Aircraft structural elements. Aircraft parts: design significance and operational features Schematic representation of the aircraft

Today's article will be devoted to drawing airplanes. We will learn to draw passenger planes, military and old ones. Let's look at both complex and simple drawing methods.

So, get your pencils, eraser and paper ready, let's get started.

The simplest drawings

Let's start with children's drawings. Of course, adults can also draw such drawings, but in this article we want to pay more attention to more complex works.

These examples are very simple and do not require step-by-step explanation, so watch and draw :)

Passenger plane

Let's get started with complex airplanes, namely the complex way of drawing a passenger plane. However, we are confident that you will cope with this lesson and learn how to draw cool!

Such aircraft are most often encountered in everyday life. The beauty of painting them is that when painting a landscape, you don't have to detail them too much. He flies far in the sky and is hard to see. But now we’ll figure out how to depict them close up.

We will work on the drawing step by step. Below is a picture and if you don’t understand something at any stage, you can look at the final result and figure it out.

Stage 1
We will work from the general to the specific, so we sketch out the contours with a pencil. Choose a pencil that is not too thick and do not press it too hard, as we will have to erase some lines later.

So, we sketch out a large oval and draw one line along the entire length of the oval (the line of the airplane windows). At the very end we draw two lines - the tail, and under the large oval we draw a small one - the right engine.

Stage 2
We have a sketch, now it's time to detail it. We draw the nose and tail of our iron bird and connect them with a line from above.

Stage 3
We work on the lower part of the tail and depict the engines that are located under the wings.

Stage 4
We depict the left wing above the engine. We will not depict the right wing, since it is not visible from this angle.

Stage 5
Our drawing is almost ready, it remains to add small details such as doors, windows and lines on the tail.

Stage 6
Great! We're all ready! If desired, color and add a background.

Second example of a passenger plane

For greater clarity, let's give another example from a slightly different angle.

Sketch out the main part, tail and wings.

We are working on the form.

Orange line of windows.

Engines and tail.

Now the wings.

Portholes.

Now take paints or markers and color.

If you feel strong enough, you can add chiaroscuro.

Old plane

Let's work on the older versions of flying birds, namely the corncreeper.

Corn trucks were used absolutely everywhere, in war, for rural purposes, for transporting people. Therefore, by drawing a machine gun on the nose, you will get a military aircraft, and by painting the sprayers on the bottom, an agricultural one.

We will draw the most common one. Let's get started!

First, let's sketch the wings and main body. If you look at it from above, you will get a cross.

Blades, tail and stripe running in front of the wings. Pay attention to this stripe, it is rounded because the body of our corn plant is rounded. This is very important, this way the volume in the drawing is conveyed.

We draw wheels and connect the upper and lower parts of the wings.

Now we draw the cabin and proceed to the most important thing, the patterns on the body. Bright cornflowers look very beautiful. You can redraw our pattern or come up with your own.

So, we're all set. Now choose brighter colors and paint.

The result was not super complicated in execution, but a beautiful drawing :)

Military aircraft

Let's start drawing military equipment, namely fighter jets. Compared to previous flying birds, this bird bites:) It is much smaller, faster and more maneuverable.

The easiest way to draw fighters, or any vehicle in general, is to draw straight from the side. Below are two simple examples.

Fighter #1
Let's try to draw a more complex drawing than the examples above?

We make a sketch; we should get a sharp-shaped figure with two triangles at the end.

We begin to detail our sketch. We are working on the cabin and the left wing, the right wing is not visible from this angle.

We bring to mind all the elements that we have already drawn.

We paint a stripe on the nose of the plane. Please note that it must be round, in this way, as we said earlier, we convey the volume of the drawing.

Also, we add missiles under the wing, we have a military fighter.

Well, at the final stage you can add some numbers or inscriptions and color them. Also, if you want, you can draw an angry face with teeth on the nose, this is often done on military aircraft.

Fighter #2
Let us briefly examine the second example, from a different angle and in a different, so to speak, pose.

Let's make a simple sketch.

We are finalizing the shapes of our sketch.

We are working on the front part.

Adding small details.

And finally we paint.

Video lessons

No matter how many times they tried to come up with an airplane before, the whole point turned out to be in the design. Somehow, huge airliners get into the air, and the safety of passengers is a very important consideration. This article will examine in detail the structure of the aircraft, namely its main parts.

The aircraft design includes:

• Fuselage
• Wings
• Tail
• Takeoff and landing device
• Propulsion system
• Control systems, avionics

Each of these parts is vital for the aircraft to fly quickly and safely. Also, an analysis of the components will help you understand how the plane works, and why everything was done this way and not otherwise.

This structural element represents a certain base of the aircraft, a load-bearing part to which other parts of the aircraft are attached. It gathers all the major parts of the aircraft around: the tail, landing gear and propulsion system, and the teardrop shape does a great job of absorbing the opposing force as it moves through the air. The interior of the case is designed to transport valuable cargo, be it weapons or military equipment, or passengers; Various equipment and fuel are also located here.

Wings

It is very difficult to find an aircraft whose design does not include the placement of its most recognizable part - the wings. This element serves to generate lifting power, and in modern designs, to increase this parameter, the wings are placed in the flat base of the aircraft fuselage.

The wings themselves include in their design the presence of special mechanisms, with the support of which the aircraft turns in one direction. In addition, this part of the aircraft is equipped with a takeoff and landing device, which regulates the movement of the aircraft during takeoffs and landings, and assists in controlling takeoff and landing speeds. It should also be noted that some aircraft designs include fuel tanks in the wings.

In addition, each wing is equipped with a console. With the help of moving components called ailerons, the ship is controlled relative to its longitudinal axis; The functioning of these elements is carried out completely synchronously. However, when one element turns one way, the other will go the opposite way; This is precisely why the fuselage body rotates.

Tail

This element of the aircraft structure is an equally important element. The tail of an aircraft consists of a fin and a stabilizer. The stabilizer, like the wings, has two consoles - right and left; The main purpose of this element is to regulate the movement of the aircraft and maintain a given altitude, taking into account the influence of various weather conditions.

The fin is also an integral part of the tail, which is responsible for maintaining the desired direction of the aircraft during its flight. In order to change the height and direction, two special rudders were created, each of which controls its own part of the tail unit. An important point is that aircraft elements may not always be called by exactly these names: for example, the tail part of the fuselage can be called the tail section, and sometimes only the keel is designated by this name.

Takeoff and landing device

The short name of the device is the landing gear, which is the main device thanks to which a successful takeoff and smooth landing are carried out. Do not underestimate this element of the aircraft, since its design is much more complex than just wheels extending out of the fuselage. If you take a closer look at one exhaust and cleaning system, it becomes clear that the design is very serious and consists of a whole set of different mechanisms and devices.

Propulsion system

The device is the main driving force that pushes the aircraft forward. Its location is most often located either under the wing or under the fuselage. The engine also consists of some essential parts, without which its operation is not possible.

Main engine parts:

• Turbine
• Fan
• Compressor
• The combustion chamber
• Nozzle

The fan, located at the very beginning of the turbine, serves several functions: it pumps entrained air and cools the engine elements. Immediately after it there is a compressor that receives the air supplied by the fan and launches it into the combustion chamber under strong pressure. Now the fuel is mixed with air, and the resulting substance is set on fire.

The flow from the explosion of this fuel mixture splashes into the main part of the turbine, which causes it to rotate. Also, a device for twisting the turbine ensures constant rotation of the fan, forming in a similar way a cyclic system that will always work as long as air and fuel flow from the combustion chamber.

Control systems

Avionics is an electronic computing complex made up of various on-board devices of an aircraft system that help read current information during navigation and orientation of moving objects. Without this mandatory component, correct and correct control of any aircraft such as an airliner would simply be impossible. These systems also ensure uninterrupted operation of the aircraft; This includes functions such as autopilot, anti-icing system, on-board power supply and many others.

Aircraft classification and design features

Without exception, all aircraft can be divided into two main categories: civil and military. Their most basic difference is the presence of a cabin that is designed deliberately for the purpose of transporting passengers. Passenger aircraft themselves are divided by capacity into long-haul short-haul (flight distance up to 2000 km), medium-haul (up to 4000 km) and long-haul (up to 9000 km)

If the flight range is even greater, then intercontinental type airliners are used for this. In addition, different types of aircraft have differences in weight. Also, airliners may differ due to a certain type and, directly, purpose.

The design of an aircraft can often have different wing geometries. For aircraft that carry passenger transportation, the design of the wings does not differ from the classic one, which is typical for airliners. Models of aircraft of this type have a shortened nose component, and because of this they have a relatively low efficiency.

There is another specific form that is called “duck”, due to its arrangement of wings. The horizontal tail is placed in front of the wing, which increases lift. The disadvantage of this design is the reduction in the viewing area of ​​the lower hemisphere due to the presence of the tail in front of the wing itself.

So we figured out what the plane consists of. As you may have already noticed, the design is quite complex, and various numerous parts must work harmoniously so that the plane can take off and land successfully after a smooth flight. The design is often specific and can vary significantly depending on the model and purpose of the aircraft.

This is for fun... Su-26

This is a short article about something that everyone seems to have seen, but not everyone imagines it.

What is an airplane anyway? This is an aircraft designed to move various cargo and people through the air. The definition is primitive, but true. All planes, no matter how romantic they may look, are created for work. And only sport aviation exists solely for flight. And what a flight :-)!

What helps an airplane fulfill its purpose? What makes an airplane an airplane? Let's name the main ones: fuselage, wing, tail, takeoff and landing device.

Design elements and controls

Separately, you can also highlight the power plant, that is, engines and propellers (if the aircraft is propeller-driven). The first four elements are usually combined into one unit, called a glider in aviation. It is worth noting that all of the above refers to the so-called classical layout scheme. After all, in fact, there are several of these schemes. In other schemes, some elements may not be present. We will definitely talk about this in other articles, but for now we will pay attention to the simplest and most common, classical scheme.

Fuselage. This is, so to speak, the basis of the aircraft. It, as it were, collects all the other elements of the aircraft’s structure into a single whole and is a container for aviation equipment (avionics) and payload... The payload is, of course, the actual cargo or passengers. In addition, fuel and weapons (for military aircraft) are usually located in the fuselage.

But this is for work... TU-154

Wing. Actually, the main flying organ :-). Consists of two parts, consoles, left and right. The main purpose is to create lift. Although in fairness I will say that on many modern aircraft the fuselage, which has a flattened lower surface (this is the same lift force), can help in this. On the wing there are controls for rotating the aircraft around its longitudinal axis, that is, roll control. These are ailerons, as well as organs with the exotic name spoilers. There, on the wing, there is the so-called. These are flaps and slats. These elements improve the take-off and landing characteristics of the aircraft (take-off and run length, take-off and landing speeds). On many aircraft, fuel is also located in the wing, and on military aircraft, weapons are located.

Well, where is the fuselage?... Su-27

Tail. Not less important aircraft structural element. Consists of two parts: keel and stabilizer. The stabilizer, in turn, like the wing, consists of two consoles, left and right. The main purpose is flight stabilization, that is, they help the aircraft maintain the flight direction and altitude that were originally assigned to it, regardless of atmospheric influences. The keel stabilizes the direction, and the stabilizer stabilizes the height. Well, if the crew piloting the airliner wants to change the flight course, then for this there is a rudder on the fin, and to change the altitude, there is an elevator on the stabilizer.

I will definitely touch on my favorite topic about concepts. It is incorrect to say “tail” when referring to the keel, as can often be heard in non-aviation environments. Tail is generally a specific word and refers to the rear part of the fuselage along with the tail.

There is such a chassis... MIG-25

Another important part, an element of the aircraft’s design (although there are probably no unimportant ones :-)). This is a takeoff and landing device based on a simple landing gear. Used during takeoff, landing and taxiing. The functions are quite serious, because every plane, as you know, is simply obliged to “not only take off well, but also land extremely successfully” :-). The chassis is not just a wheel, but a whole complex of very serious equipment. The cleaning and release system alone is worth it... Here, by the way, the well-known ABS is present. It came to our cars from aviation.

And sometimes such a chassis... AN-225 "Mriya"

I also mentioned the power plant. The engines can be located inside the fuselage, or in special engine nacelles under the wing or on the fuselage. These are the main options, but there are also special cases. For example, an engine in the root of the wing, partially recessed into the fuselage. Sounds complicated, doesn't it? But it's interesting. In modern aviation, in general, a lot of intricate things have appeared. Where, for example, is the pure fuselage on a MIG-29 or Su-27 aircraft. But he is not there. Technically, it certainly stands out, but externally... Solid wing, engines and cockpit :-).

Well, that's probably all. I have listed the main ones. It turned out a little dry, but that’s okay. We'll talk about each of these elements later, and then I'll go wild :-). After all, the variety of layouts, designs and composition of equipment is very large. These include different general layouts and different layouts of the tail unit, wing, different designs and arrangements of the landing gear, engines, engine nacelles, etc. From all this diversity, we get a lot of all kinds of aircraft, both unique in their capabilities and incredibly beautiful, and mass-produced, but still beautiful and attractive.

Bye:-). Until next time...

P.S. How did I get separated, huh?! Well, just like talking about a woman :-)…

Photos are clickable.

Modern passenger and cargo transportation is simply impossible to imagine without airplanes. But behind the comfort and mobility of these “iron birds” there are decades of development and thousands of unsuccessful attempts. Aircraft design and construction are carried out by the best minds in the aircraft industry. The cost of a mistake in this field can be too high. Today we will plunge a little into the world of aircraft construction and find out what elements the aircraft structure consists of.

general characteristics

In the classic version, the aircraft is a glider (fuselage, wings, tail, engine nacelles), equipped with a power plant, landing gear and control systems. In addition, an integral part of modern aircraft is avionics (aviation electronics), designed to control all organs and systems of the aircraft and greatly simplify the fate of pilots.

There are other design schemes, but they are much less common and, as a rule, in military aircraft construction. So, for example, the B-2 bomber is designed according to the “flying wing” design. And the bright representative of aircraft manufacturing in Russia - the Mig-29 fighter - is made according to the “load-bearing design”. In it, the concept of “fuselage” is replaced by “hull”.

Depending on their purpose, aircraft are divided into two large groups: civil and military. Civilian models are divided into passenger, cargo, training and special-use vehicles.

Passenger versions differ in that most of their fuselage is occupied by a specially equipped cabin. Externally, they can be recognized by the large number of portholes. Passenger aircraft are divided into: local (fly at a distance of less than 2 thousand km); medium (2-4 thousand km); (distant 4-9 thousand km); and intercontinental (more than 11 thousand km).

Freight aircraft are: light (up to 10 tons of cargo), medium (10-40 tons of cargo) and heavy (more than 40 tons of cargo).

Special purpose aircraft can be: sanitary, agricultural, reconnaissance, fire fighting and intended for aerial photography.

Educational models, accordingly, are necessary for training novice pilots. Their design may lack auxiliary elements, such as passenger seats, etc. The same applies to the experimental versions that are used when testing new model aircraft.

Military aircraft, unlike civilian ones, they do not have a comfortable interior and windows. The entire fuselage space in them is occupied by weapons systems, reconnaissance equipment, communication systems and other units. Combat aircraft are divided into: fighters, bombers, attack aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, transport aircraft, as well as all kinds of special-purpose vehicles.

Fuselage

The fuselage of the aircraft is the main part that performs the load-bearing function. It is on this that all structural elements of the aircraft are attached. On the outside these are: wings with engine nacelles, tail and landing gear, and on the inside - the control cabin, technical rooms and communications, as well as a cargo or passenger compartment, depending on the type of vessel. The fuselage frame is assembled from longitudinal (spars and stringers) and transverse (frames) elements, which are subsequently sheathed with metal sheets. Light aircraft use plywood or plastic instead of metal.

Passenger cars can be narrow- and wide-body. In the first case, the cross-sectional diameter of the body is on average 2-3 meters, and in the second - from six meters. Wide-body aircraft usually have two decks: an upper one for passengers and a lower one for luggage.

When designing the fuselage, special attention is paid to the strength characteristics and weight of the structure. In this regard, the following measures take place:

1. The shape of the aircraft is designed in such a way that the lifting force is maximum and the drag on air masses is minimal. The volume and dimensions of the machine must be ideally related to each other.
2. To increase the useful volume of the body, the design provides for the most dense layout of the skin and load-bearing elements of the aircraft fuselage.
3. They try to make the fastenings of the power plant, takeoff and landing elements and wing segments as simple and reliable as possible.
4. Places for seating passengers and securing cargo or consumables are designed in such a way that, under different operating conditions of the aircraft, its balance remains within acceptable deviations.
5. Crew accommodation must provide comfortable control of the aircraft, access to the main navigation instruments and maximum effective control in case of unforeseen situations.
6. The aircraft is configured in such a way that when servicing it, technicians have the opportunity to easily diagnose the necessary components and assemblies of the aircraft and, if necessary, carry out their repairs.

The aircraft fuselage must be strong enough to withstand the loads encountered in various flight conditions, namely:

1. Loads occurring at the attachment points of the main body elements (wings, tail, landing gear) during takeoff and landing.
2. Aerodynamic loads arising during flight, taking into account the operation of units, inertial forces and the functioning of auxiliary equipment.
3. Loads associated with pressure differences that occur during flight overloads in hermetically confined aircraft compartments.

Wing

An important structural element of any aircraft is the wings. They create the lift necessary for flight and allow maneuvering. In addition, the aircraft wing is used to accommodate the power unit, fuel tanks, attachments and takeoff and landing devices. The correct balance of weight, stiffness, strength, aerodynamics and workmanship of this structural element determines the proper flight and operational characteristics of the aircraft.

An airplane wing consists of the following parts:

1. The hull, which consists of a frame (spars, stringers and ribs) and skin.
2. Slats and flaps that allow an aircraft to take off and land.
3. Interceptors and ailerons, with the help of which the pilot can change the direction of flight of the aircraft.
4. Brake flaps that serve to stop the aircraft more quickly during landing.
5. Pylons on which power units are mounted.

The wing is attached to the fuselage through the center section - an element connecting the right and left wings and partially passing through the fuselage. For low-wing aircraft, the center section is located in the lower part of the fuselage, and for high-wing aircraft - in the upper part. In combat vehicles it may be completely absent.

Fuel tanks are usually installed in the internal cavities of the wing (on large ships). For light fighter aircraft, additional fuel tanks can be suspended on special cantilever mounts.

Structural and power diagram of the wing

The structural power structure of the wing must provide resistance to shear, torsion and bending forces that arise during flight. Its reliability is determined by the use of a durable frame made of longitudinal and transverse elements, as well as durable cladding.

Longitudinal elements The wing frame is represented by spars and stringers. The spars are made in the form of a truss or a monolithic beam. They are placed throughout the entire internal volume of the wing at a certain interval. Spars impart rigidity to the structure and neutralize the effects of lateral and bending forces that arise at one or another stage of flight. Stringers play the role of a compensator for axial compression and tension forces. They also neutralize local aerodynamic loads and increase the rigidity of the skin.

Cross members The wing frame is represented by ribs. In this design they can be made in the form of trusses or thin beams. The ribs determine the profile of the wing and give its surface the rigidity necessary to distribute the load at the time of formation of the flight air cushion. They also serve for more reliable fastening of power units.

Sheathing not only gives the wing the necessary shape, but also provides maximum lift. Along with other frame elements, it increases the rigidity of the structure and neutralizes the impact of external loads.

Airplane wings may differ in design features and skin functionality. There are two main types:

1. Spar. They are distinguished by a small thickness of the skin, which forms a closed contour with the ribs of the side members.
2. Monoblock. The main amount of external load is distributed over the surface of a thick layer of sheathing, secured by a set of stringers. In this case, the cladding can be either monolithic or consist of several layers.

Speaking about the design of the wing, it is worth noting that its joining and subsequent fastening must be carried out in such a way that it ultimately ensures the transmission and distribution of torque and bending moments that may arise in different operating modes of aircraft.

Plumage

The tail of the aircraft allows you to change the trajectory of its movement. It can be tail or nasal (used less frequently). In most cases, the tail unit is represented by a vertical fin (or several fins, usually two of them) and a horizontal stabilizer, the design of which resembles a reduced-sized wing. Thanks to the fin, the directional stability of the aircraft is regulated, that is, stability along the axis of movement, and thanks to the stabilizer, longitudinal stability (along the pitch). The horizontal tail can be mounted on the fuselage or on top of the fins. The keel, in turn, is placed on the fuselage. There are different variations of the tail layout, but in most cases it looks like this.

Some military aircraft are additionally equipped with a nose tail. This is necessary to ensure proper directional stability at supersonic speeds.

Power plants

The engine is the most important element in the design of an aircraft, because without it the aircraft cannot even take off. The first planes flew for only a short time and could accommodate only one pilot. The reason for this is simple - low-power motors that do not allow developing sufficient traction force. In order for airplanes to learn how to transport hundreds of passengers and heavy loads, designers around the world had to work hard.

Over the entire evolution of the “iron birds”, many types of motors were used:

1. Steam. The operating principle of such engines is based on the conversion of steam energy into movement, which is transmitted to the aircraft propeller. Since steam engines had a low efficiency, they were used by the aviation industry for only a short time.
2. Piston. These are standard internal combustion engines, similar in design to car engines. The principle of their operation is to transfer thermal energy into mechanical energy. Ease of manufacture and availability of materials determine the use of such power plants on some aircraft models to this day. Despite their low efficiency (about 55%), these motors are somewhat popular due to their unpretentiousness and reliability.
3. Reactive. Such motors convert the energy of intense fuel combustion into thrust necessary for flight. Today, jet engines are the most widely used in aircraft construction.
4. Gas turbine. The operating principle of these engines is based on boundary heating and compression of fuel combustion gas aimed at rotating the turbine. They are used primarily in military types of aircraft.
5. Turboprop. This is one of the subtypes of gas turbine engines. The difference is that the energy received during operation is converted into drive energy and rotates the aircraft propeller. A small part of the energy goes into the formation of a pushing jet stream. Such motors are used mainly in civil aviation.
6. Turbofan. These engines are equipped with the injection of additional air necessary for complete combustion of the fuel, which makes it possible to achieve maximum efficiency and environmental friendliness of the power plant. Motors of this type are widely used in the construction of large airliners.

We got acquainted with the main types of aircraft engines. The list of engines that aircraft designers have ever tried to install on aircraft is not limited to the list considered. At different times, a lot of attempts were made to create all kinds of innovative power units. For example, in the last century, serious work was carried out to create nuclear aircraft engines, which did not take root due to the high environmental hazard in the event of a plane crash.

Typically, the engine is mounted on the wing or fuselage of an aircraft via a pylon, through which drives, fuel pipes, etc. are supplied to it. In this case, the engine is wrapped in a protective nacelle. There are also aircraft in which the power plant is located directly inside the fuselage. Aircraft can have from one (An-2) to eight (B-52) engines.

Control

The aircraft's controls are the complex of on-board equipment, as well as command and control devices. Commands are issued from the pilot's cabin and are carried out by elements of the wing and tail. Different aircraft may use different types of control systems: manual, automated and semi-automatic.

Regardless of the type of system, the working bodies are divided into main and additional.

Main control. Includes actions that are responsible for adjusting flight modes and restoring the ship's balance within predetermined parameters. The main control bodies include:

1. Levers that are directly controlled by the pilot (elevators, horizon rudders, helm, command panels).
2. Communications used to connect control levers to actuators.
3. Actuating devices (stabilizers, ailerons, spoiler systems, wheel arch liners and flaps).

Additional control. Used only during takeoff and landing.

Regardless of whether manual or automatic control is implemented in the aircraft design, only the pilot can collect and analyze information about the state of the aircraft systems, load indicators and compliance of the trajectory with the plan. And most importantly, only he is able to make a decision that is most effective in the current situation.

Control

To read objective information about the state of the aircraft and the flight environment, the pilot uses instruments divided into several main groups:

1. Aerobatics and navigation. They are used to determine the coordinates, vertical and horizontal position, speed and linear deviations of the aircraft. In addition, these devices monitor the aircraft's angle of attack, the operation of gyroscopic systems and other important flight parameters. On modern aircraft, these devices are presented in the form of a single flight and navigation system.
2. Controlling the operation of the power plant. This group of instruments provides the pilot with data on oil temperature and pressure, fuel mixture consumption, crankshaft rotation speed, and vibration indicators.
3. Devices for monitoring the operation of additional equipment and systems. This complex also consists of instruments, the sensors of which can be found in all elements of the aircraft structure. These include: pressure gauges, differential pressure indicators in pressurized cabins, flap position indicators, etc.
4. Instruments for assessing the state of the environment. They are used to measure outdoor temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and other things.

All instruments that serve to monitor the condition of the aircraft and the external environment? adapt to work in any weather conditions.

Takeoff and landing systems

Takeoff and landing are quite complex and important stages of flight. They are inevitably associated with heavy loads on all structural elements. Acceptable acceleration to lift a multi-ton vessel into the sky and a soft touch of the runway during landing is ensured by a reliably designed takeoff and landing system (chassis). This system is also necessary for parking the car and steering it when driving around the airport.

The aircraft landing gear consists of a damper strut on which a wheeled trolley is mounted (in hydroplanes a float is used instead). The landing gear configuration depends on the weight of the aircraft. The most common options for takeoff and landing systems are:

1. Two main struts and one front (A-320, Tu-154).
2. Three main struts and one front (IL-96).
3. Four main struts and one front strut (Boeing 747).
4. Two main struts and two front ones (B-52).

Early aircraft had a pair of main struts and a rear rotating wheel without a strut (Li-2). The Il-62 model also had an unusual chassis design, which was equipped with one front strut, a pair of main struts and a retractable bar with a pair of wheels at the very tail. On the first aircraft, struts were not used at all, and the wheels were mounted on simple axles. A wheeled trolley can have from one (A-320) to seven (An-225) wheel pairs.

When the aircraft is on the ground, it is controlled by a drive equipped with the front landing gear. For ships with several engines, differentiation of the operating mode of the power plant can be used for these purposes. During the flight, the aircraft's landing gear is retracted into specially equipped compartments. This is necessary to reduce aerodynamic drag.

Drawing an airplane takes a lot of time not only for children, but also for adults. Drawing small details, straight geometric lines and the correct slope are only part of what should be taken into account when creating an amateur painting. Therefore, in order not to be disappointed in the final result and lose a lot of time on creativity, in today’s article we offer our readers a step-by-step master class with photo instructions and recommendations. This approach will help you draw an airplane drawing in pencil, if not the first time, then the second or third time.

Below in the article you can find drawing lessons not only for passenger aircraft, but also for military and old aircraft. As an idea for your drawing, it is proposed to use templates for sketching, step-by-step master classes, and, of course, your imagination.

The simplest pencil drawings of airplanes

A pencil drawing of an airplane for children and adult beginners represents a base, somewhat similar to the tip of a spear, connected to two wings and a tail. On the ship itself there should be a highlighted porthole, and under it the engine.

After the outline of the aircraft is drawn, it is necessary to give it additional volume. To do this, you should use darkening, and only then move on to coloring with colored pencils.

The finished plane can be given as a gift to your parents or kept for yourself as a reminder of your first drawing lesson in this direction.

Passenger airplane pencil drawing

This airplane drawing can be classified as complex due to the use of multiple parts and lines. Therefore, if this drawing is chosen as an example for sketching, it should only be for adults or at least teenagers.

• Stage 1

Prepare the necessary attributes for drawing: two simple pencils with hard and soft leads, an eraser, several white sheets of A4 paper (just in case the drawing doesn’t work out the first time), colored pencils for coloring.

• Stage 2

Unfold the white sheet of paper horizontally. Draw the base in the form of an oval, draw a line inside it. At the right base, draw two straight lines, like the beginning of the tail, and at the left, a small oval or sketch of the right engine.

• Stage 3

Referring to the photo below, draw a line in the area of ​​the tail and wings of the plane.

• Stage 4

Draw the wing of a passenger plane on one side, leaving the background unchanged.

• 5th floor

Add the necessary small details to the drawing, without which the aircraft cannot be complete. Windows, porthole, etc.

• Stage 6

Apply shading and paint in the color you like.

Military aircraft pencil drawing

Drawing military equipment is also not easy, so before you start drawing, artists recommend carefully reviewing the step-by-step lesson. This will help to visually represent the step-by-step work, without missing a single small detail.

Attached in the photo below is a lesson offering two options for a military aircraft. The first one is based on five pictures, the other one is based on four.

Airplane drawing in pencil for children for sketching + photo lessons: