How to relax / 15.07.2023

The Fra Mauro map is the first modern map of the world. From the series that historians hide from us. Eden on the Fra Mauro Map (1450) and Buyan Island High resolution Fra Mauro map

Isn't it true that the second hemisphere with America is missing?

Below, on the maps, there are lands in the North Pole region that disappear after 1602.

Map by Gerhard Mercator 1595

Petro Planzio 1594

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Map of Aene Le Clerc 1602

Below are maps with an interval of approximately 50 years. Pay attention to the location of the equator. If in the times under consideration there was a change in the position of the pole (for example, from Greenland to modern), a change in the position of the equator on the maps would also be inevitable. If we recall the ancient Indian epic, which speaks of the ancestral home in the north, where day and night last for six months and where Hyperborea is described, at least five thousand years ago, as it is depicted on the maps of Mercator in 1595, P. Planzio in 1594 or En Le Clerk of 1602, then the possible reversal of the poles is pushed even further. Actually, the supporters of the change of poles, in my opinion, do not imagine what forces should be. are involved in order for such a huge gyroscope as the Earth to change the axis of rotation. Where are the tracks? After all, all water, all reservoirs, from rivers to the oceans of the Earth, should inevitably leave, due to inertia, indelible marks on the face of the planet. In fairness, it is worth noting that in the case when the change of poles was still in the foreseeable past, then the conclusion about the fakeness of maps with such a (modern) location of the equator is inevitable.

Bligh's map of 1606

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Paolo Forlani's 1565 map

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Map by Nicholas de Caveri 1505

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Ptolemy's map made in 1467 by Jacob D Angello (ink, parchment).

Daniel Cellarius Ferimontanus. 1590 map .

Based on this map, based on the work of M. Polo and his father and uncle, Kolymchanin made interesting conclusions, which have one significant drawback: this map is probably a fake, since it contains countries such as Greece and Italy that arose from "written sources" much later than the date of the map. Actually, building some kind of historical versions on paper (parchment) sources, in my opinion, is just gymnastics for the mind. Besides
http://bio.1september.ru/article.php?ID=2 00004204 in the area with coordinates 69 about 24 'N. and 148 about 25 'E. Numerous Cajander larch trees grow ( Larix cajanderi), which are over 800 years old! and, which is located on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), on the right bank of the river. Indigirka in its lower reaches. More than ten of the larches growing here were 750-850 years old, and two trees aged 878 and 885 years were the record holders. It is interesting that the trees of such a venerable age are by no means gigantic in size. Their height is only 8.5-9 m, and the diameter of the trunk at the level of the human chest is about 25 cm. The size of the larch speaks of the unfavorable conditions for their growth in the times described by Marco Polo.

There is one corner on the map of Fra Mauro that no one pays attention to.
It doesn't seem to carry much information. But in vain! Often on the sides of the cards and in the free space on them, they write and draw curious things!

The Fra Mauro map dates from 1450; however the original is not available, there are two copies of the map. One, the other you can see below:

Eden is depicted in the lower left corner. It has the appearance of an island, enclosed by fortress walls, with four rivers flowing from it.

And here is the image from another copy:

Source in the middle, 4 rivers, island. Doesn't it remind you of anything?

Interestingly, Eden is called the "Heart of the Earth". That God drove the first people out of this paradise, sending them to work in the sweat of their brow and give birth in pain.
Hyperborea was also described as a happy place where people live carefree and do not know troubles. Where many fruit trees grow and there are no problems with food. The Hyperboreans were practically immortal, and died at will, throwing themselves into the sea from a cliff - if they eventually got tired of living.
The lifespan is reminiscent of the biblical patriarchs, isn't it?

Due to dramatic climate change (probably moving the North Pole from Canada to the Greenland region), living conditions have changed dramatically for the worse. The surrounding sea became frozen and icy, the trees stopped bearing fruit.
The people who lived on the island began to settle on the mainland in radial directions.

What the Bible says about Eden:

A river came out of Eden to water paradise; and then divided into four rivers. The name of one is Pishon (Pishon): it flows around the whole land of Havila, where there is gold; and the gold of that land is good; there bdolakh and onyx stone. The name of the second river is Gihon [Geon]: it flows around the whole land of Cush. The name of the third river is Hiddekel [Tiger]: it flows before Assyria. Fourth river Euphrates (Prat)
Translation: The story of Eden is an echo of the Mesopotamian myth of a king, Primordial Man, who was in the divine garden to guard the Tree of Life.
Traditionally, the name "Eden" is derived from the Akkadian word "edinnu" - plain ( Single? Motherland of all nations, undivided language?) . Derived from a Sumerian word meaning "plain" or "steppe". Eden is now believed to be close to the Aramaic root of the word, meaning "fruitful, fruitful; abundant in waters."
Eden and its rivers may point to the real Jerusalem, the Temple of Solomon, or the promised land (by which Canaan is most often meant).
It can also refer to the Garden of Zion, and the mountain of God, which is also Jerusalem. The imagery of the Garden, with its Serpent and Angels, is compared with the images of the Temple of Solomon with its copper Serpent and Guardian Angels.
It's great, right? And compare with what is written in the Russian version of Wikipedia.
Russian legends are comprehended in a different way:
Alatyr-stone (latyr, white-flammable stone) - in the works of ancient Russian literature and Russian incantations, a sacred stone, "the father of all stones." In the verse about Guarding the divine garden is the Serpent, the Bird and the Man. Representatives of the three worlds!
Later, the man was expelled, then the garden was covered with snow and ice, and then Mount Alatyr-stone disappeared under the waters ...
Buyan Island - why?
If you look at the images of Arctida on maps, for example, you can notice that the side facing Pomorie is formed by a mountain range. Also from the side of Pomerania there is a chain of the Riphean mountains, smoothly turning into the Ural ones. And therefore called the "Great Stone Belt".
Just imagine, between two mountain ranges there is a wide sea space. To the west of it is the then North Pole. Of course, this sea will be blown by the winds, with corresponding excitement. Apparently, that's why they called the country on the island of Buyan Hyperborea or Tramontana - the country beyond the north wind, or the country beyond the mountains.
And the island of Buyan itself - because it is located behind the stormy waters.
The Garden of the Hesperides was also located here, with apple trees that give golden apples that make a person immortal. And if so, then Atlas held the earth's vault somewhere nearby. It was said that he and Prometheus, brother titans, were placed opposite each other. And if Prometheus was chained to the Tien Shan mountains (which are often referred to as the Caucasian mountains on the maps, along with the Caucasus), then Arctida is really located opposite, the turn of the West Siberian lowland. That is, Scythia lay between them.
In general, there is something to think about and where to dig!

("Eden" from Fra Mauro's map)

Fra Mauro is one of the outstanding scientists of the Middle Ages. By Humboldt's definition, "a Venetian scholar of almost immeasurable erudition." A monk of the Camaldules, he devoted himself to cartography, believing that the earth created by the god should at least be well studied by people. Contemporaries considered him to be "an incomparable geographer", and indeed, what this learned monk did gave a grandiose impetus to the era of great geographical discoveries. Fra Mauro made a map of the world that served many future generations under the name Fra Mauro's Planisphere.

The map included almost all the geographical information available at that time, obtained from books and reports of expeditions, from the stories of sailors and land travelers. Even the tales of random merchants formed certain versions and gave ground for reflection.

Fra Mauro's map of the world made such a strong impression on the Venetian nobility that it was immediately enclosed in a golden frame and declared the most valuable asset of the republic. The outlines of continents, lands, islands, meanders of mighty rivers, wavy contours of mountain ranges, similar to chains of cumulus clouds, and clear inscriptions. In addition to the names of countries, cities, mountains, rivers and other geographical names, there were very lengthy texts.

The Far Mauro map is a real encyclopedia of the knowledge of that time about the surrounding world. Of course, the most interesting thing for me on it is the territory of the Eastern Europe. What is not on the map. Near Perm, for example, there is such an inscription: “A Catalan ship loaded with leather goods sailed this way during the years of my life and, in order not to drown, threw the load overboard.” Romantic, lively picture, right? Obviously, this ship sailed from the south along the Volga, and further along the Kama ... Cities in Eastern Europe are depicted by Fra Mauro with signs of Gothic and Renaissance architecture. Such, close to Western European architecture, the Venetian monk imagined cities in Russia.

The names of many Golden Horde cities became known to researchers only thanks to the inscriptions on the map of Fra Mauro. There are many archaeological sites of the Middle Ages in the Volga region. Their ancient names are unknown, because no internal written documents have been preserved from the Golden Horde itself. The historical geography of the Golden Horde empire has to be studied according to the descriptions

routes of travelers and Western European maps. The map of Fra Mauro shows many cities. Not one generation researchers have tried and are trying to correlate these toponyms with traces of medieval cities known to archaeologists.

One of the first to study the Fra Mauro map was the Venetian Cardinal Zurla two hundred years ago. Unfortunately, I have not yet read his book on the Fra Mauro map. It doesn't seem to exist in Russia. And in the twentieth century, in Venice, another excellent book with color illustrations was published about the Fra Mauro map. With the help of my Italian friends, I managed to get acquainted with this book, which is also absent in our libraries.

For example, there is an opinion that only on the map of Fra Mauro two cities of Saray are indicated at the same time - the two capitals of the Golden Horde empire. No other sources are known where two cities of Saray are mentioned at the same time. There are many other mysteries on the map. For example, on the middle reaches of the Volga, the city of Samar is marked, obviously the predecessor of modern Samara. But what archaeological site does the inscription "Samar" correspond to? On the right bank of the Volga, above the Volga-Don Perevoloka, the city of Calmuzi Sara is marked. And isn't Calmuzi a distorted version of the Turkic word "reed", the predecessor of the city of Kamyshin in the Volgograd region?

It is still not known for certain what the sources of information on the map are. Books? Traveler stories? Or maybe your own thoughts?

The map is fraught with many mysteries, for many of which, probably, there will never be solutions.

The notorious seeker Mikhail Volk, http://mishawalk1.livejournal.com/44113.html, tried to organize the translation of the map into Russian, but unfortunately it was not possible to raise funds .. However, there is hope that the translation will soon be carried out by one of the Russian-speaking citizens of Italy, who volunteered to help voluntarily, as friendly assistance to a common cause.

From the blog author- T what a vision of the world was in this era, the heyday of which fell on the life of Fra Mauro .. All the geophysical parameters of the planet were different, atm. pressure, air density, gravity, etc. Therefore, the people themselves and the meanings of existence were different, not fully understood by us, modern people
(more details here -

Fra Mauro world map

Fra Mauro or Mavro (Fra Mauro) is a Venetian monk of the Camaldulian order, who labored in the monastery of St. Michael in Murano and became famous throughout Europe as a manufacturer of very accurate portolans and mappa mundi.

So far, only two copies of Fra Mauro's map of the world have survived - the original in Venice and a copy in the British Museum - but they are enough to establish the high degree of professionalism and accuracy of Fra Mauro as a cartographer. As was the custom of the Arab cartographers, he placed the south, not the north, on top of the maps; he also doubted that Jerusalem was the center of the inhabited world. Judging by the entries on the maps, he shared the opinion about the sphericity of the globe. (In the corner of the map is a diagram of the traditional Ptolemaic geocentric model of the universe).

In the 1450s, Fra Mauro produced an extensive map of the entire known world at that time, which captured the state of European geographical knowledge on the eve of the Great Geographical Discoveries. The navigator Andrea Bianco assisted the Murano monk in the work on this document. In the late 1450s, in his monastery (and, presumably, under his leadership), a copy of this map was made by order of the Portuguese king Afonso V, for his uncle Henry the Navigator. This copy, however, has not survived.

An inverted geographical map of the Old World (1459).
The map describes Rus' in great detail, divided into Black (Rossia Negra), White (Rossia Biancha) and Red (Rossia Rossa); the word Rus itself occurs in the Greek form Russia (Rossia). The territory of the Golden Horde is presented in detail.

Northern part (north on the map below), Russia to the Urals and Europe

Enlarged and partially translated fragment of European Russia, clickable:

I glued it manually, from this the remnants of the program are on the map.

Enlarged image beyond the Urals, with my translation from Latin

The space beyond the Urals with my translation:

Mare Breunto - probably still "Rampant Sea".
Note that the lower left edge is marked everywhere as "China" and as the purpose of Marco Polo's visit.
This is wrong!

China, to the left of it Japan and to the right of Indochina - are located here:

As evidenced by the inscription on the wind rose "Oriens"

Translation of some of the inscriptions from Latin on the map:

Greater Java, a very noble island, located in the east in the farthest part of the world in the direction of Cin, belonging to Cathay, and also the bay or port of Zaiton, 3,000 miles in circumference and having 1,111 kingdoms; people are idolaters and sorcerers. The island is delightful and very fertile, gold is mined here in large quantities, aloe trees grow, spices and other wonders. And to the south there is a port called Randan, beautiful, large, and safe: in the immediate vicinity is the very noble city of Giava, many of whose marvels have already been recited.
- it is important to distinguish between the possession of Cathay and China (China), in one sentence.

Some write that these peoples live on the slopes of the Caspian Mountains or not far from there, which, as you know, were closed by Alexander the Great. But this opinion, certainly erroneous, cannot be supported in any way, because the various peoples who live around this mountain have been seen; it is not possible that such a large number of peoples remain unknown, given that these regions are quite well known to us: these places were often visited not only by our people, but also by Georgians, Mingrelians, Armenians, Cherkasy, Tartars and many others who constantly travel around this route. Therefore, if these peoples were imprisoned there, I think that others would have been notified of this, and this fact would have been known to us. But, given that these peoples are on the edge of the earth - about which I have reliable information - this explains why all the peoples that I listed above do not know more about them than we do. From this I conclude that these peoples are far from the Caspian Mountains and live, as I have already said, in the extreme limit of the world, between the northeast and the north, and are enclosed by rocky mountains on three sides and the ocean. They are in the north of the kingdom of Tenduch and are called Ung and Mongul, whom our people know as Gog and Magog, and believe that they will appear at the time of the Antichrist. But, of course, this mistake is connected with the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures, when people see what they want to see. Therefore, my opinion is the same as that of St. Augustine, who in his work De Civitate Dei rejects all the opinions of those who claim that Gog and Magog are peoples who will support the Antichrist. And Nicholas Lira agrees with these claims, explaining the two names from their Jewish origin.

It is very important to mention the kingdom of Tendok in the present tense, while the officials buried it during the time of the conquest of Genghis Khan. Moreover, the topography is different. If officially it was located in the Gansu region (the Hexi corridor from Xinjiang to Xian, i.e. from Tarim to inner China), then here in modern Yakutia.
It is also important to clarify the origin of the names "Gog and Magog" from Jewish myth-making. Jews played a certain role in the state of Genghis Khan. The Lop (Gobi) desert is associated with them on many maps, in the comments. They probably performed functions similar to modern ones.

Some write that Sithia spreads on the near and far slopes of Mount Imaum (Emaus). But if they saw this area with their own eyes, they would greatly expand their supposed boundaries, because Sithia contains the largest number of peoples who live between the Northeast and the East, between the Northeast and the North. These peoples have countless kingdoms and empires and great powers. I do not think, however, that the ancients were able to judge their true names properly, I believe that their interpreters made many mistakes in their writings. That is why I am not very sure that the real names of these peoples can be found, for it is impossible to establish an agreement between such a variety of languages in which descriptions of these peoples have been written, in which the names are changed and confused according to their own idioms. These names currently need to be changed in the correct form due to the diversity of languages, the long time span, and the errors made by scribal scribes.

Click to enlarge

In 1450, the Venetian monk Fra Mauro created what is considered to be the first modern map of the world. A copy was made 250 years later and is now in the Cartographic Collection of the British Library.

In the Middle Ages, maps were created not only as a navigation tool, but also as a work of art. You can open the map in higher resolution and admire the amazing detail of all the elements and see how the world looked like in the minds of the people of the 15th century.

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