Romania is considered to be quite young and quite unusual, and even to some extent exotic country Europe. Its appearance on the political map of the world dates back to the second half of the 19th century. The country has many large historical areas with their own specifics, since each of them was part of different states for quite a long time. These include Transylvania, Dobruja, Oltenia, Muntenia, Banat, Crisana and Maramures.


Because of its unusual nature, tourists love to visit the country. However, tourists need to remember that Romania is very unfavorable in sanitary and epidemiological terms. Diseases such as viral meningitis, rabies and even typhus are found here.

Economy of Romania

Romania is an industrial-agrarian country, and its leading industry is metallurgy, both black and colored. The chemical industry, which has a fairly strong raw material base, is also considered a promising area. In addition, this is a country with well-developed arts and crafts. For example, the production of leather and ceramics or weaving from straw and twigs is well developed, as well as decorative sewing and embroidery, especially multi-colored and carpet weaving, which is mainly dominated by ancient geometric patterns.

Country of scientists and inventors

Romania can rightfully be proud of its wonderful scientists and inventors. It was opened in this country pancrein, which later became known as insulin. Its discovery belongs to the outstanding scientist and politician -. The country owes another scientist Marinescu the fact that he was the first to examine the structure of human nerve cells under a microscope. Romanian chemist Nicolae Teclu invented a gas burner and named it after himself. The outstanding psychologist of Romania Odoblezha was the forerunner of such a science as cybernetics.

Unusual places in Romania

The cemetery, located in the district of the historical region, is perhaps the most unusual European cemetery, which is called unusually - cheerful. Its unusualness lies in the fact that each tombstone has a witty, cheerful poem engraved on it. This area is also famous for its very beautiful wooden churches, built in the 17th and 18th centuries in the Gothic style and wooden gates, which almost all residents of this area have.


In Scarisoara, which is located near the village of Garda, there is a glacier cave, famous for the largest underground glacier in the world.


In the Southern Carpathians there is a mountain range, on the surface of which there are numerous very bizarre sculptures. Their authors are the heavenly elements: wind and rain. The most famous sculptures are those of the sphinx, harp and old man.


The town is famous for the largest sanatorium not only in Europe, but perhaps in the whole world, located in the oldest underground salt mine.


The Bridge of Liars, which is located in Vlad the Impaler’s favorite city, carries an element of mysticism. One of the legends says that there is no place for liars on this bridge, as it may collapse under them. However, it is believed that there is no confirmation of this legend, since the bridge has existed for centuries or there are no liars at all.


The largest parliament building in the world is considered to be the building located in the Romanian capital.

Culinary preferences

Corn hominy replaces bread for Romanians, and for loved ones national dish considered similar to lula kebab - mititei and sarma, in other words, cabbage rolls, which are made with pork filling. The filling is wrapped in grape leaves or sauerkraut leaves, which are prepared for future use using the pickling method. Among the strong drinks, plum vodka - tsuika and grape wines are common. Moreover, in the cold winter, it is customary to drink vodka with spices and warmed up.


Residents of the country also love black coffee, and among dairy products they prefer sour milk and feta cheese, with which they bake puff pastries on holidays. As a first course, they prefer a vegetable soup called chorbu or borscht. The technology for preparing borscht is very unusual: it is acidified with green fruits, bread kvass or cabbage brine.

Vampire Country

Romania is considered by many to be the country of vampires. According to legend, Vlad Tepes (Dracula) lived in Transylvania, who became famous for his brutal executions. In general, there are many interesting historical sights in this area. One of them is the Black Church, dating back to the 15th century. She is also called Biserica-Neagra.


Here are some more interesting facts about Romania:

• In Romania, the features of modern times are successfully intertwined with traditional culture, and the family in this country plays a huge role in the preservation and transmission of ancient traditions.
• Every aspect of the folk life of the Romanian population is reflected in their creativity. Epic ancient ballad songs are especially interesting, for example, the ballad of the Romanian shepherds “Mioritsa”.
• There are a huge number of folk festivals in Romania. Among them, the holiday with the “plugoshor” ritual, which the Romanian people celebrate on the first day after the New Year, stands out. This ritual is dedicated to the future harvest and is performed by young men dressed in goat skins.
• The oldest city in Romania, Cluj-Napaka, where a Dacian settlement once settled, is mentioned in the works of the scientist Ancient Greece Claudius Ptolemy.
• The fountain pen was invented by Romanian student Petrache Poenaru.
• The narrowest European street, just a hundred centimeters wide, is considered to be Niti Street, located in a city with well-preserved buildings from the Middle Ages - Brasov.
• Romania is famous for its unique balneo-mud and climatic resorts located on the Black Sea and in the cradle of Romania - Transylvania, as well as ski resorts.

There are often times when excessive nervousness makes it impossible to think and reason sensibly. To protect yourself from unnecessary worries, you need to learn to remain calm in any situation. Some have the innate ability to remain calm in critical moments, while others need experience and time to do this.

Sometimes life teaches us lessons that are difficult to find in manuals and textbooks. Life experience does not depend on what kind of education we have or what kind of scientific dissertation we write.

The author of the world bestseller “The Richest Man in Babylon,” Clayson George, revealed the secrets that anyone who wants to realize their most ambitious plans needs to know. They are the key to success and wealth. According to the author, and it is difficult for us to disagree with him, it is money that is the measure of a person’s success.

There are people who constantly stay late at work, wanting to complete a project ahead of schedule. Of course, hard work is commendable, but often passion goes beyond the scope of adequate activity. In some cases, this is due to the character of the person.

Did you know that peace and quiet are essential for mental health? Learn some useful rules for maintaining health and managing emotions.

How to regain peace of mind? 10 simple methods

No matter who a person is in modern society, no matter what benefits he has, sooner or later he has to face the main problem of our society - stress. A person’s physical health directly depends on their mental state. In addition to depression and depression, stress also provokes more serious problems. To avoid diseases, you need to pay special attention to your emotional state and promptly put your nervous system in order.

Why are we afraid to refuse? How to overcome your fear?

“No” is such a short word, but for some reason instead of it we still more often say phrases such as: “maybe”, “I’ll think about it”, “perhaps”, “maybe you’re right”, “yes”... Anything, but not cherished and so simple - “no”. Why?

All the habits that we introduce into our lives, consciously or not, sometimes change and control it to a greater extent than we ourselves. That is why many researchers and scientists conduct all kinds of experiments, observing different habits of different people in order to understand which of these habits are “correct” and will change life for the better, and which ones are better to get rid of. Every person wants to improve themselves, and this article can help you with this.

Some of us, when we lose something valuable, say: “God gave, God took away.” Others complain about fate, that there are unknown forces that have been taken away and which we cannot influence. They regret the loss. Others blame only themselves for inattention and lack of foresight. In any case, we all know that losing is unpleasant. Without even saying what exactly, but losing what belonged to us is always sad. Isn’t it sad when you accidentally drop an expensive mobile phone into a rural toilet? Fate? Or inattention?

Every year, Romania attracts more and more attention among residents of the CIS - it is a European country that is part of the EU, for those who are interested in stunning natural landscapes that blend harmoniously with civilization.

Panoramic view of one of the residential areas of Bucharest

The industrial-agrarian system, combined with an abundance of mineral resources, allows the country's economy to remain in a more or less stable position.

Romania is located in the eastern part of the Balkan Gulf, and among the countries of southeastern Europe, Romania is the largest.

Thanks to its convenient location on Black Sea coast Romania has a continental climate - winters are quite cool, snow falls every winter, and summers are hot.

Official state language

State language Romanian is considered, but German and Hungarian are also widely spoken here, and English and French are used in the tourism sector.

We can say that the local population speaks few foreign languages, and foreign citizens have to learn Romanian, or use a phrasebook.

Life in Romania

The current standard of living in Romania in 2019-2020 can hardly be called very high; rather, it can be described as average.

The population of Romania is more than 22 million people, and about 90% of this number are Romanians themselves, followed by Hungarians and Roma - 5%. Ukrainians, Germans, Lipovians and Russians are found in approximately equal numbers (less than 0.5%).

Ethnic population map of Romania

The standard of living, as is known, consists of various indicators. If we are talking about Western Europe, then we can speak specifically, but in relation to Eastern Europe it is difficult to adhere to absolute facts - it is much easier to consider the local standard of living in comparison with different countries.

This is what Romanian health insurance looks like

Salaries in Romania

The minimum salary in Romania in 2019-2020 is about 2,500 lei, which is equivalent to 500 euros (after taxes). This is what service personnel, seasonal workers, students, etc. usually receive. Professionals in their field have the opportunity to earn more. Here is a list of professions and average monthly salaries:

• Doctor - 1,100 euros.
• Teacher - 950 euros.
• Bank employees - 1,250 euros.
• Managers in high positions - 2,200 euros.
• Engineers - 2,100 euros.

Although wages are not as high as in other European countries, this does not frighten visitors to the country for the purpose of employment. And it gives the right to travel to all Schengen countries.

Sample Romanian resident card

European integration has increased economic growth in the country, the influx of foreign investment has increased, which has a positive impact on exports and GDP, but, on the other hand, there is still an upward trend. The growth of the Romanian economy over the six months increased by 4.8% - this was facilitated by an increase in purchasing power in Eastern Europe. However, the low inflation rate and low taxes in Romania cannot be denied.

Cost of living in Romania

Romania differs from most European countries in its low prices. This is why many tourists and migrants choose this country. Food costs usually range from 200 to 400 euros per month, depending on taste preferences. Average grocery prices in Romanian supermarkets in 2020 are as follows:

If you eat in cafes and restaurants, your monthly costs will be slightly higher. Street fast food in Romania can be bought from 2 euros, for example, a burger or shawarma. The average bill in a budget cafe for two will be about 5-10 euros, but dinner in a restaurant can cost 20-25 euros.

Prices for clothes and shoes in Romania are no different from other European countries. Well-known brands can only be bought cheaper during sales.

Internet in Romania is much cheaper than in other European countries. A month at a speed of 60 Mbit/sec will cost approximately 7 euros. As for mobile communications, for 5 euros you can activate a package of services with calls and SMS for a whole month.

Real estate prices

The price of rental housing, as elsewhere, depends on its size, condition and location. An apartment for a family can be rented from 200 to 350 euros in residential area cities. But rental prices in the center are slightly higher, ranging from 300 to 500 euros.

Sometimes utilities are not included in the rent. Then you will have to pay about 100 euros every month for electricity, water and heating.

As for buying real estate, one square meter on the outskirts will cost approximately 900-1000 euros, and in the center - from 1,200 euros.

Entertainment and relaxation

The cost of tickets to museums and castles varies from $1.5 to about $6 - by the way, students and group excursions can enjoy certain benefits.

The cost of a cinema ticket in Romania is approximately 5 euros.

Transport in Romania

Of course, the country has transport links, and they are quite extensive. But in general, you can always use a taxi - it is not too expensive (although the local population thinks otherwise).

Public transport in Bucharest

Taxis, like in any other EU country, operate on a meter. The cost of the trip consists of the tariff (about 40 cents) and another 40 cents for each kilometer. Thus, a trip of 60 km will cost 24-25 euros.

Renting a car in Romania is relatively cheap. Renting a car for one day costs approximately 15-30 euros. And if you rent a car for several days, you can get a discount. There is also a large number of services where you can rent a car in advance and pick it up at a certain place, for example, right at the exit from the airport.

A public transport ticket in Romania for one trip costs about 40 cents. A pass for one week costs 5-7 euros, for one month - 14 euros.

Level of economic development

When talking about Romania, it is difficult to talk only about the urban environment - most of the country is occupied by agriculture. The lifestyle here is different from the city. In rural areas it is difficult to call the population hardworking - the local houses are small, the horses look well-groomed.

One of the most profitable sectors of the economy in 2020 can be called tourism, and a very significant part of the local population works in this area.

Peles Castle located in the Romanian Carpathians

The Romanian Carpathians are called the future Alps, and given the active growth of foreign investment after Romania joined the EU, this may well become a reality.

The country is not included in the Schengen zone at the moment and. for tourism purposes for a period of less than 90 days is not needed.

The economic sector is firmly based on mining - the gas and oil industries are well developed here. The cost of gasoline is very affordable, there are enough gas reserves. In addition to oil and gas, manganese ores, bauxite and coal are being developed here.
The mining industry practically cannot function without the processing industry, which is also abundant here. There are two ports on the Black Sea coast and the Danube, and in addition to processing plants there are also shipbuilding plants.

The unemployment rate here is very, very high, around 48%, so finding a job can be difficult.

The agricultural sector is represented by arable land (two thirds are corn and wheat). Widespread crops are sunflowers, beets, and potatoes. In the Carpathian region and Transylvania there are orchards and vineyards, and cattle breeding is also well developed here, with priority given to pigs and sheep.

The economic structure of Romania makes it possible to maintain a strict balance, on the one hand, combining developed industry with agriculture, and on the other hand, attracting bonuses and investments from the rest of the European Union.

Medicine

Building of a modern private clinic in Bucharest

Spa treatment is popular here, as well as various types of healing and rejuvenating therapies. The aesthetic surgery sector is at a good level.

The cost of medical services (including complex operations) is 50-70% lower compared to Western European countries, which attracts a large number of foreigners here.

Romania is an amazing combination of natural beauty and advanced civilization. Picturesque plains, hills and mountains, the proximity of the Black Sea, and the continental climate invariably attract not only tourists, but also immigrants. Today, immigration to Romania has become very relevant, because it is not only a country of great opportunities, but also perfect place for relaxation, study and work.

If you decide to move to Romania, you can count on the help of the 1st Transportnaya company. Our highly qualified specialists will not only deliver your personal belongings within the agreed time frame, but will also complete all customs documents. With us, transporting personal belongings to Romania will be quick and will not cause you any hassle.

When moving from Russia to Romania, it is important to have with you a detailed list of personal belongings in Russian and Romanian, as well as documents confirming and determining the status of the move and copies of passports. It is best to have the list of things certified in advance by the Romanian Embassy.

The list of things prohibited for import into Romania includes: flammable and chemical substances, perishable drinks and food, firearms and ammunition, animals and plants, alcohol and tobacco, offensive materials, narcotic substances and dangerous products.

How to move to Romania: residence permit and permanent residence

There are several ways to obtain a residence permit in Romania:

• Business immigration. If you decide to open your company in Romania, get ready for a thorough check. Entrepreneurs need to provide in Romanian government agency, who is responsible for investments from abroad, provide: a business project, confirming a document confirming the availability of 100,000 euros, a document confirming the creation of 15 jobs. After all these procedures, a temporary residence permit is issued for a period of 1 year, which can be extended in the future.
• Labor activity. In order to immigrate to Romania using this method, it is important to obtain a work permit issued by the Ministry of Work and Social Security in advance. This permit is issued for a period of six months with a further right to extension.
• Education. Those foreigners who decide to study in Romania must send an application to the Ministry of Education and Scientific Research. You can also contact the Romanian university of interest to receive an acceptance letter. It is important that a foreign student has good knowledge of the language in which the studies will be conducted - French, German, English or Romanian. If you are enrolled in educational institution Romania, then you will become the owner of a temporary residence permit for the duration of your studies.
• Marriage. This option is the easiest to obtain a residence permit. After you have formalized an official marriage with a citizen of Romania, you receive a residence permit for a period of 1 year, with further extension. Having lived with a residence permit status for 5 years, you can apply for permanent residence.

Foreigners have the right to purchase any real estate, but cannot buy land. Such investments do not give the right to obtain a residence permit.

Romanian citizenship is easier to obtain for descendants of ethnic Romanians who were born and lived on the territory of the state from 1918 to 1940.

Children born to Romanian citizens, both within the country and abroad, automatically become Romanian citizens.

As a full citizen of Romania, you can live and work in any country of the European Union, receiving support and social guarantees from the authorities.

• Official language The country is Romanian, which is of Latin origin with the borrowing of Slavic expressions and words.
• Romania has the principle of freedom of religion, but Orthodoxy is recognized as the main religion.
• The most popular sport in the country is football.
• Romania is rich in discoverers and inventors. Thus, the person who invented the fountain pen was the Romanian student Petrache Poenaru, the first scientist to see human nerve cells through a microscope was Gheorghe Marinescu, and, finally, the discoverer of insulin was the Romanian professor Nicolae Paulescu, and not, as is commonly believed, the Canadians Best and Banting.
• The unofficial symbol of Romania is the odious figure of Count Dracula. Many people strive to visit Bran Castle, where, according to legend, the count lived. Although according to historical data, Bran Castle is not Dracula’s refuge, to the delight of tourist guides, there are documents confirming the possibility of Vlad the Impaler staying in this place during one of his military campaigns.

• Traditional cuisine is represented by mamaliga corn porridge, fried sausages – mititei, and apple strudel. Traditional drinks are plum brandy and Romanian wine.
• Gypsies in Romania, as elsewhere, are a colorfully dressed, colorful crowd. Only they don’t fuss, don’t ask for fortune telling, and don’t try to deceive visiting tourists. They are rather an adornment of the country than an unpleasant obviousness.
• The real house of Dracula is located in the city of Sighisoara, which is protected by UNESCO. Dracula's house itself is now a popular restaurant “Casa Vlad Dracul”.

Moving from Romania to Russia

If you decide to move from Romania to Russia, then you can safely contact the 1st Transportnaya company. We take full responsibility for the safety of the customer's property. Qualified specialists of the 1st Transportnaya company will help you organize your move from Romania in a short time, select the necessary type of transport, and also prepare all the necessary customs documents. An integral service provided by our company is cargo insurance.

By entrusting us with your move, you gain guaranteed reliability, security and compliance with all agreed deadlines.

Holidays in Romania are considered not very expensive compared to many EU countries. Prices for most services, goods and food are 50% lower than in Western Europe.

In every city, shopping can be done in huge supermarkets, markets, as well as in numerous small private shops, where the owner himself often stands behind the counter.

Among the Romanian souvenirs, the most popular among tourists are:

• handmade leather goods;
• silver jewelry;
• embroidery;
• clay and porcelain products;
• colorful warm blankets;
• wool sweaters;
• silk blouses and dresses;
• all kinds of “Dracula” souvenirs (from mugs and T-shirts to aspen stakes).

Credit cards are accepted in all major hotels, restaurants, gas stations and supermarkets, but it is always a good idea to carry cash with you.

Transport

When traveling around Romania, you can use road, rail, river and air transport.

Quality highways in Romania has improved significantly over last years. In mountainous areas, the quality of the surface is slightly worse than in the flat areas of the country, which is primarily due to heavy rainfall in the Carpathians, so certain sections of mountain roads are constantly being repaired. To travel on national roads you must pay a road tax - rovigneta.

Romania has a large railway network, but this type of transport is not very popular among tourists and the population due to the limited speed of travel (the average speed of trains is approximately 43 km/h). Most of the trains are outdated and have little comfort.

River transport is represented by ferries carrying passengers and goods across the Danube. There is also (as a type of ecotourism) traveling by boat or small ship on the Danube.

Those who value the time spent on the road should take advantage of by air. There are 17 airports in Romania, including 5 international ones. Air transportation in the country is well developed. From Bucharest you can get to everything Largest cities countries. On the most popular routes, planes fly 4–5 times a day. This type of transport is very popular among local residents. The planes are in excellent condition, with polite, qualified staff.

Urban public transport is well organized in all large and medium-sized cities in Romania (costs 1–2 lei, or 25–50 euro cents). Recently, double-decker buses appeared in Bucharest, plying the tourist route inside the city. The capital also has the only metro in the country. Taxis are metered. If they are not available, then the cost of the trip should be agreed upon in advance (most taxi drivers have basic knowledge of English).

Connection

Telephone calls abroad can be made both from specialized pay phones (work with cards that can be purchased at kiosks of printed materials), from telephone booths at post offices, and from hotel rooms, but this will be 10–20% more expensive.

Mobile communications in Romania are provided by 4 GSM operators - Connex Vodafon, Orange, Cosmte and DigiMobil - and one CDMA operator - Zapp. Today, the coverage area includes almost the entire territory of the country, with the exception of remote, hard-to-reach mountainous areas. Orange and Vodafone are the leaders in coverage area, occupying 98–99% of Romania.

Access to Internet resources is provided by more than 200 providers in Romania. Most hotels and hostels offer free Wi-Fi.

Safety

Latest research on the criminal situation in different countries the world showed that Romania occupies a leading position in security among European countries. In the northern and northeastern regions, near the Ukrainian and Moldovan borders, the situation is slightly worse than in the rest of the country: there are gypsy beggars and pickpockets. Here you should be careful with your valuables - keep money, mobile phones, cameras with you.

There are no gypsies at all in resort areas; public order is monitored by city police patrols.

Business

Membership in the European Union led Romania to implement a number of free market reforms, which resulted in the liberalization of foreign trade, modernization of tax and banking systems, and the active development of the private sector began.

Today, investing in the Romanian economy is considered promising and profitable.

The fixed income tax rate is 16%, and for small enterprises with no more than 10 employees and a total annual income not exceeding 100,000 € - 3%.

Cities and resorts in Romania are attracting more and more attention as business tourism destinations. Affordability and the availability of modern, well-equipped conference rooms make Romania an attractive place for business seminars, meetings, exhibitions and conferences of various levels.

Real estate

The unique nature, favorable climate and proximity to world-famous health resorts attract many who want to purchase real estate in Romania.

Here, foreigners have the same rights to purchase real estate as local residents. There are small restrictions stipulated by international treaties, as well as restrictions on the purchase of agricultural and strategic lands, lands national parks, as well as real estate objects of historical and cultural value.

The greatest interest among foreigners is in real estate on the Black Sea coast, in the capital and on ski resorts. Here minimum cost for 1 m² is about 800 €.

To avoid any misunderstandings during your stay in Romania and enjoy your holiday, tourists should follow some rules of conduct in the country. The basic rule, as in many European countries, is the ban on smoking in public places and transport, including railways.

Fans of photographic art should remember that in Romania, bridges and ports are considered strategic objects, so they should never be photographed.

In restaurants and cafes, it is customary to leave a tip of 10% of the cost of the check.

Chemicals, in particular bleach, are used as a disinfectant for tap water. Such water, of course, cannot be poisoned, but it is not suitable for drinking, and can also cause allergic reactions on sensitive skin when washed. But the water in mountain springs and wells in the Carpathians is not only safe and tasty, but also healthy.

Visa information

To visit Romania, citizens of Russia and other CIS member countries will need a visa that does not grant the right to enter the countries of the Schengen zone, despite the fact that Romania is a member of the European Union.

There are 3 types of visas: transit (B), short-term for a period of less than 90 days (C) and multiple long-term (D). To obtain a visa to the embassy, ​​you must provide a passport valid for at least 3 months from the end of the trip to Romania, plus photocopies of the pages of the passport with the owner’s personal data, photographs (2 pcs.), a completed application form of the established form, medical insurance and a certificate from the place of work indicating salary and position. The consular fee is 35 € for registration within 5–10 days, 70 € for an urgent visa.

The Romanian Embassy in Moscow is located at 119285, Moscow, st. Mosfilmovskaya, 64 (tel.: (+7 495) 143-04-24; 143-04-27).

Consulates:

St. Petersburg, Gorokhovaya st., 4 (tel.: (+7 812) 312-61-41, 335-08-44 344019,
Rostov-on-Don, st. 7th Line, 18/39 (tel: (+7 863) 253-08-61, 230-29-15, 227-59-25). If you have a Schengen visa, you can make transit trips through the territory of Romania for 5 days without issuing a Romanian transit visa.

Culture

Over the centuries, Romanians have been exposed to various cultures, each of which has contributed to the formation of modern Romanian culture. The influence of the ancient Romans was replaced several centuries later by the influence of the culture of the Slavs, Greeks, Turks and Hungarians. In the Middle Ages, Byzantium had a strong influence on the Romanians, especially in terms of church rituals, architecture, iconography and fresco painting. In the 16th and 17th centuries. on Romanian language Many works of church literature were written. Modern Romanian culture is a synthesis of this medieval influence, ancient folklore and music (which was important for maintaining ethnic unity) and various foreign influences.

Romanian literature and art reached their maturity at the end of the 19th century. Among the outstanding writers of that time were M. Eminescu, the talented storyteller I. Creanga, playwright I. L. Caragiale, literary critics T. Maiorescu and C. Dobrogeanu-Geria. The most famous artists were the portrait painter T. Aman, the landscape painters N. Grigorescu and I. Andreascu, as well as the artist S. Lucian.

The best writers of the interwar period were the poet T. Arghezi and the short story writers M. Sadoveanu, L. Rebreanu and C. Petrescu.

Post-war Romanian literature is still influenced by the writers who became famous during the interwar period. Patriotic, democratic and pro-peasant inclinations in literature were already developed before the First World War by the literary movement “Semenetorul” (“The Sower”). These writers argued that the development of art should be determined ideologically, and easily adapted to the philosophy and goals of the communist regime. The non-communist T. Argezi was recognized by the authorities as the most outstanding Romanian poet, and M. Sadoveanu, without any effort, was able to become the patriarch of post-war Romanian literature. Arghezi, known even before World War II for his deeply original poems, began to write optimistic poems about peasant uprisings. Sadoveanu, an imaginative writer and creator of a broad historical panorama, added to his historical novellas new works about the awakening of the proletariat; his Return recounts the achievements of the communist regime. However, after 1965, the regime also began to patronize nationalist writers.

Among the post-war writers, it should be noted such poets as M. Beniuk, E. Zhebelyanu, V. Porumbaku, A. Toma, C. Teodorescu, M. Dragomir, D. Deshliu. The short story writers E. Kamilar, A. Zhar, Z. Stancu became famous; playwrights - A. Baranga, R. Boureanu, M. Davidoğlu, L. Demetrius and M. Banush (also a poetess). A feature of post-war literature was the publication of books and magazines in the languages ​​of national minorities, especially in Hungarian. Among the Hungarian writers, the most famous are I. Horváth and I. Astálos.

Before World War I, there were several notable works in Romanian fine art. During the interwar period, it is unlikely that any outstanding achievements in this field can be noted, with the exception of the works of artists who were under strong Western, mainly French, influence. These include such artists as S. Petrescu, G. Petrascu, K. Ressu, J. Steriade, Iser. The most famous artists of the communist period were P. Athanasiou, S. Barabas, L. Agricola, G. Lazar.

In music, most state prizes were awarded to works such as the Folk Festival by Sabina Dragoi. In the 1960s and 1970s, the regime began to encourage the revival of Romanian classics, including the works of D. Enescu, and imitations of classical Romanian and modern Western works.

Story

Ancient Romania was inhabited by Thracian tribes. In the 1st century BC. Greece founded the state of Dacia to protect itself from Rome. Dacia passed to Rome in 106 AD, becoming a province of the Roman Empire. As a result of attacks by the Goths in 271, Emperor Aurelius recalled the Roman legionaries back to the south of the Danube, but the Wallachian peasants remained in Dacia, forming the Romanian people. By the 10th century, small Romanian lands had formed, and their unification led to the creation of the principalities of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. From the 10th century, the Magyars came to Transylvania, and by the 12th century it became an autonomous principality under Hungarian rule. In the 14th century, Hungarian troops tried unsuccessfully to capture Wallachia and Moldavia.

During the 14th and 15th centuries, Wallachia and Moldavia resisted the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. During the struggle, Prince Vlad Tepes of Wallachia (known as the "Impaler" because he rarely ate without being accompanied by a writhing, impaled Turk) became a hero and was later associated with Dracula. In the 16th century, Transylvania passed to the Ottoman Empire, at the same time Wallachia and Moldavia submitted to the Turks, but retained their autonomous position. In 1600, all three Romanian provinces were united by Prince Mihai Vitazul of Wallachia after he joined forces with the ruling princes of Moldavia and Transylvania in the fight against the Turks. The unification lasted only a year, then Mihai was defeated by the combined Habsburg-Transylvanian forces, after which he was captured and beheaded. Transylvania passed to the Habsburg Empire, and Wallachia and Moldavia remained Turkish suzerainties until almost the end of the 19th century. In 1775, the northern part of Moldavia, Bukovina, was annexed by Austria-Hungary. Then in 1812 the eastern territory, Bessarabia, passed to Russia. After the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829), Ottoman ownership of the principalities ended.

After 1848, Transylvania fell under the rule of Austria-Hungary and “Magyarization” began. In 1859, Alexandru Ioan Cuza was crowned on the thrones of Moldavia and Wallachia, creating a new state, which was named Romania in 1862. Charles I inherited the throne in 1866, and Dobruja became part of Romania in 1877. In 1881, Romania began to be called a kingdom, and Charles I became its king. He died at the beginning of the First World War. His nephew Ferdinand I inherited the throne and entered the war in 1916 on the side of the Triple Entente. His goal was the liberation of Transylvania from Austria-Hungary. In 1918, Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania became part of Romania.

In Romania, after the First World War, numerous political parties emerged, including the Legion of the Archangel Michael, better known as the fascist Iron Guard. The party, led by Cornelius Codreanu, dominated the political arena by 1935. Charles II, who inherited the throne after the death of his father Ferdinand I, declared the state a royal dictatorship in 1938 and abolished all political parties. In 1939, he pacified the Iron Guard, which he had previously supported, executing Codreanu and other legionnaires. In 1940, the USSR occupied Bessarabia, and Romania was forced to hand over northern Transylvania to Hungary on orders from Germany and Italy. Southern Dobruya was transferred to Bulgaria. Based on all this, numerous rallies broke out, so the king summoned Generalissimo Ion Antonescu to pacify the discontent. Antonescu forced Charles to abdicate, transferring power to Charles's 19-year-old son Michael, and then introduced a fascist dictatorship, proclaiming himself ruler. In 1941 he joined Hitler's anti-Soviet war. When the Soviet Army approached the Romanian border in 1944, Romania went over to the side of Russia.

The Soviet transfer of Transylvania to Romania helped the Moscow-backed communists win elections in 1946. A year later, King Michael was forced to abdicate and the Romanian People's Republic was formed. A period of state intimidation began when pre-war leaders, prominent intellectuals and suspicious dissidents were rounded up and sent to prison camps. In the late 1950s, Romania began to move away from Moscow, seeking an independent foreign policy under the leadership of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1952-1965) and Nicolae Ceausescu (1965-1989). Ceausescu decried Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968, which earned him respect and economic assistance from the West. Most of his great projects (the construction of the “deadly” Danube-Black Sea Canal, the pompous and expensive House of Peoples in Bucharest). His secret militia suppressed the population and had a huge network of informants.

The rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s meant that the United States no longer needed Romania and removed its status as “the most beloved nation.” Ceausescu decided to export Romania's food supply to pay off the country's huge debt. While Ceausescu and his wife Elena (his first deputy prime minister) lived in luxury, the people tried to survive, since the rationing of bread, eggs, flour, butter, salt, sugar, beef, potatoes was mocking, and by the middle of 1980 's there was no meat at all. In 1987, riots broke out in Brasov and were brutally suppressed. After regime after regime began to collapse in Eastern Europe, on December 15, 1989, priest Lazlo Toks preached against Ceausescu in a church in the city of Timisoara. That evening, a group of people gathered at his house to protest the decision of the Reformed Church of Romania to remove Tox from his post. Clashes between protesters, police and army continued for 4 days. On December 19, the army joined the protesters. On December 21, Bucharest workers loudly protested against Ceausescu during a mass rally and street clashes between protesters, police and army. The next day, the Ceausescu family tried to escape from Romania, but were arrested, convicted by an anonymous court and shot on Christmas Day.

Members of the National Salvation Front, who seized power after Ceausescu's death, are now believed to have planned his overthrow months before December 1989, but premature rallies forced them to act earlier. A provisional government came to power, headed by Ion Iliescu.

In 1992, Iliescu and the National Salvation Front were re-elected, but uncontrolled inflation, unemployment, and suspicion of government corruption led to Iliescu being replaced in 1996 by Emil Constantinescu, leader of the Democratic Convention of Romania. Iliescu returned to power as president in December 2000. Romanians probably believed that Iliescu was the better of two evils compared to the extremist Cornelius Vadim Tudor of the right-wing Romanian Party.

Economy

One of the largest sectors of the economy is oil production, Rompetrol occupies a significant market share, but oil reserves are insignificant and its production is constantly decreasing.

Since the mid-2000s, Romania's oil consumption has been approximately twice its own production, and this ratio also applies to oil imports and exports.

Romania has natural gas reserves and production, but in recent years the country has been forced to import gas to meet its needs.

Labor distribution - about 30% in agriculture, 23% in industry, 47% in the service sector (2006).

The main foreign trade partners are Germany, Italy, France (2006).

Policy

The bicameral parliament consists of the Senate (Senat, 137 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor, 332 seats).

Senators are elected according to a proportional system.

The 314 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected according to a proportional system with a five percent threshold for political parties and an eight percent threshold for blocs, with the remaining seats reserved for representatives of national minorities.

The term of office of parliament members is 4 years.

According to the constitution adopted by Parliament in November 1991 and approved in December of the same year by a popular referendum, Romania is a national, unitary, legal, democratic and social state with a republican form of government. The head of state is the president, elected by the population for a term of 4 years. He has broad powers in political matters, comparable to those of the President of the French Republic.