State symbols of Poland. Questions on the Pole's card. State symbols of Poland Performance of the Polish anthem in Russian

The Polish anthem, as a state symbol, was officially approved on February 26, 1927. However, it was written much earlier, presumably two years after the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between Russian Empire, Germany and Austria-Hungary, in 1797.

Text

History of the Polish anthem

The original text of the Polish anthem was a poem by Józef Wybicki and was called “Song of the Polish Legions in Italy”. The name of the author of the melody based on the folk mazurka (actually mazura) is unknown. Initially, it was believed that this melody was composed by Prince Mikhail Kleofas Oginsky (creator of the famous polonaise “Farewell to the Motherland”), but judging by archival materials, he denies his involvement and the term “folk melody” is still most often used by authors of songbooks and scientific works. The song was created between July 16 and July 19, 1797 in the Italian town of Reggio Emilia in the Cisalpine Republic (in today's Italy). The song was performed publicly for the first time on July 20, 1797. The text was first published in Mantua, in February 1799, in the newsletter "Decade of Legionnaires".

From the very beginning, the song was enthusiastically received in the Dombrovsky Legion. At the beginning of 1798 it was known throughout the occupied territories of Poland. It is sung during the entry of General H. Dąbrowski and J. Wybicki into Poznań on November 3, 1806, during the November (1830) and January (1863) uprisings, the 1905 revolution, the first and second world wars. The text was translated in many countries out of solidarity with Poland and was known in 17 languages, including: German, French, English, Russian, Hungarian, Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovak, Lithuanian and Zeimat. During the Spring of Nations (1848), Dombrowski's Mazurka was performed on the streets of Vienna, Berlin and Prague, where it was especially popular. Dombrowski's Mazurka has been used as the basis or main theme in many compositions. One of the first to use it was Karol Karpinski, who wrote a fugue for piano (organ) on the theme of a mazurka in 1821. The fugue was performed under his direction from January 1, 1831, performed by the orchestra of the Warsaw Opera. Richard Wagner used the Mazurka melody in the Polonius Overture, written after the suppression of the November uprising. It was also played during the German occupation, during the Second World War, when the playing of the Polish anthem was prohibited. The anthem's music is used in a modified form in the Nazi propaganda film Homecoming (Heimkehr).

To the tune of the Polish anthem, a popular patriotic song was sung in Silesia called “Long our beloved Silesia...” with the words of the Silesian poet and writer Konstantin Damrot.

During the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, Hungarian units stationed in Warsaw were sympathetic to the Poles. The band of the 5th Hungarian Reserve Division played Dąbrowski's Mazurka for the Warsaw people in Ursynów.

Facsimile of the manuscript of the National Anthem of Poland by Jozef Wybicki

The first stanza of the anthem refers to the last partition of Poland. After the defeat of the Kosciuszko uprising, in 1795 the territory of Poland was completely divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria. The stanza thus expresses patriotism and faith in the restoration of independence.

After the third partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a significant number of Polish soldiers emigrated to France and Italy. In January 1797, General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, in accordance with an agreement with the Lombard government, in agreement with the French, created the Polish Legions. In the chorus, the author, who was one of the creators of the Legions, expressed the hope of returning to Poland under the command of General Dombrowski.

The hope of the legionnaires to return to Poland was, however, connected with the battles carried out under the leadership of General Napoleon Bonaparte, who even then had great military successes in northern Italy, and a few years later ruled France. In the second stanza (and in the third stanza in Wybicki's manuscript) of the anthem, the author expressed confidence that with the help of Bonaparte, soldiers coming from the west, across the Warta River and south through the Vistula, would restore independent Poland.

The third stanza (the second according to the original manuscript) glorifies the exploits of Stefan Czarnecki during the Swedish invasion in the 17th century and, in particular, the crossing to the island of Als.

There is a fourth stanza in Vybicki's original manuscript, which does not appear in the modern hymn. In this stanza, the author says that the only condition for an agreement with the two largest invaders, i.e. Prussia (Germany) and Russia (Muscovites), will be national consent.

The fourth stanza (fifth in the manuscript) was, as it were, a reminder for the legionnaires remaining in exile, depicting the Poles remaining in their homeland and eagerly awaiting the approaching Polish troops.

In the sixth stanza (in manuscript), Józef Wybicki referred to Tadeusz Kościuszko, the victorious commander in the battle of Racławice during the uprising in 1794. He also expressed hope in God's Providence.

In conclusion, the words “Songs of the Polish Legions in Italy” were harbingers of grandiose events in the history of Polish weapons and people, in which the hope of returning to the homeland and restoring the independence of Poland sounds.

Many people distort the second verse and instead of "...while we live..." they sing "...while we live...". In the original text of Vybitsky and the current text of the anthem, the form “when” and only it is correct.

After Napoleon's defeat, General Dombrovsky joined the Russian army and was awarded the rank of major general by Emperor Alexander I.

The constitutionally approved anthem of Poland today is the Mazurka by composer Dąbrowski. The song appeared from the pen of the author two centuries ago, when Poland was going through its hard times. Then Poland’s independence was taken away by force, and its territory was divided among the leaders of the then Europe: Prussia, Russia and Austria-Hungary. At the same time, the first Polish uprising broke out under the leadership of Kosciuszko, but alas, it was doomed to failure from the very beginning. The patriots of that time hoped only for the French Revolution, which could bring liberation to all of Europe, including Poland.

The history of the Polish anthem

One of the main inspirers of the patriotic mood in Poland was the co-author of the Polish Constitution, Jozef Wybicki, who at one time fought for the freedom of the country together with Kosciuszko. It was then for the first time that the world learned about Napoleon, who went on his Italian raid, seizing territories where millions of Austrians were settled. At the same time, the territory of the Republic of Lombardy was liberated, where Dombrowski created the first Polish liberation army, the Polish Legions.

The Polish Legions dreamed of making a campaign against their native lands to liberate Poland from the invaders. Then came the summer of 1979, during which Vybitsky went to Italy. Then he will see how unrealistic the dreams of the legionnaires turned out to be. Napoleon concludes a peace treaty with Austria, and now it is not possible to liberate Poland. And it was at this moment that, in order to raise the spirit of the newly formed Polish army, Vybitsky decides to write the words of a patriotic song. The first lines read, Poland has not yet perished while we are alive. And on July 20 of the same year, the Polish military orchestra performed this song for the first time, setting the words to the music of the Polish folk melody mazurka. The legionnaires sing along with the orchestra, increasingly feeling like they are part of a country that has been captured, but not lost, but only asking for the help of their sons.

Already in 1806, together with French troops, Dąbrowski led the Polish Legions to Poznan. They are again greeted by an orchestra and a song, which later became the national anthem. Everyone knew her then. It was sung in Lithuania, where the French and Poles were preparing for the Russian war. It was sung at meetings of secret societies who dreamed of returning Poland to independence. And only in 1926, Dombrowski's mazurka became the anthem of Poland, and remains so to this day.

Text of the Polish anthem with translation into Russian

Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła,
Poland has not yet perished,
Kiedy my żyjemy.
If we're alive.
Co nam obca przemoc wzięła,
Everything that has been taken away by the enemy,
Szablą odbierzemy.
We'll return the saber.

Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski…
March, march, Dombrovsky...
Z ziemi włoskiej do Polski,
From Italian land to Poland.
Za twoim przewodem
Under your leadership
Złączym się z narodem.
Let's unite with the people.

Przejdziem Wisłę, przejdziem Wartę,
Let's cross the Vistula, let's cross the Warta,
Będziem Polakami,
Let's be Poles.
Dał nam przykład Bonaparte,
Bonaparte gave us an example
Jak zwyciężać mamy.
How should we win?

Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski…
March, march, Dombrovsky...

Jak Czarniecki do Poznania
Like Czarnecki in Poznan,
Po szwedzkim zaborze,
After the Swedish occupation,
Dla ojczyzny ratowania
To save the homeland
Wrócim się przez morze.
Let's go back across the sea.

Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski…
March, march, Dombrovsky...

Już tam ojciec do swej Basi
His father Basho is already there,
Mówi zapłakany:
The tearful one says:
“Słuchaj jeno, pono nasi
“Listen, it looks like ours
Biją w tarabany.”
They beat the drums."

Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski…
March, march, Dombrovsky...

Polish anthem with words: video

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Almost the same in Minsk, Moscow and Lvov. They relate to knowledge of history, traditions, religion, government system. Thus, even having just learned some questions and answers to the Pole’s map, you will know a lot about. In this article we present questions about the State symbols of Poland.

Give a clear answer to the questions posed, as completely as possible; even if you don’t know the answer or don’t understand, don’t be silent - ask to ask the question again. Try to explain that you taught it, but because of excitement you forgot. If you forgot a Polish word, say it in Belarusian or Ukrainian, if you know))).

Poland (Polska), official name - Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska). Rzeczpospolita is the Polish interpretation of the name republic. If you (God forbid!) decide to say “Rebublika Polska”, then consider that you have offended a Pole and failed the exam!

Question - Jak wygląda flaga Polski?

The answer is Dwa poziome pasy: czerwony na dole, bialy na gorze.

— What does the Polish flag look like?

— Two horizontal stripes: red - below, white - above.

Such a flag, in accordance with the law, is used by Polish missions abroad, in harbours, at civil airports and airfields, as well as on civil aircraft abroad. In Poland itself, the flag simply does not have a coat of arms. By the way, the shade of red on the flag was officially approved by Polish law. It’s useful to know that if the flag is turned upside down, it will already be the flag of Monaco or Indonesia, maybe that’s why there is a coat of arms on the flag of Poland abroad?

Question – Jak wygląda godło Polski?

The answer is Bialy orzel na czerwonym tle ze złotą koronę.

— What does the coat of arms of Poland look like?

— White eagle on a red background with a gold crown.

A rare question - how many teeth are on the crown - answer 3. The first coat of arms of the Piasts depicted an eagle with a crown of 3 teeth. They may ask which direction the eagle is facing. Moreover, the question sounded the opposite - why does the eagle look to the left? The short answer is that he looks at his right shoulder.

At the same time, it is useful to know the legend about the flag (they may also ask, what legends do you know?)

Według popularnej legendy, założyciel państwa Polan, Lech, podczas postoju w okolicach Poznania ujrzał pod wieczór sporych rozmiarów gniazdo na drzewie. Znajdował się w nim biały orzeł z dwoma pisklętami. Gdy Lech przyglądał się mu, orzeł rozpostarł skrzydła na tle nieba czerwonego od zachodzącego słońca. Lech zachwycił się, postanowił tam osiąść, umieścił orła w swym herbie, a miejsce na pamiątkę nazwał Gniezdnem (obecnie Gniezno) od słowa gniazdo.

According to a well-known Polish legend, the founder of the country of Polan, Lech, during a stopover in the vicinity of Poznan, saw a huge nest in a tree in the evening. An eagle with two chicks was sitting in the nest. When Lech looked at the eagle, he spread his wings against the background of a sky red from the setting sun. Lech fell in love with it, decided to settle there, placing an eagle on his coat of arms, and named the city Gnieznom from the word nest.

Question - Hymn Polski?

The answer is Mazurek Dąbrowskiego.

- National anthem of Poland?

— Mazurka by Dombrowski.

Hence the derivative question - who is the author of the anthem?

Author Józef Rufin Wybicki(author Józef Rufin Wybicki).

Mazurek Dąbrowskiego – polska pieśń patriotyczna z 1797 roku, od 26 lutego 1927 oficjalny hymn państwowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Pierwotnie hymn nazywany Pieśnią Legionów Polskich we Włoszech

Dąbrowski's Mazurka is a Polish patriotic song from 1797, since February 26, 1927 the official anthem of the Republic of Poland. The anthem was originally called "Song of the Polish Legions in Italy".

The question can be asked in reverse order - what is a mazurka?Dombrovsky? The answer is the Polish anthem. Or, what is the “Song of the Polish Legions in Italy”?

Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Mazurka by Dombrowski) - We present it with transcription, so it is easier to learn it for those who are still poorly versed in Polish.

When you are learning it is useful to listen to the Polish anthem.

Good to know: W średniowieczu hymnem Polski była „Bogurodzica”. Na przestrzeni wiekow XIV – XVIII Bogurodzica w ersji starobiałoruskiej Bagarodzitsa pełniła także rolę hymnu państwowego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego.

In the Middle Ages, the anthem of Poland was “The Mother of God”; it was also performed before the battles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

By the way, Basya is possibly Dombrovsky’s beloved, who became his wife in 1806. And also, do not confuse this Dombrovsky (he is the king’s nephew!) with Yaroslav Dombrovsky, who fought in the Paris Commune and was one of the organizers of the Sichnevo uprising!

Marieth Yuzefov Noah Konopnitskaya wrote the poem “Oath” in 1908 ( Rota), which is still popular in Poland and was seriously considered as the Polish anthem.

It’s best to “fix” questions on the Pole’s Map with answers about the state symbols of Poland and not only with such a small cartoon, at the same time you will improve your Polish language.

One of the most common mistakes is the assertion that Dabrowski is the composer who wrote the music for the Polish anthem. This is wrong. Although Jan Henryk Dąbrowski may have played music, he was not a composer. Dombrowski was a famous Polish general. His struggle for Poland was unusual, long and took him to different parts of Europe. Including to Italy, where he formed the Polish legions. There are opinions that Dombrowski wrote the text. But this is not true either. As fate would have it, he himself knew Polish poorly, which did not stop him from pursuing the idea of ​​a free Poland and “Polishness” all his life. Dombrowski even introduced in his legions the obligation to study literacy and deepen knowledge of the history of Poland. So, the text of “Song of the Polish Legions” was written by Dombrowski’s comrade-in-arms, Jozef Wybicki. Music is folk.

Researchers have been struggling for a long time to resolve the issue of music authorship. At one time it was believed that he was Cleophas Oginsky, the author of the famous polonaise “Farewell to the Motherland” or, as it is also called, “Oginsky’s Polonaise”. After some time, scientists abandoned this version. Sources in the archives did not provide confirmation of this. That is why the music of the Polish anthem is considered folk music.

Dombrowski is a character in the song, which years later became the official anthem of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
So, the text of the Polish anthem was written by Józef Wybicki and set to a mazurka (or more correctly, a mazura) between July 16 and 19, 1797 in the Cisalpine Republic, in the Italian town of Reggio Emilia, which is part of modern Italy. The “Song of the Polish Legions” was performed publicly for the first time on July 20, 1797 and was enthusiastically received by the legions themselves. Quite quickly, given that there were no means of distributing music available to us now and the concept of “quickly” was understood somewhat differently, “Song of the Legions” became known throughout the territories of the entire divided Poland. It was performed during the triumphal entry into Poznan of Dąbrowski and Wybicki on November 3, 1806, during the November Uprising of 1830, during the uprising of 1863, by Poles in exile, during the revolution of 1905, during the First and then the Second World Wars wars. The patriotic song invigorated the spirit and did not leave the lips.

Mazurek's text was translated several times by poets of that time, especially those who stood in solidarity with Poland in its struggle. 17 language versions were known, incl. in Russian, German, English, French, Serbian, Slovak, Lithuanian and others.

During the Spring of Nations, Mazurek Dąbrowski could be heard on the streets of Vienna, Berlin and Prague. Over time, the music of the Song of the Legions influenced the work of composers. The first interpreter was Karol Kurpiński, who in 1821 composed a fugue for piano on a theme by Mazurek Dąbrowski. Richard Wagner also did not ignore the topic - in the overture called Polonia, written after the defeat of the November Uprising. It was played during the Nazi occupation during World War II, when the playing of the Polish anthem was prohibited.
Dąbrowski's Mazurek also influenced other Slavic peoples, becoming a kind of prototype platform for Slavic hymns and songs. So, in Slovakia, following the example of the Polish patriotic song, their own song appeared: Hej, Slováci, ešte naša slovenská reč žije. Among the Czechs it changed and turned into Hej, Slované. "Hey, Slavs!" became the anthem of all Slavs after the All-Slavic Congress in Prague in 1848. Croatia had its own version - Još Hrvatska ni propala, and the text of the anthem of neighboring Ukraine begins with the same words: Ukraine has not yet died. In all languages, the meaning of the words remained unchanged: still alive, or - forever (that is, will always live).

Dąbrowski's Mazurek is a vivid example of how a patriotic song has become truly popular. Moreover, on February 26, 1927, Dabrowski's Mazurek became the official anthem of Poland, which it remains today.

The “Song of the Legions” is even mentioned by Mickiewicz in “Pan Tadeusz”. In the episode of Tadeusz returning home to rest, he, entering the house, looks around the space and sees a clock, which, according to the author, plays the sounds of “the old Mazurka of Dąbrowski.” This is not the only mention of the mazurka in the work. Perhaps Mickiewicz, by the word “old,” did not mean the age of the melody, but an attitude like “good old,” because, in theory, the future anthem of Poland was about 15 years old at the time of the events described. Although “Pan Tadeusz” himself was written by him in 1834 in exile in Paris, and he could have used the anachronism intentionally in order to more accurately sink into the soul of his colleagues in a foreign land. At this time, Mazurek had a completely different meaning for Polish emigrants in France than just a war song. After the uprising of 1831, Dąbrowski's Mazurek acquired a completely different symbolism, as they say now - cult.
That's why Mickiewicz places those words about Mazurek a little contrary to historical chronology.

“Song of the Legions” is a Polish lyrical work, thoroughly imbued with romanticism. It carries the message that “Polishness” is in the plane of the spirit, not the mind. The mind outlines boundaries, requires the existence of something in order to become attached to an object, to materially feel it, but the soul is capable of more. Poland ceased to exist on the political map of the world several times. But this did not make the people lose faith or lose their Polishness. On the contrary, it was precisely this state of mind – “Polishness”, this feeling of belonging that recreated Poland over and over again from oblivion. And as long as this Polishness is alive, Poland will not perish forever and will live.

Anthem of Poland. Text

Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła,
Kiedy my żyjemy.
Co nam obca przemoc wzięła,
Szablą odbierzemy.

Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski…
Z ziemi włoskiej do Polski,
Za twoim przewodem
Złączym się z narodem.

Przejdziem Wisłę, przejdziem Wartę,
Będziem Polakami,
Dał nam przykład Bonaparte,
Jak zwyciężać mamy.

Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski…

Jak Czarniecki do Poznania
Po szwedzkim zaborze,
Dla ojczyzny ratowania
Wrócim się przez morze.

Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski…

Już tam ojciec do swej Basi
Mówi zapłakany:
"Słuchaj jeno, pono nasi
Biją w tarabany.”

Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski…

Anthem of Poland. Transcription

Yeshche Polska ne zgineva
We eat sneakers.
Tso us obtsa pshemots vzheўa
Odbegema template.

March, march, Dabrowski...,
From Zhemi Voskij to Polski,
For your pshevodem
Zonchym schen z people.

Pshajem Visuen, pshejem Warten,
Benjam Poles,
Give us a pshykuad Bonaparte
Yak zvychenzhach mothers.

March, march, Dabrowski...,

Jak Czarnecki to Poznan
According to the Swedish gods,
For ochzyzny ratovanya
Let's hand over the puppy to pshez mozhe.

March, march, Dabrowski...,

Yuzh there oichec do svey Baschi
Movies are packed:
"Sukhay eno, pon naschi
Biyon in the rams."

March, march, Dabrowski...,

Anthem of Poland. Russian translations

Literal translation

Poland has not yet perished,
If we're alive.
Everything that has been taken away by the enemy,
We'll return the saber.

March, march, Dombrovsky...
From Italian land to Poland.
Under your leadership
Let's unite with the people.

Let's cross the Vistula, let's cross the Warta,
Let's be Poles.
Bonaparte gave us an example
How should we win?

March, march, Dombrovsky...

Like Czarnecki in Poznan,
After the Swedish occupation,
To save the homeland
Let's go back across the sea.

March, march, Dombrovsky...

His father Basho is already there,
The tearful one says:
“Listen, it looks like ours
They beat the drums."

March, march, Dombrovsky...

Literary translation

Poland will never perish forever,
If we live!
What our enemies took from us,
We'll bring back the sabers!

March, march Dombrovsky!
From Italy to Poland!
With the people and the country,
Live by one destiny!

Let's cross the Vistula and the Warta,
We will revive Poland!
Bonaparte is our example!
We know: we will win!

March, march Dombrovsky!

Like then Czarnecki in Poznan,
The Swedes fought back.
To save the Motherland,
Let's cross the sea!

March, march Dombrovsky!

And the father will tell his daughter
With joy and tears:
“Listen, Basya! These are ours
They're beating the drums there!"

March, march Dombrovsky!