Project 971 multi-purpose nuclear submarines. "Gepard" underwater hunter. Guards multi-purpose nuclear submarine "Gepard"
Multipurpose nuclear submarine. The development of PLA pr.971 was started by SKB-143 "Malachite" (Leningrad, chief designer Georgy Nikolaevich Chernyshov, from August 1976, after 1997 - Yu.I. submarine of the 3rd generation "as an analogue of the PLA pr.945 with the replacement of titanium alloys in the design with steel ones. The project used studies on low-noise PLA pr.991 and pr.958. A brief preliminary design (preliminary design) was developed by the beginning of 1976. The Central Research Institute named after A.I. Academician A.N. Krylov (especially in terms of reducing the noise of submarines). The chief designer group was formed in August 1976.
Since 1968, the Krasnoye Sormovo plant has begun assembling a coastal prototype of the power compartments of the PLA pr.971-stand KV-1 at NITI. Since 1972, work on the construction of the prototype has been continued by the LAO. The construction of the installation was completed on December 25, 1975, and the final commissioning due to the mass of faults found during hot tests took place on December 24, 1976. The installation of the automatic control system of the power plant was carried out by representatives of NPO Avrora ( ist. - Shumakov).
Design: the development of the technical design of the boat was carried out from September 1976 to May 1977. One of the main tasks that the developers faced was to keep the submarine within the displacement declared in the draft design. The technical design was considered by the 1st Central Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense (shipbuilding) in June 1977 and approved on September 13, 1977 with reservations that in the process of developing drawings and construction, it is necessary to ensure even greater noise reduction, placement of SGPD launchers, placement of CRBD with the possibility of using coastal targets. After receiving information about the innovations on the American Los-Angeles-type submarine, which were expressed in the installation of a GAS with digital signal processing, which reduces the influence of the submarine's own noise, and also, taking into account the wishes of the Navy leadership, to equip the KRBD submarine "" (Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 26, 1978 d.) the project was additionally redesigned for the installation of the Skat-3 SJSC, which required a change in the hull design. The project was handed over in 1980.
http://www.militaryphotos.net).
Production: preparation for the production of a series of boats pr.971 at the Shipbuilding Plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (factory No. 199) has been carried out since 1978. The lead PLA K-284:
- laid down at the end of 1980
- the first unit of equipment was installed in a rugged case in June 1983.
- the mortgage board was installed on November 6, 1983.
- the official date of the bookmark is November 11, 1983.
- Rugged body assembly completed in February 1984
- Submarine K-284 was withdrawn from the workshop to the transport and launching floating dock "Amur" on July 16, 1984.
- the beginning of the transportation of submarines in a floating dock to the delivery base in Bolshoy Kamen - October 16, 1984
- launching from a floating dock in Chikhachev Bay, launching a PPU - until October 25, 1984
- arrived under its own power at the delivery base of the plant in Bolshoy Kamen and was run aground (circulation routes turned out to be clogged with mud) on October 25, 1984.
- two unsuccessful stages of factory sea trials - due to the failure of the PPU to reach a capacity of more than 50% (due to circulation routes clogged with mud) - from December 7, 1984
- cleaning of circulation routes - December 7-20, 1984
- the third successful stage of factory sea trials - until the end of December 1984
- signing the acceptance act of the submarine K-284 - December 30, 1984 (indicating the list of works postponed to 1985)
Trials and adoption. Factory tests of K-284 began on December 7, 1984 and the K-284 submarine was officially handed over to the Navy by signing the Acceptance Certificate on December 30, 1984, after which, based in Bolshoy Kamen, it began to fine-tune equipment and test systems. Acoustic refinement of the K-284 submarine was carried out in the period from 1985 to 1987. Final finishing and painting - 1986. Since 1986, the head submarine also provided testing of serial submarines pr.971. Sea trials were carried out in 1986-1987. The first launches of the CRBD "Granat" - January 1987. The technology and laboriousness of navigational and dock repairs were tested in 1987 and in 1989. July 1, 1989 By this time, the K-284 submarine had covered more than 50,000 miles and had about 10,000 hours of operating time of the main mechanisms. Tests of all PLA systems were completed only in 1990.
Probably the first Western photo of the PLA K-284 "Shark" project 971 AKULA, May 1985 (photo - US NAVY,).
One of the first photos of the PLA pr.971 AKULA (K-284 "Shark") published in the Western media (Soviet Military Power 1987. USA. 1987).
PLA pr.971 AKULA (probably K-284 "Shark") published in the Western media (09/29/1989, photo by US NAVY,).
Lead PLA K-284 "Shark" pr.971 AKULA at sludge in Pavlovsky Bay, Pacific Fleet, November 1996 (photo by V. Lemonos, http://www.podlodka.su)
The second in the PLA series pr.971 AKULA - K-263 "Barnaul" / "Dolphin" in the 45th division of the Pacific Fleet submarine (Sazhaev M.I., Navigation roads "Barsov". Site http://shturman.vlms.ru)
Project 971 submarines were built at factories in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (factory No. 199, from 1983 to the present) and in Severodvinsk (Sevmash - factory No. 402, workshop No. 50, from 1985 to 2001). ) and according to the original plans it was planned to build 25 submarines (20 submarines were laid down). By default, PLA data pr.971.
Rolling out from the workshop of the Sevmash Production Association of the PLA pr.971 K-480 "Bars", April 16, 1988 (panorama from the frames of the documentary film "Impact Force. Underwater Hunter", ORT, 2007-2008)
PLA "Kashalot" K-322, October 1993, Pacific Ocean (photo by US NAVY,).
Submarine design- double-hull, aft plumage with a fairing of the towed GAS antenna on the upper vertical rudder. The robust body is made of new grade steel with a yield strength of 100 kgf/sq.mm (thickness up to 48 mm, processed on FUJICAR presses) and is divided into 7 compartments. At the design stage, the task of a significant (about 5 times compared to the 2nd generation PLA) noise reduction was solved using the development of the low-noise PLA pr.991. The assembly of the hull is made by the block method: the PLA equipment is installed inside the hull on shock absorbers and in multi-deck shock absorber blocks ("shelves"), which are part of the general structural system of two-stage shock absorption (each block is isolated from the hull by rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers). The body of the PLA is covered with a rubber anti-hydroacoustic coating. Vibration-absorbing and vibration-isolating coatings are used outside and inside the solid PLA body. According to some reports, active noise reduction means are used. PLA equipment meets the standards of vibroacoustic characteristics VAH-74. The crew habitability conditions have been improved on the submarine.
External devices and layout of PLA pr.971 AKULA. The numbers indicate: 1 - SGPD launchers, 2 - emergency pop-up buoy, 3 - SOKS antennas, 4 - GAS antennas, 5 - periscope, 6 - VSK unit - pop-up rescue camera, 7 - radar, direction finder and communication antennas, 8 - exhaust diesel generator, 9 - scuppers (holes in a light body), 10 - container of the towed GAS antenna, 11 - screw, 12 - water outlet, 13 - cover of the thruster auxiliary screw column, 14 - intake fittings of the "Fin" type, 15 - drain holes, 16 - horizontal steering wheel, 17 - torpedo tube covers (http://defenceforumindia.com).
The reactor compartment of the PLA pressure vessel was designed with an isolated room above the reactor and pump enclosures with biological protection. The room housed the shields of the second echelon of the PLA electric power system.
Starting with the PLA K-322 (serial number 513), 25 noise reduction measures were introduced, including a shock-absorbed main bearing of the shafting.
Starting from the PLA K-391 (serial number 514), gunpowder generators for blowing out the tanks of the main ballast are installed. Starting with the PLA K-391, the outboard fittings of the circulation routes of the "Fin" type are installed on the PLA - the shape of the intake becomes flat in cross section instead of round.
Starting from the submarine K-461 (serial No. 831, Sevmash Production Association) and K-295 (serial No. 517, SZLK), 34 new mechanisms are installed on boats in accordance with the norms of vibroacoustic characteristics of the VAC-80.
According to some reports, the submarine pr.971 uses a system for influencing the boundary layer of the water surrounding the hull in order to reduce resistance, which is probably worked out on the experimental submarine pr.1710 "Mackerel" (there is no confirmation of this information).
PLA assembly shop pr.971 AKULA at the Amur Shipbuilding Plant (Ships and destinies. Amur Shipbuilding Plant is 70 years old. Khabarovsk, Priamurskiye Vedomosti, 2002)
Construction of the PLA hull pr.971 AKULA at the Amur Shipbuilding Plant (Ships and destinies. Amur Shipbuilding Plant is 70 years old. Khabarovsk, "Priamurskiye Vedomosti", 2002)
One of the PLA hulls pr.971 AKULA manufactured by Sevmash (probably K-328 "Leopard" or a later PLA, http://forums.airbase.ru/)
http://drugoi.livejournal.com/).
Engines:
Nuclear power plant with a pressurized water reactor on thermal neutrons VM-5 with a steam generating unit (PPU) OK-650M.01 (on K-284 and other submarines) with a capacity of 190 MW (created on the basis of the basic model OK-650.BZ). Two two-section steam generators. PPU designers - Simonov R.I., Farafontov Yu.I., Bogdanovich V.P., Rynsky M.V. PPU is installed on U-shaped cantilever beams embedded in transverse bulkheads (including water protection tank). PPU was later used on submarines of other projects. PPU is equipped with an emergency battery-free cooling system with outboard titanium heat exchangers, a light hermetic water biological protection tank with a compensation system.
OK-650 series reactors were developed by NIKIET in the late 1960s ( ist. - Shumakov).
1 x steam block single-shaft steam turbine plant (PTU) with GTZA OK-9M (on the first submarines produced by the plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and OK-9VM with improved damping with a capacity of 43,000-50,000 hp (according to various sources, most likely 50,000 hp). On the head PLA K-284 - PTU OK-9V. The PTU is mounted on a shock-absorbing intermediate frame resting on inter-compartment bulkheads with the removal of the main circulation pumps to adjacent compartments.
2 x thruster submersible 2-speed propulsion motors with a capacity of PG-160 (?) 410 hp each (370 hp according to other data). They are located in retractable columns OK-300 (chief designer - A.M. Kuzmin).
Retractable thruster propeller OK-300 with PLA electric motor pr.971 AKULA (frame from a documentary film, http://forums.airbase.ru)
movers- one shaft, one 7-bladed fixed-pitch propeller with improved hydroacoustic characteristics and reduced rotational speed. The stern tube bearing of the main shaft is equipped with a self-flowing cooling system, which significantly reduced noise performance. Two reclining thrusters OK-300. Propellers for pr.971 were manufactured using high-precision metalworking machines purchased from Toshiba, bypassing COCOM restrictions (they were also used for submarines of other 3rd generation projects). Bow horizontal rudders with flaps, retractable. Cooling system with water intakes to the central route (beginning with K-391 of the "Plavnik" type - more efficient).
The main propeller of the PLA pr.971 AKULA is a 7-blade propeller (from left to right - one of the "Komsomol" hulls in the floating dock, and the roll-out of the K-335 Gepard submarine with the Sevmash software, all photos from http://forums. airbase.ru and from the film "Underwater Squadron" Sevmash ", 2006)
Propeller PLA K-480 "Ak Bars" project 971, installed as a monument near the "asterisk" center in Severodvinsk. The edges of the screw are processed and differ from the original ones. September-October 2013 (photo - Oleg Kuleshov, http://kuleshovoleg.livejournal.com).
Intakes of the circulation routes of the first buildings (on the left, K-480 "Bars") and the "Fin" type (on the right, all photos from http://forums.airbase.ru)
Energy- two alternating current turbogenerators OK-2 with a capacity of 3200 kW each, two reversible DC converters.
Backup power supply - two groups of lead-acid batteries, 2 x DG-300 diesel generator with a capacity of 750 hp each. (according to other data 1 x ASDG-800-1 or ASDG-1000 - possibly different diesel generators on different sub-series) with a reversible converter, fuel reserve - 10 days.
Starting from the K-391 submarine, emergency electric power networks are installed, and starting from the K-461 submarine (serial number 831, PO Sevmash) and K-295 (serial number 517, SZLK), outboard emergency power networks are installed.
Rescue and life support system- pop-up rescue chamber (VSK) - VSK unit - development and analogue of VSK PLA pr.705. On the submarine K-152 "Nerpa" project 971I, a VSK of a new design was installed (see fig.). Fire extinguishing system LOH (boat volumetric anti-chemical) with a working substance-fire extinguisher freon 114V2 (freon). Rescue universal complex KSU-600N-4 for remote automatic release of life rafts PSNL-20 (4 pcs, only on the submarine K-335 "Gepard", the system was developed by the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit").
Air regeneration system "Astra-3". A new combined system of electro-chemical air regeneration (ECHR) - starting with the PLA K-461 (serial No. 831, PO Sevmash) and K-295 (serial No. 517, SZLK).
The VSK unit is a pop-up rescue camera PLA pr.971I "Irbis" Improved AKULA K-152 "Nerpa" (http://flickr.com).
Demonstration of the operation of the universal rescue complex KSU-600N-4 for the release of life rafts on the submarine K-335 "Gepard" (http://www.gazeta.voenmeh.ru/).
performance characteristics of the submarine:
Crew - 73 people (including 33 officers)
108.25 m (according to the technical project May 1977)
110.3 m (AKULA, Improved AKULA)
113.3 m (AKULA-II / project 971U and K-335 AKULA-III)
Width - 13.5-13.6 m
Width along aft horizontal rudders - 15.4 m
Average draft - 9.68 m
Pressure vessel diameter (using the reactor compartment as an example) - 10.9 m
Surface displacement:
7540 tons (according to the TTZ preliminary project)
7740 tons (according to the technical project May 1977)
8140 tons (project 971 AKULA, production of PA "Sevmash")
8470-8500 tons (according to various sources AKULA-II / K-335 AKULA-III)
Underwater displacement:
12770 tons (project 971 AKULA, produced by PA "Sevmash")
13400-13800 tons (according to various sources AKULA-II / K-335 AKULA-III)
Surface speed:
20 knots (according to Western data)
11.6 knots according to other data (including K-152 Nerpa?)
12 knots (Project 971U)
Underwater speed:
6-9 knots (quiet running)
- 33 knots
35 knots (according to Western data)
Underwater speed on thrusters - 5 knots
Maximum immersion depth - 600 m
Immersion depth working:
480 m (AKULA, Improved AKULA)
520 m (AKULA-II and including K-152 "Nerpa" ?, but, possibly, for all submarines of the project)
Autonomy - 100 days (according to reserves)
Noise and detection range PLA pr.971 according to various fragmentary data:
- The maximum detection range of the boat pr.971 GAK AN / BQQ-5 (PLA Los-Angeles) - 10 km (data from 1995, Jeremy Boord).
At a travel speed of 6-9 knots, the first submarine hulls of Project 971 were not detected by US ASW means (data from 1995, Jeremy Boord).
- The noise level of the PLA K-284 is 12-15 dB or 4-4.5 times lower than the noise level of the PLA pr.671RTM VICTOR-III (Jane "s)
The noise level of the PLA K-335 is 3.5 times lower than that of the K-284 (Alekseev A.P., Samarkin L.A.)
With a natural background of 40-45 dB in calm, the noise level of the PLpr.971 was 60-70 dB - the PL series and the measurement conditions are unknown, Kamchatka (http://forums.airbase.ru).
- At the same time, Project 971 submarines are considered noisier than SeaWolf or Improved Los-Angeles submarines (without clarification). According to Western data (1994), the noise level of the Project 971 Improved AKULA submarine at speeds of 5-7 knots is similar or lower than that of the Improved Los-Angeles (http://forums.airbase.ru).
Estimated cost of PLA pr.971 - 1.55 billion USD (in 1995 prices)
Armament:
Training system TA "Grinda"
Ammunition - total - 40 torpedoes, missiles, rocket-torpedoes or self-transporting mines.
According to the Soviet-American agreements of 1989, ammunition with nuclear warheads is not used in the armaments.
On one of the submarines, tests of the Splash PLUR were carried out (not confirmed, no data).
Starting from the submarine K-391 (serial No. 514) project 971 / 09710 AKULA, 6 x 533 mm disposable non-reloadable launchers REPS-324 "Barrier" are installed on boats to launch means of sonar countermeasures, located in the superstructure (starting from the submarine K- 391 - serial number 514) - i.e. part of AKULA, Improved AKULA, AKULA-II and AKULA-III, except for K-152 Nerpa). Ammunition - 6 SGAPD. Initially, in the West, these PUs were perceived as vertical launchers for the Granat / SS-N-21 SAMPSON CRBD.
SGAPD:
MG-114 "Beryl"
Replaceable insert-launcher SGAPD "Barrier" and SGAPD MG-104 "Throw" (Shipbuilding magazine, http://forums.airbase.ru)
MANPADS "Strela-3" or "Igla" - 3 launchers, 12 missiles.
Equipment:
Hydroacoustic equipment and CICS:
Project 971 AKULA
Project 971 Improved AKULA
Project 971 AKULA-II
project 971 / project 971M (?) (K-335) - AKULA-III
BIUS MVU-132 (?) "Omnibus" developed by the Central Research Institute "Agat". On the PLA pr.971M K-335 "Gepard" - "Omnibus-U".
The hydroacoustic complex (HAC) MGK-540 "Skat-3" SHARK GILL with digital information processing was developed by the Central Research Institute "Morfizpribor", St. Petersburg, chief designer Kakalov V.A. R&D has been carried out since 1980 on the basis of the MGK-500 Skat. In terms of its capabilities, the GAK MGK-540 is not inferior to its American counterparts - the modernized GAK AN / BQQ-5 and AN / BQQ-6. Tests of the final configuration of the HJC were carried out in 1986-1987. in the Sea of Japan and completed only in 1988 (Submarine K-284 "Shark" project 971 AKULA):
- commissioning and factory tests of a prototype HAC on the head PLA K-284 - 1985-1986.
- state testing of a prototype SAC, incl. in oceanic conditions - 1986-1987
- finalization of the HAC and testing in marine conditions - 1988
- a comprehensive check of the combat properties of submarines - 1988
On the submarines of the second series - planned for construction after the K-335 Gepard, it was supposed to modernize the SAC.
The composition of the HAC:
1. General purpose equipment with information output to the control panel;
2. Equipment for noise direction finding in the sound frequency range and equipment for echo direction finding (sonar);
Device No. 1 - nasal passive-active search and attack sonar (SHARK GILL), operating at medium and low frequencies; radome of the main antenna GAK - non-setting fiberglass.
4. Equipment for detecting hydroacoustic signals from operating sonar (hydroacoustic reconnaissance) with GAS for detecting GAS of the enemy MG-70 (the designation MT-70 is found - it is doubtful);
5. Equipment for underwater communication and state identification MGK-80;
6. Subsystem No. 6 - noise direction finding equipment at low frequencies using a towed extended antenna MGBS-541 "Skat-3" (located in the UPV-1-3 fairing-nacelle on the upper vertical rudder).
7. Target classification equipment using a digital noise library; Research work "Osnova", "Melody", "Method", "Cape", "Signal" was carried out by the Central Research Institute "Morfizpribor" in 1979-1987. At the same time, the task of classifying targets according to information from all subsystems of the SAC was solved at the SJSC MGK-540;
8. Equipment for monitoring the operation of the complex.
In addition, the following GAS work together with the complex:
GAS mine detection MG-519 "Arfa-M"
GAS measuring the speed of sound in water MG-543 "Reflector" or "Zhgut-M" (?)
GAS for determining the beginning of cavitation of propellers MG-512 "Vint-M"
Echoledometer MG-518 "Sever-M"
NOR-1 navigational ice break detector
Circular navigation detector NOK-1
The detection range of the SAC is 3 times higher than the detection range of the SAC of the 2nd generation submarine.
Target detection range - 220-230 km (according to various sources)
The number of simultaneously tracked sonar targets - 30
Main passive antenna GAK MGK-540 "Skat-3" SHARK GILL PLA pr.971 (http://paralay.iboards.ru)
Project 971I "Irbis" Improved AKULA (K-152 "Nerpa") - BIUS "Omnibus-E", SJSC "Skat-3" export version (there was also data on the installation of MGK-400ME-3 with the antenna SJSC "Skat-3", but these data are considered doubtful).
During the repair and modernization of the Kashalot submarine (factory No. 513) pr. 971 at the Amur Shipyard, it is planned to replace the SJC with the SJSC Kizhuch. As of the end of 2012, the timing of the completion of the repair of the boat is not clear ().
Non-acoustic means:
Wake detection equipment for submarines and enemy ships - SOKS (wake detection station) MNK-200-1 "Tukan". The SOKS equipment records the parameters of the movement of ships and submarines approximately within 30 minutes to several hours after the passage. It is installed on boats starting from K-322 (serial number 513) as standard MNK-200-1 "Tukan". A sample of the SOKS MNK-200 "Tukan" device with protective petals was installed on the K-480 "Bars" submarine. There are no SOKS devices on the K-461 and K-328 submarines (most likely, there was no configuration during the construction of the submarine, it was planned to be delivered during the middle repair). SOKS was not installed on the K-152 "Nerpa" submarine due to the export purpose of the ship.
Sensors SOKS MNK-200 "Tukan" on the superstructure and in the fence of the cabin PLA K-157 "Vepr" pr.971 AKULA-II
SOKS sensors on the vertical panel of the pr.671RTM VICTOR-III submarine (possibly MNK-100 "Kolos", chronicle frame not earlier than 1982, from the documentary film "Impact Force. Underwater Hunter", ORT, 2007-2008. )
Radar equipment:
Radar "Radian" / SNOOP PAIR MRCP-58 or "Radian-U" ("simplified") MRCP-59 with one antenna (starting with PLA K-461 / serial number 831, software Sevmash and K-295 / serial number 517, SZLK).
| Name | modification | Radar MRCP-58 | Radar MRCP-59 | Note |
| K-284 (serial No. 501) | Project 971 AKULA | There is | - | |
| K-263 (serial No. 502) | Project 971 AKULA | There is | - | |
| K-322 (serial No. 513) | Project 971 AKULA | There is | - | |
| K-480 (serial No. 821) | Project 971 AKULA | - | There is? | it is possible to replace it with MRCP-59 during operation, maybe for testing (?) |
| K-391 (serial No. 514) | Project 971 AKULA | There is | - | |
| K-317 (serial No. 822) | Project 971 AKULA | There is | - | |
| K-331 (serial No. 515) | Project 971 AKULA | There is | - | |
| K-461 (serial No. 831) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | - | There is | |
| K-328 (serial No. 832) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | - | There is | |
| K-154 (serial No. 833) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | - | There is | |
| K-419 (serial No. 516) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | There is? | ||
| K-295 (serial No. 517) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | - | There is | |
| K-157 (serial No. 834) | Project 971 AKULA-II | - | There is | |
| K-335 (serial No. 835) | Project 971 AKULA-III | - | There is | |
| K-152 (serial No. 518) | Project 971I Improved AKULA | ? |
Electronic warfare system "Bay"
State identification radar "Nichrom-M" / AMBER LIGHT
Radio direction finder "Zone" / RIM HAT
Other systems:
Automated integrated control system for technical means of submarines.
Navigation inertial complex "Symphonia-071" (K-284, K-253, K-322 at least) with a gyro-corrector "Scandium" and an on-board computer or a complex "Symphony-U" (possibly a submarine K-335 "Gepard"?). Perhaps the prototype of the system or the research topic on which the complex was developed was called "Medveditsa-971" (found in the media). The maximum storage time of navigation data to ensure the specified navigation accuracy is more than 7 days (in a submerged position without determining the location). One of the best results in terms of the accuracy of the NK operation was obtained in 2002 during the combat service of the K-295 submarine - for 6.5 days in a submerged position without determining the location, the position error of the submarine did not exceed 10 cables (1852 m). The main operating mode of the navigation complex is "Special".
Satellite navigation system "Synthesis".
Automated radio communication complex "Molniya-MTs" / KREMMNY-3 consisting of:
Satellite communication system "Tsunami-BM" with a towed antenna - device K-659 "Zalom" (located in the superstructure behind the wheelhouse fence)
And long-distance communication antenna system "Kora" / PERT SPRING
VHF radio "Anis" / PARK LAMP
Radio stations R-790 (various modifications), R-143, R-855UM (3 sets), R-159 (6 sets), item P-405, Call, Prichal (3 sets), R-105M ( the data is not accurate, the equipment of the submarine pr.971 AKULA of the first releases).
Emergency signal buoy B-600-1.
Optical survey TV system MTK-110 (allows to conduct optical observation at depths up to 50-60 m). Commander's periscopes PZKE-11 or PZKE-21 (according to various sources) "Swan" and navigational astronavigation periscope "Signal-3".
Fence cutting and retractable devices on the submarine project 971 K-157 "Vepr" AKULA-II (bottom model, author - Kuznetsov A.F., Severodvinsk).
Towed device K-659 "Zalom" (http://forums.airbase.ru)
Modifications:
project 971 / 09710 "Bars" / "Pike-B" - AKULA(1984) - basic project of submarines (K-284, K-263, K-322, K-391, K-331, K-480, K-317, K-461). Boats can be divided into several subclasses:
| Name | modification | noise | SOKS | circulation "Fin" | PU SGPD | Note |
| K-284 (serial No. 501) | Project 971 / 09710 AKULA | basic | - | - | - | head |
| K-263 (serial No. 502) | Project 971 / 09710 AKULA | basic | - | - | - | 1st serial |
| K-322 (serial No. 513) | Project 971 / 09710 AKULA | reduced | There is | - | - | |
| K-480 (serial No. 821) | Project 971 / 09710 AKULA | reduced | There is | - | - | SOKS with protection |
| K-391 (serial No. 514) | Project 971 / 09710 AKULA | reduced | There is | There is | There is | |
| K-317 (serial No. 822) | Project 971 / 09710 AKULA | fulfilled Navy requirements project | There is | There is | There is | |
| K-331 "Magadan" (factory №515) | Project 971 / 09710 AKULA | fulfilled Navy requirements project | There is | There is | There is |
project 971 - Improved AKULA(1992) - a transitional submarine project with improved hydroacoustic characteristics and updated avionics, according to some sources, the official name of the project has not changed (K-328, K-154, K-419, K-295). In the Western media, the name of the project "project 971U" is found.
| Name | modification | noise | SOKS | circulation "Fin" | PU SGPD | Note |
| K-461 "Wolf" (serial number 831) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | part of the equipment with VAH-80 | - | There is | There is | |
| K-328 (serial No. 832) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | part of the equipment with VAH-80 | - | There is | There is | a new EHRV system was installed (see above) |
| K-154 "Tiger" (factory No. 833) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | part of the equipment with VAH-80, the requirements are more stringent | There is | There is | There is | a new EHRV system was installed (see above) |
| K-419 (serial No. 516) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | ? | There is | There is | There is | ? |
| K-295 (serial No. 517) | Project 971 Improved AKULA | part of the equipment with VAH-80, the requirements are more stringent | There is | There is | There is | a new EHRV system was installed (see above) |
PLA K-461 "Wolf" project 971 Improved AKULA in the Kola Bay. Northern Fleet, March 2001 (photo by Ilya Kurganov, http://www.submarines.narod.ru).
Presumably PLA K-154 "Tiger" (serial number 833) project 971 - Improved AKULA (http://forums.airbase.ru).
K-154 "Tiger" (plant No. 833) project 971 - Improved AKULA near the PLA-carrier of ultra-small submarines "Orenburg" in Deer Bay, photo dated June 1 and 5, 2005 (photo by Den, http: // fotki.yandex.ru).
K-154 "Tiger" (serial No. 833) project 971 - Improved AKULA in the same place in 2010. SOKS sensors or part of the sensors were probably dismantled on the submarine (photo from alex1976 archive, http://forums.airbase.ru).
project 971 / project 971U (?) - AKULA-II(1995) - a transitional submarine project with a modified (longer by 3 m) for the installation of new equipment, a strong hull, according to some sources, the official name of the project has not changed. According to the project, the only submarine, the K-157 Vepr, was built at the Sevmash Production Association. Structurally and in terms of the composition of the equipment, the submarine corresponds to the AKULA-III class, but without changing the shape of the fencing of retractable devices and the radome of the towed GAS antenna. Active equipment for reducing the acoustic visibility of submarines was installed (probably SAG - a system for active noise damping in the range of 50-500 Hz). In the Western media, the name of the project "project 971A" is found.
Submarine K-157 "Vepr" project 971 AKULA-II in Motovsky Bay. Northern Fleet, June 1998 (photo by Ilya Kurganov, http://www.submarines.narod.ru)
project 971 / project 971M (?) - AKULA-III(2001) - it was assumed that this project would be a large-scale "second base" project of a submarine with a more modern avionics, a modified fairing of the container of the towed antenna of the SAC and a different design of the cabin fence in terms of interface with the submarine hull. The only submarine K-335 "Gepard" was built at the Sevmash Production Association according to the project. According to some sources, the official name of the project also did not change (project 971).
Submarine K-335 "Gepard" pr.971M AKULA-III opposite workshop No. 50 of the Sevmash Production Association, October 1999, Severodvinsk (photo - S. Kundyvus, Sevmash Production Association, http://forums.airbase.ru).
Submarine K-335 "Gepard" project 971 AKULA-III in the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea during sea trials. Northern Fleet, July 2001 (photo by Ilya Kurganov, http://www.submarines.narod.ru)
Submarine K-335 "Gepard" project 971 AKULA-III in the Dvina Bay. Northern Fleet, July 2001 (photo by Ilya Kurganov, http://www.submarines.narod.ru/)
project 971I / 09719 "Irbis" - Improved AKULA(2009) - modification of the PLA pr.971 for the Indian Navy (K-152 "Nerpa"). According to media reports - "with an unclassified composition of avionics", an export version of the SJSC "Skat-3" - there are no SGPD launchers and a SOKS system on the boat. Transferred to the Russian Navy on December 28, 2009. The transfer of the submarine to the Indian Navy took place in 2012.
Submarine K-152 "Nerpa" pr.971I - Improved AKULA during testing, 10/31/2008 (photo from tsonyo archive, http://forums.airbase.ru).
PLA Chakra / K-152 "Nerpa" pr.971I - Improved AKULA on the way to India, end of March 2012 (http://www.militaryphotos.net).
PLA Chakra / K-152 "Nerpa" pr.971I - Improved AKULA on the way to India, end of March 2012 (http://www.militaryphotos.net).
Project 971M -AKULA IV(name AKULA-IV conditional.) - a project for the modernization of submarines pr.971. The lead boat is K-328 "Leopard" (factory No. 832), repairs with the modernization of the boat according to the project are being carried out by the Zvezdochka shipyard (Severodvinsk), the contract with the Russian Ministry of Defense was signed on 12/27/2012. The responsible deliverer of the ship is Nikolai Yasny. The modernization will affect almost all systems - navigation, navigation, hydroacoustics, other radio-electronic systems, weapons complex, main power plant, turbines. As a result of these works, "Leopard" will be assigned to the "3+" generation. In total, it is planned to modernize 6 submarines pr.971 by the Zvezdochka Shipyard. The Leopard arrived at Zvezdochka at the end of June 2011. Within five months, the bulk of the work on the examination of the material part of the submarine was completed. At the end of April 2012, the ship was raised to a solid foundation. In the dock, the work on survey of the dock part was completed, the hull was cleaned, and the inhibitor was unloaded. Two weeks after the docking operation, the Leopard took its place in the boathouse and intensive work began on the ship to dismantle equipment. It is planned to complete the unloading of the equipment in June 2013. As of the beginning of April 2013, Zvezdochka does not yet have a complete set of working design documentation, which the designer was supposed to provide the shipyard six months ago. The absence of design documentation hinders the development of technological processes for the dismantling of equipment and repairs (). 02/13/2014, it is reported that in 2015 the upgraded Leopard submarine is planned to be transferred to the Russian Navy, while it is also noted that the work is behind schedule due to the delay of the RKD. Following the first submarine, it is planned to modernize 1 more submarine from the Northern Fleet and 2 submarines from the Pacific Fleet in the same place.
PLA pr.971 projections from the booklet of the SPMBM "Malachite" from the IMDS-2011 salon (from the Gogs archive, http://forums.airbase.ru/).
Projections of PLA options pr.971 (drawing Diletant2010, adjustments, version 04/29/2010)
One of the first Western photos of the PLA pr.971 AKULA (K-284 "Shark"), March 25, 1986 (photo - US NAVY,).
- 1987 January - the first launches of the Granat CRBD with the head PLA pr.971 K-284.
1988 - on the head submarine K-284, after improvements, the GAK MGK-540 "Skat-3" was adopted.
1990 - tests of the head PLA K-284 and all systems of project 971 were completed.
April 6, 1990 - PLA K-480 (future "Bars") dives to a maximum depth of more than 400 m (Norwegian Sea).
1990 summer - the first combat service of the submarine pr.971 - Pacific Fleet, 45th division of the submarine, submarine K-322 - senior campaign deputy division commander captain 1st rank Sidenko Konstantin Semenovich. The duration of tracking foreign submarines in the campaign was more than 14 days (354 hours). This was the best result - the tracking time for a foreign submarine exceeded the best achievements of the USSR Navy submarines. Incl. through the SOCS system.
1990 - the second combat service of the submarine pr.971 - Pacific Fleet, 45th division of the submarine, submarine K-263 under the command of Captain 1st Rank Mishin Alexei Yegorovich. This was the first and last combat service of the K-263 submarine - in the future, combat training tasks were practiced by the crews of the formation on the submarine. Since 1998, the submarine has been standing next to the submarine in "sucks".
1991 summer - the third combat service of the submarine pr. PLA service pr.971.
1992 - combat service of the PLA pr.971 K-331 (Pacific Fleet, 45th division of the submarine, senior campaign - deputy commander of the division captain 1st rank Sergey Yegorovich Vasin). A new Russian Navy record for tracking foreign submarines has been set.
1993 - on the submarine K-391 (manufacturer No. 514) the last missile firing in the Navy was carried out with the Granat complex, Rear Admiral Yu.V. Kirillov, senior on board.
Spring 1995 - K-419 "Walrus" (factory No. 516) during combat service solved tasks in remote areas of the Pacific Ocean off the western coast of the United States. Senior campaign - division commander Rear Admiral Sidenko K.S. The submarine operated in a tough system of anti-submarine warfare by the US PLS. The campaign was partly demonstrative. This was the first US NAVY contact with the Improved AKULA submarine (K-419 "Walrus"), which showed that at a speed of less than 6-9 knots, it was impossible to track the submarine with sonar means of the ASW (Jeremy Boord, Admiral, Chief of Operations US NAVY).
1996 - the last year during which the PLA K-317 "Patner" launched the power plant for the last time in the mode of operation of the main turbogenerators.
October 6, 1997 - the unfinished Rys submarine (factory No. 837) was removed from construction at the Sevmash Production Association and excluded from the Navy.
1997 - at the Pacific Fleet, from the 45th submarine division, boats pr. 971 were transferred to the 10th anti-aircraft division of the Pacific Fleet submarine.
1997 - heading of the submarine K-335 "Gepard" more than 80%, there is information about the disposal of submarines Nos. 520 and 521.
January 22, 1998 - the unfinished Cougar submarine (serial number 836) was removed from construction at the Sevmash Production Association and excluded from the Navy.
September 11, 1998 - on the submarine K-157 Vepr, sailor Kuzminykh killed 8 colleagues and wounded an officer. The sailor was shot dead by the FSB special group during the assault on the compartment in which he tried to barricade himself, threatening to blow up the rocket.
1998 - PLA K-328 "Leopard" of the Northern Fleet made a long voyage, as a result of which the commander of the submarine, captain of the first rank S.V. Spravtsev, was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.
1999 September - on the submarine K-317 "Panther" of the Northern Fleet was delivered to Severodvinsk in tow of the rescue ship "Admiral Chiker" for scheduled maintenance and restoration repairs.
January 29, 2000 - two officers were washed overboard on the K-461 "Volk" submarine during a storm, trying to fix the malfunction. Failed to save.
2000 beginning of the year - as part of the 24 division of submarines of the Northern Fleet of Russia PLA K-317 "Panther", K-461 "Wolf", K-328 "Leopard", K-154 "Tiger", K-157 "Vepr", K-335 "Gepard". Submarine K-480 "Ak Bars" is located in Gadzhiyevo in the sludge division.
2000-2005 - hull structures of the Cougar and Lynx submarines (factory Nos. 836 and 837, as well as No. 838 of the Sevmash Production Association), at the suggestion of the Sevmash management, were used in the completion of the SSBN pr.955 "Yuri Dolgoruky" (according to an interview with Kovalev in the film "Submarine Squadron" Sevmash ", 2006).
The use of hull structures of submarines No. 836 and 837 of the Sevmash Production Association for the construction of the Yury Dolgoruky SSBN, project 955. In the lower picture - a block of a turbine and a reactor (Stills from the film "Submarine Squadron" Sevmash ". Studio" Sevmashfilm ", 2006)
2001 - The submarine "Gepard" was handed over to the Fleet through the use of the Sevmash production company's own funds in the amount of 542 million rubles. At the same time, in the state budgets of 2001-2002. funds were not provided for debt repayment. As of May 2002, the debt to the enterprise was not repaid despite the order of the Government of Russia dated December 26, 2001 ().
2002 - after a long break, the submarine K-295 "Samara" (manufacturer No. 517) under the command of Captain 1st Rank Chuvashev Viktor Nikolaevich enters combat service in the Pacific Ocean. Senior campaign - deputy commander of the division, captain 1st rank Zaika Alexander Konstantinovich. The submarine returned from the campaign, having lost part of the fairing of the sonar complex as a result of a collision with an unidentified submerged object.
October 1, 2002 - Submarine K-480 "Ak Bars" was expelled from the combat strength of the Navy and laid up in the Sayda Bay (Northern Fleet).
January 2004 - a contract was signed with India for the completion and modernization of the submarine project 971I (K-152 "Nerpa") for subsequent sale on a lease for 10 years. In the Indian Navy, the submarine should receive the name INS "Chakra".
2005-2009 - PLA pr.971 and modifications are based in Yagelnaya Bay (Northern Fleet) and Krasheninnikov Bay (Rybachy settlement, Pacific Fleet).
November 2, 2006 - in Severodvinsk at the Sevmash Production Association during repairs on the K-317 Panther submarine, due to the carelessness of the welders, the cable wiring caught fire and a fire broke out in the third compartment. The submarine was restored and, after the completion of the medium repair and modernization (avionics and the SAC were modernized), it entered service on January 28, 2008.
2007 - the readiness of the K-152 Nerpa submarine (serial number 518) is 86.5%, the nuclear reactor was loaded onto the submarine in 1998. The Samara and Kuzbass submarines are actually combat-ready - at the Pacific Fleet (the rest are either under repair, either in reserve or in sludge), in the Northern Fleet - "Gepard", "Vepr", "Leopard", "Tiger" (the rest - similarly to the Pacific Fleet).
Submarine K-152 "Nerpa" pr.971I Improved AKULA goes to trials in the water area of the Shipyard of Bolshoy Kamen (fitting base "Amur Shipyard") from the transport dock "Zeya", July 2008 (photo by A. Silkin http://media.photobucket.com)
SSGN K-222 pr. 661 - PAPA between the submarine K-480 "Ak Bars" pr. 971 and the missile cruiser "Admiral Nakhimov" near the wall of the Sevmash Production Association in Severodvinsk, photo no later than 2008 (http://www. air defense.net/forum).
- 2008 November 8 - on the submarine K-152 "Nerpa" during tests in the Sea of Japan, as a result of an abnormal operation of the fire extinguishing system in the bow compartment, 20 people died.
2008-2009 - in the Russian Navy 12 submarines pr.971, 6 each for the Northern Fleet and Pacific Fleet.
2009 May 11 - during the visit of the Prime Minister of Russia V.V. Putin to the Amur Shipyard, the unfinished building of factory No. 519 ("Irbis") was inspected. It is stated that there is a hull, there are “whatnots”, there is equipment, there is no order from the Navy for submarines.
The hull and screw of the submarine pr.
- 2009 July 10-27 - Nerpa submarine (K-152) project 971I re-entered sea trials (Bolshoy Kamen settlement, Pacific Fleet).
SSBN "Borisoglebsk" PR.667BDR and submarine K-480 "Ak Bars" pr.971 near the wall of the shipyard "Zvezdochka" in anticipation of cutting. Severodvinsk, summer 2009 (http://maillist.ru/archives).
- 2009 September - PLA "Nerpa" (K-152) project 971I successfully completed the third stage of sea trials.
December 28, 2009 - Nerpa K-152 submarine was accepted into the Russian Pacific Fleet. The ship's reception ceremony took place in Bolshoy Kamen on the territory of the Vostok Shipyard. The transfer of the submarine to India is scheduled for 2010.
Submarine K-480 "Ak Bars" project 971 at the shipyard "Zvezdochka" for disposal. Probably a snapshot from 2009 (photo montage of snapshots from the alex1976 archive, http://forums.airbase.ru).
- 2010 February 19 - at the shipyard "Zvezdochka" (Severodvinsk) on the dismantled submarine K-480 "Ak Bars" caught fire. The fire has been extinguished. Apparently, during the disposal of the K-480 Ak Bars submarine (serial number 821) at the Zvyozdochka shipyard, the boat was cut to the shells of the pressure hull, the light hull and giblets were disposed of, and the shells of the pressure hull were transferred to the Sevmash software for use during the construction of the 3rd building SSBN pr.955.
- 2010 August 20-26 - PLA pr.971 AKULA tried to take an acoustic portrait of Vanguard class SSBNs at the exit from the British Navy base Faslane. The Trafalgar-class submarine was sent to protect the SSBN.
Submarine K-335 "Gepard" project 971, Gadzhiyevo, December 2010 (photo - Rustem Adagamov, http://drugoi.livejournal.com/).
Submarine K-461 "Wolf" project 971, Gadzhiyevo, December 2010 (photo - Rustem Adagamov, http://drugoi.livejournal.com/).
- 2011 September - PLA K-154 "Tiger" brought to the dock SRZ No. 10 "Nerpa" for scheduled repairs.
November 2011 - the submarine K-328 "Leopard" pr.
February 28, 2011 - contract No. R / 1/2/0216 / GK-11-DGOZ was signed between the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Zvyozdochka TsS for the repair of orders pr. 971 ( ist. - Annual report for 2011).
January 19, 2012 - information appeared in the media about the ignition of vapors of alcohol-containing liquids that took place on January 14, 2012 on the submarine K-335 "Gepard" pr.971M AKULA-III, which was undergoing technical inspection at shipyard No. . The fire allegedly occurred in the 4th compartment of the submarine, there were no casualties. On the same day - 01/19/2012 - this information was corrected by the head of the press service of the Western Military District Andrey Bobrun - on January 14, a broken standard portable lighting lamp ignited on the "Cheetah" during work in the interior. According to the instructions, the fire extinguishing system LOH (boat volumetric chemical) was immediately turned on, the fire was extinguished without casualties and material damage. The ignition of the light bulb did not cause any damage, so the incident, according to Bobrun, is not classified as a fire or a fire. The crew of the "Gepard" continues to work according to plan.
The incident occurred on January 14 in the village of Gadzhiyevo, and not in the water area of the 10th shipyard, as previously reported by the media. After returning from a trip, during which the boat had problems with two reversible converters located in the 4th (reactor) compartment in the auxiliary equipment enclosure (a reversible converter is an electrical machine that converts one type of current to another), a decrease in insulation resistance was detected. The crew of the boat, in order to eliminate the remark, by written notification called the factory warranty team, whose specialists, together with the submariners, according to the existing guidelines, planned the work and began to carry it out. When carrying out technical work on one of the converters during its drying, one of the members of the factory team dropped a portable non-explosion and fireproof lamp, the lamp broke, as a result of the resulting spark, the vapors of the alcohol-acetone mixture, the working fluid, were instantly ignited, with which the electric machine was dried. The cotton vapor did not lead to a fire in the compartment, but caused the automatic activation of the LOH volumetric fire extinguishing system. The flash of fumes also caused minor injuries to the plant specialist, who turned to a medical institution only at the insistence of the shipyard management - the left hand and left cheek were sooty. After providing medical assistance on an outpatient basis, the worker was released ( http://flotprom.ru).
Submarine K-328 "Leopard" project 971 enters the Zvyozdochka CA, Severodvinsk, April 17, 2012 (photo - Oleg Kuleshov, http://kuleshovoleg.livejournal.com).
Submarine K-328 "Leopard" pr. 971 under repair in the docking chamber of the Zvyozdochka TsS, Severodvinsk, summer 2012 ().
Submarine K-328 "Leopard" pr.971 under repair in the docking chamber of the Zvyozdochka TsS, Severodvinsk, July 2012 (http://zvezdochka-ru.livejournal.com).
Submarine K-335 "Gepard" project 971 AKULA-III, presumably autumn 2012 (photo from tsonyo archive, http://forums.airbase.ru).
December 27, 2012 - the media reported that the Zvyozdochka CA in 2012 signed a contract with the Russian Ministry of Defense for the repair of two submarines pr. "in November 2011. In the future, repairs and modernization at the Zvyozdochka CA are planned to be carried out on all combatant boats of the project - incl. and from the Pacific. Also in December 2012, CA signed a contract for the repair of all titanium submarines of the "Barracuda" type - work with them is planned to be carried out in shop No. 10 after its re-equipment. Note - the implementation of the program for the repair of Pacific submarines pr.971 at the Zvyozdochka CA means that the Far Eastern shipbuilding and ship repair plants (Amur Shipyard, Zvezda Shipyard) will not be loaded with this work.
Submarine K-335 "Gepard" pr.971 AKULA-III in the floating dock PD-50 at SRZ-82, January 2013 (photo from avsky archive, http://forums.airbase.ru).
- 2013 March 27 - Minister of Defense of Russia S.K. Shoigu, while on a visit to Kamchatka, visited the nuclear submarine pr. 971 "Bratsk", which has been under repair since 2007. Since 2008, more than 250 million rubles have been allocated for the repair of the Bratsk submarine, but the repair has not been started. Even an inventory of the upcoming repairs has not been carried out. The boat contains a duty crew of 37 people. Previously, it was planned to complete repairs and bring the boat to mooring trials in December 2012. Now SRZ proposes to modernize the boat, the cost of which is estimated at several billion rubles. As a result, in the summer of 2013, the Bratsk submarine will be sent for repair to another shipyard ().
- 2013 October 08 - in July-August 2014, it is planned to transfer the submarine K-391 "Bratsk" and K-295 "Samara" pr.971 from the Pacific Fleet to Severodvinsk to the Zvyozdochka CA. The transfer of boats will be carried out by the Northern Sea Route. The boats will undergo a medium repair with a deep modernization (). Also in 2014, the Volk submarine will be repaired at the Zvezdochka CS. Transportation of Pacific boats will be carried out using a dock vessel. Corresponding negotiations with the company "Dockwise" were held. Dock delivery schedules have been agreed. By August next year, it is necessary to complete work on sealing the hull of the Bratsk - this ship has been in the floating dock for a very long time. The nuclear submarine "Samara" is afloat, it is necessary to carry out work on the transfer of the main power plant to a nuclear-safe state. In early August, in the Avacha Bay of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, both ships will be placed on the deck of a docking vessel, which will deliver them to the Zvyozdochka water area along the Northern Sea Route. This transition will take about three weeks ().
Submarine K-263 "Barnaul" project 971 in the Far East Air Force "Zvezda", 2012-2013 (http://eagle-rost.livejournal.com/).
K-461 "Volk" at the wall of the Zvezdochka shipyard, summer 2014 (http://zvezdochka-ru.livejournal.com/).
Submarines K-391 "Bratsk" and K-461 "Volk" near the wall of the shipyard "Zvezdochka", December 2014 (http://zvezdochka-ru.livejournal.com/).
Submarines K-391 "Bratsk" and K-461 "Volk" near the wall of the shipyard "Zvezdochka", April 2015 (http://zvezdochka-ru.livejournal.com/).
Boats of the project as part of the Fleets:
| Year | Pacific Fleet | K-284 "Shark" | K-263 "Barnaul" ("Dolphin") | K-322 "Sperm whale" | K-391 "Bratsk" ("Whale") | K-331 "Magadan" ("Narwhal") | K-419 "Kuzbass" ("Walrus") | K-295 "Samara" ("The Dragon") | K-152 "Seal" |
| Head | № | 501 | 502 | 513 | 514 | 515 | 516 | 517 | 518 |
| Board | № | 985 | 997 | 951 | 970 | ||||
| NATO | AKULA | AKULA | AKULA | AKULA | AKULA | Improved AKULA | Improved AKULA | Improved AKULA | |
| Project | 971 / 09710 | 971 / 09710 | 971 / 09710 | 971 / 09710 | 971 / 09710 | 971 | 971 | 971I / 09719 | |
| 1985 | 1 | Pacific Fleet, 72 br PL, B. Kamen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1986 | 1 | Pacific Fleet, 72 br PL | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1987 | 1 | Pacific Fleet, 72 br PL | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1988 | 2 | Pacific Fleet, 72 br PL | Pacific Fleet 11.01 the Flag of the Navy was raised, 72 br PL, B. Kamen 31.12 - 45 div.PL Vilyuchinsk | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1989 | 3 | Pacific Fleet, 72 br PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45th Division Vilyuchinsk Submarine | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1990 | 4 | Pacific Fleet, 72 br PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45th Division Vilyuchinsk Submarine | - | - | - | - |
| 1991 | 5 | Pacific Fleet, 72 br PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45th Division Vilyuchinsk Submarine | - | - | - |
| 1992 | 5 | Pacific Fleet, 72 br PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | - | - | - |
| 1993 | 5 | Got in for repairs at the Far East Air Plant "Zvezda" | Pacific Fleet, 45 div PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45th Division Vilyuchinsk Submarine | - | - |
| 1994 | 5 | DVZ "Star" | Pacific Fleet, 45 div PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL 01.04 withdrawn from the permanent readiness forces | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | - | - |
| 1995 | 6 | fokino sucks | Pacific Fleet, 45 div PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45th Division Vilyuchinsk Submarine | - |
| 1996 | 6 | fokino sucks | Pacific Fleet, 45 div PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | - |
| 1997 | 6 | fokino sucks | Pacific Fleet, 45 div PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL 25.02 introduced into the permanent readiness forces | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | Pacific Fleet, 45 div. PL | - |
| 1998 | 4 | fokino sucks | Pacific Fleet from 01.05 - 10 div PL, sucks | Pacific Fleet from 01.05 - 10 divisions PL, Rybachy, Krasheninnikov Bay, Kamchatka in connection with the expiration of the terms of exploitation. batteries removed from the permanent readiness forces, awaiting repair | Pacific Fleet from 01.05 - 10 divisions PL, Rybachy, Krasheninnikov Bay, Kamchatka | Pacific Fleet from 01.05 - 10 divisions PL, Rybachy, Krasheninnikov Bay, Kamchatka | Pacific Fleet from 01.05 - 10 divisions PL, Rybachy, Krasheninnikov Bay, Kamchatka | - | |
| 1999 | 4 | fokino sucks | 10 divas PL suck | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL, sucks | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2000 | 4 | fokino sucks | 10 divas PL suck | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL, sucks | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2001 | 4 | fokino sucks | 10 divas PL suck | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL, sucks | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2002 | 4 | fokino sucks | 10 divas PL suck | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL, sucks | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2003 | 3 | fokino sucks | 10 divas PL suck | Pacific Fleet, from 01.06 - the 16th squadron of the submarine, transported for repair to the NPP | October - delivered to the shipyard in Vilyuchinsk | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2004 | 3 | DVZ "Zvezda" recycling | 10 divas PL suck | ASZ, waiting for repairs | Shipyard, Vilyuchinsk | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2005 | 3 | DVZ "Zvezda" recycling | 10 divas PL suck | ASZ, waiting for repairs | Shipyard, Vilyuchinsk | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2006 | 2 | DVZ "Zvezda" recycling | 10 divas PL suck | ASZ, waiting for repairs | Shipyard, Vilyuchinsk | Shipyard, Vilyuchinsk | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2007 | 1 | DVZ "Zvezda" recycling | 10 divas PL suck | ASZ, waiting for repairs | Shipyard, Vilyuchinsk | Shipyard, Vilyuchinsk | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL August - transferred to Bolshaya Kamen to ensure testing of the Nerpa submarine. September-December - emergency repairs at the DVZ "Zvezda" | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2008 | 2 | DVZ "Zvezda" recycling | 10 divas PL suck | ASZ, waiting for repairs | delivered to PD-71 to restore technical readiness and repair | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | DVZ "Zvezda", repair | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2009 | 2 | - | 10 divs PL, sucks, waiting for repairs (?) | ASZ, waiting for repairs | PD-71 | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | DVZ "Zvezda", repair August 17 - a contract was signed for the restoration of technical readiness with completion in 2011. The cost is 1.01 billion rubles | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | - |
| 2010 | 3 | - | 10 divas PL suck | ASZ, waiting for repairs | PD-71 | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | DVZ "Zvezda", repair | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet |
| 2011 | 3 | - | 10 divas PL suck | ASZ, waiting for repairs | PD-71 | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | DVZ "Zvezda", repair It was planned to complete the VTG under the contract in 2009. | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Pacific Fleet |
| 2012 | 1 | - | 10 divas PL suck | ASZ, waiting for repairs | PD-71 | 28.09 - DVZ "Zvezda" | DVZ "Zvezda", repair | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Indian Navy |
| 2013 | 1 | - | tender for disposal | ASZ, waiting for repairs | announced the repair of Zvezdochka CS starting from 2014. | DVZ "Zvezda", repair December - it was planned to complete the renovation | Pacific Fleet, 10 divisions PL | Indian Navy | |
| 2014 | 0 | - | disposal | ASZ, waiting for repairs | DVZ "Zvezda" - restoration of technical readiness | DVZ "Zvezda", repair | it is planned to repair with modernization at the Zvezdochka CS | Indian Navy | |
| 2015 | 0 / 2 | - | - | ASZ, waiting for repairs | TsS "Zvyozdochka" as of April, preparations are underway for transfer to repair November - Zvezdochka CA, outer pier | end of November - it is planned to complete the repair, the amount is 163 million rubles (2014, 2015) | end of November - renovation is planned to be completed (2014, 2015) | TsS "Zvyozdochka" as of April, preparations are underway for transfer to repair | Indian Navy |
| Year | SF | K-480 "AK Bars" ("Leopard") | K-317 "Panther" | K-461 "Wolf" | K-328 "Leopard" | K-154 "Tiger" | K-157 "Boar" | K-335 "Cheetah" |
| Head | № | 821 | 822 | 831 | 832 | 833 | 834 | 835 |
| Board | № | 878 | 867 | 872 | 853 | 890 | 835 | |
| NATO | AKULA | AKULA | Improved AKULA | Improved AKULA | Improved AKULA | AKULA II | AKULA III | |
| Project | 971 / 09710 | 971 / 09710 | 971 | 971 | 971 | 971U | 971M | |
| 1989 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 1990 | 1 | SF, 24 div PL | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1991 | 2 | SF, 24 div PL | Northern Fleet, 24 divisions PL, Gadzhiyevo, Yagelnaya Bay | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1992 | 3 | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Northern Fleet, 24 divisions PL, Gadzhiyevo, Yagelnaya Bay | - | - | - | - |
| 1993 | 4 | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Northern Fleet, 24 divisions PL, Gadzhiyevo, Yagelnaya Bay | - | - | - |
| 1994 | 4 | Due to those conditions, exits to the sea have been stopped | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Northern Fleet, 24 divisions PL, Gadzhiyevo, Yagelnaya Bay | - | - |
| 1995 | 4 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | - | - |
| 1996 | 5 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Northern Fleet, 24 divisions PL, Gadzhiyevo, Yagelnaya Bay | - |
| 1997 | 3 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Severodvinsk, repair | April - power plant accident at the test site | SF, 24 div PL | - |
| 1998 | 4 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | October - towed to Severodvinsk | SF, 24 div PL | - |
| 1999 | 3 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | withdrawn from the permanent readiness forces | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Software Sevmash, repair | SF, 24 div PL | - |
| 2000 | 3 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | 09/06 - taken in tow to Severodvinsk at Sevmash | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Software Sevmash, repair | SF, 24 div PL | - |
| 2001 | 3 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | Software Sevmash, sucks | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Software Sevmash, repair | SF, 24 div PL | - |
| 2002 | 4 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | Software Sevmash, sucks | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | Software Sevmash, repair | SF, 24 div PL | Northern Fleet, 24 divisions PL, Gadzhiyevo, Yagelnaya Bay |
| 2003 | 4 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | Software Sevmash, sucks | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL March - SRZ-10, Polyarny, factory overhaul | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2004 | 5 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | Software Sevmash, sucks | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | January - released from SRZ-10 SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2005 | 5 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | May - docked at Sevmash | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2006 | 4 | Gadzhiyevo, suck | Software Sevmash, repair with modernization of avionics | SF, 24 div PL | Severodvinsk, repair | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2007 | 5 | Severodvinsk sucks | Software Sevmash, repair with modernization of avionics | SF, 24 div PL | Severodvinsk, repair SF, 24 div PL firing with a practical rocket 3M10 | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL summer - warranty repair at "Sevmash" | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2008 | 6 | CS "Asterisk" | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2009 | 6 | CA "Zvezdochka", disposal | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2010 | 6 | CA "Zvezdochka", disposal | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2011 | 6 | - | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL July - arrived on | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2012 | 4 | - | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL | April - got into the dock of the Zvyozdochka CA, medium repair and modernization | SF, 24 div PL | According to unconfirmed data, in reserve due to the exhaustion of the resource of the reactor core | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2013 | 4 | - | SF, 24 div PL | SF, 24 div PL, it is planned to repair with modernization at the Zvezdochka CS | TsS "Zvyozdochka", medium repair and modernization | SF, 24 div PL | refurbishment (?) | SF, 24 div PL |
| 2014 | 4 ? | - | SF, 24 div PL | August - came to Severodvinsk for repair and modernization at Zvyozdochka Center | TsS "Zvyozdochka", medium repair and modernization | SF, 24 div PL | refurbishment at the shipyard "Nerpa" | |
| 2015 | SF, 24 div PL | August - the beginning of repair and modernization at the Zvyozdochka Center, got up to the outer pier | completion of repair? | SF, 24 div PL | November 27 - The submarine left the Nerpa shipyard, where it was undergoing repairs with the restoration of technical readiness SF, 24 div PL |
The number of submarines pr.971 in the Navy of the USSR and Russia by years:
| Total | Pacific Fleet | SF | |
| 1985 | 1 | 1 | - |
| 1986 | 1 | 1 | - |
| 1987 | 1 | 1 | - |
| 1988 | 2 | 2 | - |
| 1989 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| 1990 | 5 | 4 | 1 |
| 1991 | 7 | 5 | 2 |
| 1992 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
| 1993 | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| 1994 | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| 1995 | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| 1996 | 11 | 6 | 5 |
| 1997 | 9 | 6 | 3 |
| 1998 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
| 1999 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
| 2000 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
| 2001 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
| 2002 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
| 2003 | 7 | 3 | 4 |
| 2004 | 8 | 3 | 5 |
| 2005 | 8 | 3 | 5 |
| 2006 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| 2007 | 6 | 1 | 5 |
| 2008 | 8 | 2 | 6 |
| 2009 | 8 | 2 | 6 |
| 2010 | 9 | 3 | 6 |
| 2011 | 9 | 3 | 6 |
| 2012 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| 2013 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| 2014 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 | 5 ? | 2 ? | 2 |
| 2016 | 6 ? | 4 ? |
- February 3, 2010 - according to media reports, the transfer of the K-152 Nerpa submarine to India should take place before the end of June 2010.
August 24, 2010 - a representative of the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet announced that the transfer of the Nerpa submarine to India will take place at the end of 2010.
October 01, 2010 - the transfer of the Nerpa submarine to India was postponed to the 1st quarter of 2011. At present, the Indian crew is being trained on the submarine. According to media reports, the submarine is leased to India for 10 years for 650 million USD ( unless it's a media error).
October 7, 2010 - Director General of Rosoboronexport Anatoly Isaikin said that the transfer of the Nerpa submarine to India will take place according to plan - i.e. until the end of 2010
October 4-5, 2011 - in Moscow, during the work of the intergovernmental commission, the terms for acceptance tests and acceptance of the Indian Navy submarines were agreed. The launch of acceptance tests for which it is planned to test weapons systems is scheduled for October 30, 2011. Acceptance of the boat by the Indian Navy is expected on November 22-23, 2011.
October 30, 2011 - The submarine "Nerpa" did not go to sea for testing - the release date is not called. but there is information about its transfer. Information was also made public that the reliability of the weapon systems of the boat during the tests is no more than 35%. The date for the transfer of the submarine to India will also apparently be postponed.
December 30, 2011 - at the Main Headquarters of the Russian Navy, an Act was signed on the transfer of the K-152 "Nerpa" submarine pr.971I to India for leasing. On the 20th of January 2012 the boat will leave for India.
January 19, 2012 - the date of the planned transfer of the K-152 Nerpa submarine to the Indian Navy. On January 16, 2012, the deadline was announced to be postponed to January 23, 2011.
January 23, 2012 - PLA K-152 "Nerpa" pr.971I was transferred to the Indian Navy on the territory of the Zvezda plant in Bolshoy Kamen. The name of the boat in the Indian Navy is Chakra.
February 10, 2012 - before the specified date, the submarine Chakra (K-152 "Nerpa") will depart from Vladivostok to the place of permanent deployment - to the base of Vizakhapatnam on the east coast of India.
- 2012 March 30-31 - the expected time of arrival of the Chakra submarine (K-152 Nerpa) at the Visakhapatnam base on the east coast of India (02/21/2012).
- 2013 March 12 - with reference to a representative of the military-industrial complex of Russia, the media report that India is ready to finance the completion of the second submarine pr. subsequent transfer to the Indian Navy. The strong hull of the boat is ready and is in storage at the Amur Shipyard.
December 17, 2014 - The Times of India newspaper reports that the Indian Navy has decided to acquire a second Project 971 submarine on lease from Russia.
Registry PLA pr.971 and modifications (data are constantly updated, sorted by date of launching, version as of February 13, 2014):
| № pp | Name | Project | NATO | Factory. № | Factory | Bookmark date | Date of launch | Date entered. into service | Note | |||||
| 1 | K-284 "Shark" | 971 / 09710 | AKULA | 501 | K-n-A №199 | 11.11.1983 | 27.07.1984 | 30.12.1984 | Pacific Fleet, withdrawn from the Navy, according to the dates of laying and descent, there are many discrepancies | |||||
| 2 | K-263 "Barnaul" ("Dolphin") | 971 / 09710 | AKULA | 502 | K-n-A №199 | 09.05.1985 | 28.05.1986 | 30.12.1987 | Pacific Fleet 1998 - the boat was laid up. |
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| 3 | K-322 "Kashalot" | 971 / 09710 | AKULA | 513 | K-n-A №199 | 05.09.1986 | 18.07.1987 | 30.12.1988 | Pacific Fleet, under repair with modernization (2009-2012 - at the Amur Shipyard). | |||||
| 4 | K-391 "Bratsk" ("Whale") | 971 / 09710 | AKULA | 514 | K-n-A №199 | 23.02.1988 | 23.02.1988 | 29.12.1989 | There are differences in dates Pacific Fleet, in service (?), according to Western data - as of 2011, not in the Navy. Since 2007, the boat has been brought to the shipyard "SVRTS" (Kamchatka) for repairs. Repair as of March 2013 has not been carried out, but is planned after the transfer to the Zvyozdochka shipyard in 2014. |
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| 5 | K-480 "AK Bars" ("Leopard") | 971 / 09710 | AKULA | 821 | Sevmash, responsible deliverer - V.M. Chuvakin, delivery mechanic - V.P. Pastukhov | 22.02.1985 | 04/16/1988 (withdrawal from the shop) | 29.12.1988 | SF, 10/10/1990 the boat was named "Bars". According to the booklet of the Sevmash Production Association, during the service the boat performed two autonomous combat services and one search operation. 04/27/1996, after the conclusion of a patronage agreement with the Republic of Tatarstan, the boat was renamed "Ak Bars". 2000 - according to unconfirmed reports - Gadzhiyevo sludge division. Laid out in 2002, 2009-2010. disposal at the Zvyozdochka shipyard, structural elements used in the construction of the 3rd building SSBN project 955 | |||||
| 6 | K-317 "Panther" | 971 / 09710 | AKULA | 822 | Sevmash, responsible deliverer - V.N.Sorokin, delivery mechanic - V.P.Pastukhov | 06.11.1986 | 05/11/1990 (withdrawal from the shop) 05/21/1990 (launching) | 12/27/1990 (Act signed) 12/28/1990 (the flag of the USSR Navy was raised) | SF, in service. 10/10/1990 the boat was named "Panther". According to the booklet of the Sevmash Production Association, during the service the boat performed two autonomous combat services and one search operation. In 2000 - the 24th division of the submarine of the Northern Fleet, Yagelnaya Bay. In 2006-2007 was undergoing repairs with the modernization of avionics on the NSR. According to Western data - in 2011 as part of the Navy. | |||||
| 7 | K-331 "Magadan" ("Narwhal") | 971 / 09710 | AKULA | 515 | K-n-A №199 | 28.12.1989 | 23.06.1990 | 31.12.1990 | Pacific Fleet, in service (?). According to Western data - for 2011 as part of the Navy | |||||
| 8 | K-461 "Wolf" | 971 | Improved AKULA | 831 | 14.11.1987 | 06/11/1991 (withdrawal from the shop) | 12/29/1991 (Acceptance certificate signed) 01/27/1992 (Navy flag raised) | SF, 07/26/1991 the boat was named "Wolf". According to the booklet of the Sevmash Production Association, during the service the boat performed two autonomous combat services. In service (2010). In 2000 - the 24th division of the submarine of the Northern Fleet, Yagelnaya Bay. According to Western data - for 2011 as part of the Navy | ||||||
| 9 | K-419 "Kuzbass" ("Walrus") | 971 / 09710 | Improved AKULA | 516 | K-n-A №199 | 28.07.1991 | 18.05.1992 | 31.12.1992 | Pacific Fleet. Under repair at the Zvezda shipyard in Bolshoy Kamen (as of 2010, for several years). - 01/14/2010 - an agreement to extend the life of systems and equipment ( ist. - NIPT "Onega" for 2010). - 2013 - completion of repairs is expected (media, April 2013). |
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| 10 | K-328 "Leopard" | 971 | Improved AKULA | 832 | Sevmash, responsible deliverer - V.I. Kuznetsov, delivery mechanic - V.P. Pastukhov | 26.10.1988 | 06/28/1992 (withdrawal from the shop) | 12/30/1992 (Act signed) 01/15/1993 (Navy flag raised) | SF, 01/24/1991 the boat was named "Leopard". According to the booklet of the Sevmash Production Association, during the service the boat performed four autonomous combat services. - 2000 - 24th division of the submarine of the Northern Fleet, Yagelnaya Bay. - 2006 - stands in a standstill. - 2011 - according to Western data as part of the Navy. - June 2011 - arrived at the Zvyozdochka CA for repairs. - 12/27/2012 - a contract was signed for repairs with modernization according to project 971M - the lead ship of the project (the first of 6). |
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| 11 | K-154 "Tiger" | 971 | Improved AKULA | 833 | Sevmash, responsible deliverer - L.V. Berezovsky, delivery mechanic - S.M. Khviyuzov | 10.09.1989 | 06/26/1993 (withdrawal from the shop) | 12/29/1993 (Act signed) 01/05/1994 (Navy flag raised) | SF, 07/24/1991, the boat was named "Tiger". According to the booklet of the PA "Sevmash", during the service the boat performed two autonomous combat services, according to the results of one of them, the commander, captain 1st rank Burilichev A.V. awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation. In 2000 - the 24th division of the submarine of the Northern Fleet, Yagelnaya Bay. In service (2010), according to Western data - as of 2011 as part of the Navy. | |||||
| 12 | K-157 "Boar" | 971U | AKULA II | 834 | Sevmash, responsible deliverer - V.N. Sorokin, delivery mechanic - S.A. Belopolsky | 13.07.1990 | 12/10/1994 (withdrawal from the shop) | 11/25/1995 (Act signed) 11/30/1995 (Navy flag raised) | SF, 04/06/1993 the boat was named "Vepr". According to the booklet of the Sevmash software, during the service the boat performed one autonomous combat service and one search operation. In service (2010), in 2000 - the 24th division of the submarine of the Northern Fleet, Yagelnaya Bay. In the summer of 2007, the submarine underwent warranty repairs at the NSR. According to Western data - for 2011 as part of the Navy | |||||
| 13 | K-295 "Samara" ("The Dragon") | 971 | Improved AKULA | 517 | K-n-A №199 | 07.11.1993 | 15.08.1994 | 17.07.1995 | There are differences in dates Pacific Fleet in service (?), according to Western data - as of 2011 as part of the Navy. In 2014, it is planned to transfer to the Zvyozdochka shipyard for repairs. |
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| 14 | K-335 "Cheetah" | 971M | AKULA III | 835 | Sevmash | 23.09.1991 | 17.10.1999 | 03.12.2001 | tests completed on 12/20/2000, Northern Fleet, in service (2010), in 2000 - the 24th division of the Northern Fleet submarine, Yagelnaya Bay. According to Western data - for 2011 as part of the Navy | |||||
| 15 | K-152 "Nerpa" | 971I / 09719 | Improved AKULA | 518 | K-n-A №199 | the actual start of construction - 1987 () bookmark - 1991 (?) | 24.06.2006 | 28.12.2009 | There are discrepancies in dates. 2001 - with the allocated funding, readiness for the year could change by 0.6% (). 2002 - technical readiness for January 1 - 83.4%, state financing of construction for 2002 was not provided (). The Pacific Fleet is in service, it is planned to hand over to India at the end of 2010. |
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| 16 | K-337 "Cougar" | 971U | AKULA II | 836 | Sevmash | 18.08.1992 | removed from construction on 22.01.1998 | AKULA III | 838 | Sevmash | 1992-1993 plan | removed from construction in 1997 or earlier at the stage of stockpiling | - | Construction was terminated by Decree No. 937-73 of December 7, 2000 (). structures used in the construction of SSBN pr.955 |
| 19 | K- "Irbis" | 971I / 09719
| Improved AKULA | 519 | K-n-A №199 | 1994 (?) | - | - | Construction was frozen in 1996. Construction was terminated by Decree No. 937-73 of December 07, 2000. Readiness 56.5% (). Readiness for 2007 is 60%, located at the Amur Shipyard (2009-2010). The name of the boat "Irbis" is probably unofficial. |
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| 20 | TO- | 971M | AKULA III | 520 | K-n-A №199 | 1990 (?) | - | - | dismantled on the slipway at 25% readiness and sold for metal by the management of the plant |
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| 21 | TO- | 971M | AKULA III | 521 | K-n-A №199 | 1991 (?) | - | - | sold for metal (?) | |||||
| 10A | K-328 "Leopard" | 971M | AKULA IV | 832 | CS "Asterisk" | 2013 | - | plan - 2015 (13.02.2014) | - 12/27/2012 - a contract was signed for repairs with modernization according to Project 971M - the lead ship of the project (the first of 6) | http://shturman.vlms.ru U_96. Quo vadis, Russian fleet, part 2. Website
The main performance characteristics of nuclear submarines pr.971:
Nuclear submarine "Tigr", project 971 Dimensions: 110 x 14 x 9 m
Displacement: 8.140 / 12.770 t
NPP: reactor OK-650B (190 MW), 1 turbine with a capacity of 43,000 hp.
Speed: surface 11.6 / underwater 30 knots
Depth of immersion working: 520 m
Depth of immersion maximum: 600 m
Autonomy: 100 days
Crew: 73 people
Armament: 4 x 533 mm TA, 4 x 650 mm TA (28 rockets, torpedoes or mines)
Series:
K-284 "Shark" (1984)
K-263 "Dolphin" (1985)
K-322 "Kashalot" (1986)
K-391 "Bratsk" (1987)
K-331 "Narwhal" (1989)
K-419 "Walrus" (1992)
K-267 "Dragon" (1996)
K-480 "Bars" (1989)
K-317 "Panther" (1990)
K-461 "Wolf" (1992)
K-157 Vepr (1996)
K-328 "Leopard" (1993)
K-154 "Tiger" (1994)
K-335 "Gepard" (1998)
K-337 "Cougar" (2001)
K-333 "Lynx" (2001)
K-152 "Nerpa" (2002)
Multipurpose nuclear submarines, project 971 "Pike-B"
In order to expand the front for the construction of third-generation multi-purpose submarines in July 1976, it was decided to create a new, cheaper ALL based on the "Gorky" project 945, the main difference of which from its prototype was to be the use of steel in hull structures instead of titanium alloy.
Therefore, the development of the ship, which received design number 971 and the code "Pike-B", was carried out according to the previous tactical and technical requirements, bypassing the preliminary design stage. A feature of the new nuclear submarine, the development of which was entrusted to the Leningrad Design Bureau "Malakhit", was a significant reduction in noise level, approximately five times compared to the most advanced domestic torpedo boat of the second generation. This result was supposed to be achieved through the implementation of earlier developments in the field of increasing stealth, both by the design team of the Special Design Bureau (where the project for an ultra-low-noise nuclear submarine was developed in the early 70s) and by scientists from the Central Research Institute. Academician A.N. Krylov. The efforts of the creators of the ship were crowned with success: for the first time in the history of domestic submarine shipbuilding, the new nuclear-powered ship surpassed the best American analogue, the third-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarine Los Angeles, in terms of stealth.
The Project 971 nuclear submarine received powerful strike weapons, significantly exceeding (in terms of the number and caliber of torpedo tubes, as well as missile and torpedo ammunition) the potentials of domestic and foreign submarines of a similar purpose. Like the Project 945 ship, the new boat was supposed to fight enemy submarines and ship groups, carry out minelaying, conduct reconnaissance and participate in special operations. The technical design of "Pike-B" was approved on September 13, 1977. However, later it was revised, caused by the need to "pull up" the technological level of the sonar complex to the level of the Americans, who again broke ahead in this area. On their boats of the third generation (type "Los Angeles") was installed GAK AN / BQQ-5 with digital information processing, which provided a much more accurate selection of the useful signal against the background of interference. Another new "introductory", which necessitated changes in the project, was the requirement of the military to equip nuclear submarines of a new generation with Granat strategic cruise missiles.
During the revision, which ended in 1980, the boat received a new digital sonar system with improved performance, as well as a weapons control system that allows the use of cruise missiles.
In the design of the Project 971 nuclear submarine, such innovative solutions were implemented as integrated automation of combat and technical means, concentration of control of the ship, its weapons and weapons in a single center - the main command post (MCP), the use of a pop-up rescue camera (which was successfully tested on boats 705 th project). The submarine of the 971st project belongs to the two-hull type. The robust body is made of high-strength steel with a yield strength of 100 kgf/mm. All the main equipment, HKP, combat posts and cabins are located in depreciated zonal blocks, which are spatial frame structures with decks. Depreciation significantly reduces the acoustic field of the ship, and also allows you to protect the crew and equipment from dynamic overloads that occur during underwater explosions. In addition, the block layout made it possible to rationalize the process of building a ship:
the installation of equipment was transferred from the cramped conditions of the compartment directly to the workshop, to a zonal block accessible from all sides. After installation is completed, the zone block is "rolled" into the boat's hull and connected to the main cables and pipelines of the ship's systems.
The nuclear submarine uses an advanced two-stage damping system, which significantly reduces structure-borne noise. All mechanisms are placed on depreciated foundations. Each zonal block is isolated from the nuclear submarine hull by rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers, which form the second stage of vibration isolation. Due to the introduction of integrated automation, the crew of the boat was reduced to 73 people (including 31 officers), which is almost two times less than the number of crew of the American nuclear submarine of the Los Angeles type (141 people). In comparison with the nuclear submarine of project 671RTM, the habitability conditions on the new ship are somewhat improved.
The power plant of the ship includes one OK-650B (190 MW) pressurized water reactor with thermal neutrons with four steam generators (two circulation pumps for the first and fourth circuits, three pumps for the third circuit) and a steam single-shaft block steam turbine plant with a wide redundancy of mechanization . Shaft power - 50,000 l. With. Two alternating current turbogenerators are installed. For DC consumers, there are two groups of batteries and two reversible converters. The boat is equipped with a seven-bladed propeller with improved hydroacoustic characteristics and reduced rotational speed.
In the event of a failure of the main power plant, for its subsequent commissioning, emergency sources of electricity and auxiliary means of movement are provided - two thrusters with DC propulsion motors with a capacity of 410 hp each. with., providing a speed of about 5 knots and also serving for maneuvering in limited water areas.
On board the ship there are two DG-300 diesel generators with reversible converters (2 x 750 hp) with a fuel reserve for 10 days of operation. They are designed to generate direct current for propulsion motors and alternating current for general ship consumers.
The hydroacoustic complex MGK-503 "Skat-KS" with a digital information processing system has a powerful system of noise direction finding and sonar. It includes a developed bow antenna, two long-range onboard antennas, as well as an extended towed antenna placed in a container located on the vertical tail (the dimensions of the container are much larger than on the nuclear submarine of project 671RTM). In addition to the SJSC, Project 971 nuclear submarines are equipped with a highly effective, unparalleled world-wide system for detecting enemy submarines and surface ships along the wake (the equipment installed on the boat makes it possible to record such a trail many hours after the passage of the enemy submarine).
The ship is equipped with the Medveditsa-971 navigation complex, as well as the Molniya-M radio communication complex with the Symphony space communication system and a towed antenna.
The torpedo-missile complex includes four 533 mm torpedo tubes and four 650 mm torpedo tubes (the total ammunition load is more than 40 units of weapons, including 28 units of 533 mm caliber). It is adapted to fire Granat cruise missiles, underwater missiles and Shkval, Vodopad and Veter rocket-torpedoes, as well as torpedoes and self-transporting mines. In addition, the boat can carry out the setting of conventional mines. The firing of the Granat cruise missiles is controlled by a special hardware complex.
In the 90s. The universal deep-sea homing torpedo UGST, created by the Research Institute of Marine Thermal Engineering and GNPP Region, entered service with submarines. It replaced the TEST-71M electric anti-submarine torpedo and the 53-65K high-speed anti-ship torpedo.
At the same time, on the basis of the Soviet-American agreements in 1989, weapons systems with nuclear warheads were excluded from the armament of multi-purpose nuclear submarines - the Shkval and Vodopad rocket-torpedoes with SBCh, as well as the Granat-type missile launchers.
The lead nuclear-powered ship of the 971st project - K-284 - was laid down on the banks of the Amur in 1980 and entered service on December 30, 1984. Already in the process of its testing, the achievement of a qualitatively higher level of acoustic secrecy was demonstrated. The noise level of the K-284 turned out to be 12-15dB (ie, 4-4.5 times) lower than the noise level of the "quietest" domestic boat of the previous generation - 671RTM. According to the NATO classification, the new nuclear submarines received the designation Akula.
After the first "just Sharks", ships appeared, which in the West were called Improved Akula (probably, boats of Severodvinsk construction, as well as the last "Komsomol" ships) were included among them. Compared to their predecessors, they had better stealth than the improved Los Angeles-class boats (SSN-688-I) of the US Navy.
In 1996, the Vepr submarine built in Severodvinsk entered service. Retaining the old contours, he had a new design of a durable hull and internal "stuffing". Again, a serious leap forward was made in the field of noise reduction. In the West, this ship (as well as subsequent nuclear submarines of the 971 project) was called Akula-2.
According to US naval intelligence, the robust hull of the modernized Bars has a 4 m long insert. The additional tonnage made it possible, in particular, to equip the boat with "active" systems to reduce the vibration of the power plant, almost completely eliminating its effect on the ship's hull. According to American experts, in terms of stealth characteristics, the upgraded boat of the 971st project is approaching the level of the fourth-generation American multi-purpose nuclear submarine SSN-21 Seawolf.
High stealth and combat stability give the "Bars" the opportunity to successfully overcome anti-submarine lines equipped with stationary systems for long-range sonar surveillance, as well as countering anti-submarine forces. They can operate in the zone of enemy domination and inflict sensitive missile and torpedo strikes on him. The armament of the Bars allows them to fight submarines and surface ships, as well as to hit ground targets with cruise missiles with high accuracy.
According to scientists from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, given in the brochure "The Future of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces: Discussion and Arguments" (Dolgoprudny, 1995), even under the most favorable hydrological conditions typical for the Barents Sea in winter (the probability of their occurrence is 0.03 ) Project 971 nuclear submarines can be detected by American Los Angeles-class boats with AN / BQQ-5 sonar at a distance of no more than 10 km. Under less favorable conditions in this region of the World Ocean, it is practically impossible to detect the "Bars" by hydroacoustic means.
It is appropriate to give a description of the Project 971 submarines given by the prominent American naval analyst N. Polmar at hearings in the National Security Committee of the US House of Representatives: "The appearance of Akula-type submarines, as well as other third-generation Russian nuclear submarines, demonstrated that Soviet shipbuilders closed the noise gap faster than expected." A few years later, in 1994, it became known that this gap had been completely eliminated.
According to representatives of the US Navy, at operational speeds of the order of 5-7 knots, the noise of Improved Akula-class boats, recorded by means of sonar reconnaissance, was less than the noise of the most advanced US Navy submarines of the Improved Los Angeles class.
According to Admiral D. Burda, Chief of Operations of the US Navy, American ships were unable to escort the Improved Akula nuclear submarine at speeds of less than 6-9 knots (contact with the new Russian boat took place in the spring of 1995 off the US east coast). According to the admiral, the improved Akula-2 nuclear submarine meets the requirements for fourth-generation boats in terms of low noise characteristics.
The appearance of new super-secret nuclear-powered ships in the Russian fleet after the end of the Cold War caused serious concern in the United States. In 1991, this issue was raised in Congress. Several proposals were submitted for discussion by American legislators aimed at correcting the current situation in favor of the United States. In accordance with them, it was supposed, in particular:
- to demand from our country to make public its long-term programs in the field of submarine shipbuilding;
- establish for the Russian Federation and the United States agreed restrictions on the quantitative composition of multi-purpose nuclear submarines;
- to assist Russia in the re-equipment of shipyards building nuclear submarines for the production of non-military products.
The international non-governmental environmental organization Greenpeace also joined the campaign to combat Russian submarine building, actively advocating a ban on submarines with nuclear power plants (first of all, of course, Russian ones, which, according to the "greens", represent the greatest environmental danger). In order to "avoid nuclear catastrophes," Greenpeace recommended that Western governments make the provision of financial assistance to Russia conditional on the resolution of this issue.
Currently, all multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the 971st project are part of the Northern (Yagelnaya Bay) and Pacific (Rybachy) fleets. They are quite actively (of course, by the standards of the present time) are used for military service.
In July 1976, in order to expand the front for the production of third-generation multi-purpose submarines, the military leadership decided to develop a new, cheaper nuclear submarine on the basis of the Gorky 945 project, the main difference of which from the prototype was to be the use of steel instead of titanium alloys in hull structures. Therefore, the development of the submarine, which received the number 971 (code "Pike-B"), was carried out according to the previous TTZ, bypassing the preliminary design.
A feature of the new nuclear submarine, the development of which was commissioned by the Malachite Squadron (Leningrad), was a significant reduction in noise, which is approximately 5 times less compared to the most advanced second-generation Soviet torpedo boats. This level was supposed to be reached through the implementation of the early developments of the SLE designers in the field of increasing the stealth of boats (an ultra-low-noise nuclear submarine was developed in the SLE in the 1970s), as well as research by specialists from the Central Research Institute. Krylov.
The efforts of the developers of the submarine were crowned with success: for the first time in the USSR submarine shipbuilding, the new nuclear-powered submarine surpassed the best analogue of American production - the third-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the Los Angeles type in terms of stealth.
The submarine of the 971st project was equipped with powerful strike weapons, which significantly exceeded (in terms of missile and torpedo ammunition, caliber and number of torpedo tubes) the potentials of Soviet and foreign submarines of a similar purpose. The new submarine, like the ship of the 945th project, was designed to deal with enemy ship groups and submarines. The boat can take part in special operations, mine laying and reconnaissance.
09/13/1977 approved the technical project "Pike-B". However, later it was subjected to refinement, caused by the need to increase the technological level of the GAK to the level of American submarines (the United States again took the lead in this area). On submarines of the Los Angeles type (third generation), an AN / BQQ-5 hydroacoustic complex was installed, which has digital information processing, which provides more accurate selection of a useful signal against the background of interference. Another new "introductory", which necessitated changes, was the requirement of the military to install strategic missile launchers "Granat" on the submarine.
During the revision (completed in 1980), the submarine received a new digital sonar system with improved performance, as well as a weapons control system that allows the use of Granat cruise missiles.
In the design of the nuclear submarine of the 971st project, innovative solutions were implemented, such as the integrated automation of the technical and combat assets of the submarine, the concentration of control of the ship, weapons and in a single center - GKP (main command post), the use of a pop-up rescue camera (it was successfully tested on submarines of the project 705).
The submarine of the 971st project belongs to the double-hulled submarines. The robust housing is made of high-strength steel (yield strength is 100 kgf/mm2). The main equipment, cabins and combat posts, the main command post are located in zonal shock-absorbing blocks, which are framed spatial structures with decks. The acoustic field of the ship is significantly reduced by damping, which makes it possible to protect the equipment and crew from dynamic overloads that occur during underwater explosions. Also, the block layout made it possible to rationalize the process of building a submarine: the installation of equipment was transferred from the conditions of the compartment (rather cramped) to the workshop, to the zonal block accessible from various sides. After the installation is completed, the zonal unit is “rolled” into the nuclear submarine hull and connected to pipelines and main cables of ship systems.
On nuclear submarines, an advanced two-stage damping system was used, which significantly reduced structural noise. The mechanisms are installed on cushioned foundations. All zonal units are isolated from the nuclear submarine hull by rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers, which form the second stage of vibration isolation.
Thanks to the introduction of integrated automation, the crew of the submarine was reduced to 73 people (31 of which were officers). This is almost half the size of the crew of the nuclear submarine of the Los Angeles type (141 people). On the new ship, in comparison with the nuclear submarines of the 671RTM project, habitability conditions have been improved.
The power plant of the submarine includes a 190-megawatt thermal water reactor OK-650B with four steam generators (a pair of circulation pumps for the 1st and 4th circuits, three pumps for the 3rd circuit) and a single-shaft block steam turbine plant with wide redundancy of mechanization. On the shaft, the power was 50 thousand hp.
PLA "Bars" pr.971 at sea
A pair of alternating current turbogenerators was installed. DC consumers are powered by two groups of batteries and two reversible converters.
The submarine is equipped with a seven-bladed propeller, which has a reduced rotational speed and improved hydroacoustic characteristics.
In the event of a failure of the main power plant, for its subsequent commissioning, there are auxiliary means of propulsion and emergency sources of energy - two thrusters and DC propulsion motors, each with a capacity of 410 hp. Auxiliary means provide a speed of 5 knots and are used for maneuvering in a limited water area.
On board the submarine there are two DG-300 diesel generators with a capacity of 750 horsepower each with reversible converters, a fuel supply for ten days of operation. The generators were designed to generate alternating current - they feed general ship consumers and direct current - to power the propulsion motors.
SJSC MGK-540 Skat-3, which has a digital data processing system with a powerful sonar and noise direction finding system. The hydroacoustic complex consists of a developed bow antenna, two long-range onboard antennas and a towed extended antenna placed in a container mounted on a vertical tail.
The maximum target detection range by means of the new complex has increased by 3 times compared to sonar systems installed on second-generation submarines. The time for determining the target movement parameter has also been significantly reduced.
In addition to the hydroacoustic complex, nuclear submarines of the 971st project are equipped with a highly effective system for detecting submarines and surface vessels along the wake (equipment is installed on the boat that allows recording such a trace a few hours after the passage of an enemy submarine).
The boat is equipped with the Symphony-U (navigation) and Molniya-MTs (radio communication complex) complexes, which have a towed antenna and the Tsunami space communication system.
The torpedo-missile complex consists of 4 533 mm caliber torpedo tubes and 4 650 mm caliber devices (total ammunition load - 40 units of weapons, including 28 533 mm ones). It is adapted for firing CR "Granat", underwater rocket-torpedoes ("Wind", "Shkval" and "Waterfall") and missiles, self-transporting mines and torpedoes. In addition, the submarine is capable of laying conventional mines. Fire control when using cruise missiles "Granat" is carried out by hardware special. complex.
In the 1990s, the UGST (universal deep-sea homing torpedo), developed at the Research Institute of Marine Thermal Engineering and the Region State Research and Production Enterprise, entered service with the nuclear submarine. She replaced the electric anti-submarine torpedoes TEST-71M and high-speed anti-ship torpedoes 53-65K. The purpose of the new torpedo was to defeat enemy surface ships and submarines. A significant fuel supply and a powerful thermal power plant provide the torpedo with a wide range of travel depths and the ability to hit high-speed targets at long distances. A low-noise jet propulsion and an axial piston engine (unitary fuel is used) make it possible for a universal deep-sea homing torpedo to reach speeds of over 50 knots. The propeller, which does not have a gearbox, is directly connected to the engine, which, together with other measures, should significantly increase the secrecy of using a torpedo.
The UGST uses two-plane rudders, which extend beyond the contours after the torpedo leaves the torpedo tube. The combined acoustic homing equipment has modes for locating underwater targets and searching for surface ships along the ship's wake. There is a wired telecontrol system (a torpedo coil 25,000 meters long). The complex of onboard processors provides reliable control of torpedo systems during the search for and destruction of targets. The original solution is the presence of the "Tablet" algorithm in the guidance system. The “tablet” simulates a tactical picture at the time of firing aboard torpedoes, which is superimposed on a digital picture of the water area (depths, fairways, bottom topography). After the shot, the data is updated from the carrier board. Modern algorithms give torpedoes the properties of an artificial intelligence system that allows you to simultaneously use several torpedoes on several or one target during active opposition from the enemy or in a complex target environment.
Submarines "Volk" (K-461) and "Bars" (K-480) of the 24th division of the Northern Fleet in Gadzhiyevo
The length of the universal deep-sea homing torpedo is 7200 mm, weight is 2200 kg, explosive weight is 200 kg, travel speed is 50 knots, travel depth is 500 meters, firing range is 50 thousand m.
Also, the improvement of missile torpedoes, which are part of the armament of nuclear submarines of project 971, continues. To date, missile torpedoes are equipped with a second stage, which is an APR-3M underwater missile (weight 450 kg, caliber 355 mm, warhead weight 76 kg), which has a hydroacoustic homing system, with a capture radius of 2 thousand meters. The use of the guidance law with an adaptive lead angle made it possible to shift the center of the missile grouping to the middle of underwater targets. The torpedo uses an adjustable turbo-jet engine running on high-calorie mixed fuel, which provides the APR-3M with a significant speed of approach to the target, which makes it difficult for the enemy to use hydroacoustic countermeasures. The underwater speed is from 18 to 30 meters per second, the maximum depth of hitting targets is 800 meters, the probability of hitting a target is 0.9 (with an RMS target designation error of 300 to 500 meters).
At the same time, on the basis of agreements between the USSR and the United States, signed in 1989, weapons systems with nuclear weapons - Shkval and Vodopad rocket-torpedoes, as well as Granat-type cruise missiles - were excluded from the armament of multi-purpose nuclear submarines.
The Schuka-B submarine is the first type of multi-purpose nuclear submarine, the serial construction of which was originally organized not in Leningrad or Severodvinsk, but in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, which indicated an increased level of development of this industry in the Far East. The lead nuclear-powered ship of the 971st project - K-284 - was laid down in 1980 on the banks of the Amur River and entered service on December 30, 1984. Already in the process of testing this vessel, the achievement of a higher level of acoustic secrecy was demonstrated. In K-284, the noise level was 4-4.5 times (12-15 dB) lower than the noise level of the “quietest” Soviet submarine of the previous generation - 671RTM. This made the USSR a leader in this most important indicator of submarines.
Characteristics of the nuclear submarine project 971:
The greatest length is 110.3 m;
The greatest width is 13.6 m;
Average draft - 9.7 m;
Normal displacement - 8140 m3;
Full displacement - 12770 m3;
Working depth of immersion - 520 m;
Maximum immersion depth - 600 m;
Full underwater speed - 33.0 knots;
Surface speed - 11.6 knots;
Autonomy - 100 days;
Crew - 73 people.
During serial construction, continuous improvement of the design of the submarine was carried out, acoustic testing was carried out. This made it possible to strengthen the achieved position in the field of secrecy, eliminating the superiority of the United States.
According to the NATO classification, the new nuclear submarines received the designation Akula (which was confusing, since the name of another USSR submarine, the Alfa 705 project, began with the letter “A”). After the first "Sharks", ships appeared, which in the West were called Improved Akula (they probably included submarines built in Severodvinsk, as well as the last ships of the "Komsomol" construction). The new submarines, compared to their predecessors, had better stealth than the improved SSN-688-I (Los Angeles type) submarines of the US Navy.
SSGN pr.949-A and PLA pr.971 in the database
Initially, the boats of the 971 project carried only tactical numbers. But on 10/10/1990, an order was issued by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Chernavin to assign the name "Panther" to the K-317 submarine. In the future, other nuclear-powered ships of the project received names. K-480 - the first "Severodvinsk" boat - received the name "Bars", which soon became a household name for all submarines of the 971st project. The first commander of "Bars" is the captain of the second rank Efremenko. At the request of Tatarstan in December 1997, the Bars submarine was renamed Ak-Bars.
The Vepr nuclear-powered cruiser submarine (KAPL) built in Severodvinsk was commissioned in 1996. Keeping the same contours, the submarine had a new internal "stuffing" and the design of a durable hull. In the field of noise reduction, another major leap forward has also been made. In the West, this submarine ship (as well as subsequent ships of Project 971) was called Akula-2.
According to the chief designer of the project, Chernyshev (who died in July 1997), Bars retains significant modernization capabilities. For example, the backlog that Malachite has makes it possible to increase the search potential of the submarine by about 3 times.
According to US naval intelligence, the upgraded Bars has a 4-meter-long insert in its rugged hull. The additional tonnage made it possible to equip the submarine with "active" systems for reducing the vibration of the power plant, almost completely eliminating the effect of vibration on the ship's hull. According to experts, the upgraded Project 971 boat is approaching the level of the fourth-generation SSN-21 Sivulf multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the US Navy in terms of stealth characteristics. In terms of diving depth, speed characteristics and armament, these submarines are approximately equivalent. Thus, the improved nuclear submarine of project 971 can be considered as a submarine close to the level of the fourth generation.
Project 971 submarines manufactured in Komsomolsk-on-Amur:
K-284 "Shark" - bookmark - 1980; launching - 06.10.82; commissioning - 12/30/84.
K-263 "Dolphin" - bookmark - 1981; launching - 07/15/84; commissioning - December 1985
K-322 "Kashalot" - bookmark - 1982; launching - 1985; commissioning - 1986
K-391 "Kit" - bookmark - 1982; launching - 1985; commissioning - 1987 (in 1997 the boat was renamed KPL K-391 "Bratsk").
K-331 "Narwhal" - bookmark - 1983; launching - 1986; commissioning - 1989
K-419 "Walrus" - bookmark - 1984; launching - 1989; commissioning - 1992 (In January 1998, by order of the Civil Code of the Navy, K-419 was renamed K-419 Kuzbass).
K-295 "Dragon" - bookmark - 1985; launching - 07/15/94; commissioning - 1996 (May 1, 1998, the Dragon submarine was given the Guards Andreevsky flag of the K-133 nuclear submarine, and the K-152 Nerpa nuclear submarine under construction - the Guards Andreevsky flag K-56. K-295 in August 1999 renamed the nuclear submarine K-295 "Samara").
K-152 "Nerpa" - bookmark - 1986; launching - 1998; commissioning - 2002
Project 971 submarines manufactured in Severodvinsk:
K-480 "Bars" - bookmark - 1986; launching - 1988; commissioning - December 1989
K-317 "Panther" - bookmark - November 1986; launching - May 1990; commissioning - 12/30/90.
K-461 "Wolf" - bookmark - 1986; launching - 06/11/91; commissioning - 12/27/92.
K-328 "Leopard" - bookmark - November 1988; launching - 06.10.92; commissioning - 01/15/93. (In 1997, the Leopard cruising nuclear submarine was given the Order of the Red Banner of Battle. Some publications say that on April 29, 1991, it inherited the Red Banner Naval Flag from the K-181 nuclear submarine of project 627A).
K-154 "Tiger" - bookmark - 1989; launching - 07/10/93; commissioning - 05.12.94.
K-157 "Vepr" - bookmark - 1991; launching - 12/10/94; commissioning - 08.01.96.
K-335 "Gepard" - bookmark - 1992; launching - 1999; commissioning - 2000 (since 1997 - guards KAPL).
K-337 "Cougar" - bookmark - 1993; launching - 2000; commissioning - 2001
K-333 "Lynx" - bookmark - 1993; withdrawn from construction due to lack of funding in 1997
Bars in the Northern Fleet were reduced to a division based in Yagelnaya Bay. In particular, the nuclear submarine "Volk" in December 1995 - February 1996 (the crew of the nuclear submarine "Panther" was on board under the command of the captain of the first rank Spravtsev, the senior on board was the deputy commander of the division, the captain of the first rank Korolev), while in the Mediterranean sea in combat service, carried out long-range anti-submarine support for the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov of the Fleet of the Soviet Union. At the same time, they carried out long-term tracking of several NATO submarines, including the American nuclear submarine of the Los Angeles type.
Combat stability and high stealth give the Bars the opportunity to overcome anti-submarine lines, which are equipped with stationary systems for long-range sonar surveillance and have anti-submarine countermeasures. "Barsy" can work in the zone of domination of the enemy, inflicting sensitive torpedo and missile strikes on him. The armament of submarines makes it possible to fight against surface ships and submarines, as well as to hit ground targets with high accuracy when using cruise missiles.
PLA "Gepard"
Each project 971 boat in the event of an armed conflict can create a threat, as well as tie down a significant enemy grouping, preventing attacks on Russian territory.
According to scientists from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, cited in the brochure "The Future of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces: Discussion and Arguments" (1995, Dolgoprudny), even in the case of the most favorable hydrological conditions that are typical for the Barents Sea in winter, nuclear submarines of the project 971 can be detected by American submarines of the Los Angeles type with the AN / BQQ-5 sonar system at a distance of up to 10 thousand meters. In the case of less favorable conditions in this area, it is almost impossible to detect the Bars GAS.
The appearance of submarines with such high combat qualities changed the situation and forced the US Navy to reckon with the possibility of significant opposition from the Russian fleet, even if the US offensive forces were completely superior. The "leopards" can attack not only strike groups of the American naval forces, but also their rear, including supply and base points, coastal command centers, no matter how far away they are located. Secretive, and therefore inaccessible to the enemy, Project 971 nuclear submarines turn a potential war in the open spaces of the ocean into a kind of offensive through a minefield, where any attempt to move forward threatens with an invisible, but real danger.
It is appropriate to give a description of the project 971 submarines given by N. Polmar, a prominent US naval analyst, during hearings in the committee on national. Security Council of the House of Representatives of the United States of America: "The appearance of submarines of the Akula type and other third-generation Russian nuclear submarines demonstrated that the shipbuilders of the USSR eliminated the noise gap faster than expected." In 1994, it became known that this gap was completely eliminated.
According to representatives of the US Navy, at operational speeds of about 5-7 knots, the noise of the Improved Akula-class boats, which was recorded by sonar reconnaissance, was lower than the noise of the most advanced US Navy Improved Los Angeles-class nuclear submarines. According to Admiral Jeremy Boorda, chief of operations for the US Navy, US ships were unable to escort Akula submarines at speeds of less than 9 knots (contact with a new Russian submarine took place in the spring of 1995 off the east coast of the United States). The advanced nuclear submarine Akula-2, according to the admiral, meets the requirements for fourth-generation boats in terms of low noise characteristics.
The appearance of new ultra-stealthy submarines in the Russian fleet after the end of the Cold War caused serious concern in the United States. This issue was raised in Congress in 1991. Several proposals were submitted to the discussion of US legislators, which were aimed at correcting the current situation in favor of the United States of America. In particular, they were supposed to:
- to demand from Russia to give publicity to long-term programs in the field of construction of submarines;
- establish for the United States and the Russian Federation agreed limits on the number of multi-purpose nuclear submarines;
- to assist Russia in the re-equipment of shipyards that build nuclear submarines for the production of non-military products.
The non-governmental international environmental organization Greenpeace, which actively advocated the ban on nuclear-powered submarines (of course, this primarily concerned Russian submarines, which, according to the "greens", represent the greatest environmental hazard). Greenpeace, with the aim of "excluding a nuclear catastrophe," recommended that the governments of Western states put the provision of fin. Russian assistance, depending on the solution of this issue.
However, the rate of replenishment of the navy with new multi-purpose submarines by the mid-1990s dropped sharply, which removed the acuteness of the problem for the United States, although the efforts of the "green" (as you know, many of which are closely associated with NATO intelligence services) directed against the Russian Navy have not stopped even today.
Currently, project 971 multi-purpose nuclear submarines are part of the Pacific (Rybachy) and Northern (Yagelnaya Bay) fleets. They are quite actively used for military service.
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In July 1976, in order to expand the front for the production of third-generation multi-purpose submarines, the military leadership decided to develop a new, cheaper nuclear submarine on the basis of the Gorky 945 project, the main difference of which from the prototype was to be the use of steel instead of titanium alloys in hull structures. Therefore, the development of the submarine, which received the number 971 ( code "Pike-B"), were carried out as before TTZ, bypassing the preliminary design.
A feature of the new nuclear submarine, the development of which was commissioned by the Malachite Squadron (Leningrad), was a significant reduction in noise, which is approximately 5 times less compared to the most advanced second-generation Soviet torpedo boats. This level was supposed to be reached through the implementation of the early developments of the SLE designers in the field of increasing the stealth of boats (an ultra-low-noise nuclear submarine was developed in the SLE in the 1970s), as well as research by specialists from the Central Research Institute. Krylov.
The efforts of the developers of the submarine were crowned with success: for the first time in the history of submarine shipbuilding of the USSR, the new nuclear-powered ship surpassed the best analogue of American production - the multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the third generation of the Los Angeles type, in terms of stealth.
The submarine of the 971st project was equipped with powerful strike weapons, which significantly exceeded (in terms of missile and torpedo ammunition, caliber and number of torpedo tubes) the potentials of Soviet and foreign submarines of a similar purpose. The new submarine, like the ship of the 945th project, was designed to deal with enemy ship groups and submarines. The boat can take part in special operations, mine laying and reconnaissance.
09/13/1977 approved the technical project "Pike-B". However, later it was subjected to refinement, caused by the need to increase the technological level of the GAK to the level of American submarines (the United States again took the lead in this area). On submarines of the Los Angeles type (third generation), an AN / BQQ-5 hydroacoustic complex was installed, which has digital information processing, which provides more accurate selection of a useful signal against the background of interference. Another new "introductory", which necessitated changes, was the requirement of the military to install strategic missile launchers "Granat" on the submarine.
During the revision (completed in 1980), the submarine received a new digital sonar system with improved performance, as well as a weapons control system that allows the use of Granat cruise missiles.
The newest multi-purpose Russian nuclear submarine "Gepard" of the 5th generation is designed to destroy aircraft carriers, as well as destroy coastal facilities and targets.
"Gepard" is a multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the improved project 971 ("Bars" class, according to NATO classification - "Akula-2").
The project was developed by the Marine Engineering Bureau "Malachite". This is the eleventh Bars-class submarine produced at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise since 1988. Two of them - "Gepard" and "Vepr" (adopted into the Northern Fleet in 1996) - have been significantly modernized. Russian designers claim that these nuclear-powered submarines are the quietest and fastest in the world.
On board the ship there are two DG-300 diesel generators with reversible converters (2 x 750 hp) with a fuel reserve for 10 days of operation. They are designed to generate direct current for propulsion motors and alternating current for general ship consumers.
The hydroacoustic complex MGK-503 "Skat-KS" with a digital information processing system has a powerful system of noise direction finding and sonar. It includes a developed bow antenna, two long-range onboard antennas, as well as an extended towed antenna placed in a container located on the vertical tail (the dimensions of the container are much larger than on the nuclear submarine of project 671RTM). In addition to the SJSC, Project 971 nuclear submarines are equipped with a highly effective, unparalleled world-wide system for detecting enemy submarines and surface ships along the wake (the equipment installed on the boat makes it possible to record such a trail many hours after the passage of the enemy submarine).
The ship is equipped with the Medveditsa-971 navigation complex, as well as the Molniya-M radio communication complex with the Symphony space communication system and a towed antenna.
The torpedo-missile complex includes four 533 mm torpedo tubes and four 650 mm torpedo tubes (the total ammunition load is more than 40 units of weapons, including 28 units of 533 mm caliber). It is adapted to fire Granat cruise missiles, underwater missiles and Shkval, Vodopad and Veter rocket-torpedoes, as well as torpedoes and self-transporting mines. In addition, the boat can carry out the setting of conventional mines. Fire control of Granit cruise missiles is carried out by a special hardware complex.
In the 90s. The universal deep-sea homing torpedo UGST, created by the Research Institute of Marine Thermal Engineering and GNPP Region, entered service with submarines. It replaced the TEST-71M electric anti-submarine torpedo and the 53-65K high-speed anti-ship torpedo.
At the same time, on the basis of the Soviet-American agreements in 1989, weapons systems with nuclear warheads were excluded from the armament of multi-purpose nuclear submarines - the Shkval and Vodopad rocket-torpedoes with SBC, as well as 28 long-range cruise missiles RK-55 "Granit "to destroy coastal targets at ranges up to 3000 km, which can be equipped with a 200 kiloton nuclear warhead.
The lead nuclear-powered ship of the 971st project - K-284 - was laid down on the banks of the Amur in 1980 and entered service on December 30, 1984. Already in the process of its testing, the achievement of a qualitatively higher level of acoustic secrecy was demonstrated. The noise level of the K-284 turned out to be 12-15dB (ie, 4-4.5 times) lower than the noise level of the "quietest" domestic boat of the previous generation - 671RTM. According to the NATO classification, the new nuclear submarines received the designation Akula.
After the first "just Sharks" ships appeared, which in the West were called Improved Akula (probably, boats of Severodvinsk construction, as well as the last "Komsomol" ships) were included among them. Compared to their predecessors, they had better stealth than the improved Los Angeles-class boats (SSN-688-I) of the US Navy.
In 1996, the Vepr submarine built in Severodvinsk entered service. Retaining the old contours, he had a new design of a durable hull and internal "stuffing". Again, a serious leap forward was made in the field of noise reduction. In the West, this ship (as well as subsequent nuclear submarines of the 971 project) was called Akula-2.
According to US naval intelligence, the robust hull of the modernized Bars has a 4 m long insert. The additional tonnage made it possible, in particular, to equip the boat with "active" systems to reduce the vibration of the power plant, almost completely eliminating its effect on the ship's hull. According to American experts, in terms of stealth characteristics, the upgraded boat of the 971st project is approaching the level of the fourth-generation American multi-purpose nuclear submarine SSN-21 Seawolf.
High stealth and combat stability give the "Bars" the opportunity to successfully overcome anti-submarine lines equipped with stationary systems for long-range sonar surveillance, as well as countering anti-submarine forces. They can operate in the zone of enemy domination and inflict sensitive missile and torpedo strikes on him. The armament of the Bars allows them to fight submarines and surface ships, as well as to hit ground targets with cruise missiles with high accuracy.
The speed under water reaches 36 knots. In autonomous mode, the submarine can operate up to 100 days. Crew - 61 people.
The predecessors of the "Cheetah" left the plant two years after the laying. Before the "Cheetah" were "Bars", "Panther", "Wolf", "Leopard", "Tiger", "Vepr". Sailors call this series of cat boats, although officially project 971, to which the Gepard belongs, has the code Pike-B, and according to the NATO classification, Shark-2. Despite the difference in names, they are all close to the new boat. They notice one main feature of the "cat" series - the noiselessness of the move. These are boats of the third generation.
Even under the most favorable conditions, an American submarine of the Los Angeles type, which has the most advanced hydroacoustics, will be able to detect a “cat” boat no further than 10 kilometers away. This distance is critical. A nuclear submarine that crept unnoticed can already unhinderedly carry out a combat mission.
American naval analyst N. Polmer at a hearing in the National Security Committee of the House of Representatives of the US Congress noted: “The appearance of submarines of the Akula type, as well as other third-generation Russian nuclear submarines, demonstrated that Soviet shipbuilders closed the gap in noise levels faster than expected . In 1994, it became known that the gap no longer exists.”
The “cat” series of boats is the closest relative of the Barracuda nuclear submarine of project 945 created in the Nizhny Novgorod Central Design Bureau “Lazurit”. Recall that this boat is deep-sea, with a titanium hull. Today, the name of its chief designer, Hero of Russia Nikolai Kvasha, is widely known.
Until May 1990, six submarines of this type were built.
The Barracuda had one significant drawback. It was very expensive, and not every Russian shipyard where submarines were made could work with titanium. The Navy needed a series of wide-profile submarines that were cheap and easy to build. Project 945 was taken as a basis, but the hull of the boat was made of low-magnetic steel. The new series of boats was assigned to project 971.
This series of nuclear submarines inherited its “cat” name from the first Russian boats of the early 20th century. That former "Cheetah" was founded in September 1913 at the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg. A year and a half later, the boat was already in service with warships. She participated in the First World War, providing search and reconnaissance operations on enemy sea lanes. The boat made 15 military campaigns. But in October 1917, while on patrol in the Baltic Sea, she disappeared without a trace. The cause of the tragedy and the place of death have not yet been established.
A series of boats of project 971 was developed by Leningraders. In addition to the fact that the boats are quiet, they are also formidable. The torpedo-missile complex includes a total ammunition load of more than 40 units of weapons. The boats can launch Granat cruise missiles, underwater missiles and Shkval, Vodopad and Veter torpedo missiles. The boat can also be used as a minelayer.
With the appearance of "cat" nuclear submarines in the waters of the northern seas and in the Pacific Ocean, the Americans had to forget the words that they constantly repeated: "Russian submarines are larger than ours, but they are badly made."
And the head of the operational detachment of the US Navy, Admiral Jermy Borda, after analyzing all the contacts of his boats with submarines of the "cat" series, came to the conclusion that in terms of low noise they correspond to fourth-generation boats.
Concerned about the rapid development of Russian submarine shipbuilding, the American side made an attempt to involve the international non-governmental environmental organization Greenpeace in the planned operation. In obedience to customers, she transferred all her activities to the northern seas, fighting their nuclear contamination. As soon as the construction of new submarines in Russia stopped, Greenpeace immediately left the northern waters.
There was another incident related to these boats. In the early 1980s, our country purchased unique high-precision machine tools from the Japanese company Toshiba. The deal was secret, but the press found out about it and immediately trumpeted it all over the world. These machines made it possible to apply new technologies in the processing of propeller shafts and propeller blades, thereby dramatically reducing the noise of the submarine. The United States, having learned about the deal, immediately announced to Toshiba the introduction of economic sanctions. But it was already too late.
The hull of the boat has a hydroacoustic coating and is divided into seven main compartments. Comfortable conditions have been created for the crew: a relaxation room, a gym and even a small sauna with a swimming pool. Living quarters for four people are very similar to the compartment of a passenger train.
An interesting incident occurred on February 29, 1996, in the midst of a NATO exercise. Warships were searching for a conditional underwater enemy. The training task was completed, when suddenly a Russian submarine got in touch. Her commander asked for help. It was necessary to urgently evacuate a sailor with an acute attack of appendicitis.
For the British, to whom the request was addressed, it was a shock. Until now, they are at a loss: whether the help was really needed, or whether it was a well-conceived operation. When the boat surfaced, everyone saw that it was in the very center of the order of NATO ships. Whether the combat situation is real ...
"Cheetah" at a working speed that allows it to quickly survey a sufficiently large area is not detected at all by existing sonar facilities. And even when he picks up speed, he is able to "see" and "hear" any adversary in the ocean before he notices him.
The Americans were also shocked when they "accidentally" discovered our "Pike" near their territorial waters.
Another "Pike" distinguished itself in the summer of 1999 during the NATO aggression against Yugoslavia. Then there was a message that our submarine was seen in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. She was indeed noticed when she passed the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. But then she kind of melted away. After some time, she appeared off the coast of Corsica and Yugoslavia. She was hunted by both surface ships and anti-submarine aircraft. After playing hide and seek, the boat calmly left the Mediterranean Sea.
The shock came later when NATO headquarters learned that, along with the Pike they had noticed for at least a short time, the submarine cruiser Kursk and Barracuda (Pskov) were in the Mediterranean Sea. They were discovered only when they were already returning to their native shores.
According to representatives of the US Navy, at operational speeds of the order of 5-7 knots, the noise of Improved Akula-class boats, recorded by means of hydroacoustic reconnaissance, was less than the noise of the most advanced US Navy nuclear submarines of the Improved Los Angeles class.
According to Admiral D. Burda, Chief of Operations of the US Navy (Jeremy Borda), American ships were unable to escort the Improved Akula nuclear submarine at speeds of less than 6-9 knots (contact with the new Russian boat took place in the spring of 1995 off the east coast of the United States). According to the admiral, the improved Akula-2 nuclear submarine meets the requirements for fourth-generation boats in terms of low noise characteristics.
The appearance of new super-secret nuclear-powered ships in the Russian fleet after the end of the Cold War caused serious concern in the United States. In 1991, this issue was raised in Congress. Several proposals were submitted for discussion by American legislators aimed at correcting the current situation in favor of the United States. In accordance with them, it was supposed, in particular:
- to demand from our country to make public its long-term programs in the field of submarine shipbuilding;
- establish for the Russian Federation and the United States agreed restrictions on the quantitative composition of multi-purpose nuclear submarines;
- to assist Russia in the re-equipment of shipyards building nuclear submarines for the production of non-military products.
The international non-governmental environmental organization Greenpeace also joined the campaign to combat Russian submarine building, actively advocating a ban on submarines with nuclear power plants (first of all, of course, Russian ones, which, according to the "greens", represent the greatest environmental danger). In order to "avoid nuclear catastrophes," Greenpeace recommended that Western governments make the provision of financial assistance to Russia conditional on the resolution of this issue.
The concern of the American side is also caused by the fact that India, China and South Korea have shown great interest in the boats of the "cat" series. Moreover, the Indian Navy was ahead of everyone else. The conditions for the purchase of two submarines, which are now being completed on the stocks of Sevmash, were discussed.
It's a pity, of course, that this strategic reserve goes to the side, but these are the realities, otherwise our Navy would not have received the Gepard.
Currently, all multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the 971st project are part of the Northern (Yagelnaya Bay) and Pacific (Rybachy) fleets. They are quite actively (of course, by the standards of the present time) are used for military service.