Where is the best place to start walking along the Golitsyn path? Golitsyn trail in Crimea. Legends of the Golitsyn Trail

The founder is considered to be Prince Lev Golitsyn (1912). In fact, she was already here, he just ennobled her. This is an amazing place with stunning scenery. An opportunity to see the most beautiful surroundings of Sudak.

This is not only a natural, but also a historical landmark of the resort, where Emperor Nicholas II himself loved to spend time. Some tourists even call the walk along the trail “imperial”. In addition to the ruler, the famous Fyodor Chaliapin, a friend of the prince and winemaker, was here.

Historical facts, legends

Before Golitsyn equipped the trail with convenient stone steps, observation platforms and fences in 1912, it was an ordinary road. It led to a Christian monastery located in one of the grottoes.

In its original form, the Golitsyn trail did not last long, only 15 years. In 1927, during the Yalta earthquake, some areas were destroyed. For many years, no one addressed the issue of restoring this tourist route. Only in the 80s of the last century did restoration work begin.

Whether the singer F. Chaliapin and Nicholas II were here is a moot point. Many historians claim that he never visited these places. At the same time, Chaliapin's grotto is here.

The story of how the prince’s friends decided to joke with him after he talked about the method of testing champagne is considered a legend. They shook the bottle thoroughly and invited Golitsyn to open it. As a result, he “took a shower of champagne” and doused one of the walls of the grotto. In the place where the sparkling wine splashed, ancient frescoes appeared. Today there is no confirmation of this story, but it is still interesting.

Why is the trail attractive?

The road starts right in the village, near Green Bay, at the foot of Mount Eagle. The total length of the route is about 5 kilometers. After walking a little along the steps, you will go up to one of the observation platforms. It looks good from there. Enjoy the surrounding landscape, go further to the famous, second name - Chaliapin. It was in it that the prince stored wines made at his own factory.

In general, the grotto was formed by Mother Nature, but the thirty-meter height in some places and the constant temperature made the cavity an ideal storage facility. Further the path will lead to the cliffs of the Khoba-Kaya rock, Cape Kapchik. By the way, the exit to the hill passes over the underwater cave “Legend”. You won't be able to get into it with a guide. But if you have climbing experience, a flashlight and a reliable friend, you can explore it yourself.

Another amazing place on the Golitsyn trail is the famous one, equipped by the prince with steps, stained glass windows and a forged door. If you get pretty tired, I recommend going down to the Blue Bay. It was on this beach that Nicholas II loved to spend time. Afterwards, you can return to the village or visit another one, famous for its tree-like five-meter junipers aged from 3 to 4 thousand years.

When going hiking along the most popular tourist trail in Crimea, be sure to wear sports shoes (sneakers). Flip flops won't work. Walking on rocks in such shoes can be dangerous. Especially after the rain. On a hot day, take care of your hats. And also drinking water. There are no springs or shops here. So it’s worth planning everything in advance.

How to get (get there) to the Golitsyn trail

First you need to get to the village that is part of . You can do this from the Sudak bus station by bus number five. The trail starts near the bus station. You can get here by sea, even from Yalta or Alushta.

Autotourists are guided by the coordinates on the map in a GPS navigator. By the way, if you don’t have your own car, you can do it without any problems. In my opinion, traveling by car is much more interesting, and sometimes even more profitable. Coordinates and map at the bottom of the page.

For lovers of active recreation:

Photo

Exact location on the map, GPS coordinates:

Paid: 44.825021, 34.915951
For free: 44.825749, 34.908658

According to reviews of most travelers, the Golitsyn trail is the most amazing, enchanting, unique place in all of Crimea. Amazing landscapes, interesting history, heady fresh air remain in the memory for a long time and attract you back like a magnet. Have a pleasant, unforgettable holiday!

It was along this path that the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II once walked. Now anyone can overcome the 5.47 km route. The tourist route is located in, which is located next to the village of the same name.

Golitsyn Trail on the map:

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44.825058 , 34.915752 Ecological trail to the Karaul-Oba reserve. Its length is 5.47 km. On the way there are beautiful grottoes, bays and mountains. Golitsyn trail

History of the trail

The picturesque path, which is partially carved into the rocks, appeared here in 1912. Prince Lev Golitsyn ordered it to be built for the arrival of Emperor Nicholas II.

Prince Lev Sergeevich Golitsyn (1845-1915) - the founder of Russian winemaking in Crimea and the industrial production of sparkling wines in the Russian Empire. Founder of the Novy Svet estate.

The emperor decided to visit the New World, and then this village was called Paradise, for a reason. The fact is that towards the end of his life Golitsyn experienced not only health problems, but also financial difficulties. In order to preserve the unique estate with vineyards and a factory, he decides to donate part of it to the emperor. History tells that it was during the emperor’s arrival that the village of Paradise changed its name to New World. After a walk along the Golitsyn path, the autocrat was invited to a delicious meal, where over a glass of wine he said that he now sees life in a new light.

In 1927, an earthquake occurred in Crimea, which damaged the trail. It was later restored and reopened to tourists.

Cost of visit

During the season, there is a cashier at the entrance to the trail who collects 100 rubles (June 2015) from vacationers. During the cold season, entry to the trail is free.

How to get there?

If you are coming, say, from Simferopol, the journey will take about two hours.

Parking

You can leave your car in the free parking lot near the embankment of the village of Novy Svet. It can accommodate about 15 cars, so there may not be any space left during the season. To find parking and the entrance to the trail, look for the Vintage Hotel; it is large, noticeable and located right at the end of the road.

Trail start coordinates:
Latitude: 44.8252001,
Longitude: 34.9156532

Attractions on the Golitsyn trail

Mount Koba-Kaya
It is also called Eagle or Cave Rock. Koba-Kaya received its avian name because from the outside it looks like an eagle with folded wings. The second name well characterizes the rocky hill - it contains the next attraction, Golitsyn's Grotto.

Golitsyn's Grotto
It's cool and beautiful here. The grotto is famous for its good acoustics. There are still niches for storing wine. Golitsyn's grotto amazes with its scale.

Blue (Robber) Bay
According to legend, it was in this bay that pirate ships moored during the time of the Tauri, one of the first peoples to inhabit the Crimea. Nowadays there are also pirate ships sailing here, taking tourists on rides.

Robber Beach
This is probably where the pirates swam and rested after sharing the loot.

Cape Kapchik

A long ledge that separates Blue Bay from Golubaya. The main attraction of the cape is the Through Grotto. Before climbing to Cape Kapchik, there is a prohibitory sign. However, there are always people there.

Through grotto
It passes through Cape Kapchik. It is closed to tourists, but not everyone is stopped by barriers such as iron bars.

Blue Bay (Delilimanskaya)
Pirate ships also come here, but more often tourists come on catamarans and boats. They are interested in the rocky Cape Chicken Kaya and Tsarsky Beach.

Royal Beach
One of the stories surrounding the emperor's arrival says that Nicholas II swam on this wide rocky beach. Now it is prohibited to swim on it, but this stops few people.

Friends, hello everyone.

Through grotto, cave "Legend" , staircase of brands and more to us "Amphibian Man" not enough! See how much our new journey has to offer?

The easiest and most popular part of the trail reaches Tsarskoe Beach and Cape Kapchik. For those who are serious, there is its continuation.

After the Royal Beach, the trail will take the traveler right up to to the Two Monks rock, which confidently hangs over the sea under Mount Karaul-Oba . There is also a rift between the rocks, which are called “The Gates of Hell” no less.

So take it easy on this damn thing.

Only the most prepared and enthusiastic people will be able to get there. They will be able to go around a couple of mountain ranges and find the most beautiful stone staircase I saw only in a photograph leading through a rocky crevice.

As a reward they will get a unique opportunity take a photo on the Golitsyn bench , a seat carved into the rock, and see a gorgeous panorama, interrupted only by the horizon and the outlines of the graceful Mount Bear.

But this is already an elective, so we won’t go that far with you today. We were not in the best sports shape, and even with children, so I will only describe the most popular part of the route.

The appearance of the trail or what’s interesting here

Part of the trail is carved into the Koba-Kaya rock, part of it runs through the hills, over ravines, climbs onto hills and winds through a juniper grove. The path is accompanied by ladders, stone steps, and wooden bridges.

Along the way there are bays, fonts, grottoes, caves and all this against the backdrop of incredibly colorful landscapes.

Nowadays, although the trail is maintained in order, it has been somewhat modified due to the earthquake, as a result of which it can now be reached either by boat or by a detour.

Route and direction

The trail has a circular route. But the exit points are located, although not at a significant distance, but still. Guides usually lead groups of tourists from Green Bay on the side of the main beach of the New World.

It is more convenient and easier to start your walk from the juniper grove, which is located in the northern part of the village. Path going around Cape Plosky , changes the scenery from vegetal greens to rocky greys.

That's where we'll go in this review.

Start of the trail

Finding a juniper grove is not difficult. From the bus station (if you stand with your back to it) we go to the right. By the way, for some reason there are no signs in this direction. On the left there will be a shady coniferous area with paved paths and cafes. A little further and deeper is the Church of St. Luke Krymsky.

We go straight all the time, passing "patch" with shops and again we go up a little to the right along the asphalt road, passing multi-storey residential buildings. A barrier will appear ahead, behind which the walking route immediately begins.

Here you will see several stalls with drinks, ice cream and souvenirs. This is the last "point" where you can stock up on water for the trip . There is also a pleasant area in the shade of trees with benches and a gazebo.

Let's breathe deeply

Soon the grove will open to you in all its glory, the road will become wider, and the amazing juniper trees will become more sculptured. There are often benches and resting places with canopies from the sun.

There are a lot of boards and signs informing about the correct route and rules of behavior in the reserve. You can also read information about local plants.

The blue sea peeks through the fragrant greenery, and now Cape Kapchik is very close, which looks so much like a diving dolphin. Again on the right hand, Karaul-Oba rises on the horizon with its battlements rushing into the sky.

By the way, if you have time, follow the marked path along the Valley of Hell and Heaven to the Taurus staircase on Karaul-Oba.

Here you have a choice - go to Cape Kapchik or take the trail. By the way, the trail here goes on both sides of the isthmus.

Cape Kapchik in all its glory

A narrow cape, and by nature a coral reef, with steep rocky walls and separately growing juniper trees, is simply attractive! Although it is unsafe to climb to the very top, and a sign warns about this, you can meet a lot of people who love breathtaking views there.

The cape is shrouded in paths, and in its upper part there are several shallow caves. Just the kind to hide from the scorching sun, take a little breath and admire Karaul-Oba, Tsarsky Beach and the boats, yachts, boats, kayaks, catamarans floating far below.

Cape Kapchik separates two bays - Blue (Razboinichya) and Golubaya, with its Royal Beach. About the beaches of the New World and its amazing colorful bays

By the way, this area was very popular for domestic cinema.

Hero of Mikhail Kokshenov "Sportloto-82" hid on the beach in a stone on Tsarskoye Beach, views of the landscapes for "Amphibian Man" filmed in the same Blue Bay, and Rambo of the 80s Sergei Eremenko flew an “airplane” into the water in the film "Pirates of the 20th Century" from Cape Kapchik.

Having admired enough and taken a bunch of photos, you can go down and move on.

Through grotto and inaccessible Tsarsky Beach

Returning to the beginning of the cape, you will see stone steps on the left side. This part of the trail is short but very interesting. Many people see a sign on the curb with an arrow that says “dead end” and turn back. It's worth going all the way down.

The path here is narrow, winding, with steps long worn away. A good high border makes it protected, since behind it there is a cliff, stones and the blue sea. At the end of this “dead end” is Through grotto - a huge cleft in the rock, a natural tunnel with double access to the sea.

This unique natural formation in a rock 77 meters long and 17 meters high served as a decoration of the path under Prince Golitsyn and at the same time as a home for homeless bats.

The grotto was tightly welded with a grate due to some terrible accident and the through passage was abolished. They wrote that a tourist died there. Looking into the dark corridor of the grotto, we see light at the end of the tunnel, overhanging boulders on the arches, and huge boulders on the ground.

On the other side there are stone steps into the sea, but because of the slippery and sharp boulders, swimming there is problematic.

Until 1927, a path to the beach was cut down, which became unusable after the famous earthquake. The beach is still accessible to the restless, although it is classified as closed due to the possibility of landslides.

True, such superstitions are unlikely to be taken into account by lovers of crystal clear water in the luxurious Blue Bay. For a safer trip, many people choose private boats.

Tsarsky Beach, named after Emperor Nicholas II, who loved to dive here.

After admiring Blue Bay and envying the vacationers on Tsarskoye Beach , which are constantly brought by boats, we go back. And to walk down to the beach you will have to use a bypass route.

Getting ready to take a refreshing dip in Robber Bay

I think everyone knows where this name came from. A truly nice place to take into account the change of day and night, lick your wounds, sharpen your swords or get a good night's sleep before the next robbery.

Marked here on the map beach wild . Heavy boulders and a complete lack of sand turn the beach into a lifeless rock formation. Although, in the summer there are lovers of brutal beauty and non-standard entries into the water.

Many people swim here and catch their breath before the next part, which is the most difficult compared to the rest of the route.

From here you can go by boat to Tsarsky Beach, New World, Sudak. August 2018 prices in the photo. The only services on the beach are cold drinks and boat trips.

Let's go to the grotto: aka Chaliapin-Estradny-Golitsyn

We leave behind Blue Bay and we climb up the loose path. We gradually gain altitude and admire the gorgeous landscapes. Bypassing a series of ascents and descents, we pass under rocky overhangs.

Somewhere in this part, far below, there is an underwater cave called “Legend”.

The famous grotto in the rock will appear ahead. A narrow staircase with railings leads to it.

On the penultimate platform, extreme entertainment awaits you - a bungee suspended from the arch of the grotto. If you want your dashing cry to be heard even in the New World - 400 rubles, and here you are hanging between the walls of the grotto.

Golitsyn's Grotto - amazing place. Various events with tastings and a variety program are still held there, just like in the time of the prince.

Golitsyn stored his wines in this grotto and invited guests to balls overlooking the sea. Was Chaliapin here? But there are no reliable facts. There is simply a legend about how glasses burst during his performance.

Although, if Chaliapin liked to hang out in Gurzuf with his friend the artist Korovin (this is not my grandfather), then why not drop by Golitsyn. Moreover, there is something about him here's the story...

The grotto is very comfortable for exploring. In the center there is a well with drinking water. Shelves are carved into the back wall to store the wine collection. A little further there is an arched entrance, which apparently connected the space of the grotto with the cellars of the plant, which is a completely reasonable and pragmatic purpose for table setting. Celebrations and family dinners were mainly held here.

My daughter, having listened to information about the acoustic capabilities of the grotto, began to study them in practice.

And my wife and I shamelessly stared at an elderly citizen who was hiding from pressing problems in a niche carved into the rock and thoughtfully tasted from the throat , just purchased a wine collector's edition.

We're reaching the finish line

Having turned the bend in the rocks, we come out onto a flat, narrow path with high curbs. In the distance you can see the beach and the New World embankment.

This part of the trail is the calmest - the smell of pine needles, pine trees with huge cones, wicker fences, benches and observation platforms.

Soon an arch will appear telling us that our journey is coming to an end. And in five minutes you will go down to the embankment.

Now you can relax on the beach, swim to your heart's content, go out to eat and browse the shops with colorful goods.

Color filmoscope or how to understand the markings

In the 1960s, to designate the bays of the New World, color coding. The location of the city beach and the beginning of the Golitsyn trail is to Green Bay .

The area behind Chaliapin's grotto, where robbers and feral introverts and visitors to Dikiy beach were lodged - Blue Bay .

Well, the royal baths geographically belong to Goluboy Bay.

Read more about the beaches of the New World

What else you need to know about the trail

This route is accessible all year round. But in bad weather conditions it is better not to go here. However, here at almost every step there are signs “caution, rockfall.”

The walk is free. Nobody is asking for any money.

Notice that this photo shows irrefutable proof that the earth is round! I recommend using it as evidence for incredulous children after your futile attempts to explain everything on your fingers.

If you are interested in walking the trail with a professional or continuing your journey in a more active way, then visit the Turnado website. In Crimea, this is the number 1 search engine for all kinds of entertainment and extreme sports.

There are quite a lot of them that can only be seen after a long walk. However, there is hardly a more interesting hiking route than the Golitsyn Trail in the New World. Don't be afraid that the excursion will be difficult:

• the path is carefully monitored, so all the steps and railings are in place;
• along the way you will find many places to relax and you can even lie on the cleanest shore and swim in the azure water;
• The climbs will be replaced by descents and flat areas.

Where is it located: the southwestern shore of Green Bay in the village of Novy Svet (Sudak).

What is the most convenient way to get there?: from the bus station along Golitsyn Street, then left to Shalyapin Street. Further - to the sea: you will come out to Green Bay. Follow the signs and you will find a grate from which the ascent to the Golitsyn Trail begins.

What time of year is best to visit?: best in summer and early autumn - then you can not only enjoy the scenery, but also swim.

Already the photos of the Golitsyn Trail can awe everyone who loves seascapes. During your walk, you will see breathtakingly beautiful cliffs, cozy coves with crystal water, and an ancient juniper grove. It is very convenient that you can go for a walk along the Golitsyn Trail without a guide: the main attractions here are natural and do not need explanations.

History of the Golitsyn Trail in the New World

The Golitsyn Trail is a legacy of the 20th century: it was built by Prince Lev Sergeevich Golitsyn in 1912 for the arrival of Nicholas II. He rightly decided that it was a walk that would allow the emperor to fully enjoy the beauty of eastern Crimea, and therefore ordered steps to be cut on the slope of Mount Koba-Kaya.

The estate of Prince Golitsyn was called Paradise. According to legend, it was Nicholas II who gave the village at the foot of the mountain a new name. After the walk, Lev Sergeevich invited the emperor to the table, where he treated him to champagne made from grapes grown on his estate. Nicholas II was so pleased with the drink that he said that he now sees everything in a new light. This is how the village received its current name!

Route of the Golitsyn trail

The Golitsyn trail in Crimea is carved out on the cliffs of Mount Koba-Kaya, an ancient coral reef. The road immediately rises sharply, and the rocks hanging from above and the steep cliff just next to the path are breathtaking. But there is nothing to be afraid of: the stone parapet will not let you stumble. The higher you go, the more beautiful the resort village of Novy Svet looks!

The first stop on the Golitsyn trail is the Chaliapin Grotto (also called the Variety Grotto or Golitsyn Grotto). This is a natural niche carved into the mountain by waves. The height of the grotto is about 30 m, width - 17 m. This place has a rich history: back in the Middle Ages, there was a cave monastery here. Until the 19th century, the walls of the cave were decorated with frescoes, but they have not survived to this day. Prince Golitsyn ordered a wine library to be built in the grotto: stone arches remind of the stunning collection of the first Crimean winemaker. In the center of the cave there is a well with spring water, and in the deep center of the hall there is a stage where musicians gave performances and, according to legend, F.I. himself sang. Chaliapin! True, historians are still arguing whether the brilliant singer really visited the New World. That doesn’t stop the grotto and one of the streets in the village from bearing his name.

Next, the Golitsinskaya trail leads along the coast of the Blue Bay. It is also called Robbery, because pirate ships hid here during storms during the times of the ancient Hellenes. The path goes down to the very shore: the photo of the Golitsyn path shows that many travelers happily stop here to sunbathe and swim!

Further, the path passes along Cape Kapchik, which connects Razboinichya and Blue Bays. Here is also the Through Grotto - a 77-meter cave, laid along a tectonic fault. In this place you will be able to take unforgettable photos of the Golitsyn Trail - through the “view windows” you can see stunning views of the bays.

From Cape Kapchik there is a magnificent view of the Blue Bay and Tsarsky Beach - it was here that Nicholas II sunbathed. At this point the landscaped part of the Golitsyn trail ends. An excellent end to the walk would be to climb Cape Kapchik and return to the village through the juniper forest. The shady path and the amazing smell of trees, many of which are more than a hundred years old, will complement the excursion with its colors!

By the way, the beauty of the Golitsyn Trail in Crimea has been attracting filmmakers for many decades. Thus, it was here that such famous films as “Pirates of the 20th Century”, “Three Plus Two”, “Sportloto-82”, “Andromeda Nebula”, “Youths in the Universe”, “Anna Karenina” and many others were filmed.

Related Posts

The mountainous component of the Crimean Peninsula can boast not only natural, but also man-made wonders. The Golitsyn Trail in Crimea combines both. Nature created grottoes in the rocks near the site, and man turned them into an interesting excursion route!

Where is the route in Crimea?

The Golitsyn trail runs from the resort village of Novy Svet, famous for its wine production, to Cape Kapchik (a Turkish slipper with a sharp curved toe) from the sea. The nearest city is Sudak, but you can get here from other populated areas of Crimea.

Golitsyn trail on the map of Crimea

Walks for singers and emperors in New World

Although the appearance of a mountain path, from where beautiful views open up and passing through unusual grottoes, is associated with the name of Prince L.S. Golitsyn, it existed before. The Crimean Tatars called it the road of infidels. The prince made it easily passable, equipped it with stone stairs, observation platforms, and built storage facilities for his unique wines in the rocks, because he is the founder of the Winery in the New World.

Lev Sergeevich tried on the occasion of the imperial visit. While vacationing in Crimea in 1912, Nicholas II expressed a desire to visit a small village on his yacht “Standart”. The prince decided not only to treat the autocrat to wine (and the monarch knew a lot about drinking), but also to do it among the mountain beauties. For this purpose, the path that passed through one of the grottoes with stocks of aged champagne was strengthened and landscaped.

But not only the king was honored to walk here. Golitsyn had another favorite guest - Fyodor Chaliapin. He appreciated the beautiful views opening from here and the grottoes through which the path passes. The singer believed that the acoustics there were perfect. In 1927, the destruction severely damaged the Golitsyn Trail in the New World, but it remains passable without any equipment and attracts crowds of tourists every year.

Legends of the Golitsyn Trail

Like almost all historical places, the Golitsyn trail in the New World has long been overgrown with a mass of fairy tales and legends. Some guides who lead excursions here “in all seriousness” explain the origin of the original name “path of the infidels” with punishments for adultery. The Tatars themselves give a different explanation: there was a monastery in the mountains,
and along the path there were Christian pilgrims - “guiaurs”, “infidels” in Muslim terminology.

But most of the stories are told about the main rock cavity known as. Among other things, this fairy tale arose. At this point, the friends decided to play a joke on the prince, who boasted of his skills in determining the quality of champagne. Lev Sergeevich argued that when you open a bottle of a quality drink, the cork pops, but the wine does not splash, only white “smoke” appears.

On a hot day, the jokers thoroughly shook a bottle of champagne and invited the prince to evaluate the drink. Naturally, His Excellency not only bathed in wine himself, but also doused the wall of the grotto. And then medieval frescoes appeared on it under the influence of wine... It is impossible to see them - it is claimed that time destroyed them. But it won’t hurt to remember the principle of quality control from Golitsyn!

Excursion along the Golitsyn trail

An interesting route starts literally from the village of Novy Svet itself. The Golitsyn trail climbs Mount Eagle, skirting the cape. Its total length is about 3 km. The main attraction on the way is the same Golitsyn grotto, where the champagne was aged and the prince himself popped the cork. It was dug into the stone by water, and in some places its height reaches 30 m. Its other name is Chaliapin’s grotto, since this was the place the singer preferred for informal concerts. He admired the acoustics, and the sound of the sea provided additional accompaniment.

Further, the trail leads to the cliffs of Mount Khoba-Kaya, where bizarre piles of rocks resemble some kind of fantastic kingdom. Some scientists believe that the Tauri, the oldest people who inhabited Crimea, had a hand in this stone labyrinth. When entering the path, it passes over an underwater cave, it is called “Legend”. There are no excursions here, but those who wish, armed with a flashlight and a strong rope, the end of which is held by a reliable friend on the shore, can try to examine it.

Perhaps the most amazing place is the Through Grotto. It owes its existence not to water, but to geological forces that displaced layers of limestone. The most beautiful photos are taken here on the Golitsyn trail. The restless prince equipped the unique crevice with stairs to the sea and elegant forged doors. Prices for walking the Golitsyn Trail are a controversial issue. For now, tourists continue to be charged for walks without a guide, although on August 5, 2016, the environmental prosecutor’s office ruled that this is illegal.

How to get to the walking path?

People don’t go to the Golitsyn trail - they walk along it. It starts near the village bus station. The easiest way to get there is from, since minibuses go to the New World very often. You can also arrive by boat, including from Yalta and. For tourists vacationing directly in the New World, it is much easier to trust their own feet.

The easiest way to get from Sudak to the start of the route by car is this:

You need to get from Alushta by car in this way:

Note to tourists

• Address: Naberezhnaya street, 3, Novy Svet, Crimea, Russia.
• Coordinates: 44°49′31″N (44.825226), 34°54′56″E (34.915481).