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Abstract on the discipline:

« Economic and social geography of foreign countries. Methodology for teaching a course in secondary school »

On this topic:

« Characteristics of tourism resources of foreign European countries. Tourist zoning of Foreign Europe. »

Executor:

Gladysheva Alexandra Nikolaevna

Moscow 2016

Content

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . 3

Theoretical concepts about tourist resources. . . . 5

Tourist zoning of Foreign Europe. . . 8

1. General characteristics of the countries of Foreign Europe. . . 8

   Tourist areas of Foreign Europe. . . . 10

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . 16

List of used literature. . . . . 17

Appendix No. 1. . . . . . . . . 18

Introduction.

Tourism in the 21st century. has become a social and political phenomenon that significantly influences the world order and the economy of many countries and entire regions. World tourism has achieved particular success over the past 30 years, when the number of international tourists increased by 3.8 times, and foreign exchange earnings from it increased by 25 times. .

Tourism in people's perception is associated with restoration of strength, relaxation, and new impressions. It has firmly entered the life of man with his natural desire to discover and learn about unexplored lands, monuments of nature, history and culture, customs and traditions of different peoples.A number of important geographical, economic, political and cultural preconditions contribute to the fact that Europe has been and remains the most developed region in terms of international tourism.

Foreign Europe is the “cradle” of world civilization, the birthplace of great geographical discoveries, industrial revolutions, urban agglomerations, and international economic integration. Europe is home to about 40 sovereign states, connected by common historical destinies and close political, economic and cultural relations. This region still occupies a very important place in world politics and economics today. Despite its small territory, the role of this region of the world in the world economy is very great. Foreign European countries produce 50% of the world's industrial output. The region ranks first in mechanical engineering and second in the production of chemical products. In addition, Foreign Europe has been and remains one of the main regions of international tourism.

The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that Foreign Europe attracts a huge tourist flow every year. The object of the study is Foreign Europe. The subject of the study is the tourism resources of Foreign Europe. The purpose of this work: to study and analyze the tourist and recreational resources of Foreign Europe from the point of view of their attractiveness for tourists, to reveal and show current trends in the development of tourism in Europe.

To achieve our goal, the following tasks were identified:

1. Study of scientific, popular science and scientific-methodological literature on the topic of interest;

2. Consideration of the concepts of “tourist resources”;

3. Familiarization with the zoning of Foreign Europe;

The methodological and theoretical basis for writing the work was provided by special educational and periodical literature on the problem under study, as well as statistical information. Among the authors used to write the abstract, special mention should be made of the works of Alexandrova A.Yu., Voronkova L.P., Glushko A.A., Dmitrevsky Yu.D., Kvartalnov V.A., Maksakovsky V.P. and others.

Theoretical concepts about tourism resources

Tourism is currently an actively developing area of ​​the economy. And for the development of any sphere of the economy, a certain set of resources is always required that will ensure the achievement of tactical and strategic business goals. Tourism as a field of economic activity is based on the targeted and reasonable use of resources that are potentially attractive to potential travelers.

According to , the concept of “tourist resources” means natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual and other needs of tourists, help maintain their livelihoods, restore and develop their physical strength.

Many authors (Bystrov S.A., Vorontsova M.G., Zhukova M.A., Lukyanova N.S., etc.) are increasingly considering the combined concept of “tourist and recreational resources” as specific properties of the natural environment, and also their combinations, manifestations of human activity, natural, historical, socio-cultural objects that are objects of interest to tourists, stimulate them to travel, and are able to satisfy their needs for the restoration and development of physical, emotional and intellectual strength. A resource is not only a landscape or a landmark, but also silence, clean air, the hospitality of residents, the availability of entertainment, etc.

The presence of certain tourist resources in the region determines the specifics of tourism development in a given area (region), in addition, tourist resources are the initial basis for the production of a certain tourist product.

There are several ways to classify resources in the tourism sector. Tourism resources can be considered by belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest); according to their functional purpose (health-improving, educational, sports); according to the degree of study.

The World Tourism Organization proposed dividing all resources into seven large groups , namely: natural resources; energy wealth; human factors (in terms of demographics and cultural aspects); institutional, political, legal and administrative aspects; social aspects, features of the social structure, level and traditions in the field of education, health care and recreation; various benefits and services, transport, communications, recreation and entertainment infrastructure; economic and financial activities.

In addition to the above grouping, other methods of systematizing tourist resources can be used. One of these classifications is presented in Fig. 1. (Appendix No. 1)

Such groupings of resources allow the most rational and comprehensive approach to the formation and evaluation of tourism products at different levels, including national, regional and local.

Competitiveness of many countriesVThe field of international tourism is directly related to the availability of natural resources, which include land, seas, lakes, rivers, landscapes, climate, flora, fauna. They characterize the location of the country and are decisive for the formation of tourist flows. Thus, the presence of excellent sea beaches and a warm climate in Mediterranean countries encourage tourists from such developed countries as Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Japan to visit these resorts.

Thus, when considering any region, and in particular Foreign Europe, from the point of view of tourism development, an accurate analysis of its tourist resources and a study of their recreational potential are necessary. Moreover, this region has a huge number of favorable natural factors.

2. Tourist zoning of Foreign Europe.

2.1 General characteristics of the countries of Foreign Europe.

Europe occupies the western part of the Eurasian continent. Territory area 10.8 million km 2 . The border of Europe with Asia runs along the eastern foot of the Urals, the Elbe, Kuma, Manych rivers, the Caspian, Azov, and Black seas. Most European countries have access to the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and their seas, which facilitates the development of tourist relations with other countries. The bulk of Europe is flat or hilly. The largest plains are the East European, Central European, Middle and Lower Danube, and the Paris Basin. Mountains occupy 17% of the territory. The main mountain systems are the Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, Pyrenees, Carpathians, part of the Caucasus.

In most of the territory the climate is temperate. In the west it is oceanic, in the east it is continental. On the northern islands the climate is subarctic and arctic, in southern Europe it is Mediterranean. Much of Northern Europe is covered by modern glaciers. On many islands in Iceland, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya there is cover glaciation, and in the Alps there is mountain glaciation.

Occupying a small portion of the Earth (4% of the land area), Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. 786 million people live here. The ethnic map of the modern European continent is quite colorful.

The economic and geographical position of the countries of Foreign Europe is determined by two main features. Firstly, the neighboring position of these countries in relation to each other. With a relatively small territory, its small “depth” and good transport “passability”, these countries either directly border or are separated by short distances. In addition, their borders run primarily along natural boundaries that do not create significant obstacles to transport connections. Secondly, the coastal position of the vast majority of countries, many of which are located close to the busiest sea routes. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km from the sea, in the eastern part - 600 km. The whole life of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece has been closely connected with the sea since ancient times.

Political map of the region throughout the 20th century. has undergone major changes three times: after the first and second world wars and in recent years (the unification of Germany, the acquisition of independence by the Baltic countries, the collapse of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, changes in the social system in Eastern European countries).

In Foreign Europe there are both republics and monarchies, both unitary and federal states.

Recently, a rather difficult demographic situation has been developing in foreign Europe. In some countries there is even a natural population decline. At the same time, the age composition of the population is changing, and the proportion of older people is growing. The influx of migrants has increased.

In terms of national composition, the population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: the vast majority of the 62 peoples of the region belong to the Indo-European language family. However, the ethnic map of the region, which has evolved over thousands of years, is not so simple. Along with single-national ones, there are many states with a complex national composition, in which there has recently been an aggravation of interethnic relations; Yugoslavia can serve as an example of this kind.

In all countries of Foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. In Southern Europe, Catholicism sharply predominates, in Northern Europe - Protestantism; and in the Middle they are in different proportions. The world center of Catholicism is located in Rome - the Vatican.

Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. Moreover, the distribution of the population in it is primarily determined by the geography of cities. The total number of cities is measured in many thousands, and their network is very dense. Gradually, over thousands of years, a Western European type of city emerged, the roots of which go back to the times of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages.

A characteristic feature of the urbanization of Foreign Europe is the very high concentration of the population in large cities and urban agglomerations, of which there are more here than in the USA and Japan combined. The largest of them are London, Paris and Rhine-Ruhr. In the 70s After a period of rapid growth of cities and agglomerations, an outflow of population began from their centers (nuclei), first to the near and distant suburbs, and then to more distant small towns and rural areas (“green wave”). As a result, the number of residents in the central areas of London, Paris, Hamburg, Vienna, Milan and many other cities either stabilized or even began to decline. This process is called suburbanization in science.

2.2 Tourist areas of Foreign Europe.

Tourist zoning - identifying areas in order to systematize geographic information about tourismAndidentifying territorial patterns of its development.

As a basistourist and recreational zoningforeign Europe usually takes its generally accepted four-member regionalization. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) distinguishes four large regions within this region: Southern, Western, Central-Eastern and Northern. It is in this order that they follow in terms of the size of attracting tourists.

Southern region or Southern Europe is a very important tourist area. Situated on three southern European peninsulas (Iberian, Apennine, Balkan) and adjacent territories, this area is distinguished by the attractiveness of the Mediterranean coast, Mediterranean climate, subtropical vegetation and, last but not least, a very complex history that left many cultural and architectural monuments in this area. The ethnic and religious composition of the population here is also diverse. So we can say that the attractiveness of the zone is quite great. It is no coincidence that the European shores of the Mediterranean Sea attract 100 million recreational tourists every year.

Within the zone, tourist macro-regions are quite clearly distinguished: Adriatic, Pyrenees, Apennine-Maltese, Southern France. This region of Europe occupies 1315 thousand km 2 and includes 12 countries: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Malta, Greece, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Albania. Mountainous terrain and a subtropical climate with dry summers prevail here, which creates unique conditions for the formation of a river network.

Within the zone, four categories of tourist areas can be distinguished: resorts of the Adriatic coast, mountain and ski centers, other inland areas with climatic resorts, resorts with thermal mineral springs.

Among the seaside resort centers are Dubrovnik, Opatija, Portoroz, Pula, Split, Rijeka; among lake resorts - Bled, Ohrid; among the mineral spring resorts is Vrijačka Banya. Among the cities that attract representatives of educational tourism are the capital of Yugoslavia Belgrade, the capital of Croatia Zagreb, the capital of Slovenia Ljubljana.

Spain is especially popular, where you can travel through the high Pyrenees, and through the arid Aragon, through Old and New Castile in the center of the country, through Andalusia in the south, relax and enjoy the benefits of the sea on the coasts.

In the area of ​​Southern Europe, the coast from Marseille to the border of France with Italy is especially famous for its favorable conditions for recreation and treatment. This is the French Riviera. The sixty-kilometer stretch from Cannes to Menton is remarkable - the Côte d'Azur, protected from the northern winds by the Maritime Alps. This entire coastline has long been popular with tourists from around the world. Representatives of the Russian aristocracy before the revolution, and representatives of the Russian emigration after it, and now - representatives of the “new Russians” lived here often and for a long time. .

Near the very border with Italy is the Principality of Monaco, famous for its wonderful oceanographic museum, but even more so for the world-famous casino in Monte Carlo, to which many Russian and foreign writers have dedicated their stories and short stories.

Western European zone occupies an area of ​​1108 thousand.km 2 and is one of the most popular tourist areas in Europe. It includes 7 countries: Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria. It attracts tourists with its very diverse nature and many historical, cultural, historical and architectural sites. At the same time, it has a well-developed infrastructure, reflecting the generally high level of labor in Western European countries. It is this circumstance and a largely common, albeit contradictory history that unites this zone, despite natural contrasts, into one whole. At the same time, within the zone there are such great differences in natural conditions that they primarily determine the division of the zone into macro-regions: British, Alpine, Germany and Benelux countries, French region.

Western Europe is characterized by the following main features:

The predominance of educational tourism (especially for Ireland,hostlarge flows of “transit travelers” from North America);

Weak development of resort tourism, which is explained by unfavorable climatic conditions for this purpose;

An important place in the flow of cruise travelers making sea trips around Europe, along the Atlantic, etc.;

The predominance of air transport of domestic and foreign tourists over road transport."

In general, the Alpine region (which includes the “dwarf” state of Liechtenstein) is distinguished by a well-developed tourist infrastructure, which uses the slightest reason to attract tourists to this or that region, to this or that point of the Alps. It is no coincidence that the Alps are visited by more than 60 million tourists a year. A special tourist macro-region of the Western European zone is represented by Germany and its adjacent Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg). The area has attractive natural conditions. In the south there are medium-high mountains, then there is a descent to the north to the North and partly the Baltic Seas. Some lowlands (in the Netherlands) are located below sea level and are protected by dams and dikes. The climate also changes from south to north. It is most favorable for recreation in the valleys of southern Germany, which led to the development of resorts there, including those using healing waters. There are, of course, seaside resorts. But the areas attract tourists not only for their nature: in four countries that have experienced many historical ups and downs, a large number of cultural monuments from different eras have been preserved. Thus, the area appears as an example of integrated tourism.

The French macroregion includes the territory of France without its Alpine regions and the Mediterranean coast.

Flat over most of its territory, a region of medium altitude in the French Massif Central, cut through by large river arteries the Seine, Rhone, Loire, Garonne with their tributaries and numerous picturesque river valleys, facing the Atlantic in its western part and possessing a huge number of historical monuments and museums of various eras (from ancient times to the present day), the French region is one of the most attractive not only in Europe, but throughout the world, as evidenced by the number of tourists arriving here every year.

Central-Eastern region is the smallest in area among other districts and occupies 782 thousand.km 2 . This zone includes the following countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Three denominations predominate in the zone: Catholic (Poland, Hungary, Slovenia), Protestant (various types), Orthodox (Romania, Bulgaria). The same confessions are also characteristic of the Baltic countries, which until recently were part of the USSR.

As for natural conditions, they change greatly from north to south. A tourist moving from the Baltic countries to Bulgaria sees a gradual change in landscapes - from forest in the north and center, steppe in western Romania and Hungary to subtropical in southern Bulgaria. So the natural attractiveness in this tourist area is undoubtedly higher in the south, where, moreover, there is the Black Sea with its excellent beaches in Bulgaria and Romania.

Analyzing the historical and cultural attractiveness, we can say that here, as they say, every country has something to boast about: after all, all the states in this zone have an interesting history, the traces and monuments of which are the most interesting tourist sites.

The Black Sea region of Bulgaria contains a large number of seaside resorts, famous all over the world. Tourists are attracted by the sea, beaches, and well-developed infrastructure. There are also objects of educational tourism, including ancient monuments. There are also exotic natural and archaeological sites.

The capital of the country, Sofia, is an important area of ​​educational tourism (temples, monuments, interesting buildings of civil architecture). Near the city there is a tourist complex Vitosha massif and some other objects .

Northern Europe Zone includes a group of Scandinavian countries united by the proximity of history and languages ​​(Sweden, Norway, Denmark and its possession of Greenland, Iceland), as well as Finland, which is historically and territorially close to them. This is the largest of the above areas (1809 thousand km 2 ).

Northern Europe is distinguished by its natural attractiveness, and of a special kind: the natural environment of the Northern European countries is unique, although, by ordinary standards, it is very harsh; it (the environment), in comparison with other regions of Europe, has retained its virgin, pristine character to a greater extent (although, of course, not everywhere).

The Nordic countries as a whole are more of a supplier of tourists, but are still constantly striving to increase the influx of tourists into their tourist area.

Thus, tourist flows are mainly directed to recreation centers in Western and Southern Europe (France, Spain, Italy). This concentration is the result of the habit of summer beach holidays. The UK is known for educational tourism, while Northern Europe (Scandinavia and Ireland) specialize in eco-tourism. Europe will be remembered for a long time for its landscapes, beautiful hotels and warm sea. There are many places in Europe where you can go: Ski resorts in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, excursions to cities such as Paris, Rome, Venice.

Conclusion

Traditionally, Europe has been and remains the region of greatest attraction for tourists. This is facilitated by the high level of economic development of most countries, the income of the population and its social structure (the predominance of the middle class), which makes it possible to realize the need for recreation outside their countries. As in other parts of the world, intraregional tourism predominates in foreign Europe, i.e. The exchange of tourist flows between European countries is higher than between Europe and other continents.

Based on the facts presented in this work, we can say that the tourism boom in foreign Europe continues. This can be explained by the following reasons.Firstly , the development of international tourism in the region is favored bynatural factors:rich and diverse natural and recreational resources, extremely rugged coastline and the presence of inland seas, thousands of kilometers of sea beaches, a dense river network, a combination of coastal and mountain landscapes in neighboring territories.Secondly , very favorable for Europe andcultural and historical factors:wealth of various historical and architectural monuments, high level of spiritual and material culture, mosaic of national and religious composition of the population.Third , the development of tourism in foreign Europe is favorably influencedsocio-economicAndeconomic and geographical factors (high level of general economic development, growing incomes of the population, high urbanization, developed transport and social infrastructure, close proximity to most countries in the region). Finally,fourthly , you need to take into accountpolitical factors. PFirst of all, a long period of peaceful development, deepening the processes of economic and political integration.

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GERMANY after unification in 199 0 became the largest country in Western Europe by population (more than 80 million people). Its geographical location in the center of Europe among developed countries contributes to economic prosperity. Access to the seas compensates through trade for the relative poverty of the mineral resource base (supplies of iron ore, oil, non-ferrous metals). The feudal fragmentation of Germany in the Middle Ages predetermined the modern polycentric settlement system of the country. There are many small and medium-sized towns in Germany, which are characterized by medieval buildings in the half-timbered style (white clay walls and wooden ceilings), and a large number of feudal castles. There is no clearly defined leading city on the territory of the country. The paradox of the demographic situation is that the population is increasing at the expense of migrants (mainly immigrants from Turkey and Yugoslavia) while the indigenous population is decreasing. The Federal Republic of Germany is administratively divided into 16 federal states. Having the third-largest economic potential in the world behind the United States and Japan, Germany has highly developed metallurgy, manufacturing, organized in the form of vertically integrated concerns, as well as the automotive and chemical industries. Tourist demand in Germany is driven by business travel, educational and luxury tourism. Business people visit Germany for various purposes. Small and medium-sized entrepreneurs from Russia visit the country to purchase used cars from well-known German companies Opel, BMW, and Audi. There is close cooperation between German and Russian metallurgical plants related to the supply of modern metallurgical equipment from Germany and the exchange of specialists. Congress and exhibition tourism is promising for Germany. Germany is one of Russia's largest business partners, and therefore international exhibitions held in the country's cities always attract many businessmen and specialists from Russia and the CIS countries. “He brought the fruits of learning from foggy Germany” - famous poetic lines confirming the prestige of German education. There are many foreign students studying in Germany. Thus, there is close cooperation between Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov and the Humboldt University in Berlin. Elite tourism is associated with prestigious resorts in the west of the country, such as Baden-Baden. Holidays at these resorts involve treatment with thermal waters, the sources of which have been known since the times of ancient Rome. Baden-Baden's gambling houses with roulette and other games are famous. At the end of the 19th century, the GAMING HOUSE paid the city 500 thousand florins in rent and allocated the same amount for the improvement of places where the vacationing public strolled. In 1857 in the gambling house of Baden-Baden L.N. Tolstoy lost all his money - 3,000 francs. Wiesbaden is also known as a gambling center. From the middle of the 19th century. Wiesbaden became famous for its gambling house with roulette and card games. In 187 1 in the gambling house of Wiesbaden played F.M. Dostoevsky. Holidays in the Alps are of particular interest in Germany; the famous resort of Garmisch-Partenkirchen is located here. This is one of the largest climatic resorts in the Bavarian Alps, a recognized winter sports center in Germany. Back in 1936 The Winter Olympic Games were held here. In Germany, holidays on the lakes of Bavaria and river cruises along the Rhine and Elbe are popular, especially among people of the “third age”. The administrative centers of Germany are also a tourist mecca. Especially the most popular trips are to the capital of Germany, Berlin. In the center of Berlin is Alexanderplatz, a square named after the Russian Emperor Alexander II. Here, nearby, tourists walk along the central street of the city, Unter Den Linden (the street under the linden trees), which ends at the Brandenburg Gate, which once separated West and East Berlin. Berlin's tourist attractions include numerous museums, a zoo, and a television tower. The symbol of the city is a bear. Not far from Berlin is the city of Potsdam - the site of the post-war conference of the heads of government of the victorious powers in 1945. There are many other tourist attractions in Germany. It is impossible not to mention the city of Dresden, located on the Elbe River. Dresden is famous for its wonderful Zwinger palace ensemble with the building of the Dresden Art Gallery. Other cities in Germany are also of interest to tourists. Hamburg is the second largest (after Berlin) city in Germany, one of the largest seaports in Europe. The city has a large number of bridges - about 2400. Numerous churches rise in the northern Elbe quarters. The city has the “entertainment district” of Sao Pauli with restaurants, nightclubs, and bars. To the north of the Elbe, an aristocratic district is located around an artificially created lake. The historical center of Germany is Bremen. In the historical and business center of the city, administrative buildings coexist with monuments of the past: the medieval cathedral and the city hall. The picturesque cities of Lübeck and Kiel are known as long-standing centers of maritime trade. Currently, Kiel is a naval base and a major shipbuilding center. Regattas are regularly held in Kiel. Many tourists visit Cologne, which was founded by the Romans back in the 1st century. n. e. as a TRADE hub at the intersection of the Rhine and land roads. The city is dominated by the building of Cologne Cathedral, a world-famous monument of Gothic architecture. Düsseldorf is home to world-class industrial and trade fairs. It is a major financial and foreign trade center. Frankfurt am Main is known as a city of banks, insurance agencies and international fairs. Large stock and currency exchanges are located here. Stuttgart is a city in Southwestern Germany, surrounded by picturesque forests. The parks that separate the districts from each other give the city a unique identity. There are Mercedes and Porsche museums in the city. Munich is the capital of Bavaria, a federal state located in southern Germany. The city is a major resort center. Numerous publishing houses and theaters are located here. Leipzig is a city in East Germany - a major center of printing and musical life in the country. Goethe studied at the local university. In terms of tourism business, Germany is clearly divided into a more developed western part and a less developed eastern part. GREAT BRITAIN with a population of about 60 million people, it is located in the British Isles and unites four historical and geographical regions: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The island's geographical location creates favorable conditions for the development of contacts with the outside world and makes the country favorably located geopolitically. The country's modern natural and climatic resources are characterized by a humid maritime climate and a poor mineral resource base (with the exception of oil). Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy, combining parliamentary and monarchical forms of government, administratively divided into counties. The post-industrial economy of Great Britain with a developed banking, insurance, shipping and freight sector is connected by the presence of depressed (coal, textile industry, shipbuilding) and progressive (automotive, oil production, electronics) industries, as well as agriculture, focused mainly on the development of livestock products. In the UK, the most developed regions are in the southwest and southeast. The capital of Great Britain is the city of London, a historical and cultural center located on the banks of the Thames. Westminster Abbey, the Tower, Beat Ben, Trafalgar Square with Admiral Nelson's Column, Hyde Park - this is not a complete list of attractions of the capital of Great Britain. There are over 30 museums in London, including the British Museum, the National Gallery, etc. There are about 80 theaters in the city: Covent Garden, the Royal Shakespeare Theater, etc. The world-famous Madame Tussauds Wax Museum is very popular. London is a major business center. One of the world's largest non-ferrous metals exchanges, large banks and insurance companies are located here. Great Britain is the most attractive country in terms of tourism: business tourism, excursions to historical places and monuments, leisurely holidays in the British provinces, educational tourism, as well as sports entertainment are developed. Tourist centers, in addition to London, include the youth capital of England, Liverpool; university cities Oxford, Cambridge; Bournemouth is a resort center in the south of England, the Scottish cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow are centers of art and festivals; the capital of Wales, Cardiff, is a place for lovers of medieval monuments. Great Britain is also known as a center of pilgrimage. Pilgrims are attracted to the country by shrines belonging to the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches (Canterbury, Walsingham, Iona Islands, etc. ). If we talk about the climate of Great Britain, then it is appropriate to recall the words of Samuel Butler: “An Englishman travels not to see foreign lands, but to see the sun.” IRELAND, neighboring Great Britain, is also interesting as a center of educational elite and religious tourism. Here, approximately 50 thousand people annually make a pilgrimage in July to the holy Mount Crow. This mountain is located in the west of the country near the Klu Bay of the Atlantic Ocean. St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, once climbed the Crow. Here he prayed for forty days and nights without food or water. Countries BENELUX include BELGIUM, THE NETHERLANDS and LUXEMBOURG. Belgium and the Netherlands are constitutional monarchies, Luxembourg is a grand duchy. Pleasant summers and mild winters are the usual weather in the Benelux countries. Distinctive feature NETHERLANDS- a sea of ​​flowers in the cities and polders reclaimed from the sea. The tourist centers of the Netherlands are Amsterdam with numerous canals and bridges, the largest port in the world in terms of cargo turnover is Rotterdam, the ancient city of The Hague is the capital of the country. North Holland is a favorite holiday destination for tourists. There are large and small resorts of different profiles here. Windmills are an integral part of the Dutch landscape. A boat trip to Kinderdijk offers the opportunity to see 19 real mills dating back to the mid-18th century. Other sights of the country are also interesting. Thus, tourists can get acquainted with the rural architecture of Holland in the unique open-air museum “Openluchtmuseum”. Here, in a small area, authentic farm houses and mills are collected. Walking through the park, you can see a real dairy farm or a collection of traditional Dutch costumes. The Netherlands has preserved fortresses and many palaces and castles. There are more than 20 historic towns and villages. Among them are Delft, Leiden, Hurn. In Amsterdam, the museums of Van Gogh, Rembrandt, and the Historical Museum are of interest. The Riksmuseum is of world importance, where canvases by outstanding masters of the brush are collected. The government and parliament of the country meet in The Hague. Representative offices of international organizations are located here. The city has many ancient monuments (the Binnenhof palace complex, a museum with a collection of paintings by Rembrandt). Utrecht is considered an ancient university city. Maastricht is one of the cities with a large number of ancient monuments. Capital BELGIUM Brussels has the status of a region with its own government and parliament and at the same time is the headquarters of the Council of Ministers of the European Community and NATO. Brussels is the economic, political and cultural center of the country. Business tourism is mainly developed here. In the city center is the famous Grand Place, recognized as one of the most beautiful squares in the world. Here is the Gothic town hall of the 15th century. and an exquisite Gothic cathedral of the 13th-15th centuries. The symbol of Brussels is the Manneken Pis. His figurine stands in the city center, not far from the medieval market square, and attracts thousands of tourists every day. There are many fish restaurants in Brussels. In terms of territorial differences, Belgium is divided into two parts: Flanders, where a dialect of the Dutch language is spoken, and Wallonia, where communities of French-speaking Walloons predominate. In the southeast of the country there are the mid-altitude Ardennes Mountains, where there are many excellent slopes for skiers. Bicycle tourism and forest hiking, as well as kayaking along 98 mountain rivers, are developed here. The North Sea coast of Belgium stretches for 67 km. The most famous resort here is Ostend. Tourists are eager to see the medieval capital of Flanders - Ghent, the small “Venice” of Belgium - Bruges - a city crossed by canals through which picturesque bridges covered with ivy are thrown. The city has preserved monuments of medieval architecture - the town hall of the 16th century, blocks of residential buildings, cathedrals of the 16th-17th centuries. The largest city in Flanders, Antwerp is the center of diamond cutting masters and the global diamond trade. There are a large number of ancient Gothic buildings here. In addition, Antwerp is a major industrial center and the city is also known as a fashion center. Duchy of LUXEMBOURG- primarily a center for business tourism. Major banks and the headquarters of a number of international organizations are located here. The city of Luxembourg was founded in 963. The modern name of the country comes from the word “Lucklinbur-hook” (in the old local dialect - “small castle”). The capital of the country consists of two parts - the Upper and Lower Towns. In the Upper Town there are the remains of a mighty fortress, as well as the Ducal Palace, this is the business center of the capital, an area of ​​​​new quarters, industrial enterprises and institutions. Within the city limits there is a huge viaduct - the “Adolphe Bridge”, numerous historical and cultural monuments: the Grand Duke's Palace, the parade square, the Cathedral of Our Lady, the National Library, etc. Local vineyards are located in the Mosel Valley. Famous wines, liqueurs, and fruit juices are produced here. The towns of Remich and Grevenmacher are considered recognized centers of winemaking. The city of Esch-sur-sur is a famous center of cloth making. Echternach is one of the oldest cities in the country, it is about 1000 years old. Echternach, along with the capital of the country, is a recognized center of tourism. To the east of Echternach lie the expanses of the so-called “Luxembourg Switzerland”. Here, at the border of Triassic limestones and Jurassic sandstones, bizarre pointed peaks and deep gorges with steep cliffs formed. Rock blocks rise above the gorges. On the border with France there is the resort of Mondorf, famous for its mineral waters, and the balneological resort of Mondor-les-Bains.

Question 18 North and Central America. Island states and territories of the Caribbean. South America. America is currently the second most popular tourist destination after Europe. The diverse tourism resources of this part of the world determine the development of many types of tourism. As you know, America was discovered by mistake. This “great geographical mistake” was made by Christopher Columbus in 149 2. Columbus sailed to India and ended up in America. As a part of the world, America consists of two subregions: North and Latin America. In turn, Latin America includes Central and South America. America also includes island states and Caribbean territories.

European cities have a long history; they have preserved a huge number of cultural monuments. Therefore, Foreign Europe is of great interest to tourists and people interested in history.

Types of European tourism

You can visit Foreign Europe for a variety of purposes - to relax, explore cultural monuments, and immerse yourself in the history of European capitals. Tourism in Foreign Europe will be interesting for any person. The following types of tourism are actively developing here:

• informative;
• recreational;
• religious;
• cultural.

Most tourists are interested in countries such as France, Italy and Spain. England, Germany and Austria are in second place.

General characteristics of Europe

Foreign Europe occupies a little more than 5 million sq. km. This territory is home to 40 countries, home to 500 million people, which is 9% of the total world population. This region is considered one of the most densely populated.

In foreign Europe there are all conditions for a good rest. The terrain here combines plains and mountains, rivers and lakes. The climate is mostly temperate, closer to the south - oceanic.

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Sights of Foreign Europe are available in almost every country.

France

It is a coastal country located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. France is bordered on two sides by mountains - the Alps and the Pyrenees. The capital of France is the city of Paris.

France is an ideal country for any type of tourism. You can simply relax here - the climate in the country is varied, depending on the region. There are both cool mountainous areas and hot flat areas. Nature is distinguished by its beauty and diversity:

• alpine meadows;
• coniferous and deciduous forests;
• plains;
• Mediterranean coast.

France has a huge number of cultural and historical monuments. The most famous are:

• Eiffel Tower;
• Louvre Museum;
• Triumphal Arch;
• Notre Dame Cathedral or Notre Dame;
• Champs Elysees;
• Basilica of Sacré-Coeur.

Fig. 1. Glass pyramid of the Louvre in Napoleon's courtyard.

The most famous beach complex is located here - Nice, St. Tropez, Cannes. For lovers of active recreation, the city of Biarritz offers its services. The Alps are home to famous ski resorts - Courchevel and Chamonix.

The country hosts a huge number of festivals and celebrations throughout the year.

Italy

This is a country with a rich cultural heritage and beautiful nature. Italy is located on the Apennine Peninsula. The country includes a number of islands, the largest being Sicily and Sardinia. Italy borders the Alps and five seas:

• Mediterranean;
• Ligurian;
• Tyrrhenian;
• Ionic;
• Adriatic.

Most of Italy's territory is occupied by mountains, and the plains account for about a third of the country. The climate here is varied, but generally warm and mild throughout the year.

The history of the country goes back more than 2.5 thousand years. It is quite natural that Italy boasts a huge number of attractions. The cities themselves are already of some historical interest.

The main cultural and historical monuments are:

• Coliseum;
• Valley of the Temples in Sicily;
• Cave City;
• Florence and the famous Uffizi Gallery;
• Pompeii;
• Leaning Tower of Pisa.

All these monuments can be listed endlessly. In addition, the country is famous for its excellent Mediterranean cuisine, so gastronomic tourism is also thriving here.

Fig.2. Roman Coliseum.

Spain

A country located on the Iberian Peninsula and several islands. The history of the country goes back several thousand years. It offers the opportunity for an active and relaxing holiday, thanks to the presence of ski resorts and beautiful beaches. The climate of Spain is mainly subtropical.

Almost every city in Spain has its own attractions. The largest of them:

• Barcelona - Sagrada Familia Cathedral and Benedictine Monastery;
• Catalonia - singing fountains, Picasso Museum, monument to Columbus;
• Andalusia - medieval fortresses;
• Madrid - National Museum, Royal Palace, Gateway to Europe.

The most famous tradition in Spain is bullfighting. About 30 million people come here every year to see this spectacle. The province of Navarre is considered the main center of bullfighting.

England

It is a small country in northwestern Europe. Great Britain is a country with a rich culture and diversity of customs and traditions. Despite the uncomfortable humid climate, a large number of tourists tend to come here.

England primarily attracts with its attractions:

• Big Ben;
• Tower Bridge;
• Westminster Abbey;
• House of Lords;
• Madame Tussauds museum.

Fig.3. London Big Ben.

What have we learned?

Foreign Europe has always been and will be the center of world tourism. This status is supported by a high standard of living, economic, scientific and technological development. European countries are highly visited by beautiful nature and many World Heritage sites.

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Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings received: 171.

Problems of recreational resources. Despite the highly organized tourist holidays, there are also problems in Foreign Europe. The most environmentally vulnerable areas suffer first. In Western Europe these are mountain valleys and sea coasts. In some cases they degrade. Particular problems are associated with the transport movement of tourists. Because Almost 2/3 of tourists travel by car; environmental pollution in these areas reaches dangerous levels. According to scientists, lead dust falling from the exhaust gases of vehicles pollutes up to 50 hectares of agriculture. lands. An important task was planning for road transport, and in some areas even stopping it. Exacerbation of problems related to mountain nature protection. In mountain recreational areas, the most intense impact on the natural environment occurs during the construction of tourist and recreational complexes. This is due to the creation of complex engineering structures carried out in conditions of easily vulnerable natural mountain landscapes.

RGPU named after Herzen

Abstract on the topic: “Analysis of tourism resources of Western European countries”

Female students of ZTB 4-11

Belousova Yulia

Saint Petersburg

year 2014

1. TOURIST RESOURCES. DEFINITION. 3

2. METHODS FOR ASSESSING TOURIST RESOURCES 4

3. ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM RESOURCES IN WESTERN EUROPE 9

3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 9

3.2 Characteristics of tourism resources 15

3.3 Tourist infrastructure 16

3.4 Accommodation facilities. 21

3.5 Catering. 22

3.6 Entertainment industry. 24

4. Characteristics of types of tourism 26

5. CONCLUSION 28

6. REFERENCES 29

1. TOURIST RESOURCES. DEFINITION.

In order for tourism to begin to develop in any region, first of all, it is necessary to have tourist resources in this region and, most importantly, recreational resources.

Tourist resources are natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual needs of tourists, contribute to the restoration and development of their physical strength.

Tourist resources create the opportunity to expand the production of a tourist product, determined by the assets, reserves, internal reserves of a tourist organization, as well as the natural and social conditions in which it operates a set of natural, health, cultural and other resources that can satisfy the various demands and needs of tourists in a complex or separately.

Tourist resources are available for review and use regardless of the form of ownership, unless there are restrictions imposed by law.

One of the oldest definitions of tourist resources has developed in recreational geography, where they include natural and anthropogenic geo-systems, bodies and natural phenomena, artifacts that have comfortable properties and consumer value for recreational activities and can be used to organize recreation and health improvement for a certain contingent people at a fixed time with the help of technology and available material capabilities.

2. METHODS FOR ASSESSING TOURIST RESOURCES

There are several types of assessment of natural tourism resources:

Technological on the functional suitability of resources for a particular type of recreational activity,

Physiological according to the degree of comfort,

Aesthetic depending on external attractiveness, aesthetic qualities,

Value taking into account the limited resource on Earth, its uniqueness, as well as quality,

Assessing self-sufficiency involves assessing the extent to which a given target type of resource is capable of ensuring a tourist flow independently of other target resources (with the creation of the appropriate infrastructure), or whether it is of interest only in combination with others,

Assessing the complexity of tourism resources in relation to a place (city, region), within which various resources are available with minimal time and money spent on travel,

Assessment of the tourist capacity of a resource what flow per unit of time or what load per unit area can a given resource withstand without damage to it.

One of the most common is the technological assessment of natural tourism resources for a certain type of tourism. Let's consider it using the example of assessing the relief for the development of ski tourism.

In world practice, the organization of a ski resort begins with studying the terrain for laying trails, determining their throughput and, as a result, the capacity of the resort, after which ski lifts, cable cars are designed and locations for hotels are selected.

The attractiveness of a ski resort depends mainly on the length and variety of slopes. These factors determine the choice of location for a ski resort. The trails can be long or short, difficult or easy. It is preferable that all types of trails be represented in the area: educational, tourist and sports. Any ski resort must have training and tourist trails. The presence of sports trails increases its attractiveness, since tourists have the opportunity to watch professional skiers ski and watch competitions. Other important characteristics are listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

Assessment of terrain for skiing (according to B.V. Kolotova)

Recreational assessment	Height routes, m	Distance between the highway and the hotel, km	Route length m	Average slope, degrees		The nature of the slope surface		Avalanche danger
Favorable conditions	1000-2500		>1000	12-18		Moderately dissected with no rocky areas		Predicted avalanches are possible after heavy snowfalls
Relatively favorable	<1000; 2500-3000		200-1000	18-20; 10-12		There are some rocky areas not covered with snow that need to be leveled and sealed with snow making machines		Same
Unfavorable	3000-4000	5-30	50-200	5-10;20-25		Heavily dissected with many rocky areas		The route intersects with avalanche areas

In Russia, the best downhill sports track is located in the Dombay resort. It is characterized by a large length and an optimal ratio of sections of different steepness. The downhill route on Cheget belongs to the category of increased difficulty. There are no areas with low slopes.

When operating a resort, the length of the ski season is important. It can be increased by choosing tracks on the slopes of the southern exposure for use mainly in winter and on the slopes of the northern exposure, which are skied in the spring, when the snow cover of the southern slopes begins to melt.

The condition of the snow cover is affected not only by temperature, but also by the wind, which blows away snow on convex areas and forms hard snow sastrugi. To eliminate its negative impact, trails are laid on forested slopes. They preserve snow cover better and provide a more comfortable feeling of warmth when skiing, but they are more expensive. Additional costs are required for clearing the route of trees and for engineering-geological surveys to determine the stability of the slope after uprooting the trees.

When laying the route, special attention is paid to the safety of skiers. All obstacles are removed from their route, and crossing the tracks is not allowed.

Assessing the terrain for ski tourism is a complex and labor-intensive task. But it is only a small part of the work on compiling a comprehensive recreational characteristics of the territory.

Physiologicalassessment is also widespread. Maps of the comfort of natural and other conditions for human life are being developed. The climate and environmental situation are of greatest importance. Thus, people on Earth live mainly in the most comfortable climate: temperate, subtropical and subequatorial.

The entire Mediterranean is confined to the subtropical climate zone and is the main area for beach and bathing holidays in the world. Moreover, the climate here is not just subtropical, but special. It is also called Mediterranean. This climate is considered one of the most comfortable for human life. It is a climate characterized by hot and dry summers and warm but wet winters. This type of climate is found in subtropical regions and in other parts of the world; it is mainly confined to the western coasts of continents. There are areas of Mediterranean climate in North America, South America, southern Africa, and also in Australia.

The second most important region, the Caribbean, however, only partially belongs to this zone, and mainly lies in the tropical zone, but these are the humid tropics.

There is also a climate type of “eternal spring”; it is found in high mountain valleys in the Andes, in the mountains of East Asia and in other areas. It is interesting that the Inca civilization in ancient times developed precisely in the high belt of the Andean mountain range, despite the inconveniences associated with the relief, and not at the foot, where the climate was less favorable for life.

In a physiological climate assessment, average and extreme values ​​of temperature, air humidity, alternation of clear and cloudy days, winds, etc. are recorded. These values ​​are compared with some physiological values, which, according to experts and doctors, are most favorable for humans.

Of great importance in this case is the degree of differences in the value of the characteristics of the state of the atmosphere over time. It is important how temperature, atmospheric pressure, geomagnetic activity and other indicators fluctuate from day to day, since sudden changes in them are especially dangerous for elderly and not entirely healthy people.

The environmental situation is also assessed primarily by various quantitative characteristics of the content of pollutants in the atmosphere and in the environment in general. Their measured quantities are compared with the so-called maximum permissible concentrations of these substances for humans.

Aesthetic assessment is the most subjective. However, there are some objective criteria here too.

Thus, the border areas between different landscapes are considered the most attractive. For example, the seashore, lakes the border between land and water surface. Forest edge the border between forest and meadow. A forest clearing, the foot of a mountain, a cliff, a view of a mountain basin, a mountain peak, all these are examples of such border areas and points.

Natural and cultural landscapes are also considered especially aesthetically valuable, in which buildings and other man-made objects successfully fit into the environment, are combined with it in nature, and enhance each other’s aesthetic impact on people. That is, when a landscape without anthropogenic elements would look much paler than with them, and these elements, taken out of the environment, would also not be so attractive.

Aesthetic assessment is carried out by a group of experts who give landscapes scores on a certain scale. Then the extreme values ​​are discarded (it is believed that they are either erroneous, random, related to the expert’s mood, well-being, etc., or they are determined by the extreme eccentricity of the psychological perception of a given expert), and the rest are averaged and the average value is displayed. Such scores can then be plotted on maps, on which isolines are drawn based on them - lines connecting points with the same values. The result is a map from which you can then see the variability of the aesthetic appeal of landscapes in space.

Value the assessment is also quite subjective. It is known that, for example, Van Gogh’s paintings were not valued during his lifetime, but now they are breaking records at auctions. In this area there is some variability of tastes over time. Nevertheless, using a qualified expert approach, it is possible to determine at least some qualitatively different levels of value in matters of value.

The value is associated with the uniqueness of the resource, its limited representation on Earth, or even its singularity. On the other hand, the value of a resource is influenced by its quality, but here the question arises: quality for what? If the quality of the beach, then for beach and bathing tourism, and the quality of mineral water for balneological tourism. But this is already a technological and physiological assessment. Therefore, the main thing here is uniqueness.

A good example of such an assessment is the criteria used by UNESCO experts when selecting objects for the List of Natural and Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Self-sufficiencyresources are associated with other types of assessment. For example, such tourist resources as Niagara Falls, the alpine slopes south of Monte Rosa, the beaches of the Costa Dorada, etc. are self-sufficient. tourists come specifically for the purpose of using them, and, in principle, other than infrastructure, they may not need anything during an average trip. But other resources are less self-sufficient. Thus, there are many historical monuments in different places, but not in all cases tourists will be able to travel distances and incur expenses just to see them. But, for example, if they come to Paris for the sake of Paris itself, its atmosphere as a city, or to visit the Louvre or Notre Dame, then they will be happy to see other monuments, less famous and less significant.

In addition, it takes a whole day to examine some monuments, while others take hours. Other resources are used over a period of time. To tan, you need to spend at least a week under the sun, and an adaptation period is also necessary. This also affects self-sufficiency.

Complexity also very important. Usually the higher it is, the better.

Beach, bathing or ski tourism is perfectly combined with excursion, cultural and educational tourism. When organizing a bus tour of the historical cities of Italy, it doesn’t hurt to stop at some seaside resort for at least a couple of days.

Complexity can also be in contrasting combinations of those resources that are usually available in different places or at different times of the year. Thus, the Sochi region is distinguished by its unique complexity, where in the summer, in addition to swimming and swimming, it is possible to visit Krasnaya Polyana and skiing. This combination, but using the latest technologies, can also be found in Dubai - there you can also go skiing in the hot summer in special recreation centers.

Capacity rating resource is important both economically and from the point of view of its safety. The higher the capacity, the easier it is to organize a vacation using this resource, the cheaper it is, all other things being equal. And the more those who manage this resource can earn from tourism.

Thus, the Louvre in 2006. visited by 8.3 million people. But this is already the limit of its capacity, since in the halls where the Mona Lisa and Venus de Milo are exhibited, it is already very difficult to get through to these masterpieces, there is a roar and you have to jostle in a dense crowd. This workload even led to a strike by employees, who in this regard are demanding additional compensation for the stress associated with monitoring the order and safety of art objects.

Ecotourism resources, on the contrary, have limited capacity. The attendance of the most valuable natural areas, more or less accessible to tourists, is sharply limited by regulations.

3. ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM RESOURCES IN WESTERN EUROPE

3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Western European countries: Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland.

Austria

A) Borders with the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Germany. Austria is a mountainous country. Most of the territory is occupied by the Alps. The weather is quite warm. Winter is mild and sunny, with frequent snowfalls in the mountains. The average temperature in January is from -1 to -40 C, in July +15 - +18 C.

B) Population 8,206,524 people in 2005. Largest cities Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg. Average population density 97 people/km². Ethnic groups German-speaking Austrians (91% of the country's population), Germans 3%, Yugoslav peoples 2%. Average life expectancy is 76 years. Natural population growth 1.5. The official language is German. Official religion Catholics 80%, Protestants 9%, Orthodox 3%, Muslims 2%. Time relative to Moscow is 2 hours behind.

B) Official name Republic of Austria.

D) Capital Vienna. Government structure: the government is headed by Chancellor; form of government parliamentary republic. Head of state president. Administrative division federation consisting of 8 states (Burgenland, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Vorarlberg) and Vienna, which is administratively equivalent to them. Date of independence July 27, 1955. The Constitution was adopted in 1920 and reintroduced in 1945. The highest legislative body is the two-chamber parliament. Member of the UN, EU.

D) State symbols: flag, coat of arms and anthem. GNP: total for 2006 $279,500 million; per capita $36,000. The national currency is euro.

E) Employment structure: service sector 68%, industry 29%, agriculture 3%. Unemployment rate: 5.4% (1999).

G) Leading sectors of the economy construction, production of mechanisms, cars, food industry, lumber, woodworking, production of telecommunications equipment, tourism. Export volume 63.2 billion (2008). Import volume 65.6 billion (2008). Export items equipment, paper and construction cardboard, metal products, iron and steel, textiles, food products. Import items machinery and equipment, chemicals, metal products, food products. Export partners EU 64.2% (Germany 35.7%, Italy 8.7%, France 4.5%), Switzerland 5.9%, USA 4.5%, Hungary 3.9%. Import partners EU 70.3% (Germany 42.5%, Italy 7.9%, France 5.3%, USA 5.4%, Switzerland 3%, Hungary 2.8%.

H) Length of railways 5.81 thousand km; highways more than 30 thousand km; waterways 358 km; pipeline transport: oil pipeline 777 km; gas pipeline 840 km. River ports are all located in the Danube basin: Enns, Krems an der Donau, Linz, Vienna.

Belgium

A) A state in Western Europe near the North Sea. Neighboring states: the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, France. Country area: 30.5 thousand km². % water surface 6.4%. The climate is temperate, maritime, humid. Cool, rainy weather prevails. Average January temperatures range from 3ºС on the coast to -1 ºС in the Ardennes, July from +14 ºС to +19 ºС. Relief: Most of the territory is flat, rising from the North Sea coast to the Ardennes. Main rivers: Scheldt and Meuse. Broad-leaved forests occupy about 20% of the territory. Cultural landscapes predominate. Natural parks: Haut-Fan, Kalmthout.

B) Population 10 million people. Largest cities Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Charleroi, Liege, Namur. Average population density 344 people/km². Ethnic groups: Flemings (58%), Walloons (32%). Average life expectancy: men 75 years, women 82 years. Natural population growth: 0.8%. Official languages: Dutch, French and German. Religion the majority of believers are Catholics. Time relative to Moscow is 2 hours behind.

B) Official name of the country: Kingdom of Belgium.

D) Capital Brussels. Government system federal state, which is a constitutional monarchy. Head of state: king. Administrative division: 10 provinces and 3 regions. Date of declaration of independence: 1830 (proclaimed), 1839 (recognized). Legislative branch: bicameral parliament. Member of the EU, UN and NATO.

D) State symbols: flag, coat of arms, motto: “Strength in Unity”, anthem: “Brabançon”. Gross national product: total for 2008 $389,793 billion, per capita $36,415. Currency: Euro.

E) Employment structure: service sector 73%, industry 25%, agriculture 2%. Unemployment rate 8.1%.

G) Leading sectors of the economy mechanical engineering, automobile assembly, food industry, chemical production, metallurgy, textile production, glass, oil and coal mining. Export volume $181.4 billion. Import volume $166 billion. Export items machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals, metal products. Import items machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals and metal products. Export partners: EU 76% (Germany 18%, France 18%, Netherlands 12%, UK 10%). Import partners: EU 71% (Germany 18%, Netherlands 17%, France 14%, UK 9%.

H) Length of railways 3.48 thousand km. Highways 12.8 thousand km. Waterways: 2,043 km. Pipeline routes: crude oil 161 km, petroleum products 1,167 km, natural gas 3,300 km. Seaports: Antwerp one of the largest ports in the world, Bruges one of the largest ports in Europe, Ghent, Ostend. Inland ports: Brussels, Liege.

Great Britain

A) A state in North-Western Europe, on the British Isles (the island of Great Britain and the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands). Area 244.1 thousand km². The climate is temperate and humid. The average temperature in January is 7ºС, in July +11…+20ºС. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and its seas. In the north and west, mountainous terrain predominates, the Pieniny and Cambrian mountains, in the south and southeast there are hilly plains. Main rivers: Thames, Severn, Trent, Mersey, Clyde. There are many lakes in the north: Loch Ness, Loch Lomond, Loch Neagh. Forests cover 9% of the UK's territory. Parks: Peak District, Snowdonia.

B) Population 58.5 million people. Largest cities: London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Manchester, Edinburgh, Liverpool. Average population density: 246 people/km². 80% are English, 20% are Scots, Welsh and Irish. Life expectancy 78 years; men 76 years old, women 81 years old. Official language English. The majority of believers are Protestants, some of the residents are Catholics. The time relative to Moscow is 3 hours behind. From the last Sunday in September to the last Sunday in October for 2 hours.

B) Official name of the country: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

D) Capital London. Government structure: Parliamentary monarchy. Head of State Queen. Power is inherited. Royal powers are in the hands of the executive branch of the Cabinet of Ministers. Legislative body bicameral parliament. Great Britain leads the Commonwealth. Consists of 4 administrative and political parts: 1) England (39 counties, 6 metropolitan counties and Greater London); 2) Wales (9 counties, 3 cities, 10 city-counties); 3) Scotland (32 regions); 4) Northern Ireland (26 districts).

E) State symbols flag, coat of arms, motto: “God and my right”, anthem “God Save the Queen”. GDP: total - $2.228 trillion; per capita - $ 36,357. National currency English pound sterling. Metal money: pound, pence.

E) Employment structure: service sector 80%, industry 19%, agriculture - 1%. Unemployment rate 5.5%.

G) Spheres of the economy: production of equipment, cars, spare parts, electronic equipment and communications, metallurgy, chemical industry, coal, oil, paper production, food and textile industries, clothing and other consumer goods. Export volume 282 billion dollars. Import volume 324 billion dollars. Export items industrial goods, fuel, food products, drinks, tobacco. Import items industrial goods, machinery, fuel, food. Export partners EU 58% (Germany 12%, France 10%, Netherlands 8%), USA 15%. Import partners EU 53% (Germany 14%, France 9%, Netherlands 7%), USA 13%, Japan 5%.

H) Length of railways 37.8 thousand km, roads 358 thousand km.

Germany

A) State in Western Europe. In the north it is washed by the North and Baltic seas. It borders Denmark, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Area 357 thousand km². The climate is temperate, maritime in the north and northwest, and transitional from maritime to continental in other areas. Average temperatures in January are from 0 to -3ºС, in July +16…+20 ºС. In the north is the North German Lowland with hills and lakes. To the south there are hills and mid-altitude mountains, alternating with plateaus and plains. In the south there are spurs of the Alps up to 2963 m high. The main river is the Rhine. Other large rivers: Weser, Oder, Elbe. Lake Constance is located in the south of the country. 30% of the territory is occupied by forests. National parks: Bavarian Forest, Berchtesgaden. A favorite holiday destination for German tourists is Saxon Switzerland.

B) Population 81 million people. Largest cities Cologne, Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart. Average population density is 229 people/km². Ethnic groups majority German 92%. The remaining 8% are Lusatian Serbs, Danes, Yugoslavs, Turks and citizens of Ukraine. Average life expectancy for men is 76 years, for women 81 years. The official language is German. Religion Protestants and Catholics. Time relative to Moscow is 2 hours behind.

B) Official name of the state: Germany, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).

D) Capital Berlin. Government system Federal parliamentary republic. Head of state president. Head of government chancellor. Administrative division: a state with a federal structure, consisting of 16 states, three of them are cities: Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg. Date of independence: October 3, 1990. It is a member of the European Union, NATO, and is part of the G8.

E) State symbols flag, coat of arms, motto: “Unity and Right and Freedom”, anthem “Song of the Germans”. GDP: total 3,673 trillion. dollars, per capita $44,728. The national currency is euro.

E) Employment structure: service sector 63.8%, industry 33.4%, agriculture 2.8%. Unemployment rate 9.9%.

G) Sectors of the economy: mining of brown and hard coal, oil, natural gas, polymetallic ores. Electricity production, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical industries, food industry, production of porcelain, musical instruments. Export volume 578 billion dollars. Import volume 505 billion dollars. Export items machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metal, food, textiles. Import items - machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metal, food, textiles. Export partners EU 55.3%, USA 10.1%, Japan 2%. Import partners EU 52.2%, USA 8.1%, Japan 4.9%.

H) Length of railways 91.4 thousand km, roads 496.6 thousand km.

Ireland

A) Occupies most of the island of Ireland. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean from the south, west and north; in the east it is separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea. In the northeast of the island there is a land border between Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Area 70,273 km². The climate is moderately maritime, with frequent rains and strong winds. More than half of the territory is occupied by the Central Lowland with ridges rising above it. There are almost no forests. The highest mountains in Kerry (up to 1041 m).

B) Population -3.5 million people. Largest cities: Dublin, Cork. Average population density: 60.3 people/km². Ethnic groups: Celts and a small number of Anglo-Saxons. Average life expectancy: men 75 years, women 80 years. The official language is English and Irish Gaelic. Religion: Catholics 93%, Protestants 5%. Time relative to Moscow is 3 hours behind.

B) Republic of Ireland.

D) Capital Dublin. Government structure: parliamentary republic. Head of state president. Administrative division: divided into 4 provinces with 26 counties. Date of independence: December 6, 1922. It is part of the EU, a member of the UN and the Council of Europe.

D) State symbols: flag, coat of arms, anthem. GNP: total 189 billion dollars, per capita 45,500 dollars. Currency euro.

E) Employment structure: service sector 64%, industry 28%, agriculture 8%. Unemployment rate 4.1%.

G) Leading sectors of the economy: food, brewing, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile industries, mechanical engineering, glass and crystal production. Export volume 73.5 billion dollars. Import volume 45.7 billion dollars. Export items: machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals, medicines, livestock products. Import items: equipment, oil and oil products, fabrics, clothing. Export partners EU 59%, USA 20%. Import partners EU 54%, USA 18%, Japan 5%, Singapore 4%.

Luxembourg

A) State in Western Europe. It borders Belgium, Germany and France. Area 2,586.4 km². The climate is temperate, transitional from maritime to continental. The average temperature in January is 1ºС, in July +18ºС.

B) Population 370 thousand people. Average population density 171 people/km². Ethnic groups: French and German. Average life expectancy: men 72 years, women 79 years. Official language German and French. Religion: Catholicism 97% of the population, 3% are Protestants. Time relative to Moscow is 2 hours behind.

B) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

D) Capital Luxembourg. Government system: constitutional monarchy. Head of State Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Date of independence: June 9, 1815. Legislative power is exercised by the Grand Duke of Luxembourg and the Parliament and the Chamber of Deputies. Member of the EU.

D) State symbols: flag, coat of arms, motto: “We want to remain who we are,” anthem: “Our Fatherland.” GNP: total 56950 billion dollars, per capita 117231 dollars. Currency euro.

E) Employment structure: service sector 83.2%, industry 14.3%, agriculture 2.5%. Unemployment rate 2.7%.

G) Spheres of the economy: industries metallurgical, chemical, food, glass and aluminum production. Export volume 7.6 billion dollars. Import volume 10 billion dollars. Export items machinery, equipment, rolled steel, chemicals, glass. Import items mineral raw materials, metals, food products, quality consumer goods. Export partners EU 75%, USA 4%. Import partners EU 81%, USA 9%.

Netherlands

A) Located in Western Europe, on the shores of the North Sea. Borders with Germany and Belgium. Area 41.5 thousand km². The climate is maritime, temperate, humid. Average temperatures in January are 1 - 3ºС, in July +16…+17ºС. Lowlands predominate. 2/5 of the territory is located below sea level. Dense river network. Ijmesselmeer lake-bay. National parks: Veluzome, Kennemer Dunes, De Hoge-Veluwe. Reserves.

B) Population 15.5 million people. Largest cities: Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam. Average population density 394 people/km². Ethnic groups 80.8% Dutch, 2.4% German, 2.4% Indonesian, 2.2% Turkish. 1.9% Moroccans, 1.5% Indians. Religion: 26.6% Catholic, 16.8% Protestant, 5.8% Muslim, 0.6% Hindu. Time relative to Moscow is 2 hours behind.

B) Kingdom of the Netherlands.

D) Capital Amsterdam. Government system: constitutional monarchy. Head of State Queen. Legislative body: bicameral parliament.

E) GDP: total 862.9 billion dollars, per capita 51,657 dollars. The national currency is euro.

E) Unemployment rate 3%.

G) Leading sectors of the economy: mechanical engineering, chemical industry, oil refining industry, food industry, textile and clothing industry, diamond cutting industry. Export items chemical products, meat, greenhouse vegetables, flowers, natural gas, metal products. Import items oil, cars, cast iron, clothing, non-ferrous metals, food products.

H) The length of railways is 2753 km. The length of roads is 111,891 km. The length of navigable rivers and canals is 5052 km. The largest port of the country and the world Rotterdam.

France

A) State in Western Europe. It borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Spain. It is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel, and in the south by the Mediterranean Sea. The climate is maritime, temperate. The average temperature in January is 3ºС, in July 20ºС. Relief: plains and lowlands, Alps (highest peak Mont Blanc 4807m).

B) Population about 60 million people. Largest cities Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, Lille. Population density 115 people/km². Ethnic composition: 90% French. The official language is French. Religion: Catholics 76%, Muslims 5%. Time relative to Moscow is 2 hours behind.

B) French Republic.

D) Capital Paris. Government structure: presidential-parliamentary republic. Head of state president. Legislative body bicameral parliament. UN member.

D) GDP: total 2.843 trillion. dollars, per capita 45858 dollars. Currency euro.

G) Leading sectors of the economy Mechanical engineering, automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, electrical and radio-electronic industries. Chemical, oil refining and petrochemical industries. Winemaking, food industry.

H) Length of railways 34 thousand km. The length of roads is 951 thousand km.

Switzerland

A) Borders with Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Liechtenstein. Area 41.3 thousand km². Climate humid, temperate. Features of the climate north and south winds, accompanied by sudden changes in pressure. Average temperatures in January are 0ºС, in July 19ºС. Most of the country is located in the Alps. In the center of the country is the Swiss Plateau, in the northwest of the Jura Mountains. Upper reaches of mountain rivers Rhine, Rhone, Ticino. Hundreds of lakes, the largest Geneva and Constance.

B) Population 7.3 million people. The largest cities are Zurich, Geneva, Basel, Bern, Lausanne. Population density 181.4 people/km². Ethnic groups 84% ​​Swiss, the remaining 16% Germans, Austrians, Italians, French. Official language French, German, Italian, Romansh. Religion: Christianity, Protestants and Catholics. Time relative to Moscow is 2 hours behind.

B) Swiss Confederation.

D) Capital Bern. Government structure: parliamentary republic. Head of state president. Administrative division federal republic consisting of 23 cantons. The date of independence was proclaimed on August 1, 1291, recognized on October 24, 1648.

E) GDP: total more than 400 billion dollars, per capita more than 60,000 dollars. National currency: Swiss franc, centimes.

G) Leading sectors of the economy mechanical engineering and metalworking, large-scale watch production, pharmaceutical, textile, clothing, knitwear, footwear, paper, food industries.

H) Length of railways 5 thousand km. The length of roads is 71.1 thousand km. Navigation on the Rhine and lakes. Main port Basel.

3.2 Characteristics of tourism resources

Western Europe attracts about 65% of foreign tourists. The development of international tourism in the region is favored by natural factors: mosaic landscapes, a combination of coastal regions and mountain landscapes. In most microstates of Europe, a kind of tourism monoculture has even developed. For example, in Andorra there are more than 250 foreign tourists per year per resident, in San Marino there are about 150 tourists. In these countries and in Monaco, not only annual (seasonal) peaks are clearly visible, but also weekly peaks: people usually come here on the weekend. The Vatican remains the largest center of religious pilgrimage. That is why the main flows of tourists in the region are in the North South direction. An analysis of European tourism connections carried out by scientists from the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences showed that connections between countries predominate among them. These days, at least 2/3 of foreign tourists in Europe are tourists from neighboring and nearby countries.

Steady tourist flows have led to the gradual formation within Western Europe of quite clearly defined tourist and recreational areas, where specialization in tourist functions is either decisive or one of the important ones.

Among mountain tourism areas, the Alps occupy unrivaled first place. Every year it is visited by 80 to 150 million people. Tourist development of the Alps began in the first half of the 19th century and has expanded rapidly since then.

Nowadays the Alps are a typical area of ​​year-round tourism: at an altitude of up to 500 m hiking predominates, from 1000 to 2008 m alpine skiing, and from 2008 to 3000 m alpine skiing and mountaineering. The development of international tourism in the Alps is also facilitated by their favorable transport and geographical location. If we conventionally consider the threshold of transport accessibility for places of mass tourism to be the distance that can be covered in 12 hours by car, then the Alps turn out to be accessible to residents of large industrial and urban agglomerations in most countries of foreign Europe. The material and technical base of tourism in the Alps has also reached a very high level. The total number of accommodation places here is estimated at approximately 3 million. There are 40 thousand cable cars and lifts, 120 thousand km of ski slopes, and countless hiking trails. Among the most famous mountain sports resorts in the area are Chamonix and Saint-Gervais in France, and Davos in Switzerland. Recently, rural tourism has become increasingly widespread here. The main tourist countries in this region were and remain Switzerland, where tourism revenues provide 8% of GDP, and Austria (12%). German ski resorts include Oberhof and Oberwiesenthal. The main area of ​​beach tourism in France is the Côte d'Azur, with such well-known seaside resorts as Nice, Cannes, Antibes, etc., also called the French Riviera. In Germany, the region of Bavaria with its picturesque lakes (Chiemsee, Starnbergersee, Ammersee and the western part of Lake Constance) is popular. In the UK, such resorts as Newport, Eastbourne, and Brighton stand out. In Belgium, a whole series of resorts stretches from De Panne to Knokke - Blankenberge, Knokke-le-Zuet, Knokke-Heist, Nieupoort, De Haan, Koksijde, Zeebrugge, Oostdeinkerke, Ostend, Westende. Western Europe also has ample opportunities for health tourism.

In recent years, German spa centers have become increasingly popular on the Russian market, and primarily Baden-Baden, famous for its healing springs. For several years, the Russian tourism market has presented offers of medical and recreational holidays in Austria. In the Austrian Alps, at an altitude of 390-10 meters, the famous health center Bad Hall is located. Other popular health centers in Western Europe include the “French Karlovy Vary” - Vichy. It is famous for its largest mineral baths in Europe. And, of course, Western Europe is home to a huge number of cultural attractions that are of interest for excursion tourism. In Austria these are Vienna, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol. In Belgium - Brussels, Antwerp, Waterloo. In the UK, this is London with the world famous Big Ben, Tower and Trafalgar Square. In France - Paris, its suburbs, Strasbourg, Reims, Marseille. In Germany - Berlin, Bremen, Bavaria.

A number of important geographical, economic, political and cultural preconditions contribute to the fact that Western Europe has been and remains one of the most developed regions in terms of international tourism.

3.3 Tourist infrastructure

Transport infrastructure.

Austria has good rail connections to most European countries. The trains here are very comfortable and train travel is an enjoyable way to travel. Austria's railway network is not as extensive as many other European countries. This is explained by the fact that a significant part of the territory of Austria is occupied by mountains. However, the train remains the most convenient means of transportation, especially over long distances. The trains are comfortable and the schedule is quite convenient.

Buses are slower and less comfortable than trains, but they are cheaper, and in terms of the number of routes served, they are not inferior to trains.

Austria has many highways that are in excellent condition. Border checkpoints are open 24 hours a day. In Austria there is a speed limit: 130 km/h on the motorway, 100 km/h on the highway, 50 km/h in built-up areas.

Airfoils ply the Danube River between Vienna, Bratislava and Budapest in the spring and summer, but the journey isn't cheap. Motor ships run between Vienna and the city of Passau, located on the border with Germany, from May to the end of September. There are also boats on the Danube River, but they are so expensive and slow that they are used more often for recreational trips rather than as a functional form of transport.

Urban transport in Belgium consists of buses and trams. In big cities such as Brussels and Antwerp , the metro also works. In Brussels, these three modes of transport form a single system, efficient and reliable.

All types of passenger transport use one type of ticket; you can purchase them on buses, newsstands, and at metro stations. There are several types of travel tickets.

It is very convenient to travel around this small European country by car.

The roads here are free and the quality is one of the best in Europe , are perfectly lit at night (the latter does not apply to rural roads, which are not always lit). A national driver's license when driving your own car is valid, and the nationality of the car must also be indicated.

The leading role in domestic transportation is occupied by road transport 85% of passenger transportation and 81% of freight transportation. The territory of Great Britain is covered by a dense network of roads.

The railway network is being reduced; the total length of lines is about 32 thousand km; 1/3 of the lines (in rural areas) are unprofitable, but are preserved for social reasons. The importance of river transport is falling. The length of waterways is 3.2 thousand km. Inland waterways (rivers and canal networks) are now used mainly for recreational purposes only. Cargo transportation is carried out mainly within the deep-water estuaries of the Mersey, Thames, Severn, and Humber.

Holland has a good transport infrastructure. An extensive system of highways and expressways, an extensive railway and bus network cover the entire country, providing ease of communication with any point. The cities have a unified urban transport system (GVB), including trams, trolleybuses and buses (including night routes - "nachtbussen"). A ticket for one trip is valid for one hour and costs 1.5 euros. It is more profitable to purchase multi-use tickets ("strippenkaarten"), consisting of several coupons that pay for one trip (a ticket of 15 coupons costs about 5 euros), as well as one-day tickets ("dagkaart" - about 6 euros) and 9-day tickets (22-30 euros) ) single travel cards. Rotterdam and Amsterdam have a metro. Water transport is widespread - various pleasure boats, water taxis, etc., but this type of transport is much more expensive than public transport, and is aimed mainly at excursions and tourists. The Dutch often use bicycles as a means of transportation - their number exceeds the number of inhabitants of the country. The traffic is on the right, the road condition is excellent. On city streets, priority in traffic order is given to cyclists. Car rental is widespread; this service can be arranged at any hotel, airline office or specialized offices of rental agencies on conditions standard for EU countries. Rental costs about 25-30 euros per day, the payment usually does not include mileage and gasoline, but insurance is included. Additionally, VAT (17.5%) and an amount of 30-40 euros are paid if the car is picked up at the airport. There is a discount system.

France is an excellent country for motorcyclists, with smooth roads and an abundance of stunning scenery. Thanks to an extensive network of secondary, uncrowded routes, the country is also accessible to cyclists. Another easy way to see France is to take a yacht cruise along the canals and navigable rivers. This yacht usually accommodates from 4 to 12 passengers and can be rented for a weekend or several weeks. Local transport includes the metro and RER (Paris' metro and commuter rail network), trams, buses, cable cars in the French Alps, expensive cars (especially outside major cities) and river taxis. Interregional bus service is quite limited, but buses are very widely used for short distance travel between regions, especially in rural areas where there are few railway links (for example, between Brittany and Normandy). If you want to make a long journey, keep in mind that buses are much slower, but not particularly cheaper than trains. Using your own transport may cost more and will likely be inconvenient in city centers where traffic and parking are a problem. The condition of roads in France is rated as excellent.

Switzerland has a developed, fully integrated urban transport system, including trains, buses, ships and funiculars. The best way to experience Switzerland is to buy a Swiss Pass. This pass entitles you to unlimited use of the entire Swiss Travel System network, trains, buses, boats, public transport in most cities, including free travel on Switzerland's legendary panoramic trains such as the Glacier Express, Bernina Express, Golden Pass, William Tell . Large and small cities have an ideal public transport system (trolleybuses, trams and/or buses). Buy a ticket from a machine; they are located at all public transport stops. The traffic is on the right. You can rent a car at all airports, large train stations and in cities from rental companies. The conditions for renting a car are to be at least 20 years old (in the case of hiring a prestigious limousine - 25 years old), have a car license (must be issued no later than 1 year in advance) and a credit card (required!). Approximate prices are from $28 per day and $142 per week for an “economy class” car, the amount does not include tax (6.5%) and fuel and lubricants. Mileage is not limited.

Connection.

All telephones in Austria are included in automatic telephone communication established by direct dialing, both with localities in Austria and with all European countries. Long-distance calls within Austria and international calls to almost 40 countries are 33% cheaper on weekdays from 18.00. until 8.00 a.m., on weekends (from 18.00 Friday to 08.00 Monday), as well as on holidays. From coin-operated payphones or telephone credit cards, you can usually make direct dial calls both within Austria and abroad. Hotels have the right to charge guests a surcharge for telephone calls made from their rooms. Important: When dialing a phone number in Austria, you must dial 0 before the area code, but when dialing a phone number from Russia, 0 is never dialed before the area code.

Call to Vienna from Austria 0-1-713 61 51 call to Vienna from Russia 8 beeps 1043-1-713 61 51 (1043 Austria code from Russia, 1 Vienna city code, 713 61 51 phone in Vienna).

To make a phone call from Austria to Russia, dial 007 + the corresponding city code. The cost of 1 minute of a call from Moscow to Austria on weekdays from 8 to 20 o'clock is 15 rubles, at night from 20 to 8 o'clock - 10 rubles. (From St. Petersburg - 7.65 rubles and 5.10 rubles, respectively). (Prices are indicated for Rostelecom, the default international operator; calls to mobile phones are more expensive.) Communication standards GSM 900/1800. Our large companies cooperate with local operators, providing roaming almost throughout the country.

Ireland. To call from Dublin to Russia, you must first dial 7, and then the intercity code and the subscriber's telephone number, which is dialed for long-distance calls within Russia. Calling telephone booths that accept cards is cheaper than calling regular payphones. Phone cards are sold in most stores and gas stations. City codes: Dublin - 1, Galway - 91, Cork -21, Limerick - 61, Sligo - 71, Waterford - 51.

Monaco is one of the European leaders in the field of telecommunications. The communication system is integrated into the French system. A local call costs about 20 cents. From most telephone booths you can only make calls using telephone cards, which are sold at post offices, newsagents or tobacco shops. Automatic international telephone communication is possible from any street pay phone and is carried out according to the scheme: 19 (outgoing code of Monaco) - country code - city code - subscriber number. The “incoming” code for Monaco is 33 (when calling from France, you do not need to dial it). A call from a hotel is much more expensive than a call from a street phone. On weekdays from 22.30 to 8.00, as well as on Saturdays and Sundays from 14.00, negotiation rates are half as much. Telephone call centers and telegraph offices are open from 08.00 to 21.00 daily. Roaming in Monaco using GSM 900/1800 standards is available to Beeline and Megafon subscribers. MTS subscribers will have to use Thuraya satellite communications.

France. Local talk costs 20 cents. From most telephone booths you can only make calls using a "Telecarte" calling card, which can be bought at post offices or tobacco shops. Automatic telephone communication from Paris: 19 + country code + city code + subscriber number. On weekdays from 22.30 to 8.00 and on Saturdays and Sundays from 14.00 the call costs half as much.

Switzerland. International calls can be made from any pay phone by dialing "00" followed by the country and city code. For example, the code for Germany is +49, for France +33. There is no need to dial the local area code "0", for example, + 49 22 113 3456. Usually, the "+" sign appears if you hold "0" on the telephone keypad longer. For calls within Switzerland, you do not need to dial the country code. However, you need to dial the local area code, for example if calling to Bern you would dial "031123456". Telephone cards are sold in hotels, post offices and kiosks, the cost of one card is 10 or 20 Swiss francs. francs

For special numbers, dial: 111 - for numbers in Switzerland 1159 - for international numbers. Country code +41, Geneva +22, Zurich +1, Lausanne +21, Basel +61, Lucerne +41. Telephone booths are installed everywhere in post offices, bars, cafes, shops and on the streets (calling from post offices is cheaper). Calls on weekdays from 18.00 to 8.00 are cheaper, significant discounts also apply on weekends and holidays. All machines can use special telephone cards, which can be purchased at post offices, tobacco kiosks, train stations, gas stations, etc. The Swisscom mobile network covers about 99% of the populated areas of Switzerland. When entering Switzerland, the mobile phone usually searches for a suitable network on its own. For example, the word SWISS GSM appears on the screen.

A minute of conversation between Great Britain and Moscow costs about 2 pounds. A call with the help of an operator is more expensive than from a pay phone, and from 18.00 to 6.00 on weekdays there is a reduced rate (on weekends - around the clock). Telephone cards are sold in shops and tobacco kiosks.

The international dialing code for Belgium is 49. From a telephone booth you can call anywhere in the world. As a rule, they also contain telephone directories. There are three types of machines: coin-operated (more and more rare), telephone card machines (sold in all bookstores and newsstands) and credit cards. Depending on the time limit, the cost of calling cards ranges from 3 to 25 euros. The most expensive tariff is from 8.00 to 12.00 on weekdays. Reduced tariff - from 18.00 to 08.00 on weekdays and all weekends. You can also call from the post office (via an operator) or from a hotel room, but this is much more expensive.

Germany code is 49. Outgoing international code is 00. When making a long-distance call, you need to dial zero before the code (usually it is already indicated in the number). When calling from Russia to Germany, you do not need to dial zero. From a telephone booth you can call anywhere in the world. As a rule, they contain telephone directories. There are three types of machines: coin-operated, Telefonkarte and credit card-operated. If the cost of the conversation is less than the amount put into the machine, it will give out change. Telephone cards "Telefonkarte" can be purchased at post offices and newsstands. Depending on the time limit, their cost ranges from 3 to 25 euros. The most expensive time to call is from 8.00 to 12.00 on weekdays. Reduced tariff - from 18.00 to 08.00 on weekdays and all weekends. You can also call from the post office (via an operator) or from a hotel room, but this is more expensive. Recently, small private call offices with reduced rates have appeared in Berlin. They are often kept by the Turks. Russians living in Berlin sometimes call them "Turkish dialers". Free call from Germany at the expense of the called subscriber. To do this, you need to dial the number 0130801007 (Deutsche Telekom) and provide the number in Moscow where you agree to pay for the call.

Netherlands code +31. When calling to a country, dial 8 - dial tone - 10 - 31 -<код города> - <номер вызываемого абонента>. Telephone communications are at a high level; you can call abroad from any pay phone, which are located everywhere. Payment is made by coins (green machines) or telephone cards (blue machines), which can be purchased at post offices and kiosks. In large retail outlets, banks and most visited tourist sites, there are pay phones that accept credit cards. A call from a hotel is several times more expensive than from a telephone machine. On weekdays from 18.00 to 8.00, as well as on weekends, long-distance and international calls are much cheaper.

3.4 Accommodation facilities.

In general, hotel-type accommodation facilities in Germany are divided into 4 categories: Hotel, Gasthof, Pension, Hotel Garni. Hotels in Germany meet the same high standards. Even inexpensive ones provide minimal comfort. Hotels in old castles, monasteries and palaces are especially popular. In general, 22 main criteria and more than 100 additional ones are used to determine the class of hotels in Germany. The "star" classification system was adopted in the German hotel industry not so long ago. The Federation of German Hotels and Catering (Der Deutsche Hotel-und Gaststaettenverband / DEHGA) began the categorization process two years ago. It is voluntary in nature and is far from finished today. Therefore, in Germany there are now both old and new hotel classification systems. Gasthof Small hotel, usually in rural areas. Literally can be translated as \"gostiny (inn) yard\". A cozy, quiet house with a small hall, usually with a special, family atmosphere. It differs from the Gasthof hotel mainly in its size. Of the total number of accommodation facilities in Germany, Gasthof hotels make up about 30%. Pension A boarding house may have only 3 - 4 rooms. They only serve their own guests here. Showers and toilets are usually on the floor. Hotel Garni Accommodation only with breakfast. Their number in Germany is about one third of all accommodation facilities. Although it is possible that persistent searching will help you find cheaper options. Please keep in mind that prices may be higher on weekends.

UK hotels - this is also a number of features. The classification of hotels in the UK provides for several different gradations, where classic stars are far from the only way to evaluate a particular British hotel. There are three types of stars for UK hotels: black, red and gold. Black “stars” - this symbol of reflection of the hotel’s class meets generally accepted international standards. From one star to five - everything seems to be the same as everywhere else, with the only exception that in British hotels a 3* hotel is not always three stars, but a little less, that is, the rooms are cramped and the service is more modest. It's a completely different matter - these are red and gold stars. They are not so easy to obtain. Red and gold stars are awarded to hotels in the UK by the AA, which is also responsible for the awards. hotels in the USA , and the Royal Automobile Club. AA Red Stars are awarded to "highly recommended" hotels in the UK. AA Gold Stars are a special class badge that is issued based on the results of an inspection by auto club representatives. In hotels in Great Britain, or more precisely in hotels in England, the old rating system has been preserved, where hotels are assigned not stars, but crowns. The quality of hotels awarded crowns is confirmed by the English Tourist Board. Here hotels are ranked according to 6 criteria. The lowest is the “listed” status, which provides a minimum of amenities, but at the same time serves as a kind of guarantee that the hotel maintains cleanliness standards. After “listed”, UK hotels are ranked according to the familiar principle, from one to five crowns. Distinctive features of the "crown" rating are ensuite rooms, rooms where there is direct access from the bedroom to the bathroom. Such rooms are required to be present in at least a third of the rooms in UK 3 Crown hotels and in all rooms in 5 Crown hotels. The crown rating is used both for large hotels in London, Manchester, Liverpool and other British cities, and for small Bed and Breakfast Hotels.

The French hotel classification provides a “star” rating scale for hotels, although with its own variations. So, for example, you will not be able to book a 5* hotel in France. The highest class that can be assigned to a French hotel is 4* Luxe. The current hotel classification system in France was developed in the early 1960s. It provides for several levels of hotel quality. The lowest stage is designated as NT. This is an uncategorized hotel. The amenities in such hotels are, as a rule, minimal and you should not expect anything more than an overnight stay in NT category hotels. NT is followed by 2* hotels. These are budget hotels in the classic version. In France, a prominent representative of 2* class hotels is the Formule1 and Etap, brands of Accor Corporation. Most often in such hotels you will be offered compact rooms, often with amenities per block, less often - in the room. It is possible to get a standard breakfast. In France, 2* hotels also have a modified version of 2* SUP, which provides an in-room telephone, TV and an expanded breakfast menu. 3* hotels in France are a typical middle class of hotels. Often such hotels are located in old mansions. They differ from 2* in the presence of a restaurant or cafe, a range of room services, spacious rooms and a large number of household appliances (hair dryer, less often a microwave). 3* SUP hotels offer minibars (separate bill) and breakfast served in the room. French 4* hotels are business class. Everything here is more comfortable and varied than in 3* hotels, but without the special luxury that distinguishes 4* Luxe hotels. In such hotels you can count on fitness, a swimming pool, twice-a-time room cleaning, a large selection of TV programs, as well as 24-hour room service. French hotels of the 4* Luxe class are one-off examples, they are often known all over the world. These, for example, include the Ritz Hotel in Paris. Super helpful staff, luxuriously furnished rooms, exclusive cuisine. The cost of a room in such hotels starts from 250-300 dollars per day. France would not be France if it could not offer something extraordinary. These are Palace class hotels, which are designed to welcome high society, from royal families to Russian oligarchs. Palace class hotels are actually palaces, in which mandatory attributes include Presidential apartments of several hundred square meters, antiques in the corridors and a unique design of the entire hotel.

3.5 Catering.

English cuisine is characterized by fairly conservative cooking with virtually no use of sauces or hot spices. Fish and vegetable dishes, as well as various types of fried meat, are very popular. The national drink is tea, usually drunk with milk and sugar. Welsh (Welsh) and Scottish cuisines are somewhat different from English - more “bright” and spicy. It is highly recommended to try lamb chops with lemon, coriander, yogurt and mint sauce, the famous British steaks and steaks, a variety of smoked fish, hot buttered pancakes and scones and, of course, countless types of puddings. Muffins, biscuits, cookies and saffron buns are especially good. Spirits are also quite traditional - beer, whiskey and gin of all kinds, as well as the famous ale and cider (not at all what is commonly understood by this name on the continent - English cider is very strong!).

The national cuisine of Austria is a combination of culinary traditions from Italy, Hungary, Spain and even Turkey. Schinkenfleckerln, noodles with ham topped with cheese and egg white, is popular throughout the country. Everywhere they serve Wiener schnitzel, made from the most expensive meat in Vienna - veal. Viennese restaurants also offer potato salads, bakkhun (baked chicken) and Kaiserschmarren - the Kaiser's omelette. The most popular sweet dish in Austria is strudel, apple pie or roll. Wine has been a source of particular pride lately. Popular wines produced in different wine regions include Grüner Veltlinner riesling, Müller Thurgau wine, dry wine from the latest harvest of Heuriger, as well as bright red Schilcher and white wines Muskateller and Morrilan. Wheat beer Weizenbier and Mozart's favorite beer Stiegelbreu are held in high esteem. The favorite delicacy of Salzburg residents is pancakes with jam.

Interesting restaurants in Vienna. Restaurant in the historical part of Old Vienna

A very old house with many small rooms upstairs and downstairs, the "Griechenbeisl" is the most ancient part of Vienna. Since 1500, the "Griechenbeisl" has been mentioned in old chronicles as the "Yellow Eagle" inn. This name replaced several previous names of "Red Little Roof" and then "Golden Angel", but it has always been a public house, and this is its true meaning in the history of our city. And only much later the tract received its current name Griechenbeisl. It is not surprising that such a charming place as the "Griechenbeisl" has become a meeting place for many outstanding artists, scientists and political figures - we just mention Beethoven, Schubert, Strauss, Schwind, Waldmuller, Mark Twain, Grillparzer; Nestroy, Schaljapin, Lueger, and Count Zeppelin are those who came to enjoy the charm of this place and felt the presence of the eternal spirit of past centuries. Restaurant "Piaristenkeller"

Historic restaurant with two imperial museums. Here, dishes are served according to recipes from the times of the emperor. A pleasant end to the evening will be a visit to romantic wine cellars. At the same time, the restaurant hosts several interesting mini-performances, raffles and small carnivals, as well as wine tasting.

In a number of restaurants and cafes in Vienna you can learn how to bake apple strudel, one of the traditional Austrian desserts, according to ancient recipes. In particular, the Schottenring and Diglas cafes invite you to special seminars.

French cuisine is considered one of the best in the world. Its most famous products are croissants, chocolate bread, baguette, long loaves, as well as Burgundy snails, cocotte eggs with tarragon, socca pea flour pancakes, Lyonnaise sausages, lobster with parsley, pie onion pisaladie and, of course, onion soup. Plus the mandatory use of a variety of sauces (more than 3,000 recipes) and a variety of spices. Moreover, each region of the country has its own traditional cuisine, often completely different from its “neighbors”. French wines deserve a separate discussion. France produces thousands of varieties of excellent wine “of all colors”; the vineyards are considered the national treasure of this country, which gave the world cognac (in its modern sense), champagne and the famous Armagnacs. The magnificent red wines of Bordeaux and Burgundy were considered the “liquid currency of Europe” in the Middle Ages. Brittany and Normandy are famous for their cider (a sparkling apple-based drink with an alcohol content of about 3-5%) and Calvados (a product of distillation of cider aged two or three years using cognac technology, “strength” more than 40%), which began to be produced here back in XIII century Corsican wines are more tart and aromatic than “continental” varieties and are made from several grape varieties. Famous varieties include Schiaciarelli and Nielucci, dry white wines from Vermentino, Cap Corse aperitif, Corsican vodka Acquavita, Ratafia liqueur, numerous liqueurs from myrtle, lemon, strawberry, orange, plum and nut. guilt.

Germany has a fairly diverse cuisine, inherited from the numerous peoples who live or have lived in this territory. The “must-have set” includes deep-fried brisket on rib ribs, a variety of sausages, klops meatballs with potato salad, baked pork knuckle icebein and the most popular fried sausages with curry sauce. A rather original dish is “hekpeter” - raw minced meat with salt, pepper, egg and spices. Germany's calling card is beer, for which Bavaria is especially famous. There are a great variety of beers here, but the most popular are Bavarian light varieties such as Augustinerbrau, Hecker-Pschorr, Hofbrau, Löwenbrau, Paulaner and Spaten. Beer is served with roast pork with potato dumplings or Nuremberg fried sausages. Also widely known are the excellent wines of the Rhine and Main valleys, which are light and have a characteristic fruity flavor.

Belgian cuisine has many components based on the standards of French and German culinary traditions - meat, seafood, vegetables, potatoes, butter, cheese, cream, beer and wine are actively used, while the influence of medieval cooking can still be traced to this day - mustard, herbs, spices and mixing sweet and sour or sweet and salty. The national drink of the Belgians is beer. Today there are more than 1,000 brands in the country, and new beers are created almost every day. The most famous are Gueuse, Jupiler, Maes, Stella Artois, Leffe, Hoegaarden, Lambic and Trappist. You can even find beers with the addition of cherry (“krik”) and raspberry juice (“framboise”), as well as sweet and sour beer “gooden band”. Grapes are grown on the slopes of the Sambre, in Torny, Hainault and in the vicinity of Brussels, so the country has a lot of its own high-quality wine, but a lot of it is also imported from abroad.

3.6 Entertainment industry.

Austria is widely known for its museums, theaters and opera. The Vienna Opera and the Museumsquartier are world-famous - Vienna's museum complex, which is the largest in Europe. In February, the ball season begins in Vienna. There are more than three hundred of them. The season lasts until the beginning of Lent. Every Viennese considers it his duty to attend at least one ball. In all, even the poorest houses, long ball gowns and tailcoats are kept for this occasion. Foreigners are also allowed to attend balls. Tailcoats and dresses can be rented. Ticket prices vary: from several tens of dollars to several thousand.

Legoland is the first amusement park in Germany from the world famous Lego company. located in close proximity to the A8 autobahn, connecting the largest cities of Munich and Stuttgart. The park is aimed at parents with children from 2 to 13 years old. It is convenient to get here by train from Munich to Günzburg (1.5 hours travel, 17 EUR adult ticket, 9 EUR ticket for a child 6-14 years old), then a shuttle to the park. Entrance fees for one day 24/19 EUR, for two days 35/29 EUR for an adult/child under 12 years old.

Europa Park here you can explore the whole of Europe in a day. This most international park in the world is located in the southwest of the country, where the borders of Germany, France and Switzerland meet. It is open from April 5 to November 9 daily from 9:00 to 18:00. It is convenient to get here by train from Frankfurt to Offenburg or Lara (2 hours, 50/25 EUR ticket for an adult/child 6-14 years old), then by bus to the park. Entrance tickets for one day 25/22.5 EUR, for two days 45/41.5 EUR for an adult/child under 12 years old.

The Phantasialand amusement park has been operating for over 30 years. The highlight of the program here is the space show "Galaxy" - an incredible journey through the Milky Way with stunning effects and dynamic simulation of space flight. In addition, there are “Adventures in Colorado with Michael Jackson”, “A Thrilling Cruise on the Wild Rivers of Hollywood”, “The Dizzying Phantom Show”, “Dead Loop”, “Viking Ship”, “Kodak Tower”, “Berlin Carousel” and much more other. Phantasialand is open from 9:00 to 18:00 daily from April 1 to October 31. From Cologne you can get here by train in just 15 minutes. Entrance fees for one day 24.5/19.5 EUR, for two days 37/27 EUR for an adult/child under 12 years old

The Berlin Film Festival is one of the most famous film forums in the world, with a rich history and tradition. Tourists visiting Germany during the festival try not to miss the opportunity to attend its events, and many film lovers specially come to Germany for the Berlin Film Festival from around the world to plunge into its amazing vibrant atmosphere.

In the amazing country of Switzerland, every traveler is sure to find entertainment to his liking. At your service are magnificent ski resorts, exhibitions, music festivals, as well as a huge number of clubs, bars, restaurants and theaters. For lovers of active recreation - horse racing, greyhound racing, golf, polo, competitions, alpine ski racing, numerous casinos and discos.

The best place in England for a family holiday is Hyde Park. Hyde Park became a Queen's Park in 1536 when it was purchased by King Henry VIII. Until this time, this land was an excellent place for hunting. Over time, national holidays began to be celebrated here and competitions were held. Numerous knights' barracks on the outskirts and the ongoing tradition of gun salutes, which were an integral part of ancient parades, are reminders of the historical military past. The park's most famous attractions are the Serpentine, a swimming and boating lake, and Rotten Row, a world-famous equestrian road. In recent years, Russian tourists have begun to give preference to a wonderful entertainment: traveling on ferries on short routes (from Dover or Folkestone to Calais or Boulogne). This journey usually takes approximately 90 minutes; on a Seacat you will need approximately 35 minutes. Ferries sail to France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Scandinavia from a number of southern and eastern British ports; to Spain from Portsmouth; and to Ireland from numerous western English ports. Rugby is a popular winter sport in England. It is divided into two types: Rugby Union for amateur clubs (formerly influenced by the middle-class and private school game) and Rugby League for professional teams, mainly in the north of England. Both forms of rugby are also played at international level. Cricket is a summer sport. There are both amateur and professional cricket teams. Cricket is primarily a professional sport, and the UK is divided into 17 English and one Welsh teams who compete in county championships. Cricket attendance levels continue to decline and the modern game has lost much of its appeal and become more focused on monetary gain and professionalism

The annual film festival in Cannes is the most important event in the world of the film industry. If you get to this legendary festival, you will be guaranteed a lot of impressions! A real holiday for your children this is the largest amusement park in Europe, as Walt Disney himself said about it, “the land where dreams come true.”

Real French entertainment for true men is the cabarets of Paris. Magnificent spectacles, thousands of enchanting costumes decorated with rhinestones, feathers, sparkles, luxurious decorations, the latest technologies and the famous cancan. The most famous cabarets: Moulin Rouge, Lido de Paris, Crazy Horse, Paradis Latin offer you to enjoy a performance and, if you wish, dinner. For those who prefer an active holiday with their family, we recommend Recreation and Entertainment Parks. Asterix Park - located in the middle of the forest, 50 km away. from Paris, this park offers about 30 attractions based on the themes of the famous comic strip. Nausicaa - located in Boulogne-sur-Mer, this park is the largest complex in Europe dedicated to the marine world: a giant aquarium, 3,000 fish of 400 species, a video room, 5,000 books, 300 films... In France, another favorite pastime of tourists is Golf. Hundreds of venues throughout France for beginners and experienced connoisseurs.

4. Characteristics of types of tourism

Austria.

Ski resorts. Austria is one of the most skiing countries in Europe. In no other country are the ski industry, tourism and sports so closely linked. Today's Austria has numerous ski resorts, varied in their architecture, location and infrastructure. The most interesting region is Tyrol - an empire of mountains and sun with its capital in the city of Innsbruck. Here is the Arlberg region, which unites several world-famous resorts, such as the “star” Lech, where crowned heads relax, and where excellent skiing is guaranteed throughout the season, the legendary St. Anton, in comparison with Lech, more democratic, but very expensive.

Hiking and hiking. Anyone who wants to really get to know the surrounding Austrian landscape must experience it with their own feet. There are all imaginable possibilities for this, from cultural walks through cities to high mountain paths along a glacier.

Holidays on the lakes. The main flow of Russian tourists goes to the lakes of Carinthia, as this is a swimming region where the water warms up to +26°C. The Salzkammergut lakes are alpine lakes. They look more “decorative” than the Carinthian ones, but with an average water temperature of +18..+19°C it is difficult to perceive them as a swimming region. Mostly “individuals” come here who want to spend time walking in silence by the lake and enjoying the scenery.

Treatment. Hotels specializing in health and wellness programs are located in the most charming corners of Austria. So, therapeutic and healing effects are achieved here not only due to thermal and mineral springs and the famous healing mud, but also thanks to the general harmonization of the lives of vacationers. Magnificent landscapes combined with classical music will infuse your soul into a sublime mood and allow natural medicines to have a more complete effect on the body.

Belgium.

Holidays at sea. Belgium cannot be classified as a resort country, but it also has places to relax in nature. Along the entire North Sea coast there are sandy beaches stretching for about 70 km with the resorts of Knokke, De Haan, Westende, Oostende. The swimming season lasts from mid-June to mid-September.

Excursions. The country is literally the center of historical monuments and architectural structures, many of which are scattered throughout almost the entire territory of Belgium. Every city in Belgium has ancient cathedrals or fortresses, castles or medieval guild buildings, preserving the memory of the wealth of medieval trading Flanders and the Walloon counties.

Great Britain.

Treatment. The main health resorts in Great Britain are located in Hampshire, near the coast. The southernmost county is famous for its special climate, which is formed by the Gulf Stream. Mild winters, cool summers, high humidity - all this has a beneficial effect on the health of visitors to boarding houses.

Excursions in Scotland. Scotland is mountains and lakes, one of which is home to the mysterious Nessie, bagpipes, whiskey and plaid skirts from under which men's legs are strangely visible. On a guided tour of Scotland's textile trail, you'll see how tweed and wool are made. The Traditional Scotch Whiskey Trail runs through the Grampian Highlands.

Excursions around London. There are several ways to get to know London: a sightseeing tour, a tour of the Thames, and the famous London double-decker buses that will take you to any part of the city.

Excursions to Wales. Wales is a land of magnificent landscapes and majestic medieval castles. About a fifth of the territory of Wales has the status of a National Park: rocky peaks and mirror-like lakes, sandy bays and sea bays. A trip along the Snowdon Mountain Railway will be unforgettable, and at the foot of Mount Snowdonia, at Bryn Bras Castle, a park with waterfalls awaits you. The Vale of Neath, near the Brecon Beacons National Park, is also called the edge of the waterfalls. Here you can explore mysterious underground caves. The kingdom of stalactites and stalagmites is also located in the Dan-ir-Ogof caves.

France.

Beach holiday. The sea coasts of France stretch for 3120 km. The gloomy cliffs of Brittany, the long ridges of dunes of the Atlantic, the wonderful beaches and bays of the Mediterranean, the beautiful coast of Corsica and the southeastern Cote d'Azur (Riviera) attract millions of tourists.

Skiing. The French Alps are the highest mountains in Western Europe, the ski resorts of France are the world's largest winter sports center: 380 ski stations, the world's largest number of lifts (2500!) and the shortest queues for them. This is the largest area for skiing and the widest selection of slopes, the highest peak in Western Europe, Mont Blanc (4807 m), stable weather, plenty of sun, guaranteed snow cover from early December to mid-May, plus the possibility of skiing in the summer. The most popular resorts in the region are Chamonix and Courchevel, Val d'Isère and Tignes in Val Thorens, Les Deux Alpes, La Plagne, Megeve, Meribel, etc.

Excursions. Versailles, Disneyland, Champs Elysees, Louvre, Water parks, Elphel Tower, Notre Dame Cathedral, etc.

5. CONCLUSION

Western Europe attracts about 65% of foreign tourists. The development of international tourism in the region is favored by natural factors: mosaic landscapes, a combination of coastal regions and mountain landscapes. A number of important geographical, economic, political and cultural preconditions contribute to the fact that Western Europe has been and remains one of the most developed regions in terms of international tourism.

6. REFERENCES

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