Where is the Yauza River located? From the Ustya Yauza to the Oleniy Bridge (Preobrazhenskaya Square). Yauza River, Customs pedestrian bridge

The Yauza is the largest and second largest river in the city (after the Moscow River). Located in the north-eastern and central part of Moscow. Length 48 km (within the city 29 km). The basin area is 452 km2 (within the city 272 km2). Average water flow is about 9.4 m3/s.
It originates from the swamps on the territory of Losiny Ostrov.
It crosses the city of Mytishchi, the villages of Taininka and Perlovka, after which it enters Moscow, where it receives numerous tributaries: on the right - Chermyanka, Likhoborka, Kamenka, Goryachka, Kopytovka, Putyaevsky Stream, Oleniy Stream, Rybinka, Chechera, Chernogryazka, Okhotnichiy Stream; on the left - Ichka, Budaika, Khapilovka, Sinichka, Zolotoy Rozhok, Golyanovsky Stream, Leonovsky (Vysokovsky) Stream.

Yauza River, Rubtsovskaya embankment

In Moscow, it flows in the Medvedkova and Babushkina districts, crosses the Okruzhnaya Railway, Prospekt Mira, the Yaroslavskoe, Kazanskoe and Kursk directions of the Moscow Railway, the Garden Ring; flows into the Moscow River at the Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge.
Until the 18th century was known as part of the trade route from the Klyazma basin with a portage in the Mytishchi region. Keys in the upper reaches of the Yauza since the beginning of the 19th century. until the middle of the 20th century. were the basis of the first centralized Mytishchi water supply system. From the beginning of the 18th century. The banks of the Yauza from the mouth to Sokolniki were built up, the riverbed was blocked by numerous dams with mills, which heavily polluted the water. At the end of the 1930s. The riverbed of the Yauza was straightened and widened almost twice (up to 30 m), granite embankments were built, and new bridges were built. In 1940, 3 km from the mouth, between the Razumovskaya and Zolotorozhskaya embankments, the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex (with a sluice) was built, the dam of which raised the water level above the hydroelectric complex by 2 m. Yauza River

From the mouth to the hydroelectric complex, the water level is maintained by the Perervinskaya dam.
In a relatively natural state, the Yauza valley is preserved only between Sokolniki and Losiny Ostrov, where it is partially covered with forest; in other places along the Yauza there are low-lying swamps and wastelands with ruderal (weed) vegetation. The entire undeveloped part of the valley from the Moscow Ring Road to the Yaroslavl direction of the Moscow Railway was declared a natural monument in 1991. To water the Yauza from the Khimki reservoir along the Likhobor Canal (through Golovinsky Ponds) and the river. Likhobork receives Volga water.

Yauza is known from the chronicle under 1156 as Auza. Etymologies of this name from Slavic and Finno-Ugric languages ​​have been proposed. V.N. Toporov (1982) convincingly compares it with the Baltic names - Latvian. Auzes and the Latvian appellative auzajs, auzaine, etc. meaning “oat stalk, awn, straw.” An additional argument is the presence of the Stebelka River in the vicinity of the Yauza.
Due to severe pollution of the river, extensive work is underway to clean up the Yauza. Navigable for small ships from the mouth to Preobrazhenskaya Square. Within Moscow on the Yauza there are 14 road bridges, 6 railway bridges, 2 metro bridges, 1 tram bridge, 2 pedestrian bridges.
On the right bank of the Yauza there is the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on the left bank, on the territory of Zayauzye, there is the Park of the Moscow District House of Officers.
On the banks of the Yauza there were the villages of Medvedkovo, Sviblovo, Rostokino, Bogorodskoye, the settlements of Preobrazhenskaya, Sokolnicheskaya, Semyonovskaya (Vvedenskoye), Sinichkina, Kukuy (German settlement), Syromyatnicheskaya and Kotelnicheskaya, as well as a number of villages. Along the Yauza on the right bank were Shiryaevo Field, Sokolnichye Field and Vasilyevsky Meadow; on the left bank near the Semyonovskaya Sloboda the Vvedensky Mountains rose.

Yauza near the source - the vicinity of Mytishchi
GENERAL INFORMATION
Yauza is a small river in the Moscow region and in Moscow, the left one (the largest within the capital). Length - 48 km. The length of the river within the capital is 27.6 km. The mouth of the Yauza is located in the center of Moscow, near the Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge.

In 1908, the right bank of the Yauza in the area from the confluence of the Kopytovka River to the intersection with the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val became the official border of the city of Moscow.

Tributaries of the Yauza: right - Rabotnya, Sukromka, Chermyanka, Likhoborka, Kamenka, Goryachka, Kopytovka, Putyaevsky Stream, Oleniy Stream, Rybinka, Chechera, Chernogryazka; left - Ichka, Budaika, Khapilovka, Sinichka, Zolotoy Rozhok.

Yauza is mentioned in the chronicle of 1156 as Auza. The origin of the hydronym is associated with the Slavic and Finno-Ugric languages. V.N. Toporov compares the name of the river with the Baltic names - Latvian Auzes and the Latvian appellative auzajs, auzaine, etc. in the meaning of “oat stalk, awn, straw.”

Losiny Island Yauza River

TRIBUTARIES
Kopytovka (Trestenka, Trepanka) is a small river in the north-east of Moscow, a right tributary of the Yauza River, enclosed in a collector. It flows under Zvezdny and Rocket Boulevards, crossing Ogorodny Proezd, Mira Avenue and Boris Galushkin Street. After the collector, the stream flows into the treatment plant, flowing into the Yauza near Kasatkina Street.
One of the names of Kopytovka - Trestenka - comes from the Slavic word “trast”, meaning reed (river vegetation).
The name Trepenka is derived from a corruption of Trestenka.
The hydronym Kopytovka (or Kopitovka) is derived from the name of the village of Kopytovo, which was previously located near the river. Kopytovsky Lane in Moscow was named after the Kopytovka River.
In 1908, the left bank of Kopytovka in the section from Ostankino to Yaroslavskoe highway became the official border of the city of Moscow.
From Novomoskovskaya Street to Mira Avenue it was taken into the sewer in 1964, below Mira Avenue - in 1967.

Kamenka (Kashenka, Berezovka) is a river in the north of Moscow, the right tributary of the Yauza.
Length 7 km. In the upper reaches it is called Berezovka. It begins near the Savelovsky direction of the Moscow Railway between the Timiryazevskaya and Okruzhnaya platforms, is partially enclosed in an underground collector (along Akademika Komarova Street), then flows along the surface through the territory of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the All-Russian Exhibition Center, forming a cascade of five decorative ponds. In the upper reaches of Kamenka there was the village of Marfino.
The name Kamenka is widespread in Slavic hydronymy and, as a rule, refers to rivers and streams flowing along a rocky bed. However, there is no exact data on which of the two names - Kamenka or Kashenka - was the original one. Perhaps Kashenka is a distortion of the name Kamenka on handwritten geographical maps (the lowercase “m” was read as “sh”). In any case, both options were used in the speech of the local population. There was also Kashenkin Meadow - an area located north of the Ostankino platform of the October Railway, named after the floodplain meadows of the Kashenka (Kamenka) River.

Yauza, Lefortovo embankment - Moscow

Likhoborka is a river in the north of Moscow and in the Moscow region, the largest right tributary of the Yauza.
Likhoborka right after crossing Onezhskaya Street
The river originates near the village of Novo-Arkhangelskoye (where it is called Businka). It crosses the Moscow Ring Road at the entrance to the Korovinskoye Highway, after which, up to the connection with the Likhoborsky bypass canal, with the exception of short open sections in the Korovino and Businovo areas, it flows in an underground collector. Coming to the surface on the Likhoborskaya embankment, it crosses the Oktyabrskoye and Savelovskoye directions of the Moscow Railway, as well as the Dmitrovskoye Highway. In the Otradnoe district, the river flows along the surface, in Otrada Park. Further, the river flows through a collector, in which it flows under the depot of the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya metro line. The metro runs over the river on a metal metro bridge covered with earth. Further, after crossing the Moscow Circular Railway, the river flows along the north-eastern edge of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences and flows into the Yauza near the Botanical Garden metro station.
The main tributaries of the Likhoborka: on the right - Norishka and Zhabenka; on the left are Cow Ravine, Deguninsky, Beskudnikovsky and Vladykinsky streams (almost all of them flow in sewers).
Now Likhoborka is used to irrigate the Yauza and Moscow rivers with Volga water, which is transferred from the Khimki reservoir through the Golovinsky ponds, Golovinsky stream and the Norishka river. This makes it more water-rich and faster.
The mouth of Likhoborka was declared a natural monument in 1991.
In 2011, the strengthening of the banks of the Golovinsky Stream began from the spillway from the Golovinsky Ponds to the confluence with Likhoborka in the area of ​​house No. 34 k1 on Kronstadt Boulevard, and the further bed of the Likhoborka River to Onezhskaya Street with gravel.
There are several dozen environmentally unfavorable enterprises in the Likhoborka Valley. As a result, the river is heavily polluted with salts of heavy metals, petroleum products, etc. There are several snow-melting chambers on the river, which also negatively affect the purity of the water.
Under Peter I, it was planned to make part of the Moscow-Volga waterway along the Likhoborka riverbed.
From 1935 to 1961, the left bank of the Likhoborka River in the area from Dmitrovskoye Highway to the intersection with the Moscow Circular Railway was the northern border of the city of Moscow.
The length according to various sources is 16 or 18 km, including 12 or 14 km in Moscow. The basin area is about 58 km² (70.6 km² according to the state water register). The average annual water flow is 0.5 m³/s.

Khapilovka is a small river in the east of Moscow, the largest tributary of the Yauza. It is formed by the confluence of the Sosenka and Serebryanka rivers. Mostly enclosed in an underground pipe. It flows through the territory of the Izmailovo and Preobrazhenskoye districts.
Also connected to the Khapilovka River:
Khapilovka Industrial Zone is the official name of the industrial zone formed after the liquidation of Khapilovsky Ponds; located in the Preobrazhensky district. Slated for demolition.
Khapilovka (historical district) - existed between the Khapilovka River and Tkatskaya Street. A disadvantaged area, it was considered one of the most criminal along with the Khitrov market.
Indirectly connected with Khapilovka - through the surname of the merchant Khapilov - is the name of the former Khapilovskaya Street, now Bolshaya Pochtovaya Street on the opposite, right bank of the Yauza.
The name comes from the owner of a mill on the river. In the 18th century, Khapilovka was dammed along its entire course; Along with the Bolshoi Khapilovsky Pond, there was a smaller pond on the site of the current Zhuravlev Square. In 1800, by the will of Paul I, who ordered the banks of the Yauza to be cleared, this pond was drained, and in its place Vvedenskaya Square appeared (since 1929 - Zhuravlev Square).
The dam that backed up the Bolshoi Khapilovsky Pond was located along the route of what is now Honey Lane and Ninth Rota Street. There was also the last crossing within the boundaries of Moscow through Khapilovka; There was no bridge across the pond along the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val route. The pond still existed in 1942 and can be seen on a German aerial photograph. After its drainage, Preobrazhensky Val and Izmailovsky Val became, in fact, one street. The underground Khapilovka flows in the saddle formed by its relief; along the collector to Elektrozavod there is a single-track Elektrozavodskaya railway line.
In the lower reaches of Khapilovka, in the area of ​​Malaya Semenovskaya Street, Preobrazhenskaya Sloboda and Zhuravlev Square, the historical buildings of the Moscow outskirts of the late 19th century are still preserved. The memory of Khapilovka is preserved in place names:
2nd Khapilovskaya street
Khapilovsky passage Yauza River

Shipping - YAUZA RIVER
The Yauza is passable for small ships from the mouth to the Oleniy (Glebovsky) bridge (about 10 km). Occasionally, during dredging work, ships from Mosvodostok, an organization entrusted with responsibility for the condition of the river, appear on the Yauza. The upper section of the Yauza from the Bogatyrsky Bridge to the Yaroslavl Highway, more than 2 km long, is also accessible to motorboats. This area was used by the technical fleet during the reconstruction of the Yauza in the early 2000s.
The width of the river in the “navigable” section is 20-25 meters, with the exception of the section of the upper pool adjacent to the Yauz hydroelectric complex. There the width of the river reaches 65 meters. In this section, the river is enclosed in stone (concrete) embankments up to three meters high. There are several “descent-docks” equipped with mooring bollards. The “upper” berth is located at the Preobrazhensky metro bridge, which is the border of “navigation” along the Yauza.

The shipping situation on the Yauza is represented by “Do not drop anchors” signs installed on the walls of the embankments. The topmost sign is located above the Yaroslavl Highway bridge. Traffic lights are installed at the gateway of the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex. Above the upper gate there is a sign “Above water clearance - 6.0 m”. There are red warning lights above the dam.

Yauza reconstruction plan
Work on the construction of embankments on the navigable section of the river was basically completed by 1940. According to the General Plan of 1935, the Yauza was supposed to be included in the Water Ring of Moscow. The plan provided for the construction of the Northern Canal (Khimki Reservoir - Yauza) and sluicing of the Yauza through the construction of several low-pressure waterworks.
In total, it was planned to build six waterworks: a lock and a ship lift on the Northern Canal and four locks on the Yauza. Apparently the plan for a major reconstruction of the Yauza lasted until the mid-1960s. This can be judged by the construction of embankments, which was carried out until the early 1970s above the Rostokinsky aqueduct and above the Oleniy Bridge. The “planned” width of the channel (the distance between the walls of the embankments) is 20-25 m, which significantly exceeds the size of the Yauza channel in its natural state. However, this plan was not implemented except for the construction in 1940 of the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex with a shipping lock, 3 km from the mouth of the river. To “water” the Yauza, a small Likhoborsky (Golovinsky) diversion canal was built in 1940, through which water from the Khimki reservoir flows into the Golovinsky ponds and further into the Yauza tributary Likhoborka. The canal ran along the route of one of the sections of the Northern Canal.

Rostokinsky aqueduct Yauza River

Syromyatnichesky waterworks
The Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex (also Yauza, originally supposed to have No. 4) was built in 1940, three kilometers from the mouth of the Yauza, according to the design of the architect G. P. Golts (1893-1946). The name of the waterworks was given after the nearby Syromyatnaya Sloboda (Syromyatniki).

Below the waterworks dam, on the right bank, waste collection booms are installed. The mooring base for Mosvodostok ships is also located here. Garbage collected from the waters of the central part of the Moscow River and Yauza is loaded onto scows and transported to the base in Kuryanovo.

In 2005-2006, a major overhaul was carried out at the waterworks. The sluice gate was repaired and the spillway dam gate was replaced. In the early 2000s, work was carried out to overhaul the embankment walls. The lower pool of the hydroelectric complex is located in the backwater zone of the Perervinsky hydroelectric complex on the Moscow River with an average depth in the Yauza of 1.5 m. The upper “navigable” pool to the Oleniy (Glebovsky) bridge is in poor condition.

Ecology
The Yauza riverbed is filled with sediment and various debris. The river is heavily polluted with untreated sewage and petroleum products. The Yauza section from the mouth of Khapilovka (Elektrozavodsky Bridge) is especially heavily polluted. Cases of fish poisoning in the river have become more frequent. The water has a specific “Yauza” smell.

Even at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, on the pages of the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary it was said: “There are many factories and dyeing establishments along the banks of the Yaroslavl within the city limits and its immediate surroundings, as a result of which the river water is heavily polluted, colored and completely unfit for drinking”; Since then, according to environmentalists, the situation has only worsened in proportion to the growth of production and the population of Moscow.

Previously, when the Yauza was used as a city snow machine, dredging work was regularly carried out on the river. At the end of August 2008, after a many-year break, dredging work began on the Yauza, which continued until the end of October. In two months, a section several hundred meters long was cleared along the right bank of the river on Rubtsovskaya embankment above the Hospital Bridge. The floating crane "PK-141" and towing boats took part in the work<Нептун>and “Jupiter” with two scows with a capacity of 40 cubic meters. meters each. In the upper tail of the Yauzsky hydroelectric complex at the lock and dam, the water area was cleared using a refuler dredger. In 2009, work was continued, but in small quantities. The airlock chamber was cleaned using a dredger. In 2010, selective clearing of the Yauza riverbed was carried out in the area of ​​the Elektrozavodsky Bridge.
Due to the shallow waters of the area, it was necessary to use shallow-draft boats such as “KS-100”, “Skhodnya” and “Setun” to tow the scows. In July 2011, dredging work was carried out in the lower pool, in the water area adjacent to the hydroelectric complex. In 2013, work continued. The riverbed was cleared with a floating crane "PK-141" along the right bank downstream from Syromyatnicheskaya to Serebryanicheskaya embankments.
In November 2013, clearing of the Yauza riverbed began in the area of ​​the Oleniy Bridge using the WATERMASTER dredger. In the spring of 2014, work continued in the area of ​​the Matrossky Bridge. In April 2014, WATERMASTER began work in the Lefortovo Bridge area. A screening “plant” was installed on the shore near the bridge to process the slurry supplied from the dredger.

Straightening the Yauza riverbed
In the 70s of the twentieth century, work was carried out in the Medvedkovo area to straighten the Yauza channel. They were caused by the complexity of the construction of the metro bridge of the new section of the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line of the Moscow Metro, as well as the proposed development of the right bank of the river (in the place where the old bed of the Yauza was located, two residential blocks were subsequently built between Shokalsky passage and Sukhonskaya street). Work to straighten the Yauza riverbed in the Medvedkovo area was completed in 1979.

Fauna
Of the fish in the upper reaches of the Yauza (in the Medvedkovo area), the most common are small roach and perch;
In the lower reaches, the main fish is bleak; pike and even asp are occasionally found.

Bridges over the Yauza
Within Moscow on the Yauza there are twenty-eight road bridges, five railway bridges, two metro bridges (one between Sokolniki and Preobrazhenskaya Square, the other between Babushkinskaya and Medvedkovo; on the second section, the metro overpass runs in a tunnel and is covered with earth , and the heating plant pipes and a pedestrian alley are laid on supports above the river, so this bridge is hardly noticeable). There are six bridges in total for trams, seven for trolleybuses, and twenty-three for pedestrians.

Buildings on the banks of the Yauza
On the right bank of the Yauza there are buildings of the Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman. Here (now not visible from the embankment) stands the Lefortovo Palace. On the opposite bank lies Lefortovo Park, and behind it on the high bank stands the Catherine Palace. Nearby, on the right bank behind the Lefortovo Bridge, there is the building of the Tupolev Design Bureau, where the famous “Tupolev Sharaga” was previously located.

In Medvedkovo, on the right bank, the temple of Seraphim of Sarov is being restored. On the high left bank of the Yauza stand the Andronikov Monastery and the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in Rogozhskaya Sloboda.
At the mouth on the left bank there is a residential building on Kotelnicheskaya Embankment. Yauza River

ANDRONIKOV MONASTERY ON YAUZA
Andronikov Monastery (Spaso-Andronikov, Svyato-Andronikov, Andronikov of the Savior Not Made by Hands) is a former monastery on the left bank of the Yauza River, near one of the Poklonnaya Mountains. Founded in 1357 by Metropolitan Alexy as a metropolitan monastery, named after the first abbot - Andronik, a student of Sergius of Radonezh. Currently, the monastery is located within the boundaries of Moscow near Andronevskaya Square.
The monastery's Spassky Cathedral is the oldest surviving Moscow church (the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in the Moscow Kremlin has survived only to the choir level).

Monastery in the Middle Ages
According to hagiographic information, in 1354, Metropolitan Alexy of Kiev was caught in a storm on his way to Constantinople. The saint made a vow to build a cathedral in Moscow in honor of that saint or holiday on the day of which he would safely reach the Golden Horn Bay. The day fell on the celebration of the Savior Not Made by Hands.
According to O. G. Ulyanov, in 1356 Alexy, being again in Constantinople, brought to Moscow the icon of the Savior Image Not Made by Hands (first half of the 14th century), which was at the consecration of the Savior Cathedral of the monastery on August 16, 1357 and became a particularly revered shrine of the Andronikov Monastery , therefore, the dating of the founding of the Andronikov Monastery by Metropolitan Alexy in Zayauzye on the grand-ducal land falls on 1357.

One of the tributaries of the Yauza was named the Golden Horn in memory of the bay of Constantinople, where the metropolitan was caught in the elements; Later, one of the nearby Moscow streets began to be called Zolotorozhsky Val.
One of the favorite disciples of St. Sergius of Radonezh, Andronik († 1373; commemorated on June 13), became the hegumen of the monastery. For a long time, the monastery preserved a well, which was considered holy and, according to legend, dug by him. On the territory of the Andronikov Monastery there was one of the oldest skudelnitsa (mass burial) in Moscow.
According to G. K. Wagner and O. G. Ulyanov, after the fire of 1368, in which the original wooden cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery burned down, the stone Spassky Cathedral was built from plinth, from which white stone reliefs with fragments of zoomorphic and plant compositions, archaic in its style and execution. In 1420-1427. The Spassky Cathedral was rebuilt again, and the white stone church of that time has survived to this day.

Spassky Cathedral and Archangel Church
N. N. Voronin believed that the surviving temple, which the scientist dated to 1425-1427, was the first stone temple of the monastery. S.V. Zagraevsky follows the position of N.N. Voronin and proves that the hypothetical Plinthian temple preceding the existing one did not exist.
In the interior of the Spassky Cathedral, fragments of frescoes painted around 1428 by Andrei Rublev, who was a monk of the Andronikov Monastery, have survived. There is a version that Andrei Rublev died on October 17 (October 30 according to the New Style) 1428 during a pestilence and was buried in the monastery (the exact location of the grave is unknown).
In 1439, an archimandrite was established in the monastery. Outside the walls of the monastery, in the second half of the 14th century, a monastic settlement was formed, where brick production began in 1475 (in connection with the construction of the Kremlin).
Under Abbot Mitrofan, confessor of Ivan III, a single-pillar refectory was built in the Andronikov Monastery (the third largest after the Faceted Chamber and the refectory of the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery).
In the XIV-XVII centuries, the Andronikov Monastery was one of the centers for the correspondence of books; The monastery's manuscript collection included a significant part of the works of Maxim the Greek.
In the Middle Ages, the monastery was repeatedly destroyed (1571, 1611).
In August 1653, Archpriest Avvakum was kept in custody in the monastery.
At the request of Tsarina Evdokia Lopukhina, in 1691 a temple was built over the refectory of the monastery, in the third tier of which the Church of St. Alexei the Metropolitan was established. In the middle tier they built the Church of the Archangel Michael with the chapel of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, which was abolished in 1819 (then in its place a chapel was consecrated in honor of the icon of the Beheading of John the Baptist). Another chapel was also built - in the name of St. Alexander of Koman. On the lower tier there was a family tomb of the Lopukhins with the Church of the Icon of the Mother of God.
In 1690, a corps of abbots was erected near the Holy Gate of the monastery; later the fraternal buildings were rebuilt.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Tributaries of the Moscow River
http://mosriver.narod.ru/yauza.htm
Yauza // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Wikipedia website.
The former bed of the Yauza River in the area of ​​modern neighborhoods
“River YAUZA” - information about the object in the State Water Register
About the Yauza on the website “Small Rivers of Moscow”
Yauza // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikov_monastery

Researchers have long noticed an interesting pattern associated with increased secrecy during the construction of artificial hydraulic structures. The Moscow hydroelectric complex is especially famous for this. It is of course understandable - the city’s strategic resource, water supply, water is more important than food, and sabotage can have very large consequences. BUT.... What does secrecy have to do with the construction of open structures that are practically accessible to any passerby? I can understand when closed structures are built so that not a single bad person knows, but the canals..... Something is not right here.

But it turns out that this secrecy is inherent in the history of the construction of these open structures, and this cannot be explained by any strategic expediency, unless this secrecy is intended to hide some facts.
In order not to inadvertently violate confidential data and not have consequences, I will offer only open materials that anyone can find for themselves if they wish. But as usual, he can find it, he can see it, but he can’t see the catch.

The Yauza River is one of the most mysterious rivers in Moscow. Throughout the territory of Moscow, almost everywhere it is dressed in stone clothes, and its appearance is more reminiscent of a canal than a river, but nevertheless, it is a River.

This is what it looks like in our city:

No historian will argue that it is quite old; many historical facts and toponyms on the territory of Moscow are associated with its name. And the fact that it is one of the largest tributaries of the Moscow River is no secret to anyone. But what makes it special is its origin.

The Yauza, the largest left tributary of the Moscow River, originates in the region of Mytishchi. The total length of the river is 48 kilometers, including 30 kilometers within the city.
The Yauza flows into the river. Moscow near the Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge. Within the city, the river receives 80 tributaries, the main of which are: Likhoborka, Ichka, Zolotoy Rozhok, Kamenka, Budaika, Kopytovka, Rachka, Rybinka, Sinichka, Chermyanka.
At the end of the 30s of the 20th century, the river bed was straightened and expanded almost 2 times - up to 25 meters.
In 1940, a hydraulic complex was built three kilometers from the mouth of the river, which turned the Yauza into a navigable river (for 9.5 km for small vessels).
Taken from here: http://www.mosvodostok.com/objects/rivers/

There is a very good and colorful material about her http://www.biancoloto.com/yauza.html

Let me quote part of it:
The Yauza is the largest tributary of the Moscow River, the second largest river in the city (after the Moscow River).
Length 48 km (within the city 29 km).
The Yauza originates from the swamps on the territory of Losiny Ostrov. It crosses the city of Mytishchi, the villages of Taininka and Perlovka, after which it enters Moscow, where it receives numerous tributaries.
In Moscow, it flows in the Medvedkova and Babushkina districts, crosses the Okruzhnaya Railway, Prospekt Mira, the Yaroslavskoe, Kazanskoe and Kursk directions of the Moscow Railway, the Garden Ring; flows into the Moscow River at the Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge.

The facts given above are well known, but there are some oddities. For example, the place where the Yauza began, according to official history, is the Mytishchi swamps (some talk about the Mytishchi peat bogs), this is what this place looks like now:

Looking at this photo, it seems that these swamps have practically dried up, but previously they were a fairly large body of water. But the speed of their drying out suggests that they cannot be thousands of years old, hundreds at most (by the way, this strange feature of the drying out of swamps throughout Russia, and not only, has been raised more than once over the last century. But no one has given a convincing explanations for this phenomenon. Or maybe the Yauza was previously connected by a canal (canals) to the Volga?
Or maybe she herself was essentially a channel?
If you look at the map, you can clearly see this strange proximity of the source of the Yauza - it seems that the Yauza originates from the Akulovsky water utility. Which, according to official history, fills Moscow with water from another river - the Volga. But the problem is that the Akulovsky water canal was built only in the 30s of the 20th century, and the Yauza existed hundreds of years before that... a paradox?

Moreover, in some places, the Yauza River, before entering the city, with its almost straight lines, personally reminds me strongly of a canal.
A river on a plain cannot have such a smooth bed, well, it doesn’t happen like that....
See for yourself:

If these kilometers of straight banks were made by nature, then we must admit that nature has either a sense of humor, or intelligence and technical capabilities.

If this is so, then we have a closed water system - the Volga-Moscow River, which saves hundreds of kilometers if we follow the natural route: Volga-Oka-Moscow. Duplicating the current Moscow Canal, in fact today, the Akulovsky Vodokanal is part of this system. But could the Yauza, before the construction of this system, have previously been connected to the Volga by other channels?

By the way, you can find more information about the area where this structure is located from this writer:
http://misha-grizli.livejournal.com/94537.html

Secondly, the Yauza mostly flows through the Losiny Ostrov park, which today is planted in even rows, and it is not a fact that before it this area was a wild, impassable windfall, as they are trying to prove to us.
This means that this area could have been vast fields through which a system of irrigation canals should have passed (their traces are now traces of peat mining) as well as in other places in Moscow and the near Moscow region:

Like, for example, the famous rivers near the city of Ramenskoye, which for some reason one would like to call canals: r. Chernovka. R. Gzhelka, r. Dorka. There are dozens of such direct canals and rivers around Moscow. And these “natural” perfectly straight rivers do not bother anyone.

Perhaps once upon a time Losiny Island was really an island, around which there were impenetrable Mytishchi swamps, and on which moose lived?
But now it’s not about them....
Let's return to the Yauza and its “Source” - the Akulovsky water utility:
Once again about the oddities in the history of these buildings:
Even Wikipedia has this information:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%EE%F1%F2%EE%F7%ED%FB%E9_%E2%EE%E4%EE%EF%F0%EE%E2%EE%E4 %ED%FB%E9_%EA%E0%ED%E0%EB

Quote from there:
"Deathly silence"
The main reason why nothing was reported for decades about the fate of hundreds of thousands of people involved in the construction of Moscow-Volgostroy (MVS) structures was the special regime of secrecy observed at these sites. This applied not only to prisoners, but also to civilian workers and specialists entering work in this system. Violation of regulations was subject to criminal liability, which at that time was almost tantamount to death.

In 1936, the subscription that civilian employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs gave upon entering work looked like this: “I give this signature to the construction management of Moscow-Volgostroy that nowhere, to anyone and under any circumstances will I report any information concerning life, work, procedures and placement of NKVD camps, as well as the fact that I will not enter into any private, personal relationships with prisoners and will not carry out any of their private orders. It was announced to me that for violation of this subscription I am subject to criminal liability as for disclosing secret information. I have no relatives or acquaintances held as prisoners in the Dmitlag of the NKVD of the USSR (if so, please indicate who exactly).” Next, the number, signature, place of work and position were indicated. Such a subscription was classified as “top secret”.

Eyewitness accounts[edit | edit wiki text]
In 1990, the Moscow archaeological expedition conducted a comprehensive study of the Losiny Ostrov State Natural National Park (SNNP). During it, stories of local old-timers from the villages of Shchitnikovo and Oboldino related to the time of construction of the canal were recorded.

The camp barracks were located 1.4 km northwest of the village of Oboldino, in the village of Oboldinsky. Local residents called the prisoners “sewer workers.” Their burials dotted the forests around the canal.

Erokhina K.I. (came to Oboldino in 1948): “Many people told us that this canal was built by the jailers. They dug it with shovels and made an embankment, all with their hands, with shovels.”

Dyukov E.I. (in 1940, eight years old, came to Oboldino): “I remember, I was still a boy, behind channel 12, as soon as you crossed the switch, they took sand there. How many times did we find skulls... How we dug canal, prisoners were buried there. And the bones were there... And then, where the camp was... they began to bury them. They will hang a sign saying “Burial Place,” and when you walk in the spring, the bones are sticking out."

Poster "Canal Army Man"[edit | edit wiki text]
One of the valuable evidence of the grandiose Gulag construction of the 1930s is an expressive poster preserved in Russian archives: an image of two prisoners - a navvy and a concrete reinforcement worker - with the call “Canal Army Man! Your time will melt away from hot work.”

The very appearance of the term “canal army man” is associated with Anastas Mikoyan’s trip to the route of the White Sea-Baltic Canal under construction in March 1932, when it was proposed by the head of the GULAG OGPU Lazar Kogan.

It is interesting that the construction of the Moscow Canal, the Akulovsky Canal, the reconstruction of the Yauza, and other hydraulic structures of the Moscow region and other adjacent areas was carried out in the 30s, and was supervised by the NKVD, the secrecy there was simply off scale, in fact, the above information just confirms this. What kind of information could not be disclosed to the builders under pain of death, some of whom probably remained there in these swamps, taking with them this terrible, for some, secret.
Was it really the secret for which a person could be deprived of his life that someone could tell how many shovels of earth a builder could throw out per hour, or how many centimeters of concrete it took to build walls?
Don't think.
Most likely the secret was that the builders were restoring what had been built long before them. And the curators of this process were very well aware of this.
And remembering who the first Soviet leaders were, we are entering very dangerous territory.... But that’s a completely different story.

Good luck to everyone and Sanity.

Yauza- a small river in the Moscow region and in Moscow, a left tributary of the Moscow River (the largest within the capital). Length - 48 km. The length of the river within the capital is 27.6 km. The mouth of the Yauza is located in the center of Moscow, near the Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge.

Dredging

Previously, when the Yauza was used as a city snow machine, dredging work was regularly carried out on the river. At the end of August 2008, after a many-year break, dredging work began on the Yauza, which continued until the end of October. In two months, a section several hundred meters long was cleared along the right bank of the river on Rubtsovskaya embankment above the Hospital Bridge. The work involved the floating crane "PK-141", towing boats "Orion" and "Jupiter" with two scows with a capacity of 40 cubic meters. meters each. In the upper tail of the Yauzsky hydroelectric complex at the lock and dam, the water area was cleared using a roof dredger. In 2009, work was continued, but in small quantities. The airlock chamber was cleaned using a dredger. In 2010, selective clearing of the Yauza riverbed was carried out in the area of ​​the Elektrozavodsky Bridge. Due to the shallow waters of the area, it was necessary to use shallow-draft boats such as “KS-100”, “Skhodnya” and “Setun” to tow the scows. In July 2011, dredging work was carried out in the lower pool, in the water area adjacent to the hydroelectric complex. In 2013, work continued. The riverbed was cleared along the right bank (Syromyanticheskaya embankment)

Gallery

Image:Yauza-m.JPG|View of the 1st Medvedkovsky Bridge Image:Yauza-m2.JPG|Recreational area near Sukhonskaya Street Image:Yauza-r.JPG|Recreational area near the Rostokinsky aqueduct Image:Yauza River 001.jpg|Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex Image:Preobr metrobrige.JPG|Preobrazhensky metro bridge Image:Yauza_ustie.JPG|The mouth of the Yauza River in the Kotelnicheskaya embankment area Image:Yauza istok.JPG|The source of the Yauza River in Mytishchi, Yaroslavskoye Highway

Yauza reconstruction plan

Work on the construction of embankments on the navigable section of the river was basically completed by 1940. According to the General Plan of 1935, the Yauza was supposed to be included in the Water Ring of Moscow. The plan included the construction of the Northern Canal (Khimki Reservoir - Yauza) and sluicing of the Yauza through the construction of several low-pressure waterworks. In total, it was planned to build six waterworks: a lock and a ship lift on the Northern Canal and four locks on the Yauza. Apparently the plan for a major reconstruction of the Yauza lasted until the mid-1960s. This can be judged by the construction of embankments, which was carried out until the early 1970s above the Rostokinsky aqueduct and above the Oleniy Bridge. The “planned” width of the channel (the distance between the walls of the embankments) is 20-25 m, which significantly exceeds the size of the Yauza channel in its natural state. However, this plan was not implemented except for the construction in 1940 of the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex with a shipping lock, 3 km from the mouth of the river. To “water” the Yauza, a small Likhoborsky (Golovinsky) diversion canal was built in 1940, through which water from the Khimki reservoir flows into the Golovinsky ponds and further into the Yauza tributary Likhoborka. The canal ran along the route of one of the sections of the Northern Canal.

Bridges over the Yauza

Within Moscow on the Yauza there are twenty-eight road bridges, five railway bridges, two metro bridges (one between Sokolniki and Preobrazhenskaya Square, the other between Babushkinskaya and Medvedkovo; on the second section, the metro overpass runs in a tunnel and is covered with earth , so this bridge is hardly noticeable). There are six bridges in total for trams, seven for trolleybuses, and twenty-three for pedestrians.

Fauna

Of the fish in the upper reaches of the Yauza (in the Medvedkovo area), the most common are small roach and perch; In the lower reaches, the main fish is bleak; pike and even asp are occasionally found.

Shipping

The Yauza is passable for small ships from the mouth to the Oleniy (Glebovsky) bridge (about 10 km). Occasionally, during dredging work, ships of Mosvodostok, the organization entrusted with responsibility for the condition of the river, appear on the Yauza. The upper section of the Yauza from the Bogatyrsky Bridge to the Yaroslavl Highway, more than 2 km long, is also accessible to motorboats. This area was used by the technical fleet during the reconstruction of the Yauza in the early 2000s. The width of the river in the “navigable” section is 20-25 meters, with the exception of the section of the upper pool adjacent to the Yauz hydroelectric complex. There the width of the river reaches 65 meters. In this section, the river is enclosed in stone (concrete) embankments up to three meters high. There are several “descent-docks” equipped with mooring bollards. The “upper” berth is located at the Preobrazhensky metro bridge, which is the border of “navigation” along the Yauza.

The shipping situation on the Yauza is represented by “Do not drop anchors” signs installed on the walls of the embankments. The topmost sign is located above the Yaroslavl Highway bridge. Traffic lights are installed at the gateway of the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex. Above the upper gate there is a sign "Above water clearance - 6.0 m". There are red warning lights above the dam.

Syromyatnichesky waterworks

The Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex (also Yauza, originally supposed to have No. 4) was built in 1940, three kilometers from the mouth of the Yauza, according to the design of the architect G. P. Golts (1893-1946). The name of the waterworks was given after the nearby Syromyatnaya Sloboda (Syromyatniki).

Below the waterworks dam, on the right bank, waste collection booms are installed. The mooring base for Mosvodostok ships is also located here. Garbage collected from the waters of the central part of the Moscow River and Yauza is loaded onto scows and transported to the base in Kuryanovo.

In 2005-2006, a major overhaul was carried out at the waterworks. The sluice gate was repaired and the spillway dam gate was replaced. In the early 2000s, work was carried out to overhaul the embankment walls. The lower pool of the hydroelectric complex is located in the backwater zone of the Perervinsky hydroelectric complex on the Moscow River with an average depth in the Yauza of 1.5 m. The upper “navigable” pool to the Oleniy (Glebovsky) bridge is in poor condition.

Buildings on the banks of the Yauza

On the right bank of the Yauza there are buildings of the Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman. Here (now not visible from the embankment) stands the Lefortovo Palace. On the opposite bank lies Lefortovo Park, and behind it on the high bank stands the Catherine Palace. Nearby, on the right bank behind the Lefortovo Bridge, there is the building of the Tupolev Design Bureau, where the famous “Tupolev Sharaga” was previously located.

On the high left bank of the Yauza stand the Andronikov Monastery and the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in Rogozhskaya Sloboda.

At the mouth on the left bank there is a residential building on Kotelnicheskaya Embankment.

Ecology

The Yauza riverbed is filled with sediment and various debris. The river is heavily polluted with untreated sewage and petroleum products. The Yauza section from the mouth of Khapilovka (Elektrozavodsky Bridge) is especially heavily polluted. The Moscow government does not pay enough attention to the ecological state of the Yauza, despite the constant cases of fish poisoning in the river. The water has a specific “Yauza” smell.

Tributaries

Tributaries of the Yauza: right - Rabotnya, Sukromka, Chermyanka, Likhoborka, Kamenka, Goryachka, Kopytovka, Putyaevsky Stream, Oleniy Stream, Rybinka, Chechera, Chernogryazka; left - Ichka, Budaika, Khapilovka, Sinichka, Zolotoy Rozhok.