain (see).

The Russians call Dzyau-Tyube - Shaitan, or Shaitan Mountain.

Guberlinskie Mountains, a low but long ridge (more than 100 km long), running along the right bank of the Ural River between the city of Kuvandyk and the working village of Iriklinsky. The mountains were named after the Guberlya River, which cuts the ridge into two parts and flows into the Urals. They are already mentioned in the works of V. N. Tatishchev, P. I. Rychkov, P. S. Pallas (XVIII century).

The Guberlinsky Mountains, together with the left-bank hills, connect the Urals proper with Mugodzhary.

Matveev Alexander Konstantinovich

There is a coral reef in Crimea, 341 meters high. This mountain is Karaul-Oba, not far from Sudak. On this mountain, archaeologists have discovered sites of the Bronze Age, and this is the 2nd millennium BC. eh! There was a settlement on Karaul-Oba - the indigenous inhabitants of Crimea.

Karaul-Oba (Watch Mountain) - at the top

Historians have found fragments of Taurus dishes, cultural and everyday objects. The system of mountain gorges served the inhabitants of the settlement as a refuge. The Tauri are a courageous and very warlike people, so men were often absent, going on campaigns, and old men, women and children took refuge in these caves from dangers. It is believed that the local stone stairs were carved by Tauris.

The top of the mountain, which is called Karaulnaya, fully lives up to its name. It offers a view of the cape from Karadag to Ayu-Dag. Here, on Karaulnaya, there is possibly one of the sanctuaries of the goddess Virgo; the cruel Taurians worshiped her and made sacrifices.

Tavrov is also described by Herodotus as wild pirates who kill everyone who comes near them. Perhaps he himself was captured by this tribe. In one of the Tauri burials, archaeologists found a ring from the Achaemenid dynasty, which could only belong to the Bosporan king.

The sanctuary of the goddess Virgin is located in a place with the poetic name Adam's Bed. It is a narrow gorge of two rocks that almost touch overhead, and is covered with a soft carpet of ivy.

In the western part of Karaul-Oba, archaeologists excavated the Bosporan fortress, which dates back to the second half of the 1st century BC. e. - beginning of the 1st century AD e. The fortress bears the name of the Bosporan king Asander, the grandson of Mithridates Eupator. It is believed that the fortress was built during the construction activities of Asander, this significantly expands the previous judgments of historians about the boundaries.

The fortress, at that time, was simply enormous in size, 2.5 thousand square meters, with walls 3 meters thick and 4-6 meters high. By the way, the fortress walls were built taking into account the seismological danger of the area. Seismic belts were laid from juniper (obviously, this was greatly influenced by the Crimean). There were 4 watchtowers located along the perimeter, and the fortress itself was a military garrison, with a capacity of 100 to 200 soldiers. Products were delivered to the fortress by sea from Feodosia. At the beginning of the 1st century AD, King Aspurg ascended the throne - the capital of the Bosporan kingdom. In the 30s of the 1st century AD. e., when Theodosius entered into a tough confrontation with Panticapaeum, the garrison ceased to exist and the fortress was destroyed.

In 1737, the Head of the Orenburg Expedition, Ivan Kirillovich Kirilov, died, and Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev was appointed head instead of him. Moreover, this was no longer an expedition, but the Orenburg Commission. And in the fall of 1737, at the suggestion of Vasily Nikitich, the Trans-Ural Iset Province was established and Vasily Nikitich’s brother, Ivan Nikitich Tatishchev, was appointed its governor. As a governor, Ivan Nikitich implemented his brother’s project to build fortresses along the road that led from the Siberian settlements to the Verkhoyaitskaya pier. And first of all, it was necessary to rebuild the Verkhoyaitsk fortress itself.

In the summer of 1738, a detachment under the command of the governor of the Iset province, Colonel I.N. Tatishchev (brother of the famous statesman and historian V.N. Tatishchev) and the commander of the Siberian Dragoon Regiment, Colonel I.S. Arsenyeva comes to the upper reaches of the Yaik and, one mile from the first Verkhoyaitskaya pier that was burned, erects a new fortification. As Colonel Bakhmetev wrote in a report in 1742: “Verkhoyaitskaya was built in July 738 by the same gentlemen, Colonels Arsenyev and Tatishchev, earthen with turf, with a garrison of one hundred and fifty regular and irregular men.” Another document deciphers these numbers: “in the Verkhoyaitskaya dragoons of the Siberian regiment there are sixty-five, Tobolsk soldiers forty-four, Yenisei soldiers thirty-four, Russian servicemen eighty-eight, Tatars twenty-eight.” Of course, the fortress was built over many months and the work was completed only by the end of August.

Plan of the Verkhoyaitsk fortress, drawn up in 1742

From the upper reaches of the Yaik, the detachment went to Lake Ukly-Karagai, where back in 1736 it was planned to build a fortress. It was near this lake that the food convoys that went from the Techenskaya Sloboda to Orenburg, which was under construction, were attacked in July and December 1735. Therefore, a fortress here was necessary to control the road, along which food, tools, etc. continued to arrive. Let us turn to the same report Bakhmetev: “Uklykaragayskaya was built in 738 in the month of August and September by Messrs. Colonels Arsenyev and Tatishchev, earthen with turf with a front garden, in it there was a garrison of regular and irregular one hundred and fifty people who settled from peasants to twelve Cossacks.” And a decoding of the composition of the garrison: “... in the Ukly-Karagai dragoons of the Orenburg regiment there are sixty-eight, soldiers (of the Tobolsk and Yenisei regiments - G.S.) there are sixty-four people, there are fifty-nine serving Russians, there are seventy Tatars.”
The garrisons in the fortresses were mixed, they included dragoons (cavalry units), soldiers (infantry units) and servicemen from Siberian cities. The servicemen, otherwise called city Cossacks, consisted of Russians and Tatars. In the first fortresses built in 1736-1737. A large number of Cossacks were recruited from the peasants of the Trans-Ural settlements. They made up the main population of the Chebarkul, Miass, Chelyabinsk and Etkul fortresses. As we can see, there were 12 such people in Ukly-Karagayskaya in 1742, but there were none at all in Verkhoyaitskaya.

After the construction of the Ukly-Karagai fortress, all that was left was to “fill” the space between it and Chebarkul. A place to build a fortification on the river. Uy was appointed, along with others, back in 1736, but the Uy fortress itself was erected only in 1742. The fortresses had fortifications characteristic of that time - square in plan, with an earthen rampart, with corner bastions. The external fortifications of the fortresses were an earthen rampart (Verkhoyaitskaya), a rampart with a palisade (Ukly-Karagayskaya), or simply a wooden wall, as Uyskaya was initially fortified. A wooden dam was placed in Uyskaya, marking the area for filling an earthen rampart, which was built later. The description of the Verkhoyaitsk fortress in 1742 was left by I. Gmelin: “The fortress is a regular rectangle, in each corner of which there is a bastion. Each side from the outer corner of one bastion to the outer corner of another bastion has 80 fathoms and consists of a high earthen rampart... From the side of the reservoir and from the north there are gates with an entrance, and above them rifle towers, each of which is equipped with a battery. Outside, the fortress is surrounded by a deep ditch , behind which there are slingshots, which are adjacent to the river on the southern and northern sides. Inside the fortress there are 2 houses for senior officers, an office, a powder and vodka cellar, 5 granaries and 22 barracks. Now a church in honor of the Annunciation of Mary, which was founded on June 28, is also being built inside the fortress.”
It seems that it was in 1743 that a comprehensive system of border protection began to take shape. The fortresses themselves acted as strongholds on the border line, and the distance between the fortresses also had to be controlled. For this purpose, outposts were initially set up (relatively small fortifications where a border crossing could fend off an enemy attack) and beacons - signal towers from which an alarm could be given in case of danger. There were guards (pickets) on duty at these towers. The territory between the fortresses was controlled by patrols (like a modern border patrol). There were also “outgoing patrols,” that is, groups of military personnel who went to the steppe to monitor the situation; in modern language this can be described as “reconnaissance.” In June 1743, the governor of the Iset province, who was also the commander of the Orenburg Dragoon Regiment, Colonel P. Bakhmetev wrote to the Miass and Chebarkul fortresses: “... patrols have already been established from Verkhoyaitskaya through the Uklykaragayskaya and Uyskaya fortresses and at the lighthouses, missing the Etkul fortress and Chumlyatskaya settlements, to Tobol, with which both that Chebarkul and other fortresses along Miyasu are covered.”
In the same June 1743, Prime Major M. Shkader sent out “proposals” to the fortresses about increased readiness at “established outposts”, where he ordered the commander of the Uyskaya fortress, Captain Polozov, “to send the [ob]istov beacons and figures available at the Uyskaya fortress to Verkhoyaitskaya the fortress immediately (...) according to these beacons and figures on the departing guards, where appropriate, at the Verkhoyaitsk fortress.” The words “beacons” and “figures” in this case mean sets of signs and signals with the help of which messages could be transmitted at a distance, within visibility. Therefore, signal towers, which were also called “beacons,” were placed on hills and hills so that the signals could be seen from afar. The lighthouses were placed within line of sight, at such a distance that it was possible to distinguish which “figures” were being shown at the next lighthouse. In the case of the Verkhoyaitsk fortress, natural hills served as lighthouses. I. Gmelin, who visited here in 1742, wrote: “One post is located on a mountain called Ak-Tyude (50 sazhens above the fortress, and 3 versts from it on the western bank of the Yaik), another on Mount Koshtak-Tyube , which is located 4 versts east of the fortress near the eastern bank of Haud-uidyak. The third is 6 versts south of the fortress down the Yaik, on Mount Karaul-Tyube, so called because of the guard that stood there in past Bashkir times.” He also pointed out that “Outside the fortress, on its western side, near the river, there are 15 almost collapsed barracks for the Bashkirs stationed at the outpost. Consequently, the external security system existed almost from the very construction of the fortress in 1738, and the Bashkirs served there, along with soldiers and Cossacks. I don’t know what the “figures” and “beacons” were, perhaps they were made in the likeness of the “figures” used (and still used) in the navy.
Thus, a new border line was organized and Chelyabinsk, Miass, Chebarkul found itself in the “rear”, inside the territory outlined by border fortresses.