How to act in the event of an unscheduled landing of an aircraft and after it. What is necessary during an emergency landing of an airplane? During an emergency landing of an airplane, you must
The technique for performing a landing with properly functioning helicopter engines and systems is no different from landing on a functioning helicopter.
Depending on the conditions and landing location (airfield or site), the type of landing (running or helicopter) is selected.
The technique for performing a landing with one or two failed (switched off) engines is described in paragraph 6.6. and 6.7. of this section.
EVACUATION OF PEOPLE TRANSPORTED AND LEAVING THE HELICOPTER BY CREW MEMBERS.
PIC actions:
Give the command to the vehicle to turn off the engines using the stop valves, close the fire valves, remove the emergency radio station and emergency radio beacon (if available);
Assess the situation and position of the helicopter, manage the evacuation
transported people, crew members;
Leave the helicopter after completing the evacuation of people and other members
Provide first aid to victims;
Take measures to establish contact with the nearest airfield when landing outside the airfield and report on the consequences of the landing, landing coordinates.
WARNING. ALL CREW MEMBERS ARE PROHIBITED FROM RETURNING THE HELICOPTER UNTIL IT IS CERTAIN THAT A FIRE OR EXPLOSION IS NOT POSSIBLE.
Co-pilot actions:
If the doors to the cargo compartment are not open, leave the helicopter through your blister;
Take part in the evacuation of transported people;
Provide first aid to victims.
Flight mechanic actions:
At the command of the PIC, set the stop valves to the closed position
(turn off engines), close fire hydrants;
De-energize the helicopter, turn off the batteries;
Proceed with the evacuation of transported people through the cargo compartment door or through emergency hatches;
After complete evacuation of the transported people, leave the helicopter;
Provide assistance to the victims.
EMERGENCY DROPPING.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS.
Before flying over water, people on board ,
must study the rules for using the rescue equipment available on the helicopter in the event of an emergency splashdown.
Each crew member must be fully aware of their duties when
leaving the helicopter on the water.
The main task of the crew, in the event of an emergency splashdown, is
ensuring the safety of evacuation of people and crew.
The pilot-in-command of a helicopter flying over water must be trained in emergency exit from the cockpit when the helicopter is submerged in water.
All helicopter crew members must be trained to use
individual and group rescue craft, as well as the evacuation of people.
Before an emergency splashdown, the crew must:
Immediately report to the ATC service about the upcoming splashdown;
With the engines running, perform an emergency descent to hover at a height of 0.5-1 m, and if there is an emergency splashdown system, land on water;
After hovering (landing), ensure rapid evacuation of people from the helicopter using available rescue equipment.
When flying over water, the helicopter must have:
Life jackets for each crew member and transported people;
- life rafts;
Emergency supplies of water and food, emergency radio communications and alarms.
NOTES:
1. When flying at a distance from the coast of no more than 25 km, only life jackets can be carried on board a helicopter for each crew member and people transported. Life jackets must be put on before the flight. A report to the ATC service should follow immediately after an emergency situation occurs on board, since in the future there may not be enough time for this.
2. If there is no B/P in the helicopter crew, its functions
assigned to B/M.
3. If there is a control system on the helicopter, depending on the available time, the PIC should address passengers based on the following standard text:
"Dear passengers!
The aircraft commander is addressing you. For technical reasons, we are facing a forced splashdown in about _____ minutes. There is life-saving equipment on board; Ground search and rescue services have been informed. Remain seated, remain calm, and strictly follow the instructions of the flight attendant and other crew members.
5-10 seconds before splashdown the command will follow: “attention, splashdown.”
4. Depending on the available time after receiving information about the upcoming emergency splashdown from the PIC, the B/P should address passengers based on the following standard text:
"Dear passengers!
The flight attendant speaks. I urge you to remain calm and ask you to do the following:
Immediately clear the aisles and take your seats in the chairs;
Loosen ties and unbutton collars;
Place dentures, glasses, sharp objects in your clothing pockets;
Place soft items in such a way that your head is protected;
Fasten and tighten the seat belts tightly, moving tightly towards the back of the chair;
At the command “Attention, splashdown”, group your body;
After a complete stop or hover of the helicopter, unfasten your seat belts and evacuate from the helicopter, following the instructions of the crew members.
CREW ACTIONS.
6.10.2.1. Expanded contents of the emergency control chart
"Crew actions before splashdown in the absence of an emergency system
splashdown".
*(1) DISTRESS signal, emergency lighting and EXIT sign –
turn on - pic.
*(2) To the ATC service about the emergency situation and the measures taken –
report - PIC, 2/P.
DISASTER. DISASTER. DISASTER.
I WILL BE MAKING A FORCED LANDING (the location is clear).
REASON FOR LANDING __________
FLIGHT MODE (course, altitude) __________________
HELP NEEDED (what kind) _________________
There are _______ PEOPLE ON BOARD.
*(3) Prepare for splashdown - PIC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
The PIC instruct the B/M or B/P, if available, to check whether all people are wearing life jackets.
*(4) Blisters, hatches, doors, extruded windows - reset, internal doors - open, fix - PIC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
All crew members at their workplaces must remove blisters, hatch covers, and the entrance door. If there are windows that can be squeezed out, use the handle located near the window to pull out the fixing profile and push the window out. Open and lock in the open position the doors to the cockpit and, if equipped, to the passenger compartment.
B/M and B/P make sure that all transported people are in their seats and fastened, after resetting the front door, take their jobs and fasten their seat belts.
*(5) Descent and hovering - execute - PIC, 2/P.
PIC hover over water at a height of 0.5-1 m.
If possible, hover closer to the coastline.
*(6) Group life-saving equipment - activate - 2/P, B/M, B/P.
2/P, B/M and B/P go to the cargo (passenger) cabin, taking with you the emergency radio station and radio beacon (if available), drop group rescue craft (rafts), having previously secured their halyards to the structural elements of the helicopter, when the need to bring them into working position (unfold, turn over).
*(7) Evacuation of people - perform - 2/P, B/M, B/P.
2/P, B/M and B/P to ensure the transition of people in the helicopter to group rescue flotation devices, and in their absence, people leaving the helicopter with individual flotation devices on. PIC perform stable hover.
*(8) about the completion of the evacuation of the PIC - report - B/M, 2/P, B/P.
B/M, 2/P and B/P making sure that there are no
people, report to the PIC about the end of the evacuation.
*(9) The command B/M, 2/P, B/P to leave the helicopter is given by the PIC.
The PIC, having accepted the report from B/M, 2/P on the completion of the evacuation of people, give them the command to leave the helicopter.
*(10) About the completion of the evacuation of people, B/M, 2/P, B/P - make sure - PIC.
The PIC, through his blister, visually verify that people, B/M, 2/P, B/P are outside the helicopter.
*(11) Move the helicopter to a safe distance from the watercraft - PIC.
The PIC should move the helicopter, if possible, at a distance of 50-100 m away from people on the water.
Note. When the wind is over 3 m/s, it is recommended to move the helicopter away from people on the water against the wind (in the windward direction).
*(12) Helicopter - splashdown - PIC.
The PIC splash down the helicopter vertically with a right roll when the fuselage touches the water.
*(13) Engines - turn off - PIC.
The PIC switches off both engines using the shutdown valves when the fuselage touches the water.
The PIC leave the helicopter after stopping the NV.
WARNINGS:
1. In the event of a helicopter splashdown with one inoperative engine, it is necessary to act in accordance with the recommendations of section 6.7, to keep the helicopter afloat using the power of the operating engine up to emergency power.
2. In the case of splashdown with two inoperative engines, landing on water is performed in the self-rotating mode of the NV in accordance with the recommendations of section 6.6, with the minimum possible translational splashdown speed. In this case, the safe exit of the helicopter by people on board is NOT ENSURED.
6.10.2.2. Expanded contents of the emergency control chart
"Actions of the crew before splashdown of a helicopter equipped with a
emergency splashdown."
*(1) If the flight speed is less than 150 km/h, check with the PIC.
The PIC and 2/P must ensure that the flight speed according to the indicator
does not exceed 150 km/h.
*(2) FLOAT INFLATING switch – turn on – PIC.
When flying over water, the PIC turn on the switch
INFLATING FLOATS on the left throttle lever and check the filling of the floats by the INFLATING FLOATS display lighting up, visually and according to report 2/P. 2/P visually verify that the starboard floats are filled and report to the PIC about their filling.
*(3) DISTRESS signal, emergency lighting and EXIT sign –
turn on - pic.
*(4) To the ATC service about the emergency situation and the measures taken –
report - PIC, 2/P.
The PIC or at his command 2/P inform the ATC service about the emergency situation in accordance with the standard text:
DISASTER. DISASTER. DISASTER.
I (helicopter type, call sign or tail number),
I AM MAKING A FORCED LANDING (the location is clear),
REASON FOR LANDING ______________
FLIGHT MODE (course, altitude) _________________
HELP NEEDED (what kind) _______________
There are ______ PERSON ON BOARD.
*(5) Windshield wipers - turn on - PIC, 2/P.
PIC and 2/P, or at the command of PIC B/M, turn on the windshield wipers.
*(6) Prepare for splashdown - PIC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
PIC instruct B/M or B/P, if available , check that all people are wearing life jackets and that all people being transported are in their seats and wearing seat belts.
*(7) Descent and landing on water - perform - PIC, 2/P.
The PIC perform a descent and landing on water against, if possible,
wind, with the minimum possible translational and vertical
speeds (preferably vertical decline) along the wave front, closer to the coastline.
*(8) Engines - turn off – PIC, B/M.
The PIC or, at his command, set the shutdown valves to the closed position, close the fire valves and turn off all fuel pumps.
*(9) Blisters, hatches, doors, extruded windows - reset, internal doors - open, fix - PIC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
All crew members at their workplaces must remove blisters, hatch covers, and the entrance door. If there are windows that can be squeezed out, use the handle located near the window to pull out the fixing profile and push the window out. Open and lock in the open position the doors to the cockpit and, if equipped, to the passenger compartment. B/M and B/P make sure that all transported people are in their seats and fastened, after resetting the front door, take their jobs and fasten their seat belts.
*(10) Group life-saving appliances –
put into action - PIC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
PIC, 2/P, B/M and B/P go to the cargo (passenger) cabin, taking with you the emergency radio station and radio beacon (if available), activate the group rescue craft (rafts), having previously secured their halyards to the elements helicopter structures, if necessary, bring them into working position (unfold, turn over).
*(11) Evacuation of people - to be carried out by PIC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
PIC, 2/P, B/M and B/P ensure the transition of people in the helicopter to group rescue flotation devices, and in their absence, people leaving the helicopter with individual flotation devices on.
*(12) Report on completion of the evacuation of the PIC - B/M, 2/P, B/P.
B/M, 2/P and B/P, having made sure that there are no people left on board the helicopter, report to the PIC about the completion of the evacuation.
*(13) Upon completion of the evacuation of people, B/M, 2/P, B/P - make sure - PIC.
The PIC make sure that people, B/M, 2/P, B/P are outside the helicopter.
*(14) Helicopter - leave - PIC.
The PIC leave the helicopter, if possible de-energizing it by turning off the batteries,
WARNINGS:
1. IN CASES WHEN AN EMERGENCY DROPPING IS CARRIED OUT
IN THE IMMEDIATE PROXIMITY OF THE COASTLINE, OR THIRD-PARTY LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT (SHIP, MBU, ETC.), TAXIING ON THE WATER SURFACE IS ALLOWED IF THIS WILL LEAD TO A SAFE ESCAPE OF THE HELICOPTER BY PASSENGERS. THE STEERING SPEED SHOULD BE SELECTED DEPENDING ON THE CONDITION OF THE WATER SURFACE (COLORITY) AND THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FLOATS, PROMOTED TO LOSS OF SHAPE AND TURNING UP, WHEN SPEED IS EXCEEDED 15 KM/H.
OTHERWISE, STEERING SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
2. INFLATED FRONT FLOATS DISTORT THE SPEED INDICATORS, SO WHEN BRAKING THE HELICOPTER BEFORE FLOWING, THE PASSAGE OF A SPEED OF 40-30 KM/H SHOULD BE CONTROLLED FOR THE APPEARANCE OF A “SHAKE” MODE.
3. WHEN EMERGENCY DROPPING AT NIGHT USING HEADLIGHTS, IT SHOULD BE borne in mind that the water surface begins to be visible from a height of about 30 m, and at heights of less than 20 m due to the reflection of light by a shroud of splashes raised by the air flow. FROM NV, A LIGHT SCREEN ARISES, WHICH DECREASES VISIBILITY FROM THE COCKPIT.
IN THIS CASE, THE DIRECTION OF THE HEADLIGHTS SHOULD BE HOLDED
INSIDE THE LIGHT SCREEN (CLOSER TO THE HELICOPTER) IN THE AREA WHERE THE WATER SURFACE IS VISIBLE.
Related information.
Emergencies on board an airplane are rare, but they do happen. The right to make a decision on an unscheduled emergency landing is given to the commander of the airliner’s crew or his deputy.
If an emergency situation occurs, the crew may decide to make an emergency landing in the following cases:
1. Fire on the plane
Careless handling of fire and smoking on board can cause a fire. Fires on board account for approximately 20% of aircraft accidents. If a fire starts on the liner, you should try not to swallow smoke and breathe through a rag.
After the plane lands, you need to immediately head to the nearest exit. In this case you need:Protect your skin with clothing or a blanket;
Bend down and go to the exit on all fours - there should be less smoke below;
Do not stand in the crowd at the exit if the line is not moving, remember that if there are other exits;
Do not take hand luggage with you, it could cost you your life.
2. Failure of one of the engines
The failure of one of the aircraft's engines can cause the plane to crash. After detecting a problem, the flight commander decides to return to the departure point or asks to land at the nearest airfield.
Accidents at altitudes above seven thousand meters are often accompanied by decompression (thin air on an airplane). The crew makes a decision on an emergency landing in the event of a sharp drop in air pressure and depressurization of the aircraft cabin. During emergency decompression on civil aviation aircraft, oxygen masks for passengers and crew are automatically discarded. Passengers and crew members must immediately put on these masks, after which the crew must reduce the flight altitude to a level at which pressurization of the cabin is not required, and then make an emergency landing.
4. Troubles on board
Fights on board planes have become quite common. Finding themselves in a confined space and intoxicated, rowdies look for reasons for conflict.
In an effort to get maximum adrenaline, unbalanced passengers rush at those around them. If the stewards cannot cope with pacifying the rowdies, the crew decides to force the plane to land.5. Passenger feels unwell
The plane may make an emergency landing due to poor health or death of one of the passengers.
6. Ill health or death of the pilot
An airplane can make a forced emergency landing in the event of poor health or death of the pilot, when the incomplete crew for some reason cannot continue the flight.
7. Airplane hijacking
A forced landing may occur if the aircraft is hijacked by criminals. To prevent hijacking, most commercial airlines install armored doors in their cockpits. In addition, on some flights there are armed plainclothes air security officers who can neutralize the hijackers.
What should you do in case of an emergency landing of an airplane?
During a forced landing, the plane can crash into trees, rocks, split in half, catch fire and explode. In the event of an emergency landing, passengers must:
Immediately clear the aisles and take your seats in your chairs;
Bring the backrests to a vertical position;
Remove glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects (pens, knives, lighters) from internal pockets;
Remove high-heeled shoes;
Loosen the tie and unbutton the collar;
Place soft things on your knees to protect your head and torso;
Fasten and tighten the seat belts tightly.
At the command of the flight attendant “Attention landing!” follows:
Bend forward, cover your head with soft things and place it on your hands, with which you clasp your knees;
You need to remain in this position until the plane comes to a complete stop.
After the plane stops, you should unfasten your seat belts and prepare for evacuation. For emergency exit by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage are used.
They don't happen very often. The chances of survival in this case greatly depend on the cause that caused it. If the actions of the crew are coordinated and clearly follow what they were trained, then the chances increase dramatically. Much depends on yourself. It will be too late to panic and cry. You need to follow the crew's instructions and try to remain calm.
In 1974, the American airline Pan American was unable to land at Pago Pago Airport, Samoa, due to bad weather conditions. The plane crashed in the jungle and a fire started on board. Only 5 people were able to survive. They followed the instructions of the flight attendants, which is why they survived. This highlights the importance of knowing what to do in an emergency landing of an aircraft.
The simplest thing is to listen carefully to the information before the flight. which is being told. Passengers are usually involved in outside activities where they demonstrate how to use oxygen masks and life jackets. It is not right. In the event of an emergency landing on water or land, this information can save your life.
Be sure to read the instructions included in each passenger seat pocket. It won't take much time, but it will help you understand how to behave in the event of a disaster.
Statistics prove that Passengers who choose larger planes have a greater chance of survival, not small. Agree that it is better to fly on a plane than on an old corn truck.
The information that flight attendants tell you before your flight can save your life!
The choice of seat inside the cabin also affects your chances of survival. If an airplane crashes, in most cases the front compartment is destroyed first, then the rear. This can happen to both the tail and the wing. The most important thing is that your chair is located 5 rows from the emergency exit. Then you can quickly get out of the cabin if the plane makes an emergency landing.
80% of all accidents occur in the first three minutes after takeoff and the last 8 minutes before landing. During these periods, you need to fasten your seat belt and stay awake. If you like to take off your shoes during the flight, be sure to put them back on.
Now let's look at what needs to be done in the event of cabin depressurization/fire on board/landing on water or on land.
During decompression
The first thing you will hear when the cabin is depressurized is it's a deafening roar. Loose things will start flying around the cabin. Everything around will be as if in a fog. You will feel pain and noise in your ears. Your stomach may hurt.
Put on your oxygen mask immediately, which will automatically fall out from above. Even if it seems selfish to you, first you need to dress it, and then help dress them for your loved ones, even children. Lack of oxygen is very dangerous. You may lose consciousness very quickly. Therefore, it is better to take care of yourself, and then help others.
Depressurization is very dangerous, as it causes a lack of oxygen.
Your second action should be seat belt fastening. The crew will direct the aircraft in distress to . If the disaster is very serious, then it will simply fall. To avoid falling out of the chair, you need to fasten your seat belt.
In case of fire in the cabin
Practically every fifth plane crash is accompanied by a fire on board. If this happens, then remove synthetic clothing(tights, etc.). It melts easily. It is better to wear things made from materials that do not burn well, on the contrary.
Place a blanket or blanket on top, if they are at hand. It is recommended to protect the respiratory tract with a cloth soaked in some liquid. It is better to move around the cabin on all fours.
Crawl over objects scattered on the floor or through chairs. If fire or smoke is visible behind the escape hatch, do not open it. Don't lose hope! AND try to get out of the plane. Help other people.
When landing on water or land
If you watch videos of emergency landings of passenger planes, you will notice that exactly panic and confused actions ruin passengers.
Listen carefully to the crew's instructions and follow them. Fasten your seat belts and lower your head to knee level. Cover it with your palms or hands clasped on top. Place a blanket or bag under your stomach. Place your knees on the back of the chair located in front.
Remove all metal objects from yourself. Otherwise, doctors will then have to pick them out of your body. It’s also better to take off scarves or scarves. If they get caught on something, they can choke you.
If an airplane makes an emergency landing, you must remain in your seat until it comes to a stop.
All people will rush to the exits through which they entered. Don't rush to follow them. You can be seriously injured in a crush.
When an airplane makes an emergency landing, try not to panic, but act according to the instructions of the crew.
The plane has inflatable slides along which passengers slide down. There are also ropes with knots.
An inflatable ladder is two cylinders with a bottom stretched between them. One end of it is attached inside the cabin, and the other rests on the ground. Do not hold onto the side cords as you descend. Women should take off their high-heeled shoes to avoid damaging the ramp. Once you get down, move away immediately so as not to disturb other passengers.
When landing on water put on a life jacket. It is located under the chair and is worn over the head. It is securely fastened with special straps.
There are special rafts in the cabin. They need to be launched and boarded. To attract the attention of rescuers, you need to use a whistle or flashlight.
Members of the control committee for takeoff/landing are at their official places: service place, station 1 - emergency exits in the front part of the aircraft B/pr No. 1/1L + B/pr No. 2/1R; Emergency exits to the wing (2L/2R, 3L/3R); service place, station 2 – emergency exits in the rear of the aircraft B/P No. 3/4L + B/P No. 4/4R.
Depending on the emergency situation, evacuation can be:
Unprepared (unplanned evacuation) - without pre-flight briefing of passengers, on the ground: when preparing the aircraft for takeoff, when seating passengers, when starting engines.
Partially prepared (unplanned evacuation):
After briefing the assistant passengers at the emergency exits to the wings;
After the pre-flight briefing of passengers on the location of emergency exits and the placement and rules for using emergency equipment:
After closing the entrance doors; after starting the engines; during taxiing, takeoff and approach.
Prepared (planned evacuation) – if there is sufficient time to prepare passengers and cabins for emergency landing and evacuation: in flight.
In some cases, passengers must leave the aircraft as a precaution (for example: a real threat of an explosive device, an irritating odor, smoke in the passenger cabin, etc.)
In such cases, a controlled evacuation of the aircraft is carried out, and a minimum number of inflatable slides are used. The PIC informs passengers about the current situation and decides to use certain exits. Passengers must be additionally informed whether they can take hand luggage with them and whether they need to remove their shoes.
In the event of a fire on the ground: during the process of accommodating passengers; in the parking lot - cabin crew members are required to immediately begin evacuating passengers through the emergency exits or entrance ladders closest to them.
The command to begin evacuation must be given by the PIC. The entire evacuation command, including possible restrictions, must be repeated at least once. If the command has not been sounded, and there is a need to evacuate, the SBKE has the right to issue a command to begin the evacuation. If, under all of the above circumstances, not even a command was sounded, each flight attendant has the right to give a command to evacuate. The beginning of action is a complete stop of the aircraft.
It must be taken into account that during an evacuation only emergency lighting will work. In such cases, there is a real threat of panic. It is necessary to be able to prevent panic and instill confidence in passengers.
Lanterns after evacuation can serve to provide emergency signals by:
Circular rotation
Repeated sending of alternating flashes in the form of an SOS signal = 3 short flashes, 3 long flashes, 3 short flashes (... - - - ...)
Acoustic whistle– the radius of audibility of a whistle significantly exceeds the radius of audibility of a human voice.
Megaphone- to notify passengers inside and outside the aircraft, as well as to issue commands in case of failure of the loudspeaker device.
Emergency beacon– intended for use in the international satellite system for search and rescue of emergency automatic objects COSPAS-SARSAT “Cospas-Sarsat”
First aid kit "FIRST AID KIT", First aid kit "Emergency Medical Kit"- to provide pre-medical care to victims.
The “30-second mindset” is a standard procedure that includes mentally repeating the flight attendant’s actions during the evacuation of passengers, which must be strictly followed by cabin crew members. Conducted by flight attendants before each takeoff and landing in order to prepare for a possible emergency.
To carry out the “30-second tune-up” you need to answer the following questions:
Aircraft type?
Which output am I responsible for?
Takeoff/landing over land/water?
My safe position?
Commands used during evacuation?
Before opening the door
After opening the door (it is safe to exit)
To block the exit.
Passenger composition? (assistant passengers)
What needs to be done before opening the door?
How does my door open?
Door position (“automatic”/“manual”);
Opening the door;
Handle for manual filling of the drain.
Where and how will I direct passengers if the exit is blocked?
What additional emergency equipment is needed to carry out an evacuation? (lantern, megaphone).
What are my responsibilities after evacuation?
Additional questions(depends on a situation)
When will I open my exit? What are the main escape routes in the event of a water landing?
What are the sea conditions (eg cold water, risk of hypothermia).
Drain release handle (water)
Lifeline
Where is he located?
When should I pin it?
Who attaches it?
Prepared (Planned) emergency landing (land/water) – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS for preparing passengers and cabins.
The responsibilities of flight attendants and the measures to be taken when preparing for an emergency landing on land or water are set out in "INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING THE PASSENGER CABIN FOR AN EMERGENCY LANDING". It consists of the following points:
After the command from the PIC - “BRIGADIER INTO THE CABIN!” PURSER TO THE COCKPIT"
SBKE immediately go to the flight deck and obtain accurate information from the PIC:
N - Nature (nature of the accident) nature of the accident, type of landing
I - Intentions
T - Time (time before landing) time to prepare for landing
S - Special instructions about the risk during boarding and the need to transfer passengers
Flight attendants:
They stop service, secure the equipment and gather in the front pantry kitchen.
Having received information from the PIC, senior flight attendant gathers flight attendants for a briefing and informs them of the information received from the PIC. After this, the flight attendants begin preparing for an emergency landing and evacuation.
Senior flight attendant:
Addresses passengers via public address system:
“Dear passengers, please pay attention! The senior flight attendant is speaking to you. I urge you to remain calm and ask you to do the following: (reads out the standard text “Emergency landing” (land/water) (Appendix 1);
Selects physically strong, lonely, non-panic assistant passengers to help cabin crew members (land - 18 people; water - 16 people)
Helper passengers.
When choosing passenger assistants, preference should be given to airline employees, firefighters, rescuers, and physically strong men, charging them with the following duties:
Providing assistance to children, the sick and wounded;
Assisting in bringing emergency equipment into working order
position and during the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft;
Protection of places that are dangerous for exiting the aircraft.
Familiarize passengers with the location of emergency doors, the procedure for opening them, and the rules for evacuating from the aircraft.
The assistant passenger must repeat all of the above steps.
Briefing (Appendix 2; Appendix 3), preliminary preparation of passengers and verification of the safety measures they have taken must be completely completed by the time of the emergency landing of the aircraft.
Assistance passengers should be moved to emergency exits, as well as to disabled passengers requiring assistance.
It is better to face difficulties in transferring passengers during emergency preparations than to subsequently face inactivity of passengers and loss of time during evacuation.
Lighting of passenger compartments - 100%.
(Full lighting will make it possible to carefully prepare and monitor the behavior of passengers. Flight attendants in the cabins make sure that passengers listen carefully, stopping all questions and movements around the cabins)
In case of limited time , when it is not possible to gather flight attendants to explain the situation, the information is both a briefing for flight attendants and a signal to begin preparing the passenger cabin for an emergency landing.
Preparation of work areas:
Senior flight attendant CE No. 1/1L - clears the evacuation routes in the front part of the plane from hand luggage, from curtains (tear them down and put them away), removes all loose items (newspapers, magazines in bags, places them in restrooms).
Flight attendant No. 2 / 1R - secures the BKO and de-energizes household electrical equipment in the front buffet-kitchen; locks the toilet room in the front part of the aircraft: prepares passengers and cabins for emergency landing (from the 1st to the 12th row);
Flight attendant #3/4L - secures the BKO and de-energizes household electrical equipment in the rear buffet - kitchen. Prepares passengers and cabins for emergency landing (from the 14th to the 28th rows). Locks the restrooms at the rear of the plane.
Flight attendant No. 4/4R - clears the escape routes at the rear of the plane from hand luggage, from curtains (tear and put away), removes all loose items (newspapers, magazines in bags, in toilet rooms)
Passenger preparation.
1. Senior flight attendant/foreman No. 1/1L consistently names the necessary preparatory measures according to the texts of emergency information in accordance with "INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING THE PASSENGER CABIN FOR AN EMERGENCY LANDING".
2. Flight attendants demonstrate and check that passengers comply with the instructions given by the senior flight attendant, and transmit a signal of readiness to carry out the next point of the instructions.
The instructions include the following requirements:
- the backs of the seats must be in a vertical position, otherwise, the passenger sitting in the back will not have sufficient preparation space and will be at greater risk of injury when landing the aircraft;
- collars should be unbuttoned, ties removed;
- passengers must be dressed in accordance with climatic conditions. In case of a forced landing on water, it is recommended to wear as much clothing as possible;
- piercing and cutting objects must be removed and put away in hand luggage. Do not place these items in the pocket of the seat in front;
-hand luggage must be removed on luggage racks or in additional rooms (restrooms). All hand luggage remains on board the aircraft during evacuation;
- take off your shoes and put them in your hand luggage or under a chair (as appropriate);
Passengers must sit as tightly as possible in the seat, fasten your seat belts strictly at hip level and tighten them tightly. Distribute blankets, pillows, and outerwear to passengers.
Passengers should pay special attention to the “Safety Instructions”, which shows the location and use of emergency exits, vests, and taking a safe posture.
- flight attendants show the exits, which the senior flight attendant names in the information;
- show location of emergency lighting;
-when landing on land explain the emergency exit equipment (ladders, ropes) and how to use them;
When landing on water, passengers should be informed about the availability of life jackets and the rules for their use. Before landing on the water, you must put on a life jacket and tie or fasten it. Adults inflate their life jackets immediately before; how to leave the plane (in the opening) or after exiting the plane, if they leave it through emergency exits on the wing. An inflated vest before landing will prevent the passenger from taking a safe position, will interfere with evacuation from the aircraft, or may be damaged (especially when leaving the aircraft through emergency exits on the wing). The use of children's life jackets must be explained to passengers individually .
Need to explain passengers, what they should do at the command of the PIC “Group, group!”, “Brace, brace.”
The command will sound immediately before landing, after which you must take a safe position.
This command is given until the aircraft comes to a complete stop.
Explain and show passengers how to position themselves for an emergency landing. If a signal is given to take a safe position for an emergency landing, and there is no time to demonstrate it, give the command “Cover your head with your hands (hands on top of each other); Lower your head to your knees; Use soft items to protect your head and torso from impacts.” Flight attendants explain the safe position for children, pregnant women and obese passengers individually. Invite passengers with children to sit the child on their laps: Use a “loop belt” to secure it; an adult holds the child with one hand near the waist or by the head (depending on the child’s position relative to the direction of flight); You should protect the child's face with soft things.
Infant in the arms of an adult: An adult passenger must: Fasten and tighten the seat belts; Place your feet firmly on the floor; Place the child on his back on the adult's lap; Bend over the child; Support the baby's head with one hand and press it to you; With the other hand, simultaneously fix the child’s knees and your head. Passengers should be advised that some impacts can be expected upon landing and should remain safely seated with their seat belts fastened until instructed by the crew.
At the end of the passenger briefing, ensure that passengers know:
How to Unbuckle a Seat Belt
How to group
When to group
How long to group
Where are the nearest exits?
How to get to them
Carefully observe the behavior of passengers, identify those prone to panic and calm them down (if necessary, you can take coercive measures).
Each flight attendant must double-check that their area is ready for an emergency landing. Do not allow passengers to attempt to open emergency doors without a command.
Cabin lighting must be appropriate to the outside conditions in which the aircraft is landing.
Dress:
It is necessary to wear full uniform, including a hat, for better identification by passengers.
Remove metal badges, ID, to avoid injury.
Make sure that the emergency equipment you need to evacuate from your area is accessible.
Flight attendants must report to the senior flight attendant upon completion of training. The senior flight attendant reports to the PIC that the cabin is ready for an emergency landing.
Take your place in the chair, fasten and tighten the waist and shoulder straps; wait for a signal (command) to assume an emergency landing position.
Flight attendants sitting in rear-facing seats must take the following position: Sit upright; Press your back and head against the back of the chair; Hold the seat with your hands; Place your feet firmly on the floor.
Take a pose for an emergency landing and remain in it until the plane comes to a complete stop, conduct a mental thirty-second psychological preparation for actions during evacuation.
The start of an evacuation must be explained as follows:
At the command of the flight attendants, you need to unfasten your seat belts and leave your seat; stand one after another and, observing the order, head to the emergency door; if the exit can be used, evacuate.
The actions of EC members after a complete stop of the aircraft, during evacuation during a planned emergency landing on land/water, are similar to an unplanned emergency landing on land/water.
UNPLANNED EMERGENCY LANDING - EMERGENCY SCHEDULE, ACTIONS OF EC MEMBERS.
Actions of EC members.
After the aircraft and crew have come to a complete stop:
"PASSENGER EVACUATION"
Unfasten your seat belt
Approach emergency exits
Senior flight attendant CE No. 1 / 1L- front entrance door – 1L
Flight attendant #2/1R front service door – 1R
Flight attendant #3/4L: rear entrance door – 4L
Flight attendant No. 4/4R: service door – 4R
Assess the situation outside (if the use of this exit was not prohibited by the PIC): look out the window, make sure there is no fire or any obstacles to evacuation.
If there is no danger:
Make sure the door is in the "Automatic"/"ARMED" position.
Open the door;
Turn the door handle in the direction of the arrow until it stops in the “open” direction - “OPEN”
Push the door out and lock it in the open position.
If the ladder does not inflate automatically
Hold the auxiliary handle with one hand - with the other hand, pull the red handle with the inscription “PULL” located on the right side of the ladder threshold.
Make sure the exit can be used.
Immediately evacuate passengers.
(Diagram 60) remember that the greatest danger on board is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through cotton or woolen items of clothing, if possible moistened with water. When making your way to the exit, move crouched down or on all fours, as there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire using existing clothing, blankets, etc.
After landing and stopping the plane, immediately head to the nearest exit, as there is a high probability of an explosion. If the passage is blocked, make your way through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of your hand luggage and avoid exiting through hatches near which there is an open fire or heavy smoke. After leaving the plane, move as far away from it as possible and lie on the ground, pressing your head with your hands - an explosion is possible.
Forced landing of a plane on water happens rarely. Before sinking, the plane can float from 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is significantly shorter.
Airplanes with engines on the wings will float in a horizontal position, while those with two or more engines on the tail will float tail-down.
During splashdown, which is always unexpected, there is practically no time for preparation. In one case, the plane can touch the surface so smoothly that it is unclear whether it landed or splashed down; in another, it can fall apart and quickly sink. Therefore, during splashdown, it is necessary to act on the command of the crew commander or flight attendant (Diagram 61), i.e. put on a life jacket and inflate it, take it with you or put on warm clothes and go to the exit indicated by the flight attendant to board the life raft.
After a forced landing, life rafts are lowered into the water. The time to bring the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute in summer and 3 minutes in winter. If the splashdown occurred in the cold season, you need to take more warm clothes on the raft. Don't forget to stock up on water and food. The raft comes with an emergency supply, which may not be enough if the voyage is long. The command of all passengers on the water is assumed by the captain of the aircraft crew.
Using oars and available objects, you need to move away from the place where the plane dives. After this, straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft's drift downwind and will keep those escaping in the area of the accident.
Check your knowledge by checking your answers to the tests with the answers given at the end of the textbook.
36. How to leave the plane after an emergency landing through the exit with the ladder extended and inflated:
a) without stopping, jump onto the ramp and slide down;
b) without stopping, sit on the edge of the ladder and slide down;
c) stop in front of the ramp, sit on it and slide down. |
37. During an emergency landing of an aircraft, you must:
a) fold your hands on your stomach, bend over and tuck your legs;
b) put on a life jacket, rest your hands on the back of the front seat, and press your head between your knees;
c) bend over, tilt your head as low as possible and cover it with your hands, rest your feet on the back of the front seat.
38. You are flying on an airplane. The flight attendant reported a fire on board and an upcoming emergency landing. Your actions after an emergency landing, provided that the aircraft cabin is smoky, fire is visible in some places, and the passage to the emergency exit is not blocked:
a) immediately put on an oxygen mask, protect your body from burns and wait for rescuers;
b) protect yourself from burns by covering open areas of your body, bend down and crawl to the exit on all fours, covering your mouth and nose with a scarf or items of clothing soaked in liquid; Once overboard, quickly move away from the plane;
c) ask the flight attendant to bring a bottle of mineral water, make your way along the backs of your seats to the exit, pouring water on yourself as you go, once overboard, stand near the plane in case your help is needed.
39. The plane made an emergency landing on water. You need:
a) put on a life jacket and inflate it, take it with you or put on warm clothes, go to the exit to board the life raft;
b) take a life jacket and warm clothes with you, go to the exit, go down into the life raft, put on warm clothes and a life vest;
c) put on and inflate a life jacket, take a supply of food, go to the next cabin and wait for help from the flight attendant.
40. If there is a leak in the aircraft cabin, you must:
a) fasten your seat belt and cover your head with your hands and lean forward;
b) immediately put on an oxygen mask, fasten your seat belt and prepare for a rapid descent;
c) fasten your seat belt, help your neighbors fasten their seat belts, and put on an oxygen mask.