Historical and cultural reserve Kachanovka. Tarnovski Palace (Historical and Cultural Reserve "Kachanovka"). Church of St. George

Story

Unknown artist. Portrait of Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky.

The Kachanovsky ensemble is one of the most striking examples of estate architecture. This landmark of Ukraine is located in the southeast of the Chernihiv region in the Ichnyansky district, on the banks of the beautiful Smosh River. The estate was founded by the Russian commander, Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaysky Pyotr Alekseevich (1725-1796), as one of the residences of the president of the Little Russian Collegium and the governor-general of Little Russia (then the name of Ukraine in the empire).

In 1824, Grigory Stepanovich Tarnovsky became the owner of the estate. The Kachanovka estate will belong to the Tarnovsky family until 1897. The threat of ruin and the desire to improve their financial situation forced the Tarnovskys to sell the estate to Pavel Kharitonenko, a millionaire sugar manufacturer. The estate was in good hands, it was carefully completed, electricity and telephone were supplied here. The additions from Kharitonenko’s time did not distort the classic character of the palace house, which remains to this day.

In 1914-1918 the estate was the property of Kharitonenko’s eldest daughter, Elena, and her husband, Mikhail Olive. Among the guests of the Olive family were artists Dobuzhinsky, Mstistav Valeryanovich and Petrov-Vodkin.

In 1918, the estate was taken away and nationalized. From 1925 to 1933, a children's colony was located here. During the war there was a hospital, then a tuberculosis sanatorium. The estate and park became a state historical and cultural reserve on November 24, 1981.

Manor in the 19th century

Kachanovka played an exceptional role in the work of many talented creators of those times. During 1836-1838. A talented artist and student of the Academy of Arts, Vasily Sternberg, spent his summer vacations at the estate. In the summer in Kachanovka, composer Mikhail Glinka was actively working on the opera Ruslan and Lyudmila. Here he wrote songs and romances in honor of G. Tarnovsky Hymn to the owner. After his departure, the cult of the composer was forever established in the estate.

The park has a small regular part near the manor's palace and a large landscape part. Park bridges, the Hills of Love and Fidelity, “Romantic ruins” on the shore of the Great Reservoir, which are a characteristic feature of landscape gardening art of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and traces of the sentimentalism style, have been preserved here. Laughter, jokes, and noisy amusements of the Baroque and, partially, Rococo eras were banished from the landscape parks of that time. But long horseback rides, pavilions and small architecture structures that referred to literary, historical or memorable events were welcomed. In Kachanovka Park, such a place was the Glinka Pavilion, where the composer allegedly worked.

Glinka Pavilion

Built in brick in the 1830s in the Romantic style, plastered. Octagonal in plan, the cellars are topped with a figured, almost baroque dome with a figured spire. The windows and doorway are lancet-shaped, with medallions and a profiled cornice above them. The walls are completely whitewashed without highlighting the architectural details. The total height of the pavilion (with basement) is 16 meters.

After the forced sale of the estate in 1897 to Pavel Kharitonenko, part of the manor house was rebuilt and added with a small water tower. Probably at the same time, the floors in the Glinka Pavilion were laid with metal tiles. During the 2nd World War, the pavilion was badly damaged and was restored in 1947. The Kurol is painted green.

Church of St. George

The manor church is dedicated to St. George. Built in 1817-1828. in the style of late classicism. Cross-shaped in plan with an elongated western part. The western portal is accented by a four-column portico. The side porticos of the church and the 2 upper tiers of the bell tower were lost, which noticeably distorted its architectural appearance. In the western part of the church there is a choir, where a spiral staircase in the thickness of the wall leads. The rust on the facades is densely whitewashed without highlighting the architectural details. The church needs restoration and restoration of its original appearance.

Collection

V.V. Tarnovsky became interested in collecting during his student years. The basis for the unique collection was Cossack relics. Among the rarities of the collection were the saber of B. Khmelnytsky, personal belongings of I. Mazepa, S. Paliya, P. Polubotok, K. Rozumovsky, Cossack sabers, kleinods, hetman station wagons, portraits of many figures from the times of the Cossack movement. It was a real museum of Ukrainian studies. The Kachanovsky collection was estimated by contemporaries at several hundred thousand karbovanets in silver. In fact, it was and remains, even in divided form, priceless. Interest in the collection brought Ilya Repin to Kachanovka to continue the film Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan. Throughout almost the entire summer 1880 the artist with inspiration sketched Cossack relics, painted portraits of the owners of the estate, landscapes, and worked on a painting Vechernitsy.

Links and sources

Literature

• Monuments of urban planning and architecture of the Ukrainian SSR, vol. 4. K., 1986;
• Monuments of history and culture of the Ukrainian SSR: Directory-catalogue. K., 1987;
• Vecherskiy V. Palace and park ensemble near Kachanivtsi. “Memories of Ukraine: history and culture”, 2000, No. 1.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Among many Ukrainian estates, Kachanovka is one of the oldest, in which architecture and landscape art, collecting and creativity, everyday life and ceremonial receptions are closely intertwined. Its foundation dates back to the beginning of the 18th century.

Garden facade of the Kachanovskaya estate

Seven miles from Parafievka, near the Smosha River, there was a water mill. The farm that arose near it was sold in 1742 to “the court of His Imperial Majesty to the singer Fyodor Ivanovich Kachenovsky in 1744.” another farm was purchased to it. When the nobleman and gentry Kachenovsky was granted richer “toils,” he sold Kachanovka to his brother, obliging him to donate 1/10 of the grinding from the water mills to the Parafievskaya Church of St. Nicholas, and the other - to the “beggars’ hospital”. In 1770, on behalf of Empress Catherine II, Parafievka and Kachanovka were purchased for Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky and presented to him. With him M.N. Moscipanov built a large stone house according to the design of the architect K.I. Blanca and a garden was established, which laid the foundation for the vast park for which Kachanovka is famous.


Plan diagram of the palace and park complex in the village of Kachanovka
1. Administrative building
2. Tomb of Hero of the Soviet Union M. A. Garam
3. Palace
4. "Intimate public garden"
5. M. I. Glinka's gazebo
6. boat dock
7. romantic ruins
8. Green gazebo
9. Oak A.P. Dovzhenko
10. air bridge
11. Oak N.V. Gogol
12. Grave of G. N. Chestakhovsky
13. Polyana T. G. Shevchenko
14. Slide "Love"
15. Loyalty slide
16. Glade "Stars"
17. St. George's Church

“...I would like that, without missing a convenient time, in the Kachanovsky farm, the prospects you started, that from one grove to another, lead on the right side up to the birch grove, and on the left side to the road that the gardener assigned to the peninsula ...” wrote Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky in the spring of 1777. The same letter mentions that the gardener from Baturin was discharged. In the 80s The palace was already built in the 18th century. Its architecture was in the taste of the field marshal, neo-Gothic. The layout of the palace area was regular; the house was surrounded by a park in which small architectural forms were located. The main park clearing with mighty oak trees adjoined the western facade; on the eastern side there was an orchard. The reconstruction of the palace was carried out, apparently, after the sale of the estate by the son of Field Marshal S.P. Rumyantsev in 1808 to Grigory Yakovlevich Pocheka and his wife Praskovya Andreevna (Tarnovskaya by his first marriage). In 1824, due to their childlessness, the estate passed to her son from her first marriage, G.S. Tarnovsky. Thus, practically from 1808, the second century of Kachanivka begins - the century of the 19th century of the Tarnovskys, who owned the estate until 1898, and the glory of Kachanivka spreads far beyond the borders of the Chernihiv region.

A. M. Kunavin. Rumyantsev Palace in Kachanovka. Late 18th century

“...Kachanovka, the Chernigov estate of the famous philanthropist landowner Tarnovsky, was famous in the south,” N. Wrangel would later write. In the article “The Painter Sternberg” V.V. Stasov wrote: “...in 1837, chamber cadet G.S. Tarnovsky gave the means to the academician V. Sternberg to paint from nature in his village Kachanovka and in Kyiv, rich in unusually picturesque views, the grandeur and delights of southern nature. The Academy cannot fail to express its gratitude to him.”

Front facade of the palace

Many materials allow us to judge that Grigory Stepanovich paid great attention to the estate. The layout of the palace part is changing, it is becoming more formal; the orchard is moving away from the palace, many park roads and bridges appear in the former forest areas of the estate; Mayorsky Pond is expanded and two islands for festivities are built on it, connected by a stone bridge. The owner moves the peasants away from the pond so that the peasant geese and ducks do not swim in the pond, which is now decorated with swans and collections of aquatic plants. An alley of white willow, which replaced the previous pyramidal poplars, planted along the western bank, partially survived until the second half of the 20th century.

Eastern, front facade.

The architect P.A. could take part in the planning work for the park. Dubrovsky, invited by P.G. Galagan for the construction of a palace and park in Sokyryntsy, where he worked from 1824 to 1830. The Tarnovsky family correspondence also mentions the gardener F.F. Mering, who worked on the creation of the park during this period. It was then that the most spectacular compositional units of the estate and park were formed.

Even under Rumyantsev, a pavilion was built, which later received the name “Glinka’s Gazebo,” on a high hill, octagonal in plan with lancet windows and doors, with round bas-relief medallions. The pavilion rises on a stylobate, which is raised by a platform made of bulk soil. In the time of Rumyantsev, it was called “the grotto and the hall for the cemetery above it,” then the entrances to the grotto were blocked, and now they are opened again. The hall has exceptional acoustics, which is why M.I. loved to work here. Glinka. The overture to his opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” was performed here for the first time. Rumyantsev's buildings in the park also included those that were fashionable in the 18th century. “ruins” - a fake fortress in the manner of the “amusing” fortresses of Peter I, and a park gazebo not far from the palace. It can be assumed that the magnificent regular bowling green at the palace, with a fountain in the center, lined around the perimeter with a trellis of sheared hornbeam, also dates back to the same period. Since 1824, that wonderful period began in the life of Kachanovka, when for a good 70-80 years it attracted the attention of many figures of art, literature and culture. Their communication with each other and with the owners of the hospitable house did not pass without leaving a mark on the artistic culture of its time. Here, among the beautiful Ukrainian nature, far from official artistic circles, figures of Ukrainian and Russian culture met in a free and relaxed atmosphere, and the interpenetration of ideas and opinions occurred naturally and organically.

The complex of buildings of the Kachanovskaya estate from the main facade of the palace

“...We approached the estate from several sides along slender alleys of pyramidal poplars; the house was large, made of stone, stood on a hill; The huge garden, beautifully spread out with ponds and centuries-old maples, oaks and linden trees, majestically caressed the eye. But looking around, the surprise diminished: the house seemed unfinished, the paths in the garden were not finished. The owner had an orchestra, and not a bad orchestra, but not a complete one, and the wind instruments were not all in good working order... In a word, everything exposed the excessive prudence of the childless owner, who owned 9,000 souls and a lot of capital.” This is how M.I. Glinka saw Kachanovka when he made a trip to Ukraine in 1836. “The owner received us cordially and gave me and his assistants shelter in the greenhouse, which adjoined the house.” Here Glinka rested several times during the summer and met with the artist V.I. Sternberg, who left priceless graphic sheets and small paintings with scenes from the life of Kachanivka and its landscapes, the Ukrainian poet V.N. Zabela, his fellow boarding school student, historian and ethnographer N.A. Markovich, singer and future composer Gulak-Artemovsky.

A. Voloskov. At the tea table. 1851

G.S. Tarnovsky received guests cordially, entertaining them with walks, rides, illuminations and dancing. The house of the childless owners was inhabited by numerous nieces and nephews from Grigory Stepanovich and Anna Dmitrievna. In the painting by V.I. Sternberg, the boat pier near the palace park clearing is clearly visible. Pleasure boats moored there. From here began the ride along the pond with a stop for a rest on the islands.

Vasily Sternberg. The estate of G. S. Tarnovsky in Kachanovka. 1837

T.G. Shevchenko, who visited Kachanovka during his first trip to Ukraine in 1843, subtly noticed all the contradictions of the Kachanovka environment and its genuine atmosphere, and later in 1854 he gave it an uncompromising assessment in his story “The Musician”. Shevchenko developed more friendly relations with Grigory Stepanovich’s nephew V.V. Tarnovsky Sr., whom the poet visited in 1845 at his Potoki estate.

Grigory Stepanovich and his wife died in 1853, on the same day. From this time on, a new stage in the life of the estate begins. Even during the life of Uncle V.V. Tarnovsky Sr., who inherited the estate, took care of his uncle’s farm, prepared it for reform, and contributed to its transfer to a more advanced economic structure. After the reform, the estate retained enough land. Having lost their free labor force, the Tarnovskys continued to successfully manage their farms through hired labor, and their holdings increased. Judging by archival data, the park's economy served about 400 people in the summer, and most of the residents of the surrounding villages and hamlets worked on the construction and care of the park. Vasily Vasilyevich Sr. himself was not involved in the park; his area of ​​activity was the zemstvo government, the life of peasants, the peasant issue, but his son V.V. Even during his father’s lifetime, Tarnovsky Jr. paid great attention to the development of the park. And when, after exile, in 1859, Shevchenko arrived in Kachanovka and came to the park with the owner’s son, he could not hide his admiration for the picturesque views that opened before him. Then, at the request of his young friend, he planted an oak tree and wished: “God grant, that we might someday have the opportunity to sit in the shade of this hill.”

So, the owners of Kachanovka became a new generation of nobles, educated, cultured people with progressive views. Vasily Vasilyevich Sr. studied at the Nezhin Lyceum with Gogol, with whom he was friends; then he graduated from Moscow University, wrote, was engaged in cultural and educational activities, highly appreciated Shevchenko’s work and corresponded with him. According to N.V. Gogol, he was a dreamy and selfless person, kind and fresh in feelings, for whom there were no ranks, no promotions, no ambition.

His son, Vasily Vasilyevich Jr., studied in Moscow and St. Petersburg and graduated from Kiev University. Having met Shevchenko as a boy, before the poet was exiled, he became his fan for life, corresponded with him, bought his drawings, collected manuscripts, autographs, etchings.

Photo of the office-museum of V. V. Tarnovsky Jr. The owner with Mazepa's saber in his hands

Since the time of V.V. Tarnovsky Jr. begins the next stage of the cultural life of the Kachanovskaya estate. During these years, Kachanovka was visited by writers P. Kulish, M. Vovchok, artist-brothers K. and V. Makovsky, L. Zhemchuzhnikov, G. Chestakhovsky, historians N. Kostomarov, D. Dvornitsky, M. Gorlenko.

In 1880, I.E. came to Kachanovka with young V. Serov. Repin. Here he worked on his painting “Cossacks writing a letter to the Turkish Sultan.”

As the collection grew, Tarnovsky Jr. began to build a stone chamber for “those books and all sorts of antiquities,” apparently in the “Ruins” area. For the children's amusement, among the greenery of the park, a little white Ukrainian hut with a thatched roof was built, with characteristic climbs over the fence, a vegetable garden and complete furnishings - “hut-porada”. Bridges over “deep” roads, light gazebos in remote parts of the park, ramps in places with steep terrain - everything was provided in the park for wonderful walks and relaxation.

Pond view

V.V. Tarnovsky Jr. worked on the park for almost forty years, so the park compositions gave the impression of complete unity of concept and implementation. He treated old trees with care and, like many landowners of that time, under the influence of I.M. Skoropadsky, became interested in acclimatization - he introduced into park compositions such new types of coniferous trees as Crimean, Weymouth and black pines, cedar pine or Siberian cedar. Large hayfields were surrounded by roads along the edge and planted with groups of ornamental shrubs or fruit trees. He conceived ceremonial “wreaths” of dark spruce trees on the road to G.N.’s grave. Chestakhovsky, plantings of pyramidal poplar were replaced with free compositions of conifers.

The children's drawing teacher was one of the best illustrators N.V. Gogol artist A.A. Agin. He died and was buried in Kachanovka.

Obviously, not without the influence of I.M. Trostyanetsky Park. Skoropadsky also created “Switzerland” with hills and narrow paths that imitated mountain paths.

The park had a lot of beautiful park furniture - cast iron chairs and benches, tables on cast iron bases with marble and iron tops, wooden furniture on cast iron legs, as well as turf benches and folding German chairs.

The large length of roads, winding and located on several levels, with relief differences of up to 45 m, created an absolutely fantastic impression of a labyrinth in the park, and in contrast with it, amazing prospects of ponds and picturesque distances were revealed - views of the surrounding area.

So, Kachanovka is filled with guests again. K.E. Makovsky paints a number of portraits there. Traveling to the places where the Zaporozhye Sich once was, I.E. spent the summer here. Repin with his young student Valentin Serov. A rich collection of Little Russian antiquities, the opportunity to make sketches of folk types, and finally, the owner of Kachanovka himself, who had a colorful appearance and wore picturesque costumes, served Repin as excellent material in preparing the painting “Cossacks” he had planned. There, the artist painted two sketches with views of the park.

I. Repin. Alley in the park. Kachanovka. 1880

The estate had a favorable atmosphere for creative activity and communication: an intimate and relaxed atmosphere, a high artistic level of the environment, which stimulated artistic creativity. Gazebos, sculpture, furniture, small garden forms, a winter garden, numerous objects of decorative and applied art, bronze, crystal, an art gallery with portraits of Ukrainian commanders and public figures of different times and even, in the fashion of the end of the century - living rooms and offices in the “Russian style” - all this created an active architectural and artistic environment that complemented the park environment with its highly artistic landscapes.

Plafond with painting from the early 19th century

In the fall of 1898, the Tarnovskys said goodbye to Kachanovka. The property, following the former owners, was exported on numerous carts: Kachanovka was sold because the age of richer, business and energetic people was coming, the age of capitalists and industrialists who were able to own such a vast estate. Thus began the third, 20th century of Kachanovka, full of drama and uncertainty.

Sugar factory in neighboring Parafievka.

The estate was purchased by P.I. Kharitonenko for his daughter Elena Pavlovna. It was during this period that the palace and other buildings of the estate acquired their modern appearance. The decor of the facades is becoming richer, and the layout of the outbuildings is changing. The wings and tower are finished in the same style as the central part of the palace. Pylons are installed at the entrance and similar pylons closing the cast-iron fence at the church. Sculptures are installed in the palace part of the park. In one of the clearings there is a bowling alley, giant steps, and a croquet court.

P.I. Kharitonenko bought the estate in exemplary order. The specificity of the farm was that it was all subordinated to the needs of the park. Under Kharitonenko, it was carried out according to the best standards - there was a telephone network with 10 telephones; there was a stone greenhouse covered with iron and glass frames with three compartments for plants, two corridors and an attic; two stone greenhouses; The gardener's apartment house, a two-story stone house, previously covered with tiles, has survived to this day. Work continued in the park. Two gazebos were installed in the “Switzerland” area, and songbirds settled in a light wooden gazebo-aviary on the “Coniferous Hill”. Construction of another park bridge has begun. But the main work was related to the reconstruction and improvement of the palace and its numerous rooms. According to T. Kazhdan, these works were carried out by the architect Scholz, and in 1912-1913. The famous St. Petersburg architect A. Belogrud worked in Kachanovka. The nature of the landscaping of the palace territory changes in accordance with the spirit of the times—the Art Nouveau era. In 1916, Kachanovka was visited by the wonderful artist M.V. Dobuzhinsky. At the invitation of P.I. Kharitonenko Dobuzhinsky worked on his Kharkov estate Natalievka and after that in 1915-1916. received an order for interior painting and decoration project in Kachanovka. There he painted two park works. The location of one of them, “Colonnade in Kachanovka” (watercolor), is unknown, while the other, “Sphinxes in Kachanovka,” is located in the Museum of Russian Art in Kyiv.

A terrible time began for the estate after the revolution. The collection of marble and stone statues and busts “severely suffered,” as reported in the report of the Gubnarraz inspector dated December 27, 1922. “The ancient ruins of special architecture located under the mountain are being dismantled into bricks by local residents. The gazebo where the famous composer Glinka worked is also being torn apart... Now there is no security.” It was not there for a very long time... The main part of the park was under the jurisdiction of the forestry agency; ordinary forestry was carried out in it with timber harvesting. The park became overgrown with self-seeding, compositional accents were lost, and the best park perspectives disappeared.

Since 1984, Kachanovka received the status of a State Historical and Cultural Reserve, and project documentation was developed for the restoration of the palace and restoration of the park. Currently, restoration work continues with the attraction of foreign investment. I would like to hope that the third century of Kachanivka will end with the complete restoration of the unique estate and the display of the rich museum funds stored in the storerooms of the historical and cultural reserve.

Kachanovka Chernihiv region
To plunge into the beauty of old Peterhof or Tsarskoye Selo, you don’t have to go to Russia. Our Ukrainian hinterlands to this day preserve no less beautiful and well-preserved palace complexes. Among them Kachanovka- one of the oldest, its creation dates back to 1772. Kachanovka is famous for both its park and the largest collection of Ukrainian antiquities collected by the Tarnovsky family. The estate is located on the outskirts of the village on two levels. The upper plateau is occupied by palace buildings, the lower one is a huge picturesque park with 12 ponds, a pavilion, sculpture, bridges, “ruins” and gazebos. It is located in the southeast of the Chernigov region in the Ichnyansky district, on the banks of the Smosh River. From Kyiv by car you can get to it in just two hours (Kyiv-Priluki-IchnyaKachanovka highway).

History of Kachanovka Park
At the beginning of the 18th century there was only a water mill and a small farm around it. In 1742, this modest farm was acquired by the singer of the imperial court, Fyodor Ivanovich Kachenovsky, which is where the name “Kachanovka” came from. In 1770, Field Marshal Rumyantsev Zadunaysky bought it, built a large neo-Gothic palace in it, around which he laid out a park and planted a garden in a regular style, which laid the foundation for the vast park for which Kachanovka is famous. The main park clearing with mighty oak trees adjoined the western facade; on the eastern side there was an orchard, for the maintenance of which the field marshal specially “ordered”
gardener from Baturin. But real fame came to Kachanovka with the advent of the chamberlain cadet Tarnovsky, who inherited the estate in 1824. From this period begins the “golden age” of Kachanivka. Under Grigory Stepanovich, the layout of the palace part became more formal. The orchard is moving away from the palace, and many park roads and bridges are appearing in the former forest areas of the estate. The Major Pond is expanded and two islands for festivities are created, connected by a stone bridge. And so that white swans would swim in the pond and decorative aquatic plants would grow, Tarnovsky resettles the peasants with their geese and ducks further away to a neighboring village. By the way, all outbuildings that did not serve the park, at the behest of the owner, were moved to the surrounding villages. Tarnovsky supported people of art in every possible way, because Kachanovka became an elite park of the capital's bohemia. “We approached the estate from several sides along slender alleys of pyramidal poplars; the house was large, made of stone, stood on a hill; a huge, charmingly spread garden with ponds and centuries-old maples, oaks and linden trees majestically caressed the eye; everything exposed the excessive prudence of the childless owner, who owned 9,000 souls and large capital.” This is what Mikhail Glinka saw Kachanovka in 1836. The hosts entertained the guests with walks, illuminations and dancing. And the ride on the ore began from the boat pier of the palace park clearing, with a mandatory visit to the “rest islands”. After the reform of 1861, the Tarnovskys continued to grow their garden with the help of hired labor. Coniferous trees appeared in the park that were not previously found in these parts: Crimean, Weymouth and black pines, cedar pine or Siberian cedar. Large hay meadows were surrounded by roads along the edge and planted with various types of ornamental shrubs or
fruit trees. And among the greenery there is a little white Ukrainian hut with a thatched roof, with characteristic climbs over the fence, a vegetable garden and full furnishings - “Hata Porada” - evidence of “folk romanticism” in park construction. Bridges over deep roads, light gazebos in remote parts of the park, ramps in places with steep terrain - everything was provided for wonderful walks and relaxation. After the 1917 revolution, difficult times began for the estate. There is no longer security in the park, so the collection of marble and stone statues and busts was looted and practically destroyed. The “ruins” and Glinka’s gazebo were dismantled by locals into bricks. The main part of the park is transferred “to the balance sheet” of Leshozzag. Everything became overgrown with self-seeding, compositional accents were lost, and the best park perspectives disappeared. After the Second World War, the park continued to be managed by non-professionals. The Leskhoz planted large landscape meadows with oaks and hornbeams, which caused additional damage to the park. Over time, the seedlings grew and began to displace the old trees - the cores of the entire landscape composition. They not only blocked landscape groups and views, but even changed its microclimate. Ornamental fruit bushes have degenerated, and the number of birds has decreased. Since then, the famous Kachanovsky willows, oaks and chestnuts have been affected by diseases. A new life began in 1984, when Kachanovka received the status of a State Historical and Cultural Reserve, and specialists developed special project documentation for the restoration of the palace and restoration of the park. The best parks in the world.

Landscape features Kachanovka

Kachanovsky Park is located on 568.63 hectares, of which 125.5 hectares are water reaches. Its main feature is naturalness: the park is organized in such a way that it is perceived as a creation of nature itself. “Landscape and regular planning are combined in Kachanovka,” says Taras Shevchenko, deputy general director for scientific work of the reserve. - The regular part with geometric planning near the palace is small in size and consists of an alley from the palace to the church, parterre, square and platform. This construction is typical for estates from the late 17th to early 18th centuries. The two main alleys that lead to the estate from the north (from Ivanitsa and Priluk) and from the south (Parafievka, Ichnya) are planted with chestnut trees, which today are more than 70 years old. The park is planned in a landscape style and is built on the contrast of large horizontal bright meadows and narrow, elongated and shady beams. The compositional centers here are large clearings, and the accents are natural ravines and small beams, embankments and deep roads artificially created for the effect of surprise, gazebos over the pond, viewing platforms, lonely elder trees. The huge area of ​​the park is conventionally divided into 10 landscape areas (“Berezina”, “Empty Well”, “Horseshoe-shaped”, “Dubina”, “Mandola”, “Sudine”, “Big Pond”, “Peat Bog”, “Zaozerye”, “ Three beams"). And lakes and ravines connect it all into a single landscape composition.”

Romantic ruins
The Rumyantsev buildings in the park included the “ruins” that were fashionable in the 18th century - a fake fortress in the manner of the “amusing” fortresses of Peter I. It can be assumed that the magnificent regular bowling green at the palace, with a fountain in the center, surrounded by a trellis around the perimeter, also dates back to the same period from trimmed hornbeam. During the time of Grigory Tarnovsky, a “green” gazebo was also added.

Glinka gazebo and PS

Even under Rumyantsev, an octagonal pavilion with lancet windows was built on a high hill, which later received the name “Glinka’s Altanka”. The pavilion rises on a mestilobate, which is raised by a platform made of bulk soil. Field Marshal Rumyantsev called it “a grotto above the walkway hall.” The hall has exceptional acoustics, so it is not surprising that Mikhail Glinka loved to work here. In particular, “The Ballad of Finn” and “Chernomor’s March” for the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” were created in Kachanovka. For the first time, these parts of the opera were performed by Tarnovsky's musicians in the state dining room under the direction of Glinka himself. By order of the owner of the estate, a piano was installed in one of the park pavilions specifically for the composer’s solitary work. This pavilion still bears the name “Glinka’s gazebo.” Once upon a time, in the distant 90s of the 19th century, the park had a stone greenhouse with glazed frames, two stone greenhouses, a wooden park ranger’s house and a stone gardener’s house, and even its own gardening school! And today, out of all this, Kachanovka Only the gardener's stone house and landscape compositions of trees have survived.

Author: Anastasia Belousova

On the banks of the Smosh River in the Ichnyansky district of the Chernihiv region is located the National Historical and Cultural Reserve “Kachanovka” - one of the most famous cultural centers of its time and a striking example of estate architecture.

History of the reserve

The Kachanovka State Nature Reserve was created in 1981 on the basis of the palace ensemble and park of the noble estate.

The first mention of Kachanovka dates back to the early 40s of the 18th century. It was then that the singer of the Imperial Choir Fyodor Kachenovsky bought small farms in the Chernigov province, and the area accordingly received the name “Kachanovka”. Kachanovka began its history with the estate, which was founded by the count, the famous Russian commander Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky.

The estate was one of the residences of the President of the Little Russian Collegium and the Governor-General of Little Russia. Soon, the Ukrainian architect Maxim Moscepanov, commissioned by the count, erected a luxurious palace here in a romantic style and laid out a magnificent park.

However, the fame of the cultural and artistic center “Kachanovka” was brought in 1824, when the estate was owned by the landowners and philanthropists Tarnovsky. It was the philanthropist Vasily Tarnovsky who turned this picturesque corner into a real architectural and artistic pearl.

Park ensemble today

Today, the area of ​​the manor park is 600 hectares, more than a hundred of which are covered with ponds.

Now the Kachanovka palace and park ensemble is included in the State Register of National Cultural Heritage, the national system of the tourist route “Necklace of Slavutych”, and since 2001 has the honorary status of a National Nature Reserve.

Also in Kachanovka, the left façade of the palace, the formal dining room and the “Lantern” room, in which the Ukrainian landscape painter Vasily Sternberg lived, are being restored.

By the way, for guests of the reserve, four ancient buildings within its boundaries have already been converted into hotels and recreation areas with barbecues have been organized.

What can you see in Kachanovka

On the territory of the reserve, it was possible to preserve the legendary hills of Love and Fidelity, the “Romantic” ruins on the shore of the Big Pond - a unique monument of landscape gardening art of the 18th century, a gazebo with a grotto known as the gazebo of Mikhail Glinka. You will also see here the St. George's Church from 1816–1828 and a palace with outbuildings from the late 17th to early 20th centuries.

The palace with its outbuildings deserves special attention. Its state rooms, living and guest rooms have always been filled with the spirit of art. In all the rooms there were paintings and icons hanging on the walls.

They say that in the count’s bedroom there was once a painting by Raphael and three other paintings on the subject of “The Last Supper.” Those works of art that were saved are today in various museums throughout Ukraine.

The Kachanovka Nature Reserve has always attracted creative people and curious tourists.

The talented Ukrainian artist Vasily Sternberg wrote his best works here, Mikhail Glinka worked on the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, and Ilya Repin painted the painting “Vechernitsy”. The Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko also visited here.

How to get there

The Kachanovka National Nature Reserve is located in the Chernihiv region. It is better to get here with your own car, since the reserve is located away from major roads and transport hubs.

You can also get to Kachanovka by public transport. You can take the train that leaves from. In the city you will need to get off and change to a bus that goes to the village of Ivanitsa. The second way to get to the reserve is from the Darnitsa bus station by minibus Kyiv - Talalaevka or Kyiv - Trostyanets to the Parafievka bus station, and then hitch a ride or take a taxi.

One of the 7 national wonders in Ukraine is a historical and cultural reserve located in the village. Kachanovka, Chernihiv region.

www.kachanovka.in.ua— official website of the reserve

In 1700, the general esaul I. Lomikovsky created a farmstead in Kachanovka, which for 72 years was successively transferred into the ownership of the counts Vladislavich, the Nizhyn Greeks Bolgarin and Macheman, the singer of the imperial court F. Kachenivsky, the second-major M. Kachenivsky, each of which this farm developed until 1772.

Video about a trip to the Kachanovka Nature Reserve

The flourishing of the economy and the construction of the palace and park complex began with its transfer into the ownership successively of Field Marshal General, Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky and his son (36 years old), the Tarnovsky family (89 years old) - Tarnovsky’s wife by his first marriage, son of Tarnovsky State Councilor Tarnovsky G. S., his cousin Tarnovsky Vasily Vasilyevich (senior), his son and full namesake of Tarnovsky V.V. (junior), millionaire sugar manufacturer P.I. Kharitonenko and his daughter (21 years old). Thus, the total duration of the estate's heyday until 1918 was 146 years.

Especially from this period, the years of development of the landscape park and the collection of collections by the famous collector, philanthropist and patriot V.V. stand out. Tarnovsky Jr. Three generations of the Tarnovskys created the best park not only in Ukraine, but also in Europe, harmoniously combining the beautiful Ukrainian nature with the best examples of park art. Crystal-clear springs, the mirror surface of ponds, romantic bridges, hills of Fidelity and Love, the smells and colors of 80 species of exotic trees and bushes acclimatized in Ukraine enchant visitors with their unique beauty.

The younger Tarnovsky's collections included unique rarities, including personal belongings of I. Mazepa, the saber of B. Khmelnytsky, station wagons of Ukrainian hetmans, portraits of famous Cossacks. 758 exhibits from the Shevchenko section represent an invaluable collection for creating a museum of Ukrainian studies.

I. Repin, interested in the collection of Tarnovsky the Younger, sketched Cossack relics in the estate for his painting about the Cossacks, and replenished the estate’s collection with portraits of its owners and pezage paintings. Among other famous artists who stayed at the Kachanovskaya estate were V. Makovsky and K. Bryullov’s most beloved student V. Sternberg, who died at the age of 27 from tuberculosis. Among the writers one can name N.V. Gogol, to whom a memorial plaque was installed in Kachanovka, friend of Shevchenko G.N. Chestakhovsky and T.G., who repeatedly came to the estate. Shevchenko, who especially loved to create poetic images under the 400-year-old oak tree in Kachanovsky Park. Unfortunately, in 1956 the oak tree was struck by lightning, but in memory of the great poet’s stay in Kachanovka, a bust of the poet was erected and a memorial room was opened.

The sale of the estate to a millionaire sugar manufacturer was dictated by Tarnovsky’s expenses for the acquisition of rarities and numerous exhibits from collections, the continuous reception of guests (the guest book of the estate contains more than 600 entries by famous artists) and charity, which drove him to ruin. The new owner contributed to the development of the estate - he repaired and modernized the appearance of the palace, built garden buildings that have survived to this day, and expanded the park.

Unfortunately, the years of revolution, civil and patriotic wars, the nationalization of the estate and the placement in it alternately of the provincial and district departments of education, a forestry enterprise, a children's town, a neurological resort for collective farmers with 300 beds, a hospital, a resort for disabled war officers, a forestry enterprise, a state fish nursery, tubsanatorium, collective farm led to the destruction, robbery and decline of the palace and park complex.

For 7 years, the estate, which was left without owners, was subjected to looting and destruction of cultural values, art monuments in the park, and cutting down of unique trees. The decline of the estate continued during the period when it housed an orphanage where 0.5 thousand orphans were accommodated, which led to the need to re-equip many premises. Due to the carelessness of the children, the poultry house was burned down, and during the dismantling of it, the greenhouse was destroyed. The children destroyed and desecrated the family burial place of the former owners of the estate in the underground part of the church.

Each transfer of the complex to other institutions was accompanied by a new refurbishment of its buildings, which caused further destruction of architectural and cultural monuments.

Only in 1981 did the revival, renewal and flourishing of the complex begin, when a decision was made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine and the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR to create the Kachanovsky Nature Reserve. This was also facilitated by the great-granddaughter of Tarnovsky Jr., who established a charitable foundation and international society “Friends of Kachanivka” in Scotland, the goal of which is to assist the reserve in the revival of cultural heritage.

The revived national reserve is visited with interest by many tourists. Among the preserved and restored objects, the most popular are attractions:

• A 2-story palace in the Russian classical style measuring 21x73 m with an observation deck on the dome and 2 wings of the classical and neoclassical style.
• Round, 3-tier water tower of the 19th century with a diameter of 6 m, a height with a spire of 20 m.
• Brick services in the style of late classicism in the front courtyard of the first half of the 19th century with wooden mezzanines, porticoes of the Tuscan order and sculptures of lions and outbuildings.
• A park on 2 tiers with paths 60 km long, on the upper tier of which alleys connect the palace with the church, square, parterre and platforms, and on the lower tier 560 hectares of the largest landscape park in Europe, created by the Tarnovsky family.
• Glinka's 8-sided brick pavilion of 1830, romantic style.
• Cross-shaped brick St. George's Church of the early 19th century in the classicist style.
• Romantic ruins of a fake fortress.

Travel companies offer tourists to combine 4 excursion routes around the Kachanovsky Nature Reserve with the nearby Trostyanets Arboretum, Sokirinsky Palace and Park Complex and the Gustinsky Monastery.