The meaning of the Mariana Trench. Mysteries of the Mariana Trench (Challenger Deep). The deepest depression on Earth. Video and Photo. Dive hoax. Secrets and riddles of the “womb of Gaia”

The Mariana Trench is the deepest place on our planet. I think almost everyone has heard about it or studied it at school, but I myself, for example, have long forgotten both its depth and the facts about how it was measured and studied. So I decided to “refresh” my and your memory

This absolute depth got its name thanks to the nearby Mariana Islands. The entire depression stretches along the islands for one and a half thousand kilometers and has a characteristic V-shaped profile. In fact, this is an ordinary tectonic fault, the place where the Pacific plate comes under the Philippine plate, just Mariana Trench- this is the deepest place of its kind) Its slopes are steep, on average about 7-9°, and the bottom is flat, 1 to 5 kilometers wide, and divided by rapids into several closed areas. The pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench reaches 108.6 MPa - this is more than 1100 times more than normal atmospheric pressure!

The first who dared to challenge the abyss were the British - the three-masted military corvette Challenger with sail equipment was rebuilt into an oceanographic vessel for hydrological, geological, chemical, biological and meteorological work back in 1872. But the first data on the depth of the Mariana Trench were obtained only in 1951 - according to measurements, the depth of the trench was declared equal to 10,863 m. After that, the deepest point of the Mariana Trench began to be called the “Challenger Deep”. It’s hard to imagine that the highest mountain of our planet, Everest, could easily fit in the depths of the Mariana Trench, and above it there would still be more than a kilometer of water left to the surface... Of course, it would fit not in area, but solely in height, but the numbers are still amazing...

The next researchers of the Mariana Trench were already Soviet scientists - in 1957, during the 25th voyage of the Soviet research vessel Vityaz, they not only declared the maximum depth of the trench equal to 11,022 meters, but also established the presence of life at depths of more than 7,000 meters , thereby refuting the prevailing idea at that time about the impossibility of life at depths of more than 6000-7000 meters. In 1992, “Vityaz” was transferred to the newly formed Museum of the World Ocean. The ship was repaired at the plant for two years, and on July 12, 1994, it was permanently moored at the museum pier in the very center of Kaliningrad

On January 23, 1960, the first and only human dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench took place. Thus, the only people who visited “the bottom of the Earth” were US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Piccard

During the dive, they were protected by the armored, 127-millimeter-thick walls of the bathyscaphe called “Trieste.”

The bathyscaphe was named after the Italian city of Trieste, where the main work on its creation was carried out. According to the instruments on board the Trieste, Walsh and Picard dived to a depth of 11,521 meters, but later this figure was slightly adjusted - 10,918 meters

The dive took about five hours, and the ascent took about three hours; the researchers spent only 12 minutes at the bottom. But this time was enough for them to make a sensational discovery - at the bottom they found flat fish up to 30 cm in size, similar to flounder !

Research in 1995 showed that the depth of the Mariana Trench is about 10,920 m, and the Japanese Kaik? probe, lowered into the Challenger Deep on March 24, 1997, recorded a depth of 10,911.4 meters. Below is a diagram of the depression - when clicked, it will open in a new window in normal size

The Mariana Trench has repeatedly frightened researchers with the monsters lurking in its depths. For the first time, the expedition of the American research vessel Glomar Challenger encountered the unknown. Some time after the descent of the apparatus began, the device recording sounds began to transmit to the surface some kind of metallic grinding sound, reminiscent of the sound of sawing metal. At this time, some unclear shadows appeared on the monitor, similar to giant fairy-tale dragons with several heads and tails. An hour later, scientists became worried that the unique equipment, made in a NASA laboratory from beams of ultra-strong titanium-cobalt steel, having a spherical design, the so-called “hedgehog” with a diameter of about 9 m, could remain in the abyss of the Mariana Trench forever - so it was decided to immediately raise apparatus on board the ship. The “hedgehog” was extracted from the depths for more than eight hours, and as soon as it appeared on the surface, it was immediately placed on a special raft. The television camera and echo sounder were lifted onto the deck of the Glomar Challenger. The researchers were horrified when they saw how deformed the strongest steel beams of the structure were; as for the 20-centimeter steel cable on which the “hedgehog” was lowered, the scientists were not mistaken in the nature of the sounds transmitted from the watery abyss - the cable was half sawn through. Who tried to leave the device at depth and why will forever remain a mystery. Details of this incident were published in 1996 by the New York Times.

Another collision with the inexplicable in the depths of the Mariana Trench happened with the German research vehicle Haifish with a crew on board. At a depth of 7 km, the device suddenly stopped moving. To find out the cause of the problem, the hydronauts turned on the infrared camera... What they saw in the next few seconds seemed to them a collective hallucination: a huge prehistoric lizard, sinking its teeth into the bathyscaphe, tried to chew it like a nut. Having recovered from the shock, the crew activated a device called an “electric gun”, and the monster, struck by a powerful discharge, disappeared into the abyss...

On May 31, 2009, the automatic underwater vehicle Nereus sank to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. According to measurements, it fell 10,902 meters below sea level

At the bottom, Nereus filmed a video, took some photographs, and even collected sediment samples at the bottom.

Thanks to modern technologies, researchers were able to capture few representatives Mariana Trench, I suggest you get to know them too :)

So, now we know that different octopuses live in the Mariana depths

The Mariana Trench is the deepest place on Earth known to date, located in the western Pacific Ocean near the Mariana Islands. According to measurements in 2011, its depth is 10,994 ± 40 m below sea level.
Coordinates: The deepest point of the Mariana Trench is the Challenger Deep. It is located in the southwestern part of the depression, 340 km southwest of the island of Guam (point coordinates: 11°22′N 142°35′E (G) (O)).

The first exploration of the Mariana Trench was carried out by the British ship Challenger in 1875, but the first to find life at a depth of 6,000 meters were Russian researchers aboard the ship Vityaz in 1957.
The first deep-sea dive on Earth: the bathyscaphe "Century of Progress" in 1934 with Americans on board W. Beebe and O. Barton descended to a record depth for that time - 923 meters.
In 1953, Auguste Piccard dived on the bathyscaphe Trieste to a depth of 3154 meters, this was the maximum depth to which the device could dive before it was purchased by the US Navy in 1958 and was converted in 2 years in Germany into a device capable of diving to a depth of 11 km?! Maybe?!
Then, on January 23, 1960, oceanographer and designer Jacques Picard, together with Don Walsh and a US Air Force lieutenant, first sank to the bottom of the Mariana Trench.
And this despite the fact that Jacques Piccard managed to dive to a depth of 11 km. back in 1960. The only thing that can be said here is how much technology has advanced in 2 years, incredible craftsmen.
All this also happened during the era of crushing victories of the United States in the technological sphere, for example, the flight to the Moon took place in the 60s, although the first man landed on the Moon in 69, and the flight was planned for September 61, i.e. they wanted to do everything at once and in almost one year.
Although until now, officially known vehicles involved in real dives and rescue operations, even in the filming of Hollywood films and in the filming of National Geographic films, were accepted only by the Mir deep-sea vehicles, owned by Russia, which have an official maximum diving depth of 6500 meters . As we see, this is not enough to sink to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. These devices were developed starting in 1980 by Russian and Finnish scientists; the body was based on marragen steel (cobalt, nickel, chromium, titanium). They managed to get a deep-sea vehicle only in 1987, but this device cannot dive below 7000 meters.
By the way, all dives to the bottom of the Mariana Trench were never official and were poorly covered because... took place under the control of the US Navy and under the cameras of the initiators of these dives.
Including the little-publicized dive of James Cameron (a Hollywood director), who supposedly sank alone to the bottom of the Mariana Trench on March 26, 2012, in the Deepsea Challenger bathyscaphe, which was developed in Australia and was strictly classified, even the name of the submarine was not disclosed until dives. Let us remind you who supported the last immersion project:
- American national the National Geographic company and the Swiss company Rolex. For those in the know, nothing needs to be explained.
Another strange point today is that little is known about any deep-sea vehicles that sank to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, although drawings and the devices themselves can be seen, for example, the bathyscaphe "Trieste" is a museum exhibit.
But everything is known about the bathyscaphes "Mir-1" and "Mir-2" and their real dives, including official, well-known video footage. These manned vehicles belong to the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh.

Here are quotes that speak about the political nature of this project; we recall that after the creation of the Worlds, the Finnish enterprise was closed.

“Under pressure from the CIA and the Pentagon, Rauma-Repola was forced to abandon the creation of deep-sea vehicles and the promising development of marine technologies. Such devices are needed in the construction and maintenance of oil platforms. One of the abandoned projects was the development of fuel cells. The Rauma-Repola company abandoned the production of oil platforms and is now mainly engaged in wood processing. Rauma-Repola was then the sixth largest concern in Finland and employed 18,000 people. Now its business in the field of metalworking is continued by the Metso concern."

“The company’s reputation as a manufacturer of “Worlds” is still at its best. According to Tauno Matomäki, international concerns are interested in deep-sea vehicles capable of diving to 12,000 meters and this is technically possible. Such a device is technically possible, but not politically. It can be bought, but it’s problematic to sell - the United States, after the mistake with the Mirs, is carefully monitoring this area, and all American deep-sea vehicles belong to the military department."

Judging by these quotes, it is clear that any approach to deep-sea research is fraught with danger for any companies that are not acceptable to the United States. Therefore, the conclusion about diving to the bottom of the Mariana Trench can be made far from ambiguous.

There were also unmanned dives that were initiated by Japan and the United States.
- On March 24, 1995, the Kaiko probe (Japan) was lowered to the bottom
- On May 31, 2009, the automatic underwater vehicle "Nereus" (USA) sank to the bottom, by the way, it took all the official photographs and videos from the bottom of the depression and took soil samples.

The last dive to a depth of 9977 meters, which took place on May 9, 2014, sadly ended the automatic underwater vehicle "Nereus" (USA), which made a successful dive to greater depths in 2009, exploded some time after diving off the coast of New Zealand in the Kermadec Trench.
It’s strange that, seeing how dangerous and almost impossible it is for pilots to work at such a depth, they previously succeeded.

Quote from the US scientific community about what happened:
"The loss of the device was a huge loss for the US scientific community, because the device was the only one of its kind. For comparison, the DeepSea Challenger bathyscaphe, owned by film director James Cameron, is capable of diving to a depth of 10 thousand meters, but it cannot dive like that often as required for research."

The statement of the scientific community does not correspond to reality, according to National Geographic, the bathyscaphe "DeepSea Challenger" before plunging into the abyss, Challenger made 4 test dives almost in a row, one of them to a depth of 8 km (By the way, according to the research group, the device allegedly did not reach the bottom at 8 km dive because many devices failed, which they managed to restore in a matter of days by adding one line of code to the software). The question arises: who to believe? Some say that he cannot dive often, while others report that he can even do so. And another interesting fact: before Cameron dives to the bottom, 2 developers of this bathyscaphe die.
From this it should be concluded that the director plunged to a critical depth, risking his life for no reason. If it was possible to simply lower the device without a pilot and the value of the dive would not change, as was proven by the Nereus dive in 2009, the second dive of which ended sadly. If Cameron’s bathyscaphe is so vulnerable, how could he dive on it without risk? Human? If a subsequent dive is impossible, then the bathyscaphe was already on the verge of safety. It should be noted that Cameron is truly an obsessed person and his tenacity leaves no doubt.

Immediately after returning from another solo voyage (Chile - Australia) - 06/01/2014, Fedor Konyukhov said that he was ready to go to the bottom of the Mariana Trench and spend several days. And here are Fedor’s words during his last journey, when he sailed over the deepest place in the Southern Hemisphere, the Tongo Trench:

“By the way, yesterday I crossed the Tonga Trench - the deepest place in the South Pacific Ocean. There were more than ten kilometers of ocean water under the bottom. It’s such a big scale that takes your breath away! Not long ago I dived into the ocean to clean algae from the water intake system of a desalination plant. Then the depth was half as much, but looking down, I felt awe. Under my feet there was a completely empty, endless black abyss. This is where you really feel all your insignificance! When you look down there, fear rises in your soul by itself. At that moment I suddenly I realized that in the ocean and in life it is better to always look forward than down. Another lesson from the Lord..."

Here's another confirmation Despite the fact that there were no dives into the Mariana Trench, the best minds have been fighting for several decades to break through the depth level, first at 5 km, then at 6 km (by the way, it was Cameron who invited Mira to star in Titanic, at that time their maximum diving depth was only 6 km no more), today, as you will see from the article They were able to descend to a depth of just over 6 km, but how much time had passed, 17 years. You understand how difficult this technological breakthrough is.

A little mysticism and other points of view can be seen in this film

Cameron's controversial dive. National Geographic film "Journey to the Center of the Earth or the Magnificent Lie from the Director."

There is such a film, we deliberately removed it from the article because... The deceitfulness of this video has no limits, but people willingly believe it.
Not only is there almost not a single real photograph from the bottom, the video mainly shows the director himself, plus all these people
they brazenly decided to laugh and showed the call of the director’s wife to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Well, this is generally beyond the bounds because... Not only does this violate safety regulations, but what state must a person be in in order to calmly talk to his wife and even be able to make a joke? Another indirect evidence that Cameron did not sink to the bottom of the Mariana Trench is the fact that he was unable to take soil and water samples from the bottom; the hydraulics allegedly failed. The obvious desire to shoot blockbusters does not leave him for a second, he could not resist this time either, he had to make a film about the Hero of Reality, and no Hollywood films there, but only this time the leading role was not Arnold Schwarzenegger, but the director himself .

Here's a theatrical dive from a 1960 Rolex

a manned dive to such a depth is impossible today, and this video from Rolex shows that 2 volunteers were able to do this in 1960, let me remind you that before that the bathyscaphe "Trieste" was able to dive to a maximum of 3154 meters and here is a miracle in just 2 year they decided to plunge almost 11 km into the abyss.

In the film below you will hear with your own ears that American researchers claim that to this day this depth remains unconquered by man.
At the same time, truly adequate people do not dive pilots to such depths, but only the apparatus and that which is tested for several years before the dive.
In fact, basically everything is kept silent about real diving to great depths because... most of them end with the disappearance of unmanned underwater vehicles.
In this film you can see footage of animals living at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, as well as some fragments of the bottom of the Mariana Trench

Photos:

Research vessel "Vityaz"

Bathyscaphe "Trieste"

Bathyscaphe "Trieste"

Bathyscaphe "Kaiko"

Bathyscaphe "Nereus" last dive May 09, 2014 New Zealand Kermadec Trench, last dive not because I haven't dived again yet, but because this deep-sea descent (naturally not manned) vehicle disappeared into the Kerbedek abyss (this is in the northeast of New Zealand ), at a depth of 9977 m (this is almost the bottom of the Kerbedek trench), communication with the device was interrupted, and the cables on which it descended were simply torn off. Moreover, it was the only one of its kind; the cost of this device was $8 million. The device made test dives to shallow depths almost every year, and deep-sea dives only once 4-5 years. It should be noted that the connection suddenly disappeared, the operator simply saw that the image on the monitor had disappeared, control was lost.
The researchers sailed to a safe distance and waited for the device to surface. Yes, indeed, the wreckage of the device surfaced, but only the next day. There are many assumptions, but the main version, as always, is a common failure - pressure in the ocean.
"Nereus" was the property of WHOI (Woods Knole Oceanographic Institution). Let me remind you that this is the only device that, as stated, visited the bottom of the Mariana Trench and provided scientific evidence of being at the bottom, including photos and videos (this video is present in the article) materials.
This apparatus, according to many oceanologists, was the only one of its kind, as if hinting, but not saying out loud, that no apparatus could actually dive to such depths.

Cameron before diving into the Mariana Trench, we advertise a Rolex with supposedly the first person to visit the bottom of the trench.
It’s a strange feeling that before such a serious task, a dive that in almost 50% of cases will be unsuccessful, as unofficial statistics of deep-sea diving say
the person who is going to do this is advertising a watch. Even the word “nonsense” is a stretch.

Cameron's bathyscaphe DeepSea Challenger

The Kaiko probe left evidence of its arrival at the bottom of the depression.

Deep-sea manned vehicle "Mir-1"

• 3711 meters - the average depth of the World Ocean (the totality of oceans and seas covering 70% of the Earth's surface)
• 1370 million cubic kilometers - the volume of the World Ocean
• 400 thousand square kilometers - the area of ​​the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Four oceanic mountain ranges 2.5 kilometers high were also discovered there.

1. What is it

The Mariana Trench is a deep-sea trench (something like an underwater canyon) in the western Pacific Ocean, near the Mariana Islands in Micronesia. Its length is 1500 km, width from 1 to 5 km. The lowest point (10,994 meters below sea level, plus or minus 40 meters) is the so-called Challenger Deep, it is located in the southwestern part of the depression, 340 km southwest of the island of Guam. The conditions here are harsher than in space: complete darkness, water temperature is about zero degrees, the pressure at the bottom is more than 1000 times higher than on the surface (up to 108.6 MPa).

2. Who's there?

To approximately a depth of 6–8 km, highly developed organisms (fish, mollusks, jellyfish) are often found: deep-sea creatures here use smell, electroreception (the ability to sense electrical signals) and receptors that respond to changes in pressure for orientation. So, in 2014, at an elevation of 8143 meters in the Mariana Trench, scientists discovered a representative of a previously unknown species of fish from the family of sea slugs - it has a translucent body, an eel tail and a large dog-like head.

Whether there is developed life below is still unknown, although back in 1960, the first visitors to the Challenger Deep (see the chapter “Who Was There”) seemed to see something resembling a flounder at the bottom. In 1995, from a depth of 10,641 meters, scientists raised samples of foraminifera (shelled, single-celled organisms) - this is all that is reliably known about life at the bottom.

3. Who found it

In 1875, the oceanographic expedition of the Royal Society of London on the corvette Challenger made the first measurements of depths in the Mariana Trench area. The lot (a long rope with a lead weight at the end) showed a depth of 8367 meters. In 1951, a British expedition on the ship Challenger II found the lowest point of the depression, the same Challenger Deep (the echo sounder then showed a depth of 10,863 meters). In 2011, researchers from the University of New Hampshire (England) using an underwater robot refined the data (10,994 meters).

Who was there

In 1960, US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and Swiss explorer Jacques Piccard were the first to reach the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the bathyscaphe Trieste, designed by Jacques' father Auguste Piccard. Their journey down and up lasted 8 hours 25 minutes, but the researchers stayed at the bottom for only about 20 minutes and, allegedly, even ate a chocolate bar. In 2012, director James Cameron, in the bathyscaphe Challenger Deep, sank to the bottom alone at a speed of 5 km/h and was there after 2 hours 36 minutes. Cameron stayed below for about six hours and took many photographs and videos (from which the film for National Geographic channel). According to the director, the only living creature he saw at depth looked like a shrimp.

The Mariana Trench is a fracture in the earth's crust located in the ocean. It is one of the famous objects in the world. Let's find out where the Mariana Trench is located on the map and what it is known for.

What it is?

The Mariana Trench is an oceanic trench, or a break in the earth's crust, located under water. It got its name from the nearby Mariana Islands. In the world, this object is known as the deepest place. The depth of the Mariana Trench in meters is 10994. This is 2000 meters more than the highest mountain on the planet - Everest.

The British first learned about this depression in 1875 on the Challenger ship. At the same time, the first measurement of its depth was made, which was 8367 meters.

How was the Mariana Trench formed?

It represents the boundary between two lithospheric plates. Here there is a fault in the earth's crust, formed as a result of the movements of these plates. The depression is shaped like a V and its length in kilometers is 1,500.

Location

How to find the Mariana Trench on a world map? It is located in the Pacific Ocean, in its eastern part, between the Philippine and Mariana Islands. The coordinates of the deepest point of the depression are 11 degrees north latitude and 142 degrees east longitude.

Rice. 1. The Mariana Trench is located in the Pacific Ocean

Research

The enormous depth of the Mariana Trench determines the pressure at the bottom, which is 108.6 MPa. This is a thousand times more pressure on the Earth's surface. Naturally, conducting research in such conditions is extremely difficult. However, the secrets and mysteries of the deepest place in the world attract many scientists.

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As already mentioned, the first studies were carried out in 1875. But the equipment of that time did not allow not only to descend to the bottom of the depression, but even to accurately measure its depth. The first dive was carried out in 1960 - then the bathyscaphe “Trieste” sank to a depth of 10915 meters. There are many interesting facts in this study, which, unfortunately, still have no explanation.

The devices recorded sounds reminiscent of the grinding of a saw on metal. With the help of monitors, unclear shadows were visible, with outlines reminiscent of dragons or dinosaurs. The recording was carried out for an hour, then the scientists decided to urgently raise the submersible to the surface. When the device was lifted, many damages were discovered on the metal, which at that time was considered super-strong. The cable was enormously long and 20 cm wide and was half sawn through. Who could have done this is still considered unknown.

Rice. 2. The bathyscaphe Trieste dived into the Mariana Trench

The German Haifish expedition also sank its bathyscaphe into the Mariana Trench. However, they only reached a depth of 7 km and then encountered some difficulties. Attempts to remove the device were unsuccessful. Turning on the infrared cameras, scientists saw a huge lizard holding the submersible. Whether this was true - today no one can say.

The deepest part of the depression was recorded in 2011 using a special robot diving to the bottom. It reached 10994 meters. This area was called the Challenger Deep.

Is there anyone who went down to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, other than robots and bathyscaphes? Such dives were carried out by several people:

• Don Walsh and Jacques Picard, research scientists, descended on the bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960 to a depth of 10,915 meters;
• James Cameron, an American director, made a solo dive to the very bottom of the Challenger Deep, collecting many samples, photographs and video materials.

In January 2017, the famous traveler Fyodor Konyukhov announced his desire to dive into the Mariana Trench.

Who lives at the bottom of the depression

Despite the enormous depth and high pressure of the water column, the Mariana Trench is not uninhabited. Until recently, it was believed that life ceases at a depth of 6000 m and no animals are able to withstand the enormous pressure. In addition, at the level of 2000 m the passage of light stops and below there is only darkness.

Recent research has discovered that even below 6000 m there is life. So, who lives at the bottom of the Mariana Trench:

• worms up to one and a half meters long;
• crustaceans;
• shellfish;
• octopuses;
• sea ​​stars;
• many bacteria.

All these inhabitants have adapted to withstand pressure and darkness, and therefore have specific shapes and colors.

4.7. Total ratings received: 200.

Since the discovery of the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, in 1875, only three people have visited it. The first were American Lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Piccard, who dived on January 23, 1960 on the Challenger.

52 years later, another person dared to dive here - the famous film director James Cameron. So on March 26, 2012, Cameron went down to the bottom and took several photographs.

During James Cameron's 2012 dive to the Challenger Deep on the DeepSea Challenge submersible. he tried to observe everything that was happening in this place until mechanical problems forced him to the surface.

While he was at the deepest point of the world's oceans, he came to the shocking conclusion that he was completely alone. There were no scary sea monsters or any miracles in the Mariana Trench. According to Cameron, the very bottom of the ocean was lunar...empty...lonely, and he felt completely isolated from all humanity

Secrets of the Mariana Trench

The official version is that life originated in the ocean, where single-celled organisms evolved millions of years later into annelids, then into mollusks, and then into prehistoric fish. It is unknown what development they would have received further if the ancient ocean had not begun to shallow, which is why land appeared. Then, according to Darwin's theory, the smartest fish leaned on its fins and crawled onto land.

Scientists have discovered unusual life forms in the Mariana Trench. The key to unraveling the origin of life on Earth, and probably beyond it, may lie in the deepest place on the planet - the Mariana Trench, scientists say.

After studying unique video footage and samples obtained during Hollywood director James Cameron's deep-sea mission in March, scientists have discovered bizarre life forms. For example, at a depth of almost 11 thousand meters, the bottom is literally covered with a carpet of microorganisms.

According to scientists, this so-called litter consists of thread-like bushes on underwater rocks, which, apparently, provide chemical food for these microorganisms.

Researchers believe that here we should look for the roots of metabolism - something similar could cause chemical processes that led to the emergence of terrestrial, and possibly alien life, within the solar system.

In addition, about 20 thousand microorganisms were brought to the surface from the Mariana Trench - they were subjected to genetic analysis - as well as countless giant amoebae - the simplest organisms that are among the largest single-celled organisms.

Let us recall that last year American scientists obtained new, more detailed data about the deepest part of the world ocean. According to them, the Mariana Trench, located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, has a length of approximately 2,500 km and a depth of up to 10,994 m. These parameters of the deepest point of the trench, the so-called Challenger Deep, experts say, are the most accurate.

The deepest place in the world's oceans

The Mariana Trench (Mariana Trench) is a deep-sea trench located in the western Pacific Ocean. Today, the Mariana Trench is the deepest place on the planet. The deepest point of the trench is called the Challenger Deep.

The history of research into the Mariana Trench begins in 1875, when the British corvette Challenger lowered a deep-sea lot into the trench and recorded a depth of 8,367 m. In 1951, the British repeated the experiment using an echo sounder and recorded a maximum depth of 10,863 m. In 1957, a Russian expedition on the ship "Vityaz" was able to record a new depth of the depression - 11,023 m. Studies in 1995 and 2011 showed new figures - 10,920 and 10,994 m, respectively.

3 people were able to visit the bottom of the Mariana Trench. In 1960, the bathyscaphe Trieste sank to the bottom of the depression, carrying explorer Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant John Walsh. They descended to a depth of 10,918 m and dispelled the myth that life at such a depth is impossible. Bathyscaphe "Trieste" discovered flat fish about 30 cm long at the bottom of the depression. In 1995, the Japanese probe "Kaiko" was lowered into the depression, with the help of which new microorganisms were discovered - foraminifera.

In 2012, American director James Cameron descended on the Deepsea Challenger submersible to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. It reached a depth of 10,898 m. The bathyscaphe was equipped with all possible recording equipment, so Cameron was able to capture unique footage of underwater life.

Mariana Trench Map

On a satellite map, the Mariana Trench appears as a large fold on the ocean floor. The depression is a trench stretching for 1500 km. The width of the depression is from 1 to 5 km. At the bottom of the trench, mountains were discovered that were formed about 180 million years ago during the movement of lithospheric plates. The pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is 108.6 MPa, which is 1072 times higher than the atmospheric pressure at the level of the World Ocean.

Riddles and secrets of the Mariana Trench

During the descent to the bottom of the cavity of the research apparatus "Ezh", belonging to the vessel "Glomar Challenger", recording instruments recorded some kind of metallic grinding sound. It was decided to bring the device on board. When the device was taken out of the water, they discovered that the 20-centimeter cable on which the Hedgehog was lowered into the depression was half sawn through.

Sources: domfactov.com, www.myshared.ru, korrespondent.net, bestmaps.ru

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