The smallest cathedral in England. Cathedrals in Great Britain. These are a kind of scales that symbolize that the “rams” in life always outweigh
I haven't picked up a pen for a long time. The calluses on my fingers have almost disappeared. Therefore, I will make up for it.
So, I'll start with my own definition of a cathedral. The cathedral is a huge church, which is usually visible from a very distance (including the ring road). Inside it is a cross and consists of the following parts:
- three long naves (central higher than the side ones), separated by columns,
- transept (cross nave),
- choirs and altar, as well as the crypt - an underground room under the altar,
- the altar part, where you can go around the altar, with attached chapels,
- almost always there is a chapter house - a small hall where the clergy gathered to resolve all sorts of issues,
- often cloister - a square (less often rectangular) courtyard, built close to the cathedral, framed by covered galleries.
This is not a strict canon: somewhere there may not be a courtyard, somewhere there may be as many as two, somewhere there is no chapter house, somewhere there is no crypt, etc.
I’ll say right away that I won’t talk about London cathedrals, because everyone already knows that London is the capital of Great Britain and St Paul’s cathedral and Westminster Abbey are very bla-bla-bla. I’ll just mention that there are more in London and the rather impressive Southwark Cathedral - right next to London Bridge. Not counting them, we managed to visit 18 surviving cathedrals. Each is beautiful in its own way, each with its own zest-pearl. We will start from the outskirts of Cambridge and beyond clockwise on the map. About each I will just say a couple of facts that I found interesting, so as not to overload with information. Of course, each cathedral deserves a separate post for the curious wanderer.
So, on this map you can see all the places that will be discussed below.
1. Ely (Or), 1083
I myself really love asymmetrical buildings. Therefore the cathedral inElyfor me it is very attractive from this point of view.
The town of Ely, just a 30-minute drive from Cambridge, is also famous for the fact that Oliver Cromwell once lived there (whose head, by the way, according to some sources, is buried near the chapel of Sydney Sussex College in Cambridge :))
2. Norwich (Norich), 1145
Norwich is the capital of the county of Norfolk.
In the cloister courtyard of the cathedral there is a labyrinth laid out with stones on the grass. More precisely, this is not quite a labyrinth, since there is one entrance and one exit and there are no dead ends :)
Most of the cathedrals we visited offer free admission, but a voluntary donation is encouraged. The recommended donation amount is even written, usually about £5. But there are cathedrals where admission is paid, which is often explained by the fact that there is not enough money for its maintenance. For example, Canterbury Cathedral costs £18,500 a day to maintain.
3. Bury St Edmunds
Throughout England one can also see traces of Henry VIII's reformation in the 1530s, after the Pope refused to grant him a divorce and Henry VIII appointed himself head of the new Church of England. As a result, more than 370 monasteries were closed. Often, after its closure, all stone buildings, including the main cathedral, were taken away by residents for their own needs.
This is all that remains of the cathedral in Bury St Edmunds.
According to legend, at the stub of the column on the right in the photograph, the assembled nobles swore to force the king to sign the Charter of Liberty, which is believed to have become the first prerequisite for the emergence of private property (which even the king had no right to take away).
And this is how more modern residents managed to skillfully use ancient ruins.
Cambridge also once had an abbey, which fell victim to the Reformation. It was located between Newmarket road and the River Cam just past Grafton roundabout - for those who have an idea of the area. Nowadays, only the St Andrew the Less church on Newmarket road and the cellarer's house - "housekeeper's house" - on the next street have survived from it. And another street in this area is still called Abbey Road. By the way, the Jesus College chapel was built from dismantled stones the cathedral of this abbey.
4. Canterbury, 1174
A very majestic cathedral. Since ancient times it has been the center of all kinds of social, religious and political events, since it is the seat of the English archbishop. Actually, the word “cathedral” comes from the word “cathedra,” which in Christianity means an honorary chair in a church intended for a bishop. When the city is mentioned, the death of Thomas Becket from the 12th century and Chaucer's Cantebury Tales from the 14th century come to mind. In the crypt of this cathedral you can see frescoes from the 12th century, very similar in style to Russian church painting. In addition, numerous nobles and royalty found their final refuge here.
In 2015, sculptures of Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Consort Philip were installed on one of the facades. Perhaps due to the fact that that year she became England's longest-reigning monarch in history, overtaking Queen Victoria, who reigned for more than 62 years. And in 2016, Elizabeth celebrates her 90th birthday.
5. St Albans, 1089
Not the most famous city close to the north-west of London. But we drove past it on Christmas Day, and the cathedral turned out to be the only open establishment:) Very attractive!
I note that, in addition to booklets with information, there are almost always quest leaflets for children, where they are asked to find a certain number of interesting things about the cathedral: a stained glass window, a statue, a throne, a decorative element, etc. and mark them with a tick on the sheet. And then you come in, and sometimes these kids are running around under your feet with sheets of paper and pencils, rejoicing when they find the next point. Cute!
6. Portsmouth, 1188, restored in 1750
A cathedral that stands out from the rest in appearance. First of all, because it is closely connected with the marine theme, including in the details of the interior decoration. There was even a boat perched on the spire. Of course, this is not just like that: Portsmouth is one of the main seaports and the main naval base (still) on the south coast of Britain.
The flagship ship HMS Victory, on which Horatio Nelson led the Battle of Trafalgar and on which he was mortally wounded, can be seen at the local maritime museum. Also here is the Mary Rose, the flagship of Henry VIII, which lay at the bottom for 437 years and was raised in 1982. In addition, Operation D-Day began in this city, which has a separate museum dedicated to it.By the way, when it comes to ships, the pronoun She is used in English to refer to them. I highly recommend visiting Portsmouth!
7. Winchester (Winchester), 1093
Capital of the county of Hampshire.
The cathedral, in addition to its size, is also notable for the fact that the writer Jane Austen is buried there. Fans of Mr. Darcy, come here!
Another interesting thing about this city is that it is one of the 3 most prestigious private schools. The other two are Eton and Rugby. The approximate cost of boarding education in schools of this level is approximately £33,000 per year.
8. Salisbury (Salisbury), 1220-1320
One of the most famous and beautiful cathedrals.
It contains one of the 4 surviving copies of the Charter of Liberty, signed in 1215. Alas, it was impossible to photograph it, but the ink there was preserved simply perfectly - absolutely readable, especially if you speak Latin :)
Here you can also see the oldest working clock mechanism in the world, dating back to 1386. Without a dial or hands - just a system of wheels and suspensions.
Interestingly, they are not alien to the new. This type of font has been installed in the main nave since our century.
I have only seen such a special layout for the blind here...
(only when I posted the photos here, I noticed that it was the same girl :))
Salisbury is the closest major settlement to Stonehenge.
9. Exeter (Exeter), 1400
Capital of the county of Devon. It is considered a city where those who do not qualify for Oxbridge (Oxford + Cambridge) go to university.
Astronomical clock, very loud organ :)
10. Truro (Truro), 1880-1910
Truro is the capital of the county of Cornwall - a resort town in England, with its famous St Ives and numerous sandy beaches. It is also here that the westernmost and southernmost points of the island of Great Britain are located.
This cathedral is just a youth, judging by the date of construction, which is what makes it unique :)
By the way, cathedrals always have a toilet! Therefore, if you suddenly find yourself in an unfamiliar city in which you see spiers and gothic architecture, know that there you will find not only peace of mind. In addition, there is often a cafe-dining room where you can have a snack or drink coffee.
11. Bath (Bath), 1161
The city itself has been widely known since the era of the ancient Romans, when they built the city around the hot springs that still flow there. Perhaps one of the best thermal complexes in England - I recommend it!
The cathedral stands right next to the Roman Baths.
12. Bristol (Bristol), 1170
The cathedral itself is quite typical.
The city is a must-see: it is unlike any other. Just look at the 1836 bridge that spans the gorge,
13. Gloucester (Gloucester), 1058
According to the description of one of the guidebooks, Gloucester Cathedral has the most beautiful galleries in the cloisters. I agree with this with both hands (although I’m not ambidextrous, just a retrained left-hander :))!
We accidentally found the following sign here.
One of the stained glass windows, dating back to 1350, shows the earliest depictions of the game of golf!
But modern stained glass windows also have a right to exist and fit harmoniously into the interior!
14. St Davids (St Davids), 1181
My wife and I liked this cathedral the most. This is the only one of them that can be looked at from top to bottom, and not vice versa. The fact is that it is located right at the foot of the hill from which you can admire the view.
And inside it is quite cozy, perhaps due to its somewhat squat feel and wooden coffered ceiling.
It is located at a distance of 1 km from the sea. The only cathedral we visited that was not in England, but in Wales. If you are a lover of the combination of Rocks and Sea, then Wales is for you!
15. Liverpool (Liverpool), 1978
Liverpool Cathedral is the largest Anglican church. Due to its modernity, the style is also very different. It can be seen from everywhere, because it stands on a mountain.
We were here on Christmas Eve, so there were no vacancies...
Liverpool is the birthplace of the Beatles. Here you can visit a museum dedicated to them, as well as the Cavern club, where they began their careers.
The Liverpool accent has proven to be one of the most difficult for me to understand. This was probably a consequence of the fact that this city is the largest port, which received a huge impetus in development after the discovery of the New World, since ships now began to arrive on the west coast on which it is located (before the main ports were on the east coast, which is closer to Europe, for example Colchester in Essex). Because of this, a cauldron of people of all nationalities, who did not always speak perfect English, was constantly seething here, which could give rise to some kind of hot mixture of all kinds of dialects. It was difficult for me to understand the waitress, the hotelier, and the saleswoman... And I’m not the only one :)
In general, in this regard, England is amazing: after all, it is a relatively small country, but at a distance of some 200 km from each other, people can speak with very different accents. In the north of England there is a dialect which, for example, in monosyllabic words always pronounces the letter “U” as the Russian sound “U”, e.g. fun - "fun", duck - "duk" etc.
16. Manchester (Manchester), 1481
Quite a typical cathedral. It seemed a little gloomy to us from the outside (due to the blackened stone)
One of the most fashionable and aristocratic capitals of the world has a huge number of ancient cathedrals and churches with interesting stories of their origin. From them one can judge the process of development of the capital city and, in general, of the entire great power state. Each cathedral is a unique monument to a particular historical era, great personalities or large-scale events that radically affected the formation of royal and state authorities and changes in the social system. The galaxy of London cathedrals can be called unique milestones in the history of not only the capital, but also England itself.
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The creation of the first church is based on the legend of a fisherman who was fishing in the Thames and saw the image of a saint in the sky above it. This news spread throughout the surrounding area, so it was decided to build the Church of Peter not far from the symbolic place as a sign of the vision. There is also a more prosaic explanation: all the fishermen paid a tax to the abbey with valuable fish, so such a romantic legend played into the hands of the religious rulers.
Based on the chronicle of the 7th century, it was concluded that the founders of the abbey were the first king of Essex and Bishop Mellitus of London in the 600s. Later sources date extensive construction around the church to the 900s.
Westminster today
Now the two-domed church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which is visited by thousands of tourists who consider it a great happiness to see a unique structure that houses more than 3,000 tombstones of great people, including famous English poets and writers. Magnificent concerts of sacred music and mass prayer readings are organized here, attracting tens of thousands of people.
The church is interesting both as an architectural monument of the early Gothic style with its grace and beauty of lines, and as a rich treasury of paintings, weaving and other types of applied art from different centuries.
According to numerous reviews from tourists, it is the most beautiful among its peers in terms of its architecture, delighting everyone who sees it.
Brief chronology of the monument
Until now, the cathedral has undergone changes 5 times since 604, when a wooden church was first erected, which served until 675 and was destroyed by fire.
In order to no longer be in danger of being destroyed by fire, the building was rebuilt from stone in 685, but it was also brutally destroyed in 961 by the Vikings during their next barbarian raid.
For the third time, the stone church, which stood until the great fire of London in 1087, was also built from stone.
The most monumental building in Europe at the beginning of the 11th century was the cathedral, built for the fourth time and consecrated in 1240. It delighted parishioners until 1666, when London suffered the next Great Fire, during which the massive building was badly damaged.
They did not restore it, but decided to build a stone church, the fifth, built according to the design of the famous architect Ren. The first services began here in 1697, but the grand opening took place on the birthday of the talented architect - October 20, 1708, when he turned 76 years old.
The magnificent architectural structure cannot but amaze with its monumentality, the unique beauty of the domes and spiers, the extraordinary elegance of the columns and grilles. The richness and luxury of the interiors and the contents of the numerous halls amazes the imagination. The funeral list of legendary personalities of the world buried under its vaults is impressive: Admiral Nelson, Duke of Wellington, President Churchill, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher... It hosts high society and church celebrations and ceremonies of no less important persons of modern England. St. Paul's Cathedral is a world monument and a current religious site - an object of attraction for people all over the planet.
Saint Margaret went down in the history of Orthodoxy as a true Christian who faithfully followed the commandments of Christ and was subjected to cruel torture by pagans. Christians celebrate the day of the holy great martyr on July 30 and worship her as a deliverer from many misfortunes and hardships. In her honor, on the territory of Westminster in the 12th century, Benedict monks built the first church for ordinary parishioners, which was rebuilt in the early years of the Tudor dynasty. In the 17th century it was made a parish for members of the British Parliament.
It hosted weddings of noble aristocrats and historical figures. The central facade of the church overlooks Parliament Square, creating a uniquely beautiful view with its vertical Gothic tower, directed upward by four spiers. The building has an original sundial showing the time before noon on the eastern façade, and after noon on the western façade.
A true work of stained glass art is the East Window, made by Flemish craftsmen as a sign of the engagement of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon. The church has a unique organ, the sound of which is recognized as the best among other famous instruments in the world. Hundreds of tourists come here to admire the architectural monument, bow to St. Margaret and listen to the divinely unique sound of the church organ.
London's cathedrals are a symbol not only of the great past, but of the present and future of the Orthodox faith and the greatness of the state.
In today's story we will take a walk around the city of Canterbury near the famous Canterbury Cathedral- mother of the Church of England and seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The cathedral is listed as a World Heritage Site as a masterpiece of human creative genius.
Here is a typical street not far from the cathedral - it seems to be of a medieval type, but at the same time it looks quite modern.
Canterbury's buildings have their share of celebrities. For example, in the hotel Sun" (Sun Hotel), built in the 15th century, Charles Dickens stayed during his travels around Kent.
A Little Tim's Tea Room (Tiny Tim's Tearoom) is a famous haunted house. During the restoration, teeth and hair of 186 children, different generations of the same family, were found in one of the rooms. And in the fireplace they found a whole collection of children's shoes from the 16th century.
After these artifacts were sent for research, workers began to notice strange things - sudden drops in temperature inside the building, the sounds of footsteps on the stairs, as well as children whispering and singing. Today, any visitor can go up to the attic room at his own risk and become convinced of the presence (or absence) of ghosts.
In addition, one of the guest toilets has a very unusual fire exit - a hatch in the floor leading to the lower floors. Although this exit is not official and is not on the building's evacuation plan, it can be successfully used in the event of a fire.
The pointed turrets of the cathedral can be seen from almost everywhere.
It is believed that the cathedral was founded in 597 by the missionary of Pope Gregory the Great - Augustine.
After the Norman conquest, the cathedral was rebuilt by Archbishop Lanfranc in 1070-1077, and in 1098 construction of the first choir over the crypt began.
In 1540, by order of Henry VIII, the monastery at the cathedral was dissolved. The cathedral itself continued to function until the present day. Some believe it is the oldest religious community in the English-speaking world.
During the Civil War in the 17th century, the temple was damaged by the Puritans: some medieval stained glass windows were broken, and a stable was built in the nave. In the 1660s, restoration and reconstruction of the cathedral began.
In 1942, part of the outbuildings and the library were destroyed during a raid. Luftwaffe. All this was restored in the 1950s, and in 2000 the construction of a new Education Center was completed.
In 1988, Canterbury Cathedral was listed as a World Heritage Site along with St Augustine's Abbey and St Martin's Church in Canterbury.
The nave of the cathedral acquired its modern appearance in the 14th century. It took almost 30 years to build it. This is one of the best examples of the so-called. Perpendicular Gothic.
The ceilings in the cathedral and nearby buildings are amazingly beautiful.
The wall between the temple and the altar ("pulpitum") was erected around 1450. It separates the space for the priests (choir) from the space for parishioners (nave).
The crypt is the oldest part of the cathedral (11th century).
Many stained glass windows date back to the 12th-13th centuries. There are also stained glass windows from the Victorian era, and even completely new, post-war ones.
One of the world's first stained glass restoration workshops appeared in Canterbury at the beginning of the 19th century. I must say, there was a lot of work for them.
Canterbury Cathedral is considered an important place of pilgrimage - believers from all over the world come to venerate the tomb of Thomas Becket ( Thomas Becket). Becket was the Archbishop of Canterbury who did not get along with King Henry II. To the chagrin of His Majesty, Becket remained faithful to the Church and the Pope in all matters. According to legend, four royal knights, noticing their king's displeasure, headed to Canterbury, burst into the cathedral and hacked the archbishop to death with three blows. Shortly thereafter, Becket was declared a martyr saint and was later canonized by the Pope in 1173. Becket's tomb was located on the so-called. "place of martyrdom" until 1538, when Henry VIII ordered its destruction. However, the stones, rubbed by the knees of millions of believers, will not allow you to make a mistake in its location.
The cloister or courtyard of a cathedral.
The cathedral is surrounded by houses, and to get to its main entrance, you need to go through a richly decorated gate.
The image of Christ is very impressive.
Under the arch, a minstrel and a royal knight advertised the Canterbury Tales Museum ( The Canterbury Tales).
Finally, it is worth saying that the Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual head of the Church of England, as well as the spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion. At the moment it is Rowan Williams ( Rowan Williams). He will be the one who will marry Prince William and Kate Middleton on April 29 this year. But I will definitely tell you about this sensational wedding later.
UK Cathedrals, English Temples and Churches
Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster (Westminster Abbey)
St. Peter's Collegiate Church in Westminster, better known as Westminster Abbey, is a large Gothic-style church located in the administrative district of London - Westminster. The church itself is located west of the Palace of Westminster. It is the traditional coronation site and burial place for English, later British and current Royal Commonwealth monarchs. The abbey is the property of the monarch - the Royal Peculiar. For a short time it had the status of a cathedral (from 1540 to 1550). Westminster Abbey is also a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Council of Clerics of Westminster Cathedral, as established by a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter of Westminster and a Royal Property subject to the jurisdiction of the monarch.
St Paul's Cathedral
St Paul's Cathedral in London is the state church of England and the seat of the Bishop of London. Its dedication to the Apostle Paul occurs simultaneously with the construction of the church, which occurred in 604. The church is located on top of Ludgate Hill, which is the highest point in London. St Paul's Cathedral is the mother church (the church from which other churches subsequently split) of the Diocese of London. The construction of the current church dates back to the end of the 17th century. It was built in the English Baroque style, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, as part of the major reconstruction work that took place in the city after the Great Fire of London. The cathedral is one of London's best-known and most recognizable landmarks, not least because of its dome, which has dominated the skyline for three hundred years. At 365 feet (111 meters) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1962, and its dome is still considered one of the tallest domes in the world. By area, St Paul's Cathedral is the second largest church in the UK, second only to Liverpool Cathedral.
Temple Church in London
Temple Church is a church built at the end of the 12th century in London, located between the River Thames and Fleet Street, which was erected by order of the Knights Templar and for their needs as the headquarters of the order. The church is famous for its graves with relief tombstones and its rounded shape. During the Second World War the church suffered great damage, but has now been largely restored. In the mid-12th century, before the construction of the temple, meetings of the Templar Order in London were held on High Halborn Street in a building that was originally erected by Huge de Paens, the site historically being the site of the Roman temple at Londinium. Due to the rapid expansion of the religious order, by 1160 the site had become too small to accommodate all its members, and the order then purchased the area to later build a large monastic complex on it. In addition to the church, the new building included housing, military training facilities, and resting places for military brothers and converts, who were prohibited from entering the city without permission.
St Matthew's Chapel (Roslyn Chapel)
Rosslyn Chapel, more properly named St Matthew's Collegiate Chapel, was founded in the mid-15th century on a small hill overlooking Rosalyn Glen as a Romanesque Catholic collegiate church (which housed 4-6 ordained canons and two boys chorister). The Rosaleen Chapel and nearby Roralin Castle are located in the village of Rosaleen (Midlosian, Scotland). The chapel was founded by William Sinclair, first Earl of Caithness (his surname is also pronounced Sainteclair, Saintclair, Sinclair, St. Clair) from the Sinclair family - a noble family descended from the Norman knights who were part of the commune of St. Clair-su-Epte (Northern France ), who used standard designs of medieval architects during construction.
Church of Saint Martin (Church of Saint Martin in the Fields)
St Martin in the Fields Church is an Anglican church located on the north-east corner of Trafalgar Square in the London Borough of Westminster. Its patron is Saint Martin of Tours. Excavations at the site in 2006 uncovered a tomb dating back to 410. The site is located outside the city limits of Roman-era London (as this was quite common practice for Roman funerals), but what is particularly interesting is that the grave is located well outside the city limits, a fact that leads to an overestimation of the importance of Westminster at the time. Some believe that the burial marks a Christian center of the time (it is possible that there was a reuse of the area or the construction of a pagan temple). The earliest surviving mention of the Church of St. Martin dates back to 1222. Then a dispute arose between the Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of London, who could not decide who should keep control of this church. This dispute was resolved in Westminster's favor, and the monks of Westminster Abbey began to use the church.
Chester Cathedral
Chester Cathedral, located in the city of Chester, is the mother church of the Anglican Diocese of Chester. The cathedral (formerly the abbey church of Saint Verber at the Benedictian monastery) is dedicated to Jesus Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary. Since 1541 it has been the center of worship, government, music and ceremonial center for the entire city and diocese. The cathedral has been classified as one of the first class of buildings which are listed as buildings of special architectural or historical interest and is part of a heritage site that includes buildings formerly used for monks. This cathedral is very typical of English churches. Its typicality is manifested in the fact that the cathedral was rebuilt several times, starting from 1093 until the beginning of the 16th century, although the very site on which the building is located could have been used as a place of Christian worship since Roman history.
Manchester Cathedral
Manchester Cathedral is a medieval church located in the center of Manchester, on Victoria Street, and is the seat of the Bishop of Manchester. The official name of the cathedral is the Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St Mary, St Denis and St George, Manchester. Although the building's cladding was largely replaced and the building itself reconstructed and extended during the Victorian era, and the cathedral was rebuilt again after being seriously damaged by a bomb in the 20th century, the main body of the building was largely built during the period when the church steward (or warden) was James Stanley (steward from 1485-1506). This part of the cathedral is made in the Perpendicular Gothic style. Stanley was also primarily responsible for the use of impressive wooden medieval furniture, which included the pulpitum, choir seats, and the nave roof, which was supported by sculptures of angels with gilded instruments. This building is one of the first buildings on the list of buildings of special architectural and historical status in Manchester.
Canterbury Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral, located in the city of Canterbury (Kent, England), is one of the oldest and most famous Christian buildings in England. In addition, it is one of the World Heritage Sites. In addition, the cathedral serves as the residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury - the head of the Anglican Church and the symbolic head of the Anglican Communion around the world. The official name of the cathedral is the Cathedral and Metropolitan Church of Christ, Canterbury. Founded in 597, the cathedral was completely rebuilt in 1070-1077. The eastern part was greatly expanded at the beginning of the twelfth century, and after a fire in 1174 it was largely reconstructed in the Gothic style. The Norman nave and transepts survived only until the end of the 14th century, as they were then destroyed in order to build real buildings in their place.
York Minster Minster
York Minster is a cathedral located in the English city of York, considered one of the largest cathedrals of its kind in Northern Europe. In addition, it is the second largest witchcraft of the Church of England, as well as the cathedral of the Diocese of York; The cathedral houses the see of the Archbishop of York. The York Minster is administered by a dean and a college of monks under the general leadership of the Dean of York. The official name of York Minster is the Cathedral and Metropolitan Church of St Peter, York. The name of the cathedral "minster" refers to the church created in the Anglo-Saxon period as a missionary church disseminating religious teachings. In our time, this title is an honorary title for the church. The services held in the cathedral are sometimes classified as High Church services (a branch of Protestantism that seeks to preserve pre-Reformation traditional worship) or as Anglo-Catholic services (people guided more by the rites and traditions of the Catholic than Protestant Church) of the Anglican continuum.