All about hiking. Theoretical foundations of walking tourism. Is hiking useful?

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

Hiking is hiking trips done on foot. Hiking trips are carried out almost throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation, in all climatic zones and geographical regions - from the Arctic tundra to deserts and mountains. Pedestrian tourism is the most popular type of tourism. Its attractiveness and main distinguishing feature is that it is accessible and useful to any practically healthy person. regardless of age and physical development, it provides greater freedom in choosing a route in accordance with the aesthetic, cognitive and cultural needs of the travel participants. Hiking is characterized by ease of preparation and conduct of hikes, and the relative ease of organizing proper rest at a bivouac. Hiking trips can be very diverse in complexity - from excursions and weekend hikes to complex category hikes.

Relevanceresearch. Hiking is very important for health. Modern society strives for a healthy lifestyle. In particular, this is expressed in the fact that citizens want to actively spend their leisure time, combining free time with knowledge and health improvement. Since tourism provides an opportunity to organize the leisure of a modern person, helps to combine recreation with health improvement and knowledge, society should be aware of this type of sports tourism, such as hiking. Hiking technique and tactics are important in conducting a hike. Bardin K.V. considered the topic of hiking tourism, in an accessible form he outlined the minimum knowledge that is necessary for anyone who is interested in hiking, and considered, in particular, the issues of organizing a group and choosing a route. I.V.Zorin, E.N. Ilyina, V.A. Kvartalnov, A.V. Koshevarov, E.A. Chudakova, studied theoretical and practical issues of pedestrian tourism. S.V. Rylsky touched upon the problem of training pedestrian tourists to overcome natural and artificial obstacles. V. G. Varlamov studied the basics of safety in hiking tourism.

Targetresearch- study the theoretical foundations of pedestrian tourism, analyze the technique and tactics of pedestrian tourism.

An objectresearch- hiking.

Itemresearch- technique and tactics of pedestrian tourism.

Methodsresearch: study and analysis of literature.

Tasksresearch:

1. Expand the concept of “pedestrian tourism”.

3. Study the features of organizing walking tourism.

4. Identify the basic requirements for the technology and tactics of pedestrian tourism.

Theoreticalimportanceresearch consists in generalizing and concretizing data from scientific and methodological literature on the problem of technology and tactics of pedestrian tourism.

The work consists of two chapters and five paragraphs. In the first chapter, “Theoretical foundations of walking tourism,” the concept of “pedestrian tourism” will be revealed, an introduction will be made to the categories of complexity of walking tourism (§ 1), and the features of the organization of walking tourism (§ 2), and the organization of food and safety in walking tourism will also be described. (§3).

In the second chapter, “Analysis of technology and tactics of pedestrian tourism,” the basics of technology (§ 1) and tactics of pedestrian tourism (§ 2) will be revealed.

1. Theoretical foundations of walking tourism

Hiking is a type of sports tourism. The main goal is for the group to cover the route on foot through slightly rough terrain.

Of all the extreme sports, hiking is the most natural and most accessible. Tourist activities contribute to the formation of a person’s active life position. Walking tourism is an extremely valuable means of physical education and active recreation of a person in nature. On hiking trips, participants temper their bodies, improve their health, develop endurance, strength and other physical qualities, acquire applied skills and abilities in terrain navigation, overcoming natural obstacles, self-care, etc.

Hiking and traveling do not require additional means of transportation (like skiing, water, cycling, etc.), special equipment (like mountain and speleological) and are carried out mainly during snowless periods of the year. Pedestrian tourism has been and remains the most widespread. Almost all tourists started with him. Most of the weekend hikes and 1st category of difficulty, which are mainly carried out in the native land, are hiking trips. Significantly fewer groups go on difficult hiking trips than on water and mountain trips.

When assessing the complexity of hiking trips, the autonomous actions of the group and the continuity of uninhabited, difficult terrain in the absence of often short alternative exit options in the event of an accident are taken into account. The absence of certain landmarks in the remote taiga region, movement through thickets, swamps, canyons without a permanent path - all this becomes a significant addition to the purely technical aspects of the route. To increase the technical complexity of hiking trips, their routes are supplemented with ascents to observation peaks.

The presence of the necessary natural resources in almost every region, the ability to get by with a minimum of inexpensive equipment, the construction of routes for tourists of all age and sports levels, and the high health-improving effect put hiking tourism among the leaders among other types of tourism.

Walking combats stress and depression - even if it's just a daily walk in a city park. But much better and more useful are long multi-day walking tours.

In hiking, like in no other extreme sport, the team is important. When getting ready for a trip, you will carefully select your equipment, but even more carefully – your travel companions.

Even the most extreme sports are rarely marked by injuries or real problems for athletes, and hiking should be just as well managed.

Classification hikes:

The category of route difficulty is determined by the presence of local obstacles, the geographical indicator of the area, the autonomy of the route, the intensity of the route, etc. Depending on this, hikes are divided into:

Weekend hikes;

Hikes of 1-3 degrees of difficulty - in children's and youth tourism;

Table 1

Classification of walking routes

Hikes with a length and duration that are less than those established for hikes of category I difficulty are non-categorical. Their most common type is weekend hikes. Non-category hikes can include any elements (sections) of hikes, up to category VI of difficulty. The following are allowed for the hike: along the route of category I - schoolchildren no younger than 13 years old, category II - no younger than 14 years old, category III - no younger than 15 years old, category IV - schoolchildren no younger than 16 years old. Hikes can be carried out by sports and tourism organizations of educational institutions. Hiking from the first to third category of difficulty for children is mainly children's and youth tourism.

Hikes from the first to the sixth difficulty category for adults. 1st category is the easiest, not requiring any special knowledge; The 6th category is the most difficult, which requires special and physical preparation, with appropriate equipment.

To master a hiking trip of each difficulty category, tourists must have experience in participating in hikes of the previous category of difficulty, and the head of the group must have experience in participating in this category, and experience managing hikes in the previous categories.

The logic of the route consists of several concepts. Ideally, this is a continuous route without (or with a minimum number of) radial exits and with an even distribution of physical, technical and psychological stress and natural obstacles. It provides maximum familiarity with the travel area.

Continuity of the route is a mandatory element, without which the physical and psychological stress of the hike is sharply reduced. A break in the route is considered to be a stay in a populated area for more than two days not caused by extreme necessity, as well as the use of intra-route transport. As an exception, and only if necessary, a short-term break in the route using transport within a given tourist area may be allowed.

The duration of the hike is established by the category requirements, based on the minimum time in days required for a prepared group to complete the route. An increase in duration can be justified by the greater length of the route, the greater number and complexity of natural obstacles. Days are also added for reconnaissance and in case of bad weather.

1.2 Features of the organization of walking tourism

The main stages of a hiking trip are: choosing a route; preparation of equipment; group movement order; choice of path on the route.

Choose route it is necessary, first of all, to rely on the specific experience and strength of each group member, the availability of appropriate equipment and the possibility of certain trainings before the hike. In this case, one cannot count on the maximum expenditure of forces. A rational alternation of load and rest, which creates a certain rhythm in the body’s functioning, should be maintained throughout the entire hike, throughout the day, and even during the movement itself. Only under these conditions does hiking become an important health resort.

Particularly difficult and complex sections of the route (passes, rockfall and avalanche danger, river crossings, places with a sharp rise in altitude, azimuthal, uninhabited, with difficult orientation) must be identified and a detailed plan (tactical and technical) for overcoming them must be drawn up.

The kilometer of a day's trek is calculated not on average for the entire route, but taking into account the technical complexity and difficulty of individual sections, the weight of the backpack at individual stages, depending on the consumption of food, and the necessary acclimatization.

When traveling on foot, it is necessary to calculate all azimuths in advance, taking into account the magnetic declination (in azimuthal sections). Azimuths should start from places precisely marked on the map and easily detectable on the ground, and abut the terrain line (river bed, lake shore, sea shore, railway or highway, foot of a mountain range). Planning an exit in azimuth to a point on the ground (for example, a hunting hut) is not recommended, because the slightest mistake can lead to an emergency.

Movement in azimuth on sharply rugged terrain, and especially on mountainous terrain, is not allowed.

It is necessary to develop special security measures: methods of communication and signaling if the group is divided into subgroups; allocate a reconnaissance group; Make a plan in case of an emergency.

Correctly selected equipment completely corresponding to the complexity of the route and the specifics of the type are a guarantee of successful completion of the route, maintaining the health of participants and ensuring safety. Hiking equipment should be durable, comfortable, and lightweight.

When preparing for a hike, you must remember that an excessively heavy backpack is depressing not only physically, but also mentally, so you should give up everything you can do without and not forget a single little thing that will be necessary during the hike.

Order movement groups.

Usually, among experienced tourists, a leader and a trailing one stand out. The task of the first is to choose the path and set the most advantageous pace of movement (but not higher than the pace of the weakest). The task of the second is to prevent the participants from falling behind, to help the tired, and to promptly give the leader a signal to stop if necessary.

On a flat road, without stretching, without ahead of the leader, without falling behind the trailing one, the tourists walk each at their own rhythm. In this case, it is not at all necessary to go in formation, in a chain.

Along a narrow mountain path, along the slopes, to make walking easier and safer, they move in a column one at a time, without breaking away from each other.

It is generally advisable to place weakened hikers in front, but slowing down the pace of others can make them feel like a burden to the group. Leaving him in the ranks where he usually goes, it is necessary to monitor the gaps between him and the one in front and, if necessary, reduce the pace of movement.

An increase in the overall pace of movement is achieved by a reasonable distribution of the weight load, taking into account the strengths of everyone, thus ensuring comradely mutual assistance in the team. In this case, the strongest participants are loaded more than others, and the average ones are loaded more weakly. As a result, the weakest will follow the pace of the strongest.

Choice ways.

In the taiga, you need to choose a route along pack and pedestrian paths or along rivers; on certain sections of the route, use animal trails, which, as a rule, bypass obstacles. At the same time, when moving along hiking trails, you should not confuse them with animal trails. The latter are recognized by the absence of human traces. The direction, beginning, and end of hiking trails are checked with the local population.

You can bypass the clamp by water if the river is not dangerous, shallow, and bypassing along the shore involves a significant increase in height. But most often they walk along the shore, climbing the coastal route. In this case, you need to look at the further path and, if there are clamps, move along the top.

Moving without a compass and determining the cardinal directions by luminaries and local signs in the taiga is unacceptable: you can lose your orientation. Finding yourself in such a position, you should look for an exit to a river or stream, and, having chosen the direction of movement, control it along the tree trunks, as if drawing a straight line on the ground. It is recommended to view the area from the trees.

When planning movement along roads or paths, it is necessary in advance, using a map, to determine the azimuths of individual directions and control the movement with a compass (in case of forks in roads and paths).

1.3 Catering and safety in hiking

An important point in preparing a group for a hike is the calculation of food (layout) and its distribution among the participants. Several conditions must be met, namely:

Meals along the route must be sufficient for participants to complete all travel tasks;

The protein-carbohydrate-fat balance must be maintained;

The weight and volume of the layout should be minimal;

It is desirable that the menu be tasty and varied.

When distributing products between participants at the first stage, it makes sense to proceed from the principle of equality of weight and volume for everyone. Then, if necessary, shift the balance of weight slightly in favor of the stronger members of the group.

Energy costs during a tourist trip include: costs for basal metabolism (that is, for maintaining the functioning of organs that ensure the existence of the body), work and rest. But any energy costs require restoration.

Thus, when walking at an average pace with a backpack weighing up to 15 kg, energy is consumed 5 times more than at rest, when skiing at a speed of up to 10 km/h without a backpack - 10 times more. In some cases, when performing long-term hard work, which tourists face when carrying out difficult hikes, daily energy consumption can reach up to 8000 kcal.

Changes in the intensity of metabolism and energy occur not only when performing physical work, but also under the influence of emotions and meteorological factors - temperature and humidity, wind force, barometric pressure, etc.

Energy expenditure when resting on the route and working at the bivouac. Rest on the route with a net 7.5-hour running time (a very intense traffic regime) is 2 hours - 6 small rests of 10 minutes each and 2 large rests of 30 minutes each. During this time, the body spends about 250 kcal.

Work on organizing and removing the bivouac takes up to 1.5 hours (250 kcal).

Meals at the bivouac (dinner and breakfast) last 1 hour (120 kcal).

Work at the bivouac: collecting firewood, setting up a kitchen, water supply, changing clothes, drying equipment, keeping a diary, analyzing the results of the past day and setting a task for the next day, etc. - lasts about 3.5 hours (500 kcal).

Evening and morning toilet - 0.5 hours (60 kcal).

If we sum up the energy costs for basal metabolism, the specific dynamic effect of food and the costs during rest on the route, we get a value of 2000 kcal. This is a very important value when calculating possible energy costs on a hiking trip (it may vary slightly). Calculation of energy costs of walking tourism and category of difficulty.

Pedestrian tourism 3100 - 1st category, 3400 - 2nd category, 3700 - 3rd category, 4100 - 4th category, 4500 - 5th category, 5000 - 6th category.

Calorie content nutrition V travel

It has been established that to ensure satisfactory ratios of amino acids in the diet, the diet must contain at least half of animal proteins.

Of the plant products consumed on hikes, the most valuable proteins contain buckwheat, beans, dried potatoes, rye bread and rice; from products of animal origin - meat, fish, egg powder, meat pate, dried fish, cheese, milk powder, raw smoked sausage.

When preparing food, it is necessary to combine products that ensure good protein absorption: dairy and meat dishes with cereal seasoning. For example, buckwheat porridge with milk.

When compiling daily food rations, you need to remember that the variety of products from which food is prepared, as well as the variety of dishes themselves, help ensure adequate nutrition and allow the tourist’s body to receive the entire necessary range of nutrients from food.

A well-thought-out diet must have the necessary caloric content; the products included in the diet must satisfy the taste requirements of tourists and be interchangeable.

Groups wishing to increase their caloric intake above 4000 kcal can easily do this by adding foods intended for food at large and small rest stops: butter, cheese, lard, crispbread, chocolate, etc.

In tourist practice, a menu is prepared in advance for the entire duration of the trip. The purchase of products necessary for the preparation of the dishes indicated on the menu is carried out according to the planned assortment and in the required quantities.

The development of a nutrition regimen is closely related to the group’s determination of the tactical construction of the route. The mode must correspond to the chosen movement tactics. But, at the same time, tactics should not contradict the basic principles of rational nutrition.

When developing tactics for any trip, it is necessary to take into account that the body’s need for food changes significantly during the day, depending on how long the intervals between individual meals are. So, the longer the intervals, the less often a person eats, the greater his need for food turns out to be. On tourist trips, as a rule, we only have 2 or 3 hot meals a day, and the rest are fairly high-calorie and, if possible, fairly balanced meals with dry rations at large rest stops.

The purpose of breakfast is to create an energy reserve in the body to maintain the longest possible working condition during the longest part of the working day. Breakfast should be high-calorie - about 30% of the total calorie content of the daily diet, easily digestible, small in volume, rich in sugar, phosphorus, vitamins C and B15, substances that stimulate the activity of the nervous system. The calorie content of breakfast is 1250-1700 kcal, depending on the complexity of the tourist trip.

The purpose of lunch is to make up for the possible deficit of energy costs formed in the body as a result of the discrepancy between the high intensity of work on the route. Lunch should also be quite dense - up to 30% of the total calorie content of the daily diet, contain a high percentage of animal proteins, a large amount of carbohydrates and fats. The calorie content of lunch is 1000-1700 kcal, depending on the complexity of the route.

The purpose of dinner is to restore as much as possible the energy spent during the past working day and prepare the body for moving along the route the next day. The calorie content of dinner should be 30% of the total calorie content of the daily diet. Calorie content of dinner is up to 1700 kcal.

Meals with dry rations. The daily break with 2 hot meals a day averages about 12 hours, and this time accounts for the main physical (moving with a backpack along the highway, overcoming complex natural obstacles) and neuropsychic stress. Every 3 hours of movement, the group must stop for a sufficiently long (30-40 minutes in summer and 10-15 minutes in winter) halt, at which participants are given smoked or semi-smoked sausage, canned meat pate or canned fish, cheese, loin or lard, chocolate butter , crackers, biscuits, halva, sugar, sweets, glucose and sweet drinks (hot from a thermos in winter) or regular acidified or salted water (in summer).

Pocket food plays an important role along the route along with dry rations. It is used at small rest stops, that is, after 40-45 minutes of movement. Its total calorie content is 200-600 kcal (5-10% of daily calories).

The contents of the pocket meal are given to all participants by the group duty officer before or immediately after breakfast. It includes quickly digestible products: quickly soluble refined sugar, glucose, sweets - lollipops, as well as dried apricots and prunes. All these products, necessarily packed in plastic bags, are carried by tourists in the pocket of a rain jacket or in another easily accessible place, so that if necessary (for example, a sudden loss of strength), they can take out and take several glucose tablets, sugar, and candy without removing their backpack.

Water is necessary for humans to maintain normal life. The body's daily need for water is approximately 2.5 liters.

The general principle of laying out products for transportation along the route is as follows: do not transport the entire amount of an important product (flour, crackers, etc.) in one backpack. The fall of this backpack into a crack on the glacier, being carried off the raft, a poorly tied knot in the rope with which this backpack is pulled up, puts the group in a difficult situation. Such products or property should be distributed among several participants.

The distribution of food products for transportation should reduce the work on cooking food at the bivouac to a minimum, ensure uniform unloading of tourists’ backpacks and a uniform duty load for travel participants. Uniform unloading of backpacks is achieved by selecting the same weight characteristics for breakfast, lunch or meals at large halts and dinner, as well as by appointing 3 people on duty for the day, responsible for preparing food for breakfast, lunch and dinner, each one cooks from what he carries.

Security security- the most important component of any hike. When hiking, it is necessary to anticipate and minimize the possibility of accidents.

There are four main reasons that cause accidents: poor discipline in the group, insufficient tourist training and experience, the complexity of natural obstacles, and an unexpected critical change in the weather. The most dangerous of these reasons is poor discipline in the group. Ignoring generally accepted norms of behavior, established rules for hiking, traveling, a reckless attitude towards dangers on the route, irresponsibility, and neglect of insurance are fraught with accidents.

Insufficient preparation and inexperience are often the reason for a poor understanding of the possible dangers on a given route. Safety on a hike also largely depends on the availability and quality of equipment. The equipment of the hiker, his clothing and shoes determine the possibility of personal protection from the adverse influences of the external environment.

Self-insurance is the ability to independently perform special techniques to avoid falls, falls, coups, apply precautions, and get out of difficult situations with minimal losses.

Insurance is a measure of readiness to provide and assistance to a comrade who is overcoming a difficult section of the path or obstacle, in order to prevent a possible breakdown, fall, drowning, etc.

For self-insurance on moderately difficult hikes, you can use a regular or ski pole. The most common method of belaying is belaying with a rope. Simultaneous belay is carried out on simple sections of the route and with simple obstacles: tourists, while on the move, simultaneously insure their comrades.

It is important to remember that it is not the routes themselves that are dangerous, but incorrect actions when passing them.

On the one hand, experts say that hiking is certainly one of the safest active disciplines, with minimal injuries.

The most common injuries for tourists are minor injuries to the extremities: bruises, abrasions, abrasions, small cuts, bruises. Legs are especially susceptible to injury; they account for up to 3/4 of all hiking injuries. Light burns and local frostbite are also typical, since 2/3 of the travel time is spent on halts, overnight stays and bivouac work, 1/10 of cases of severe injuries and illnesses during winter hikes are associated with halts. The causes of most injuries are the wrong behavior of people, but to some extent they are also explained by the easy wetness of standard tents, the insufficient thermal insulation qualities of sleeping bags, the inconvenience and unsafety of commercially available camping utensils, the lack of reliable camping stoves, etc.

Sprains and other ligament injuries, dislocations and fractures, wounds from sharp (axe) and blunt (stone) objects are also common. The most common diseases are poisoning, stomach upsets, and colds.

Hiking accidents and injuries mostly occur when hikers are tired. The main cause of fatigue is insufficient general and special physical training, poor development of physical qualities: strength, speed, agility, balance, endurance. In hiking, 10% of accidents occur due to poor physical fitness of tourists and 65% due to deterioration in physical condition. It follows from this that the physical fitness of the participants in the hike must be given paramount importance.

An analysis of accidents shows that about half of deaths in hiking are associated with overcoming water obstacles, and a quarter of severe injuries are associated with unforeseen changes in hiking conditions, especially in the mountains (rockfalls, avalanches, cold snap).

Hiking accounts for about 3.0% of the total number of sports tourism accidents. The main factor influencing safety is the level of practical tourist experience acquired in previous trips. The requirements for this experience are determined by the Rules for conducting tourist sports trips. But this level cannot be verified without a detailed classification of routes.

2. Analysis of technology and tactics of pedestrian tourism

2.1 Analysis of walking technology

It has one method of movement - on foot, general technical techniques for overcoming rough terrain and water obstacles; The differences lie primarily in the fact that hiking takes place in all areas. However, this main difference remains mainly only at the level of hikes of I-III categories of difficulty, since for hiking routes of higher categories of difficulty, high-mountain regions are also used - the Western and Eastern Caucasus, Altai, Pamir-Alai, Western Tien Shan, the high-mountain Buordakh massif in Chersky Ridge, although qualitative differences (for example, the technical complexity of the passes) remain.

From the point of view of the technical preparedness of tourists and ensuring their safety, it is necessary to pay attention to several important points.

Hiking trips not only II-III, but in many cases also I category of difficulty are made not in the plains, but in low-mountain and mid-mountain areas, often with alpine relief forms (Mountain Crimea, Carpathians, Kola Peninsula, Southern and Subpolar Urals, Kodar, Sayan Mountains ). In these cases, as in mountain hikes, participants must master the technique of moving along mountain slopes and crossing mountain rivers, belaying and self-insurance techniques.

The simplest obstacles typical for hiking in flat areas should include: moderately rough terrain (hills, ravines, gullies, hollows), dense forest, swamps, streams and rivers. In low-mountain and mid-mountain regions, these obstacles are added to: mountain pass areas with slopes of small and medium steepness - grassy, scree, snow. Water obstacles are also difficult in these areas - as a rule, not wide, but fast streams and rivers; Accordingly, the technical methods for organizing crossings will be somewhat more complex. In high mountain areas, even for routes of the first category of difficulty, the following obstacles are added to the indicated obstacles: small sections of movement on glaciers and firn slopes, steep paths, moraines, small, medium and large screes of stones.

Mastering the technical techniques of movement, belaying and self-insurance, and transporting a victim is achieved by performing special exercises (both in the preparatory period and directly on the hike route, especially when it comes to training hikes). Such exercises include:

Movement along steep paths with the development of rational walking techniques (correct positioning of the legs, support on the alpenstock);

Practicing techniques for overcoming low obstacles - stones, fallen trees;

overcoming a difficult forest (thicket, dense forest with undergrowth, ravines and gullies, rubble, windbreaks);

Movement on grassy, snowy and scree slopes (ascent, traverse, descent), organizing self-insurance using an alpenstock or ice ax;

movement through swamps - techniques for moving with a pole, along roads with provision of mutual insurance;

Crossing water obstacles (streams, rivers) - organizing fording with alpenstocks, organizing insurance, guiding the crossing (luggage, railings);

transporting the victim - performing exercises to transport the victim on an improvised stretcher made of two poles and a tent (or two rain jackets, jackets) with safety belts;

Knitting various types of knots ("guide", "grasping" "stirrup", "straight", etc.). In the technical training of tourists (pedestrians and miners) there are no primary and secondary elements - they are all equally important, since it is the technique of movement and insurance that is the main thing in ensuring the safety of participants in hiking trips. Even on steep grassy slopes, especially after rain, located above cliffs, the movement of tourists becomes far from safe, and overcoming the slopes, of course, requires the organization of insurance.

Moving along grassy slopes. There are practically no flat surfaces on grassy slopes. There are protruding stones and hummocks almost everywhere. If you walk carefully, all these unevenness can be used as steps and you can walk on them even without special shoes, but in “vibrams” or tricones? boots can also be used on very steep slopes. If the grass is wet, is it advisable to walk on steep, dangerous slopes only in “vibrams” or knock-down boots? or wear crampons.

In the event of a fall, self-restraint on a grassy slope is carried out with an ice ax or alpenstock. In dangerous places it is necessary to organize belaying with a rope. Belay is organized through large stones, ledges, shoulder or lower back.

When climbing grassy slopes “head-on”, depending on the steepness of the slope, the feet can be placed parallel, “half-herringbone”, “herringbone”, and depending on the position of the sole of the shoe relative to the plane of the slope - on the entire foot, on the outer or inner welt of the boot.

On gentle slopes with a backpack, you should walk on your entire foot. With a slight increase in steepness, you need to continue moving, leaning on the entire foot, but changing the position of the feet relative to the line of ascent: “half-herringbone” or “herringbone” on steeper slopes. As the steepness increases, an ice ax or alpenstock is used as a second point of support.

When lifting obliquely and zigzag, it is advisable to place your feet in a “half-herringbone” pattern, over the entire foot, and place more load on the outer or inner welt of the shoe (the upper leg on the outer one, the lower leg on the inner one). It is better to place the upper leg horizontally, and slightly turn the lower leg down the slope “into the valley”. This will increase stability and slightly reduce the stress on the ankle joints. On steeper slopes, a combination of these two methods can be used: one foot is placed on the slope with the welt of the shoe, and the other with the entire foot, slightly turned out.

When lifting in a zigzag pattern, it is important to maintain balance as you turn. In this case, transfer the body weight to the leg external to the slope, and turn the inner leg to the side, to a position corresponding to the new direction. Now the tourist is facing the slope and is ready to continue moving in a new direction; all that remains is to change the position of the ice ax relative to the slope.

When descending straight down, your feet should be placed parallel or, with your toes slightly turned to the sides, across the entire foot. If the slope is not very steep, they go down with their backs to it, with their knees slightly bent, in quick short steps. The step should be springy. It is recommended to descend a steep slope sideways, holding the ice ax with both hands in the ready position for self-belaying.

On a wet grassy slope, the rims of your boots become clogged with mud and you can easily slip, so special attention is required. Dirt is removed by striking the handle of an ice ax or alpenstock on the welt of the boot.

On old scree and rocky slopes overgrown with thick, tall grass or small shrubs, you must walk slowly.

Moving along screes. When going out onto screes lying on steep slopes, you need to remember that they are almost always dangerous due to rockfalls. In areas of significant steepness, the scree lies unstable. Walking on them is not only tiring, but also dangerous.

When choosing a path, it is necessary to take into account that the passability of screes in different directions varies significantly depending on the steepness of the slope, the size and roughness of the stones.

You need to walk on the scree calmly, gradually compacting the slope with pressure until it stops sliding. Only after this can the weight of the body be transferred to it. With the second foot they begin to trample down the scree at a sufficient distance from the first, taking into account the sliding of the scree so that when it stops, the second foot is not at the level of the first. For better support, you need to place your leg on the entire foot, keep your torso vertical, as far as the backpack allows. An ice ax can be used as a second support point if necessary. In the event of a fall, self-restraint is carried out in the same way as when moving along grassy slopes.

When climbing shallow scree, the group usually walks in a column, although movement at different levels along serpentine roads is acceptable, however, it is better to avoid it. Taking into account the above, when turning, you have to wait until the whole group arrives at the turning point. They move along fixed (“dead”) or frozen scree in the same way as along grassy slopes. The order of movement along the “live” scree on the descent is arbitrary, but it is better to walk in a line with a relatively small distance between participants.

When descending, steps should be short. Often a fairly large area of small scree can be passed by sliding down along with the scree “cushions” underfoot. You just need to make sure that your feet don’t get stuck too deeply in the scree, and step over the formed scree ridge in time or move away from it.

On medium scree you can move in almost any direction, as well as on small scree, but it is preferable to move obliquely or in a zigzag.

When a group moves in a zigzag pattern, special attention should be paid to safe cornering. Having reached the turning point, the guide must wait until the rest of the participants join him, and only then begin moving in a new direction. When moving along live scree in a large group, it is better to break up into several mobile groups walking with a significant gap from each other. It must be remembered that screes and moraines lying on a hard, smooth base (on steep slabs, sheep's foreheads) are especially dangerous. To an inexperienced person they seem simple, but often they slide down like an avalanche of stones. When climbing, you need to plan in advance a place for shelter in case of a rockfall.

Large scree, as a rule, is denser than medium and small ones. You must move along it carefully, stepping from one stone to another, avoiding significant jumps. You should be wary of stones with inclined edges and inclined slabs: if the slope is too steep, your foot may slip off them. Both when descending and when ascending, your feet should be placed on the edge of the stones facing the mountain.

Movement on snow and firn. When moving on snow, the principle of “two points of support” is applied (leg - leg, leg - ice ax), which is valid even on steep slopes.

When going up and down snowy routes, where the leg muscles are under great strain, mainly due to the hard work of trampling down the steps, the physical preparation of the participants is of particular importance.

To ensure safe movement on snow, the following recommendations are offered:

On a soft snow slope, you should gradually press down on the foot support, avoiding forceful kicking into the snow. This helps to preserve steps that could collapse from a sharp blow, saves energy and reduces the danger of an avalanche;

If the crust is fragile and cannot withstand the weight of a person, there is no need to try to stay on its surface. It is better to break the crust with a sharp blow of the foot, and then press the sole to compact the step under it;

Sometimes you can stay on a steep crusty slope by resting your sole on the edge of a step cut into the crust, and your shin on the crust, thus distributing your body weight over a large surface area of the snow;

When moving on snow, the body position should be vertical, especially if the steps are unreliable;

The length of the leader’s step should not exceed the length of the step of the shortest member of the group;

All participants must follow the trail, without knocking down the steps, taking care of their safety;

Since the one who goes first does the hard work, he must be replaced periodically. This is also dictated by considerations of general safety, because a tired person is more likely to make mistakes in choosing a path, organizing insurance, and timely detection of danger;

The more difficult path should be preferred if it is less dangerous. Thus, climbing straight up is preferable not only because of the shortest path, but also because of greater safety, since this does not cut off the snow, as when moving in a zigzag or traversing a slope.

As the steepness of the slope and the hardness of the snow increase, they switch to zigzag movement, changing the direction of movement from time to time. You need to walk at an angle of about 45° to the line of water flow; to climb, use microrelief details on dense snow or firn.

The steps are knocked out by the welt of the boot with oblique sliding blows, at this moment leaning on the slope with the point of the ice ax. Such work requires skill and training, since swinging and sharp kicks can cause you to lose your balance.

On moderately steep slopes, the ice ax is moved to a new fulcrum with each step. On steep slopes as the snow depth increases, an ice ax should be used to create more reliable support. On very hard crust or firn, labor-intensive kicking out of steps is replaced by cutting or scraping with an ice ax with a shovel. It is even more economical and safe to move on hard snow surfaces with crampons.

Features of movement on ice. On tourist routes of III-IV categories of difficulty, a significant place is occupied by ice areas of the most varied terrain: slopes of varying steepness, plumbs, cracks, ridges. hiking route crossing

You should walk on ice in Vibra boots and crampons, and on steeper slopes, if necessary, use artificial support points (cutting steps and hand grips, driving in or screwing in ice hooks). It is also possible to move using a rope fixed to the slope as a handrail.

The basis of ice technique is walking on crampons, cutting down steps, and working with ice pitons.

Crossings of mountain rivers. Mountain rivers are a serious obstacle on the way of a tourist.

The location of the crossing is determined by the width and depth of the river, the speed and regime of its flow, which depend on the time of day, the nature of the bottom and the steepness of the banks, the time of year, meteorological conditions, the availability of places for organizing insurance, monitoring and managing the crossing.

The method of crossing the river (ford, over water or over rocks) is chosen in accordance with the nature of the river section, technical equipment and preparedness of the group.

A place for a ford should be sought where the river divides into branches or spills over a wide floodplain. For crossing over water using technical means, a narrowed part of the river with trees on the bank or rocky ledges is favorable. A section of the river with a calm current and a bank convenient for mooring is considered suitable for water crossings using rafting devices.

The safest crossing point is a section of the river where the strength of the flow is minimal, that is, where the channel is widest and the depth of the flow is smallest.

Any fording must begin with reconnaissance, which consists of: inspection of the area in order to determine the type of possible crossing; determining a section of the river and bank that meets the requirements for organizing the selected type of crossing; determining the specific method of movement of the first participants in wading (with a pole, a wall, a circle) or the nature of the preparatory work (throwing a rope, laying intermediate stones, laying and securing logs, preparing a support for tensioning the railing when crossing over water); choosing the type of insurance corresponding to the chosen type of crossing.

After the preparatory work, the crossing begins. In simple cases, when a person is carried away by the current of water and only threatens to swim, wading can be carried out without insurance. The most convenient methods in this case will be: a single river crossing with support on a pole, which is used to rest against the bottom against the current; in a line facing the stream, hugging the shoulders or waist, with the most physically strong participant standing at the top of the stream; in twos - facing each other, putting their hands on the shoulders of a comrade and moving at a side step sideways to the current; around - holding shoulders.

In case the water knocks the crosser off his feet, the main safety rope must be free. Otherwise, she, rigidly holding the one who has fallen off, will not allow him to either get up or swim.

When wading with a pole, you need a fairly strong stick no shorter than a person's height, attached with the short end of a rope to the safety ropes or to the chest harness. You need to move somewhat against the current, strongly pushing against the bottom sixth upstream; hold the stick with your hands wide apart; When moving, always maintain two points of support; legs and pole cannot be raised high in the water; first feel the bottom, looking for a solid point of support. Having crossed to the other bank, the tourist secures the main rope there to a tree or ledge. Railings are organized for crossing the remaining participants. The height of the railing should not be lower than the chest level of the person standing in the river. It is also advisable to move along the railing against the current.

When wading along the railings, the participant is fastened with a carabiner to the safety rope in front. The size of the loop with a carabiner for self-belaying should be such that while moving you can walk leaning back on straight arms. In this case, you should hold on to the tensioned railings with both hands and walk with an extended step. You need to cross downstream relative to the railing. Having crossed to the other side, unfasten the safety rope and, having connected it with a carbine in a safe place, remove the lanyard. The latter unties the railing rope, attaches himself to it and to the auxiliary rope, as when crossing the first, and, leaning on a pole, crosses. They cross the railings only one at a time. You cannot use a gripping unit instead of a carabiner. It is mandatory to cross in boots and clothing. After crossing, you need to pour the water out of your boots, wipe them from the inside with a dry cloth, and wring out your socks and clothes.

2.2 Analysis of walking tourism tactics

In sports, tactics is defined as the art of wrestling [.....]. By analogy in tourism, tactics can also be defined as the art of conducting hikes and competitions. However, we will give a more informative definition of tourism tactics. In tourism, the definition of “tactics” will be understood as the choice of optimal technical means, methods of their use and actions to effectively and safely achieve set goals and solve necessary problems […..]. How (how) can you achieve the goal of a hike, overcome a route, or complete competition tasks with the least material, physical, and mental costs? This is the main issue of tourist tactics, the solution of which involves solving a number of individual tactical problems.

Often in specialized literature the concept of tactics is inextricably linked with the concept of tourist equipment and they talk about solving technical and tactical problems. Indeed, tourist tactics are often embodied in the form of choosing suitable techniques and technical means from among those that tourists possess to solve a specific situational problem. Accordingly, the more techniques and means mastered, the greater the scope for tactical decisions. And vice versa, if a tourist knows one single technique for solving a given problem, there is no need to talk about any tactics. In accordance with the classification of tourist equipment, we can also present a classification of tactics:

· insurance tactics;

· tactics for overcoming natural obstacles;

· bivouac tactics, etc.

In fact, the concept of “tactics” should be applied to all aspects of the organization and conduct of campaigns and competitions. We can divide tourism tactics based on the period of tactical decision making into:

· tactics for organizing hikes and competitions;

· tactics of their implementation […..].

In addition to the above classification, tourism tactics distinguish between individual and group tactics. Individual tactics consists in optimizing the solution of personal situational and general tourist problems such as: choosing personal equipment, distributing forces during a day's march, choosing a way to overcome one or another obstacle, determining the time spent on sleep, etc. Group (team) tactics are accordingly aimed at effective solution of a variety of general team tasks characteristic of the preparatory and marching periods […..].

During the organizational period, tactics consist of developing an optimal campaign plan. At the same time, the characteristic tactical tasks when preparing a recreational trip are the following:

· Selection of target recreational and educational facilities; determining the length of the route and the duration of the hike.

· Selection of the optimal tactical route scheme (circular, linear, combined).

· Determination of places for organizing bivouacs.

· Development of a hike schedule, including determining the length of day trips, the number and location of days, half-days, dates for excursions and entertainment competitions.

· Selection of the optimal option for logistics and staffing of the group.

· Selection of travel mode and load mode.

· Selecting a camping diet and optimal diet.

Among the tactical issues that are resolved directly during the campaign, we can safely include the above-mentioned issues of choosing equipment to solve specific situational problems.

· Choosing a technique for overcoming natural obstacles.

· Selection of technical techniques and means of orientation on the ground.

· Choice of bivouac technique.

· Selection of belay technique […..].

In addition, tactical decisions during the campaign include all decisions that clarify or change the planned campaign plan. These include, for example, changes in the planned temporary traffic patterns; adjustment of the hike schedule, the load regime of the hike, etc. These changes may be required either due to unsuccessful tactical decisions in the preparatory period, or due to unforeseen circumstances (for example, due to worsening weather conditions, illness of the participant, etc.). The tactics of the marching period also include the ability to make the right decision in a non-standard (emergency) situation.

Note that incorrect technical and tactical decisions during the preparatory and hiking periods can, at best, reduce the effectiveness of the hike, lead to incomplete achievement of recreational goals, and cause negative emotions of participants (for example, due to their overwork). In the worst case, wrong decisions can cause injuries and illnesses to participants (the implementation of a subjective risk factor). We will indicate two defining criteria for choosing the optimal tourist equipment and tactics. Firstly, it is the effectiveness of solving the main and situational goals and objectives of a tourist event (for example, the goals of proper rest and health improvement for participants). Secondly, it is the safety of the participants in the hike and competition. In its most general form, tactical training can be defined as the ability of a group to carry out purposeful actions that make it possible to effectively solve both general and specific tasks of a campaign and ensure the safety of all its participants. It is necessary to distinguish between group and individual tourist tactics. It should be borne in mind that tasks of a group nature are solved both at the stage of preparing the trip (selection and detailed study of the route area, planning the route and drawing up a calendar plan for the trip, carefully thought out logistical support for the group, planning safety measures), and directly on route (changes in the travel plan and schedule, organization of forced stops and days, preliminary reconnaissance and processing of individual complex or objectively dangerous sections of the route, organization of the delivery of food, fuel and equipment, redistribution of responsibilities between participants). Group tactics and the possible need to adjust them are influenced by: sudden changes in weather conditions and natural disasters, the need for urgent assistance to another tourist group that has suffered an accident, or to the local population in the event of a natural disaster, injury or illness of one of the participants, unsatisfactory condition (physical , mental) group, the need for socially useful work not provided for in the preliminary plan […..].

Similar documents

Concept and characteristics of children's and youth tourism. Features of youth hikes. Equipment for hiking. Characteristics of the hiking site. Development of a walking route in the Republic of Mari El for children 10-15 years old.

course work, added 12/17/2014

Design of a specialized tourism exhibition. Goals and objectives of walking tourism. Measures to ensure safety on hikes and excursions. Job responsibilities of group leader, navigator, instructor. Overcoming natural obstacles on the route.

practice report, added 10/30/2013

Climatic and geographical characteristics of the surrounding cities of the Republic of Tatarstan. Tourist and recreational potential of pedestrian tourism. Organization of a weekend tourist route Naberezhnye Chelny - village. Tarlovka for rest of employees of Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 22.

course work, added 01/06/2015

The concept of hiking. Types and categories of hiking trips. Classification of pedestrian routes. Rules for scheduling a hiking trip. Description of the most picturesque places for tourism: Grand Canyon of Crimea, Cape Aya, Kara-Dag.

abstract, added 10/21/2014

Active recreation on hikes in your native land. Pedestrian tourism in the Krasnoyarsk region. Features of hiking. Equipment, movement of the group, choice of path. Techniques for moving along trails, through swamps and thickets. Crossings and bivouacs. Dangers of Hiking.

course work, added 05/24/2012

Definition, types and basic concepts of tourism under Russian legislation. The impact of the tourism industry on the country's economy. Recreational potential of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Travel companies developing walking sports and health tourism in the region.

course work, added 05/24/2012

Features of the weekend walking route. General characteristics of hiking. Objectives, methods and organization of the study. Development of the Naberezhnye Chelny – Tikhonovo route. Drawing up a schedule. List of personal equipment for the hike.

course work, added 11/13/2013

Characteristics of the territory of the national park "Russian North" of the Vologda region. Tourism product development technology, documentation preparation. Passport and walking route map. Excursion service program. Information support for ecotour.

course work, added 06/22/2015

Prospects for the development of pedestrian tourism. Physical features of Lake Baikal: geography, geological features, hydrology, climatic characteristics. Technical description of the “Fairytale Waterfall” tour. Cost calculation, economic justification.

course work, added 04/05/2015

Concept, types, trends and prospects for the development of ecotourism. The reasons for the emergence of ecological tourism, assessment of its current state. Features of walking and cycling tourism. Caving and diving are the most popular types of ecotourism.

Hiking is a type of sports tourism. The main goal is for the group to cover the route on foot through slightly rough terrain.

Walking combats stress and depression - even if it's just a daily walk in a city park. But much better and more useful are long multi-day walking tours.

In hiking, like in no other extreme sport, the team is important. When getting ready for a trip, you will carefully select your equipment, but even more carefully – your travel companions.

Even the most extreme sports are rarely marked by injuries or real problems for athletes, and hiking should be just as well managed.

Classification hikes:

- weekend hikes;
- hikes of 1-3 degrees of difficulty - in children’s and youth tourism;
- category hikes from 1st to 6th category of difficulty (c.s.)

Table 1

Classification of walking routes

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Crimean Federal University named after. V.I.Vernadsky

Discipline: Technology of tourism activities

Topic: “Walking tourism”

Performed:

2nd year student

Groups No. 21-T

Popova Anna Yurievna

Checked:

Senior Lecturer

Soloviev Alexey Alexandrovich

Simferopol

Introduction

Hiking concept

Features of walking tourism

Places in Crimea for hiking

Grand Canyon

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Pedestrian tourism, as one of the modern types of sports tourism, has gained great popularity and development in our time both in the Russian Federation and abroad. Walking tourism harmoniously combines physical and psycho-emotional stress, health components, both physical culture and long-term informal communication characteristic of walking tourism as a sport, develops endurance, strong-willed qualities, discipline, and the ability to work in a team. During the hike, the instructor teaches the skills of tourism techniques, the rules of coexistence with the environment and respect for it, methods of survival in extreme situations and providing first aid to victims upon receipt.

Objectives: to become familiar with the classification and features of hiking; preparation for hiking. Consider several interesting places for hiking in Crimea.

Objectives: 1) to form an idea among tourists about hiking tourism;

) introduce places for hiking tourism in Crimea.

Hiking concept

Hiking is a type of sports tourism. The main goal is for the group to cover the route on foot through slightly rough terrain.

Walking tourism is less expensive than other types. Since in this case less comfortable places for accommodation are used, this type of tourism can be afforded by citizens with a relatively low level of income. Organizing hiking trips is relatively simple. As for the complexity of the routes, the options here can be very different: excursions and weekend hikes, and more difficult category hikes.

Types and categories of hiking tours

The category of difficulty of the route is determined by the presence of local obstacles, the geographical indicator of the area, the autonomy of the route, the intensity of the route, etc. Depending on this, hikes are divided into:

weekend hikes;

hikes of 1-3 degrees of difficulty - in children's and youth tourism;

categorical hikes from 1st to 6th category of difficulty (c.s.). The first category is the simplest, not requiring special knowledge; The sixth category is the most difficult and requires special and physical training and appropriate equipment.

Fig. 1 Classification of pedestrian routes

If you're new to hiking, it's best to start with weekend hikes. This is one of the most accessible and financially self-regulating forms of training and active recreation. Here you can gain experience.

Under no circumstances should you rush to immediately overcome long routes and conquer difficult mountain passes. Such a start for you can turn into torment, not relaxation. This is why it is so important to gain experience in simpler hikes.

To begin with, try your strengths and capabilities over short distances; over time, you will have the opportunity to diversify and complicate the routes. For people suffering from any chronic diseases, consultation with the attending physician is mandatory.

To master a hiking trip of each next category of difficulty, tourists must have experience participating in hikes of the previous category

Features of walking tourism

Since a large group of tourists is quite difficult to manage, tourist groups do not exceed 12 people (minimum 6 people). Pre-trip training is often carried out, weekend hikes are organized, as well as tourist competitions. These events are aimed at ensuring that hiking participants get to know each other better, which will certainly contribute to a healthy atmosphere in the group.

Particular attention should be paid to tourists’ equipment, first aid kits, and provisions. At the same time, do not forget about the weight of the backpack. It is advisable that the backpack be as light as possible, but not at the expense of important things during the trip.

On the eve of each major hike, it is necessary to draw up all route documents, determine control dates and points along the route, and register with the control and rescue service in the area of the future hike. The route and qualification commission of the tourist club can help in organizing these moments. It is also necessary to have maps with detailed diagrams and detailed descriptions of the most complex and important route sections.

The success of the trip largely depends on the organizer. The group leader must be a demanding, authoritative person who has experience participating in a hike of this category and has experience leading hikes of previous categories.

When scheduling a hiking trip, days for rest and reserve time in case of bad weather should be taken into account. In the first days of the hike, it is not recommended to plan long treks and overcome difficult areas where significant physical exertion is required (for example, mountain passes). At the same time, it is also not worth leaving them until the end of the hiking trip, because at this time fatigue begins to appear, and the level of attention and reaction decreases. The most optimal and safe time for crossing is the morning, especially in mountainous areas. In forests it is advisable to use paths, even if the travel time increases. It is also better to cross the river in the morning at low water, in the place where it branches into several branches and flows more calmly.

In general, if a hiking trip is organized properly, and when exploring the route, all participants adhere to safety precautions, then the trip will turn out to be really interesting and safe.

Places in Crimea for hiking

Grand Canyon of Crimea

The Grand Canyon of Crimea is a large canyon on the Crimean peninsula. It was formed in Upper Jurassic massive (non-layered) limestones under the influence of water erosion about 1.5 - 2 million years ago at the site of a tectonic fracture. Located in the Crimean Mountains, 5 km southeast of the village. Sokoliny Bakhchisarai district of the Republic of Crimea. It is the northeastern border of the Ai-Petrinsky massif, the Boyka massif. The depth of the canyon exceeds 320 m, the length is 3.5 km, the width in some places does not exceed 3 m. The absolute height of the canyon bed is about 500-600 m.

As a result of water erosion, a canyon bed was formed, which is a depression with smooth walls along the sides, with piles of blocks and boulders at the bottom, with rapids (i.e. outcrops of harder rocks), waterfalls up to 3-4 meters high and with erosion cauldrons (so-called baths) up to 2.5 meters deep, wide on both sides and up to 10 m long. In total, there are more than 150 such boilers in the canyon.

The canyon is irrigated by numerous mountain streams, streams and springs (the largest of them, Pania, has an average annual water flow of 350 liters per second), which at the exit from the gorge merge into the Auzun-Uzen River.

The Grand Canyon of Crimea has a special microclimate, formed due to its geomorphological features and location. A distinctive feature of the microclimate of the canyon is a higher level of humidity and lower temperature levels compared to the surrounding area. The vegetation here develops with a delay of 3-4 weeks, in comparison with the surrounding forests. But during the Ice Age, the well-insulated canyon became a refuge for many heat-loving plants.

While traveling through the Grand Canyon you can see the Lady's slipper orchid, which is listed in the Red Book, rare species of fern and the only area of relict yew in Crimea.

For those who want to admire a beautiful view, it is best to visit this place in spring or autumn. Well, if you are a fan of extreme recreation, then welcome to May or June. You can enjoy walking along the bottom of the canyon. At this time, the river that flows along the bottom of the gorge, Auzun-Uzen, becomes full-flowing. In some places the depth reaches the height of an adult. Therefore, your hike will not seem too easy or boring to you.

Aya ́ - a cape on the southern coast of Crimea, southeast of Balaklava, a coastal protrusion 13 kilometers long. The territory is subordinate to the Balaklava district of Sevastopol. Cape Aya borders the southern coast of Crimea from the west. The name of the cape comes from the Greek word "ayos" ( Άγιος - saint, Άγια - holy).

The cape is a steep spur of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains; The cape continues to the base of Mount Kush-Kaya. The highest peak on Cape Aya is the Kokia-Kia (“blue rock”) rock with a height of 558.5 meters. To the east of the cape is Laspinskaya Bay, and beyond it is Cape Laspi; to the west there is a small bay at the foot of the Asceti and Fortress mountains, then Cape George. The rocks that make up Cape Aya are composed of Upper Jurassic marble-like limestones. The mountain slopes are covered with relict Mediterranean woodlands.

At the top of the cape there is a giant funnel, and in it there is a picturesque covering of huge stones. Stones of various colors and shades: blue, green, red, light striped and dark speckled.

The beaches of Ayia are few and difficult to access, but, nevertheless, they are very popular among vacationers. They are loved for their clean, transparent sea, amazing landscape and colorful underwater world. A passenger boat runs from Balaklava to the two closest and largest beaches - Golden and Silver - in the summer. The rest need to be reached on foot for several hours through the mountains and through the forest, or you can hire a skiff - a local sea taxi. And the legendary beach of the Lost World tract is completely unattainable from land.

One of the parts of Ayazma, popularly nicknamed Fig, is distinguished by its beautiful beaches and cozy sea bays. The old-timers explain the interesting name of this area by the fact that one of the many rocks on the territory of Fig is very similar in shape to this exotic plant. Here, vacationers at Cape Aya in Crimea can climb to the top of a mountain called Ilyas-Kala and admire the ruins of the monastery of the same name that has survived to this day. Hiking Crimea

Cape Aya is part of the State Landscape Reserve "Cape Aya"

Kara ́- Yes ́ g - mountain-volcanic massif on the territory of the Feodosia City Council of Crimea, on the shores of the Black Sea. Maximum height - 577 m (Mount Holy). The name Kara-Dag is translated from Turkish and Crimean Tatar into Russian as “black mountain”.

Kara-Dag is the remains of a volcano that was active about 150 million years ago as a manifestation of Middle Jurassic volcanism. Kara-Dag is an isolated mountain range between the valley of the Otuzka River and the Koktebel Basin, located on the shores of the Black Sea. The main parts of the Kara-Dag mountain range: the Coastal Range, stretching along the coast and the dome-shaped massif of the Holy Mountain, located inland. The coastal ridge consists in turn of the Karagach, Khoba-Tepe, Magnitny and Kok-Kaya ridges. On the northwestern slope of the Holy Mountain there is another peak - Small Karadag. Of great interest are the bizarre coastal rock formations, including the rocks of Shaitan-kapu (Devil's, or Golden Gate), Devil's Finger, Ivan the Robber, Lion, etc.

Interesting Facts:

Previously, the Golden Gate was called Sheitan-Kapu (Crimean Catholicate. şeytan qapu - damn gate). It was believed that somewhere there, among the rocks, there was an entrance to the underworld. Currently, the rock is perceived only positively, which is reflected in the modern name Golden Gate. When the sun sets and you get a good angle, they look just like gold... Passing through the arch of the Golden Gate on a small boat promises the fulfillment of your deepest desire. The bottom is strewn with coins - which tourists willingly throw.

There is a legend about a certain “Karadag monster” living in the sea at the foot of the massif

Scientists tried for a very long time to find the crater of the volcano, but without finding it, they came to the conclusion that it does not exist, or rather there are many of them. This is a group volcano.

Conclusion

Considering the natural resources of Crimea, I came to the conclusion that, due to its uniqueness and uniqueness, the natural potential for the development of tourism in our lands is very high. Mountains, canyons, lost worlds with their unique microclimate, fauna and flora - all this contributes to the development of hiking tourism.

But when going on a hike, a tourist must carefully think through his route, the necessary equipment, understand the technique of overcoming obstacles and sensibly assess his strength.

Walking tourism is an excellent way to travel at minimal cost, which brings a lot of positive emotions and impressions, and also brings people together.

Bibliography

Popchikovsky V. Yu. Organization and conduct of tourist trips - M: Profizdat, 1987.

Grand Canyon of Crimea [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Canyon_(Crimea). (Access date: 10/12/2014)

Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Aya. (Access date: 10/12/2014)

Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Dag. (Access date: 10/12/2014)

Features of pedestrian tourism [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.technostartravel.com/o-peshehodnom-turizme/osobennosti-peshexodnogo.html. (Access date: 10/12/2014)

In recent years, one of the most sought-after and popular areas of tourism is hiking.

This is organized today in various parts of the world for families, athletes, travelers of various ages and levels of physical fitness. You just need to choose this kind of tourism for yourself, purchase or book equipment, and you can go on a journey.

And so that it is as successful as possible for you, let’s look at what features of organizing hiking tourism are available, and how to choose such a journey in order to get maximum pleasure from it.

What is Hiking?

Hiking tourism is a subspecies of sports tourism itself. Its most important goal is to overcome a certain route through poorly rough terrain.

Usually, as part of just such a tour, travelers refuse standard means of transportation, and sometimes even accommodation in hostels or inns. That is why successful completion of routes as part of such a trip usually involves the use of special hiking equipment.

This includes tents, sleeping bags, backpacks, and less commonly, portable refrigerators.

There are also two separate groups that hiking tourism has formed in recent years. This:

Hiking. One of the trends that has emerged only in recent years. As part of it, tourists need to overcome a route laid along well-equipped trails. As a rule, this type presents fairly easy, although long, routes, which tourists often choose for recreational purposes. In this direction, it is not necessary to have either qualifications or a special accompanying person in order to gain access to the route.
Trekking is a type of travel that involves passing routes in mountainous areas. It can be found as a type of sports mountaineering tourism, but here it only involves the group itself going directly to the camp before or after the ascent. Also, tracking is often considered as an independent type; here it also involves the selection of fairly simple routes that do not require particularly complex preparation. Also, such hiking tourism is often intended directly for recreational purposes.

Classic walking tourism presupposes some kind of sports training for potential participants and provides 6 categories of difficulty, which are determined depending on the duration of the route, the nature of the terrain along which travelers will follow, as well as their personal level of training. The higher the latter, the wider the choice of route for each specific tourist.

Currently, hiking is the type of tourism that is developed in almost all countries of Western Europe. Anyone can go on such a tour using special agencies, or organizing a trip on their own.

Departure for such tours is organized in the same way as for any other sports area. A person buys a place on a certain tour, or negotiates with the host party, for example, a tourist base, on his own.

Then he submits a standard package of documents to the consulate of his own city, the visa center. In fact, he provides only financial documents, passports, copies of tickets, as well as an insurance policy with coverage of 30,000 euros, which takes into account the increased risks associated with the direction he has chosen.

If a special organization deals with this issue, the documents are transferred to it directly, and all subsequent actions to ensure departure are taken upon itself.

If the papers are completed correctly, the processing time for such a tour will be up to 10 days. The person will then be notified of the result and, if positive, will be able to travel on the trip of interest.

Hiking is now the #1 choice of travelers around the world. And there are many reasons for this:

Such walks have a significant healing effect on every traveler, promoting weight loss, increasing body tone, and improving the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Sometimes doctors recommend a walking tour to travelers.
They are low cost. In fact, by choosing this type of vacation, a tourist can save significantly on food, accommodation, and travel around another country.
This tour allows you to better explore the area: landscape, plants, etc. It is often chosen by people interested in botany and other related disciplines.
If the routes in such tourism run through villages, they give travelers the opportunity to better understand the culture of another people, and get to know in practice the peculiarities of life in villages and hamlets.
Each traveler who chooses this type of travel can freely focus on his level of training, selecting both the group and equipment to suit his requirements.
This type is suitable for both group and individual recreation.
Such tourism helps residents of big cities, tired of constant traffic jams, bustle, and noise, to relax as much as possible.

If we talk about the disadvantages of this particular type of tourism, then they include such factors as poor accommodation, often poor conditions of food and stay, the high complexity of certain routes for beginner tourists, as well as certain problems in organizing a trip to the territory of other countries. especially if we are talking about amateur tourism.

However, if you take into account all the features of organizing just such tourism, difficulties can be quite easily avoided.

In addition, it is necessary to remember that some types of hiking tourism may require documentation from a potential travel participant, which must be provided directly when registering for a particular tour (especially if it has an increased level of complexity).

There may also be a need to take out more expensive insurance, especially if you go on extreme routes that involve an increased risk to health and life.

It is in Poland that pedestrian tourism, especially its variety such as trekking, has received its powerful development only in recent years. However, now it has a whole network of multi-level routes. As a rule, they are located in mountainous areas. These are Zakopane, Tatra Mountains, and some other points.

All programs that currently allow you to travel here provide for the full provision of the potential traveler with all the necessary equipment. In fact, when going to a given country, you can only have documents, ticket reservations, and financial resources with you.

You will receive everything else on the spot without any problems. However, do not forget that it is advisable to book equipment in advance, especially if you are traveling as part of a group, since some small Polish bases are still not well equipped with it.

In Poland there are tourist routes designed for visitors with different levels of training.

In particular, there are both teenage routes and adult programs designed for masters, people who do not have any special training. They operate mostly during the summer season and accept reservations from tourists from all over the world.

Poland's most popular hiking routes are almost all located in Zakopane. And if you want to try this tourism for yourself, but you don’t know where to start, it makes sense to pay special attention to the following routes:

Gubałówka and Butorowy top. This is one of the rather simple and not very long excursions, which will certainly be of interest to almost every tourist. It will pleasantly surprise you with the panorama that opens from these peaks in Zakopane. By the way, you can go along this route even in the afternoon. Unlike others, it has such a short duration that it will allow you to get up and return before it gets dark.
Kasprowy Wierch. This is already a mountain with a green route, which can include both an independent climb and overcoming the first section using a cable car. You can choose the variety that is more convenient for you. This climb can have several options, both easier and more complicated, which is why choosing an interesting road for yourself according to the level is not at all difficult.
Giewont. Like the previous peak, this one has several climbing options. You can get to it either as part of an independent route or as part of an excursion to neighboring Kasprowy Wierch.

These, as well as other excursions along the hiking trails of Poland, usually take a person a little time - up to a day. However, it is they who will be able to please you with the most picturesque view, as well as simple conditions for overcoming for beginners, and quite interesting sections of the route for already experienced athletes who have chosen such tourism.

If you are seriously planning to go to Poland as part of hiking tourism, it would be advisable for you to follow some general recommendations. Among them we note the following:

Always have a detailed map of the route with you, regardless of its duration, level of difficulty, or a guide. You can always fall behind the group, and then the route plan will be the only information that can help you out in this situation.
Never go to the mountains alone, even if you are sure that the route will be within your capabilities. When going somewhere with a group, always leave information about the route to the host, for example, if you are staying in a private house.
If you follow a ready-made route, for example, in the Tatras, be sure to follow its signs. Don't turn off the paths, as you can very easily get lost.
Always check the weather forecast before heading out to the track. This must be done even if you are going with a group. Remember: an unexpected change in meteorological conditions is a good reason for the group to return to camp.
If possible, choose for yourself those groups that start the route as early as possible. It is very important to return from the route before dusk, so that darkness does not catch you in the mountains.
Don’t pick berries or plants along the way. Eat only the food recommended by the travel organizers. This will help you get rid of food poisoning, which is often accompanied by such tourism.
Beware of mountain streams when crossing. Also avoid roots and large rocks - they can be quite slippery. Also, when hiking, you should not step on small pebbles. As a rule, they are the ones that turn out to be the least stable in practice and lead to the fall of tourists.

Even if you have been practicing such tourism for quite a long time, you are not immune from general weakness and illness during the transition. Be very careful about your own health. Try to return to camp at the first sign of weakness and, if necessary, get the necessary medical care.

Often it is ignoring this rule that leads to the most ridiculous accidents.

By properly preparing your trip, as well as taking into account all the features of such a trip, you can enjoy all the benefits that hiking has. And it is quite possible that this will become your favorite type of travel for many years.

All about hiking. Theoretical foundations of walking tourism. Is hiking useful?