Mountain stories for children. A conversation about mountains in the senior group. Quotes about travel, expeditions and wildlife

To go to the mountains, it is not necessary to be a climber, even in remote mountains there will always be a path that will be accessible to a person of any age and with any level of training. In order for a hill to be considered a mountain, it must have a height of more than 500 meters, there are many such places - the mountainous form of relief occupies about 40 percent of the land area. Introducing Interesting Facts about mountains.

Bastei Bridge in Saxon Switzerland

Records

The highest mountain in the solar system is on Mars. The top of Olympus has a height from the foot of more than 21 kilometers, if you count from the conditional "level of the Martian sea", then the height of this mountain is 26 kilometers. The highest mountain from top to bottom is Reyasilvia, located on the asteroid Vesta.

The highest peak on earth is Chomolungma, 8848 meters. If you count not from sea level, but from the bottom to the top, then the very high mountain is the Hawaiian volcano Mauna Kea, above sea level it rises to 4205 meters, but part of the mountain is hidden under water, the height from the base is 10203 meters.

On the mountain ranges there are about a hundred peaks over 7000 meters high. There are two peaks in the world that climbers have not yet conquered - Ganghar Puensum (Bhutan), 7570 meters and Saser Kangri II (India), 7518 meters.

In the Himalayas, 30 peaks are higher than 7500 meters, 14 peaks are higher than 8000 meters.

Ama Dablam summit in Nepal

Mount Monadnock in the United States has a low height - 965 meters, but is known for being the most climbed by climbers.

The highest camp site, which looks like a village, is located at the foot of Everest, at an altitude of 6330 meters. Despite the fact that all the buildings are tents, there is a hospital, a kitchen, and sleeping places. Smaller camps are set up at an altitude of 5900, 6400, 7300, 7950 meters. In them, climbers stop for a while so that the body gets used to the height.

The Sherpa people of the Himalayas are accustomed to heights. They help tourists to climb. One of the Sherpas reached the summit of Everest in 8 hours and 56 minutes.

The most famous climber is Reinhold Messner. He conquered 14 peaks over 8 kilometers high. In 1978, he and Peter Habeler climbed Everest for the first time without oxygen tanks. In 1980, he climbed Everest solo for the first time. In 1980 he conquered three eight-thousanders in one year.

Everest was first climbed in 1953 by New Zealander Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay.

The highest mountain in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro (5895 meters). Despite the fact that the mountain is located in a hot area, its top is always covered with snow.

The Alps cover two-thirds of the area of ​​Switzerland.

The highest waterfall is Angel Falls (Venezuelan state of Bolivar), its height is 979 meters, the height of a continuous fall is 807 meters.

The highest active volcano is the Chilean mountain Ojos del Salado, its height is almost 7 kilometers.

Alpine settlements

Fun facts about highland cities. La Paz is the highest capital in the world, the average height is 3600 meters (buildings are located at an altitude of 3 to 4 kilometers). In fact, the capital of Bolivia is not La Paz, but Sucre, but La Paz hosts most of the government institutions. El Alto Airport is located at an altitude of 4061 meters, it ranks second in the world in height (the highest airport is in China, the height is 4411 meters). Water in La Paz boils at 88 degrees Celsius. The local stadium is the highest certified by the international football federation, for other stadiums there is a rule that they should not be located at a height higher than 2.5 kilometers if they want to organize international matches. Interestingly, the central bus station of this city was designed by Gustave Eiffel, the architect of the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

If we assume that La Paz is not the capital, then the highest mountain capital in the world is Lhasa (Tibet), with an altitude of 3650 meters. Lhasa is the capital of the Chinese Autonomous Region, until 1951 the city was the capital of the independent state of Tibet.

Peru has the highest city in the world - La Riconada, the central part is located at an altitude of 5100 meters. The population is quite significant, about 30 thousand inhabitants.

The highest city in the world with a population of over 50,000 is Cerro de Pasco, Peru. The central part is located at an altitude of 4380 meters, the population is about 70 thousand people.

The highest mountainous metropolis is El Alto, with a population of over 1 million people. The height of the central part is 4100 meters.

The highest mountain city in the territory of the former USSR is Murghab, Tajikistan, the population is 6300 people, the height of the central part is 3612 meters.

The Dagestan settlement of Kurush is located at an altitude of 2600 meters. It is considered the highest in the Caucasus and Europe, the population is 830 people.

Danger

The weather can be deceiving - it can be hot during the day, but the temperature can drop dramatically at night. You need to be careful, because hypothermia, which can lead to serious consequences for health and even death, can be obtained already at a temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. And such a temperature can be in the usual summer season, so you should always take warm clothes with you to the mountains and take care of the opportunity to make a fire and cook warm food in advance.

It is easy to get frostbite in the mountains in winter. Contrary to popular belief, alcoholic beverages do not warm, but contribute to rapid hypothermia, and if it is very cold outside, then frostbite of the limbs. Alcohol dilates blood vessels, and heat comes out of the body faster. So in the cold it is better not to drink alcohol, but to warm up with quick movements. In addition, alcoholic drinks dull vigilance, under their influence a person can even fall asleep, which is very dangerous in the mountains, where frost can come suddenly even in summer.

Avalanches are a big danger. In order for a dangerous wave of snow to come down, it is not necessary that the slope be steep, under certain conditions, when a layer of melted water forms between the snow and the ground, an avalanche can descend on a slope of only 8 degrees. So a gently sloping mountain may seem completely harmless in appearance, but in fact pose a mortal danger. It is very difficult for a person stuck in an avalanche to get out, as the snow compacted by the action of the avalanche has almost the same density as concrete, so you need to be very careful and try not to climb the snowy slopes. Sports climbing must have the most reliable insurance and third-party observers who can help in case of problems.

Now a popular sport is wingsuit flying, when an athlete glides in a special suit with small wings, these clothes are called a wingsuit. Despite the spectacle of this sport, it is very dangerous, according to statistics, about 2 jumps out of 1000 end in death, as athletes jump from rocks, most deaths happen due to hitting a rock (about a third of tragic cases). When jumping from an airplane, the mortality rate is lower, but also significant - up to 30 tragic cases per 100,000 jumps.

Climbing is also dangerous, especially when it comes to the Himalayan peaks. Annapurna is considered the most dangerous mountain, every fourth climber dies during the ascent. The highest mountain in the world, Chomolungma (Everest), has similar statistics. Since it is very difficult and dangerous to lower the bodies of the dead from this mountain, the dead remain on the slopes, this is an eerie reminder that one should not take too many risks, even for the sake of significant sporting achievements. It is not possible to refer to the inexperience of the athletes here, since the most experienced climbers climb the eight-thousanders, the strongest and most courageous people, but probably the most reckless, because if you manage to descend safely, very often with frostbite, which can end in limb amputation . Climbing is a great sport, but you need to be extremely careful when climbing difficult peaks.

In Russian ski resort Dombay in 2013, a large zorb ball, in which there were two people, rolled into a deep mountain gorge. There were two people in the balloon - one tourist received a compression fracture of the spine and died on the way to the hospital, the other received a concussion. The cause of the tragedy was non-compliance with safety rules - at the bottom of the long track the ball was caught by one person, there were no barriers from the side of the cliff. After the attraction employee did not catch the ball, he rolled (in fact, flew) for another one and a half kilometers down the rocky slope and ended up in a place so inaccessible that it was difficult for even trained rescuers to reach him.

There are many "mountain" sports - mountaineering, rock climbing, ice climbing, hiking, skiing. skiing, snowboarding, sledding, mountain biking, boarding on volcanic ash, zorbing (descent on a ball from a mountain), hang-gliding, paragliding, kite flying (often combined with skiing), wingsuit, bungee jumping, speleology, rafting ( rafting and other watercraft), canyoning (passage of canyons without equipment). All mountain sports are dangerous, but this does not mean that they should not be practiced. You need to follow safety precautions, be careful, do not drink alcohol, then entertainment associated with an increased content of adrenaline in the blood may not become completely safe, but at least it will be safer. Remember, excessive risk is always unacceptable, do not do anything that could threaten health and life.

Mountaineering is a rewarding activity. An example of "folk mountaineering" can be South Korea. In South Korea, the most common pastime among people of all ages is hiking in the mountains. There is nothing surprising if after the holiday people do not sleep off, but gather, and the company goes to the mountains. Perhaps this tradition exists due to the fact that holidays in this country are very small and can be only a few days a year. There are also few public holidays - about 10 days a year, and if they fall on Sunday, then they are not transferred to Monday. People use every possible minute to relax in nature. And the mountains in South Korea are almost everywhere - this is a country with a complex, but very picturesque relief.

Everyday life, everyday life, turmoil, reinforced concrete cities prevent us from observing the beauty that we are surrounded by, megacities are buzzing like a bee hive. Haste and running around cross out attention to the world around us and our own thoughts. Climbing, on the other hand, provides an opportunity to get away from all this and, willy-nilly, makes you take your time, observe the weather and nature, be measured in thoughts and actions. Apparently, this is why I am so attracted to this sport (Ivan Kvashnin).

On July 14, 2017, Ivan Kvashnin and Aleksey Preobrazhensky, employees of the AlpIndustriya store in the Moscow shopping center Aviapark, climbed to the top of Kazbek, making their dream come true. From the ascent, the guys brought several films of amazing photographs and a lot of impressions, two different views of the ascent. So, about mountains and about thoughts.

Alexey Preobrazhensky

What does a person think about at an altitude of 3000 meters, step by step climbing uphill with a heavy backpack on his back? For me, perhaps, this was the most important and decisive issue in this journey.

In July 2017, my colleague Vanya and I climbed Kazbek from the Georgian side. I do not want to talk about the technical aspects of our ascent, give exact numbers and describe how and what we used from the equipment. For me, something else was important - thoughts. And how they can affect the perception of the environment and human behavior in extreme conditions.

It was the power of thought that helped me rise higher and realize why this was necessary. There is plenty of time for reflection and digging in yourself on such a journey. A monotonous rise with a measured step is something akin to meditation. The brain gives commands to the muscles: “Go”, “Go”, “One more step”, “Second”. And at the same time sets the mood: “You must!”, “You can!”, “You can do it!”.

Plunging into myself, I thought about life below, about some small joys and that we do not notice the beauty around us at all and take for granted what we have. I thought about people close to me, about what I could make them happier, just by giving a little more of my attention ... And as I climbed, it seemed to me that my thoughts became more and more pure and correct.

When an exhausted, exhausted body alarmingly signals to the brain “That's it! Stop! This is beyond my power. If you continue in the same spirit, you will break”, the power of thought comes into play: “This is not the limit! You can! You are no worse than others! You must come!" And you go through more.

The most difficult thing was in the parking lots, when the brain realized that the physical activity was over, and no longer kept the muscles in good shape. The body relaxed and did not obey when they wanted to occupy it with some household chores. In the same place, in the parking lots, altitude sickness caused by a lack of oxygen made itself felt, I constantly had a headache. Did I want in those moments to go down, into comfort, into civilization? No. I understood that this was my conscious choice, that this was happening here and now and that it might never happen again. All these thoughts, securely fixed in the mind, helped to move forward and filled the ascent to the top with meaning. Although for me the end point of our ascent was not so important as the process itself. Perhaps that is why the greatest impression on me was made by the Miley-hoh peak, which we climbed on the eve of the summit assault. The four of us went there, and we were the first to go up there in recent days. An interesting route and a stunning view from the top will remain in my memory for a long time and will remind me of our entire journey.

As for the most responsible and long-awaited event - the assault - as I said, the summit was not an end in itself. The end point of my journey was somewhere deep within me, hiding behind the prejudices and limitations that I had to rise above and look at everything from a new height.

Ivan Kvashnin

Lyosha is a big romantic with us, and the mountains encourage him even more. He does a really good job of describing what goes on inside almost every person during their time at the top.

But I want to immerse you not in the spiritual world, but, probably, bring you closer to the realities and how I saw the “real” Lyokha, and not that romantic who is flying in his thoughts and searching for the truth. Well, as Gagarin said, let's go!

Day #1

Having crossed the border on Upper Lars, we arrived at the town of Stepantsminda (Kazbegi). On the very first evening, we plunged headlong into Georgian cuisine, with the thought that for the next ten days we would eat only sublimates and cereals.

Ate everything and a lot. As my friend's grandmother said, if it itches - scratch, there will be joy for the soul! After these words, Lyokha ordered himself a double portion of grilled vegetables and lemonade.

On the way up to our hostel, Kazbek revealed himself in all his glory. The night was starry. From Stepantsminda, the mountain looks very menacing and powerful. In the hostel, I got a room with a view of the summit, and I could not fall asleep until 3:00, looking at her out the window in anticipation. Then the alarm clock rang obnoxiously, and the next day came.

Day #2

We agreed with the locals about the transfer to the Gergeti church. The transfer turned out to be a Mitsubishi Delica. Actually, Stepantsminda is the city of these machines. Throughout the road, we admired the scenery, and the cliffs a few centimeters from the sides of the car sometimes tickled our nerves and added spice to our adventures.

Having reached the place, we, without thinking twice, put on our backpacks and went to the first overnight place called Zelenka or, as they also call it, Green Hotel. Gaining a little height, we went into the clouds. The humidity rose and it got cold. Step by step, we moved away from the Georgian cuisine delights and plunged into the realities of climbing in alpine style.

When we got to Zelenka, the wind picked up and began to drizzle. We quickly set up our tent and started cooking. Fortunately, everything here has been equipped by tourists for “centuries”. There is a small spring, there are windscreens for tents and "kitchens". Throwing on a fleece and began to cook. While cooking, they told funny stories. We ate buckwheat with dried vegetables, drank a couple of cups of hot tea, and on the side after a running day.

Day #3

In the morning it was not the alarm clock that woke us up, but the sun. Before us appeared magnificent clear weather with beautiful views and the snowy peak of Kazbek.

I asked Lyokha how he slept. The answer was not the most vigorous: "Almost did not sleep." I attributed everything to the fact that the first night in the wild is always like this, and even more so, the place in the tent he got was not the most even. Lyokha waved his hand with the words “Whether there will be more!”. Optimism and love of life spurt out of him like freshly squeezed juice...

We basked in the sun, had breakfast with a view of the mountain landscapes and set off on our way to the weather station. On the ascent from the parking lot, we saw a view of the tongue of the Gergeti glacier and the Chkheri River, which had washed out the gorge, originating from it. This view makes a lasting impression, to goosebumps.

Wade mountain river, flowing like a waterfall into Chkheri, we ran into the first obstacle - the Gergeti glacier. It turned out to be completely open and did not conceal insidious dangers in the form of unreliable bridges and closed cracks. The sun was hot all over. Having crossed the glacier, bypassing the cracks, we ended up at the weather station. Here the height is already felt, but not critical, 3600 m. Exhausted by the sun and walking in crampons on the glacier, we set up a tent and went to register in the meteo. We had dinner and decided that we would not storm from 3600 - long and tedious. We will reach 3800, look at the state and, if everything is good, we will go further to 4200. We turned off the flashlights and started listening to rockfalls until we woke up from stuffiness in the tent.

Day #4

The weather whispers. We woke up at 6 in the morning, there was nothing to breathe in the tent, we open the zipper - the sun burns our eyes. The air is fresh air, you can lean back and think about the day.

With all sincerity, I called Lyokha the beekeeper, since the height was reflected on his face in the form of one continuous tumor.

The morning passes like a groundhog day: we collect equipment, oatmeal, sir, tea and go.

Up to 3800 came quickly. Good condition. The weather pleases. Without hesitation, we move to 4200. On the way we made a halt with a snack. According to Lyokha, it is clear that the height is acting, the body is fighting, like its inner ego. Due to the fact that they gathered for a long time, the sun came out on the slopes, stones flew down. We are on the edge of the glacier. In the head of the words of V. Vysotsky:

You're walking on the edge of a glacier
Looking up from the top.
The mountains sleep, breathing in the clouds,
Exhaling snow avalanches.
But they keep their eyes on you
As if you were promised peace
warning every time
Rockfall and grin of cracks.

We run through this dangerous section and set up camp at 4200. The sun just burns out. We are actually in a lens. We need to dig in and set up camp. I give Lyokha a shovel: I need to cheer him up a little. Yes, and physical activity - everything is better for acclimuha. In general, I always try to avoid doing something during acclimatization, so I decided to give him a shovel, thereby instilling the same habit :) And he sat down to melt the snow.

The camp was set up, compote got drunk, had a snack. It was still a long time before the end of the sunny day, so they whiled away the time playing cards and sunbathing.

While preparing dinner from sublimates, they recalled with sighs chakhokhbili, adzhapsandali, ojakhuri on ketsi and other culinary delights of Georgia. With these thoughts, the evening of the fourth day ended.

Day #5

We wake up. I leave the tent, I understand that the sun will crawl up the slope to us for at least another 2 hours, dress in everything warm and start preparing breakfast. While the snow was being melted and we were getting ready for a radial exit, the sun reached us and showed itself in all its glory.

We had an acclimatization hike to the top of Spartak. We did not cut the excess path without climbing and decided to go straight, rounding it on the right side, where we started the ascent. It was then that the most beautiful sun, which we had been waiting for all morning, began to burn us like ants with a lens.

We reached the top of Spartak quite quickly, with one halt. After sitting on the top (about 4500) and admiring the beauty, we decided to go to Miley, as there was still a lot of time left. On the way back, Lyokha fell waist-deep into a crack. We were in a bunch and technically worked out this moment. Lyokha flew out of the crack like a champagne cork, but the oppressive sense of danger intensified.

We arrived at the assault camp a couple of hours before dark. The scorching sun was very tiring. Lyokha is full of emotions after being stuck waist-deep in a crack. At dinner, we looked at the forecast for the following days - it made me think. After weighing the strength, the bad forecast and the desire to climb, we decided to storm the summit tomorrow.

Day #6

Wake up at 4 am. It's cold, very cold... Somehow we start preparing breakfast. A couple of spoons of oatmeal and a glass of hot tea are a must. Well, at least the thermoses were filled yesterday. While the snow is melting, we are gathering in full. The night is beautiful, starry, calm. For a long time I waited for this feeling, as if everything had stopped. There is no wind, smells, movement, as if the planet has stopped rotating...

By the time I began to actively get ready, Lyokha had already cooked porridge and warmed up the rest of yesterday's tea in a pot. We had a bite, checked the equipment - and we were on our way. They warmed up only when they started to walk. The first steps were difficult: still sleepy, the porridge had not completely failed, and Lyokha complained of a headache.

Gradually we gain height. We met Poles going on an assault without acclimatization from 3600. I definitely did not envy their condition.

With Lyokha we walked at the same pace, making stops every 40 minutes. Somewhere at 4500 I was lucky to meet the dawn. The views are certainly breathtaking. For the sake of this, I want to return to the mountains again and again.

While walking, there were two funny moments: first, the inscription on the snow “I'm still alive, your Tonya”, then someone went on the air on our wave with the words “Jamshut! Quickly to the gate!

At 4900 there was a very beautiful bergschrund, we managed to walk inside it. After rest we moved on. We got to the bridge. The weather is just class, there are no clouds, everything is visible to the horizon! There was a pre-summit takeoff. We go traverse, we reach the stones, those that lie on the right side. Next is ice. Without thinking twice, they threw two ropes of railings. The last steps - and we are at the top at 11:08. Joy filled us from head to toe. But we rejoice for a short time: the window quickly closes, we run down.

With enough determination, any idiot can climb this mountain,” Hall said. “But the trick is to get back down alive.

Jon Krakauer

Ice crumbs beat in the face mixed with strong wind and poor visibility, ice underfoot. I closed and removed the railing. Lyokha still had a headache. About myself, everything, I think, the main thing is to go down to the jumper, the main thing is to go down to the jumper, and then we’ll get there.

A dense impenetrable cloud was waiting for us on the cofferdam, the wind subsided, the snow crumb stopped burning. We stopped to take a breath and have a bite to eat. And then down, down and down again. Step by step, slowly and surely, through fatigue. At about 15:00 we were in the assault camp at 4200. We ate, drank, warmed up. The awareness that was at the top until it comes. So far, only fatigue and thirst. We couldn't fall asleep quickly, we talked about everything. Then, when it got dark, I fell asleep.

Day #7

We collect things and run down until the sun came out on the slopes. The descent was long and quite tiring, as we fell straight into Stepantsminda from 4200. At 16:00 we were at the hostel, dirty, burnt, but happy.

In conclusion, I want to say, go to the mountains, love the mountains. But keep it clean. The planet gives us life, it is our home. Take care of her!

Victoria Popova
Abstract of the complex lesson "What the mountains tell about"

Topic: About what mountains tell.

Educational - continue to introduce children to inanimate nature, give basic information about mountains: what are the mountains who lives in the mountains, what grows, what they are made of the mountains; Introduce the words - magma, vent, lava.

Educational

To develop cognitive interest, the ability to analyze, compare, generalize, draw simple conclusions.

To develop the cognitive activity of children in the process of independent implementation of the experiment.

nurturing: Encourage children to draw conclusions on their own.

- Guess the riddle: Stands on one leg, turns, turns his head, shows us countries, the mountains, rivers, oceans.

What's this? (It's a globe)

-Consider a globe. Why is the globe painted in different colors (brown the mountains, green - plains and forests, blue - seas, yellow - deserts)

show on the globe the mountains. A video message is played in which the mistress of the mountains invites the children to discover the secrets she has hidden in envelopes.

What do you think mountains can tell about themselves?

The children come to the table on which the envelope lies, the teacher takes out the task from it.

In front of us on the table are stones of various shapes and sizes. arrange them so that the old stones are in one basket. And the young in the other. (Children examining the stones, distributed in baskets)

Explain your choice. (children explain: pointed stones are young, and smooth are old. They became so from time to time thanks to the wind and water)

Guys, can we figure out what mountains old, and which young (children consider photo depicting mountains, explaining where the old the mountains where the young

Now we move on to the next envelope.

Look at this diagram. What do we see? The mountains these are giant folds of the earth's crust, that is, skin. They consist of layers of various rocks. Some rocks are hard while others are soft. Soft rocks are easily affected by rain and wind. Because of this, collapses occur in the mountains, gorges, cliffs, canyons are formed.

-Solid: granite, coal, diamonds, silicon, malachite.

-Soft: chalk, gypsum, asbestos.

Minerals are mined in different ways. Some in open pits, others deep underground in mines.

Guys, is it possible to find shells in the mountains? It turns out you can. The mountains were once coral reefs, but are now far from the sea. Since that time, shells have been preserved in the rocks. The highest mountain in the world is Everest, it is located in the Himalayan mountains. What mountains of Russia do you know the names of? (Caucasian the mountains, Ural).

Here is another secret about minerals discovered.

Let's move on to the next envelope.

Look carefully at these pictures. (they depict animals and birds, trees and shrubs located in the mountains) Please tell me how these pictures are connected with the mountains? (Children express their opinions.) The answer is obvious - in the mountains there are not only stones, but also vegetation, animals and birds.

I see you are a little tired. I suggest doing a workout.

Children perform characteristic movements.

And now the next envelope is on our way. We open.

Look here for items that were used by blacksmiths in antiquity. I AM I will tell you about the fire-breathing mountains. These the mountains called volcanoes. And they called them volcanoes because they existed legend: (children sit down on the carpet) There lived in the world a god named VOLCANO and he was a blacksmith. He built himself a blacksmith inside the highest the mountains. He beat with a heavy hammer on iron, fanned the fire. And the mountain stood in the middle of the sea. When Vulkan worked with a hammer, the mountain trembled, the roar and rumble spread far around. From the hole at the top the mountains red-hot stones, fire and ashes flew with a deafening roar. The volcano is working, people said with fear and went away from this place. Since then, they began to call fire-breathing the mountains"volcanoes".

Now there are three types on earth volcanoes: Sleepers - who can wake up to explode in fiery lava at any time.

Active - constantly spewing fountains of boiling lava.

Extinct - those that erupted a very long time ago, but are now extinct.

Let's go to the table. It has a model of a volcano. Volcanoes as we see it cone-shaped mountains. If you look from above, you can see a hole - this is a crater, a large bowl with steep slopes, and at the bottom is bright orange - this is a vent-hole that goes deep into the ground. And the fiery liquid coming out of the volcano is lava.

So the historical secret of the mountains was revealed to us.

The next secret is the envelope.

The mistress of the mountains offers us to make a volcano on our own.

Inside the layout is a plastic yogurt cup. 1 teaspoon of soda, a little gouache paint, citric acid, 3 drops of detergent. Consistently mixed and observed. (There will be a simulated volcanic eruption)

But at the bottom of the ocean, when an eruption occurs, the frozen lava can form a cone of such a height that if the top is above the water, then after the volcano goes out there will be an island. Many islands in the Pacific Ocean are of volcanic origin.

It's good that everyone got a volcano. Did you like the secret the mountains?

A video clip is turned on in which the hostess of the mountains says that everyone coped with the tasks. Now they are rewarded for their work. Only in exchange we must remember the secrets that she revealed to us.

I thank you all for today's work.

Mountains occupy about 24% of all land. Most mountains in Asia - 64%, least of all in Africa - 3%. 10% of the world's population lives in mountains. And it is in the mountains that most of the rivers on our planet originate.

Characteristics of the mountains

By geographic location mountains unite in different communities, which should be distinguished.

. mountain belts- the largest formations, often stretching across several continents. For example, the Alpine-Himalayan belt runs through Europe and Asia, or the Andean-Cordillera, stretching through North and South America.
. mountain system- groups of mountains and ranges, similar in structure and age. For example, the Ural Mountains.

. mountain ranges- a group of mountains, elongated in a line (Sangre de Cristo in the USA).

. mountain groups- also a group of mountains, but not elongated in a line, but simply located nearby. For example, the Ber-Po Mountains in Montana.

. Solitary mountains- not related to others, often of volcanic origin (Table Mountain in South Africa).

Natural areas of mountains

Natural areas in the mountains are arranged in layers and change depending on the height. At the foot, there is most often a zone of meadows (in the highlands) and forests (in the middle and low mountains). The higher, the more severe the climate becomes.

The change of belts is influenced by climate, height, topography of mountains and their geographical position. For example, continental mountains do not have a belt of forests. From the foot to the top, natural areas change from deserts to grasslands.

Mountain views

There are several classifications of mountains according to various criteria: by structure, shape, origin, age, geographical location. Consider the most basic types:

1. By age distinguish old and young mountains.

old called mountain systems, whose age is hundreds of millions of years. The internal processes in them have subsided, and the external ones (wind, water) continue to destroy, gradually comparing them with the plains. The old mountains include the Ural, Scandinavian, Khibiny (on the Kola Peninsula).

2. Height distinguish between low, medium and high mountains.

Low mountains (up to 800 m) - with rounded or flat tops and gentle slopes. There are many rivers in these mountains. Examples: Northern Urals, Khibiny, spurs of the Tien Shan.

Medium mountains (800-3000 m). They are characterized by a change in landscape depending on the height. This Polar Ural, Appalachians, mountains of the Far East.

High mountains (over 3000 m). Basically, these are young mountains with steep slopes and sharp peaks. Natural areas change from forests to icy deserts. Examples: Pamir, Caucasus, Andes, Himalayas, Alps, Rocky Mountains.

3. By origin they distinguish volcanic (Fujiyama), tectonic (Altai Mountains) and denudation, or erosional (Vilyuysky, Ilimsky).

4. According to the shape of the top mountains are peak-shaped (Communism Peak, Kazbek), plateau-shaped and table-shaped (Amby in Ethiopia or Monument Valley in the USA), domed (Ayu-Dag, Mashuk).

Climate in the mountains

The mountain climate has a number of characteristic features that appear with height.

Decrease in temperature - the higher, the colder. It is no coincidence that the peaks of the highest mountains are covered with glaciers.

The atmospheric pressure drops. For example, at the top of Everest, the pressure is two times lower than at sea level. That is why water in the mountains boils faster - at 86-90ºC.

The intensity of solar radiation increases. In the mountains, sunlight contains more ultraviolet light.

The amount of precipitation is increasing.

High mountain ranges delay precipitation and affect the movement of cyclones. Therefore, the climate on different slopes of the same mountain may differ. On the windward side there is a lot of moisture, sun, on the leeward side it is always dry and cool. A striking example is the Alps, where subtropics are represented on one side of the slopes, and a temperate climate dominates on the other.

The highest mountains in the world

(Click on the picture to enlarge the scheme in full size)

There are seven highest peaks in the world, which all climbers dream of conquering. Those who succeeded become honorary members of the "Seven Peaks Club". These are mountains such as:

. Chomolungma, or Everest (8848 m). Located on the border of Nepal and Tibet. Belongs to the Himalayas. It has the shape of a trihedral pyramid. The first conquest of the mountain took place in 1953.

. aconcagua(6962 m). It is the highest mountain in the southern hemisphere, located in Argentina. Belongs to the Andes mountain system. The first ascent took place in 1897.

. McKinley- the highest peak in North America (6168 m). Located in Alaska. First conquered in 1913. It was considered the highest point in Russia until Alaska was sold to America.

. kilimanjaro- the highest mark in Africa (5891.8 m). Located in Tanzania. First conquered in 1889. This is the only mountain where all types of the Earth's belts are represented.

. Elbrus — highest peak Europe and Russia (5642 m). Located in the Caucasus. The first ascent took place in 1829.

. Vinson Massif- the highest mountain of Antarctica (4897 m). It is part of the Ellsworth Mountains. First conquered in 1966.

. Mont Blanc- the highest point in Europe (many attribute Elbrus to Asia). Height - 4810 m. Located on the border of France and Italy, belongs to the mountain system of the Alps. The first ascent in 1786, and a century later, in 1886, Theodore Roosevelt conquered the summit of Mont Blanc.

. Pyramid of Carstens- the highest mountain in Australia and Oceania (4884 m). Located on the island of New Guinea. The first conquest was in 1962.

Mountain system in the Urals, located between the East European and West Siberian plains. The Ural Mountains are located on the territory of Russia and Kazakhstan and are a unique geographical feature that divides the mainland of Eurasia into two parts.

In ancient sources, the Ural Mountains were called Riphean or Hyperborean. Russian pioneers called them "Stone". The toponym "Ural" is most likely taken from the Bashkir language and means "stone belt".

The length is more than 2000 km, the width is from 40 to 150 km.
Altitude above sea level: 1,895 m.
Area: 781,100 km2

The formation of the Ural mountain system began about 350 million years ago and ended about 200 million years ago.

The mountains originate from the shores of the Arctic Ocean and end in the hot deserts of Kazakhstan.

Minerals of the Ural Mountains
In the bowels of the Urals are hidden untold riches known to the whole world. This is the famous malachite, and gemstones colorfully described by Bazhov in his fairy tales, asbestos, platinum, gold and other minerals. Of the 55 types of the most important minerals that were developed in the USSR, 48 are represented in the Urals.

Nature of the Ural Mountains

This region is famous for its incredible beauty of nature. People come here to look at the amazing mountains, plunge into the clear waters of numerous lakes, descend into caves or raft down the stormy rivers of the Ural Mountains.
The beauty of these mountains is best seen in natural parks and reserves. Once in the Sverdlovsk region, you definitely need to visit the "Deer Streams". Tourists come here to see the drawings of an ancient person applied to the surface of the rock. In the cave of Kapova, scientists discovered rock paintings that are more than 14 thousand years old. In total, about 200 works of ancient artists were found in its open spaces. In addition, you can visit numerous halls, grottoes and galleries located on three levels, admire the underground lakes.

Fauna of the Ural Mountains

Not less diverse is the animal world"Earth Belt". The dominant position in the local fauna is occupied by forest animals, the habitat of which is coniferous, broad-leaved or mixed forests. So, squirrels live in coniferous forests, the basis of their diet is spruce seeds, and in winter these pretty animals with a fluffy tail feed on pre-stocked pine nuts and dried mushrooms. The marten is widespread in the local forests, the existence of which is difficult to imagine without the already mentioned squirrel, for which this predator hunts.
But the real wealth of these places is the fur trade animal, the fame of which extends far beyond the region, for example, the sable that lives in the forests of the Northern Urals. True, it differs from the dark Siberian sable in a less beautiful reddish skin. Uncontrolled hunting for a valuable furry animal is prohibited at the legislative level. Without this ban, it would certainly have been completely destroyed by now.
The taiga forests of the Ural Mountains are also inhabited by the traditional Russian wolf, bear and elk. Roe deer are found in mixed forests. On the plains adjacent to the mountain ranges, the hare and the fox feel at ease. We did not make a reservation: they live precisely on the flat terrain, and the forest for them is just a shelter. And, of course, the crowns of trees are well inhabited by many species of birds.