Ancient roads and tracts of Kazan. Antediluvian Tataria Maxim what volost of the Kazan province map
I came across a wonderful site with a large archive of old maps. There is a lot there, but I was especially interested in the map of Tataria from 1940. On the one hand, the administrative changes that have occurred since those times are insignificant, and this makes it easy to navigate the area and look for small “geographical news.” On the other hand, the republic was heavily flooded. Two huge puddles appeared on the map - the Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk reservoirs. Thanks to these hydro-dominants, Tatarstan, which is small in general, is noticeable even on the map of the entire country. Here, look what TASSR looked like before the great flood. The two “great rivers” of Russia, the Kama and the Volga, flow in frivolous, barely visible streams.
Kuibyshev. Not to be confused with Samara. Both Kuibyshevs were on the Volga. To distinguish them they said Kuibyshev regional (present-day Samara) and Kuibyshev district - now the city of Bolgar. Before the flooding, it was strictly speaking far from the Volga, on the Abyss River. And then... Kuibyshev was moved to a new place. See s. Bulgarians? So the whole city moved there. In general, during the construction of hydroelectric power stations in Tataria there were 78 settlements were completely relocated. Not flooded, as adherents of pristine ecology like to say, but rather transported. Houses, factories, schools, hospitals and even cemeteries. 
Same place now. Kuibyshev in a new place and with a new name. 
The confluence of the Volga and Kama. Look how it was before. At this point they flowed almost parallel, forming an unusual peninsula with its banks washed by two different rivers. The title photo shows a still from the film Volga, Volga. Unfortunately, this was filmed in a completely different place, but it will do for clarity. This is probably what it looked like. Two narrow but fast rivers flow together, nothing special. 
Now there is water for fifty kilometers. The shore is not visible. Grandiose views now open from the Kama Ustye. The dachas here in Kazan are rich. 
This is what it looks like now:
We go a little east, up the Kama. I have designated the Key Us with numbers. points. Was. 
It has become. A large bridge across the Kama has now been built here. Previously, there was a ferry here and sometimes it took a whole day to travel from Chistopol to Kazan (130 km) due to long queues. 
A little higher is the city of my childhood, Chistopol. Everything here has been covered by bicycles and covered with feet. Everything is familiar here. 
And there is a lot here that is completely unfamiliar. Glass factory??? Never heard of him. What happened to him? He drowned(s)
Pay attention to the MTS icons. Already in 1940 there was cellular communication here. 
You can see the place on the map along the arrow. There is nothing there except a couple of villages. 
And now here is the third largest city in Tatarstan. 235 thousand population. Europe's largest chemical plant. You can admire its beauty from our Elabuga shore.
The Kama here is narrow and pristine, but this is because it flows immediately after another dam - the Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric station. Immediately behind it is the sea again. 
This is what Kama was like in patriarchal times. At number 1 Bondyuzhsky district and village. Bondyuga (emphasis on the first syllable of course). In 1940 it was a separate district. Then it will be attached to Elabuga, and then it will again become an independent unit. It will also be renamed Mendeleevsk. Here, too, a strong chemical plant is smoking, and an even larger one is being built. At number 3 is the Ik River, at number 2 is the city of Menzelinsk on the Menzel River. Remember them like this. 
There was the city of Menzelinsk and the port of Menzelinsk on the Kama. There is such a distance between them. 
And now here it is. Menzelinsk ended up on the Kama (actually the spilled Ik). In Soviet times, such an incident happened there. The old port sank, but the water did not reach the new one. The fact is that the water level was raised lower than planned, and the pier was built with this in mind. 
Economic map of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The creation of statehood of the Tatar people took place in a short period of time in several stages. At first it was planned to create the “Idel-Ural” republic, then the “Kazan Republic”, “Tatar-Bashkir Republic”. However, the most realistic step was the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which most fully reflected the demands of the Bolshevik Party and partially satisfied the demands of the Tatar people. Its formation was proclaimed on June 25, 1920. The republic was created as a multinational state, part of the RSFSR. In 1920, 2851.9 thousand people lived on its territory, of which: Tatars - 49.5%, Russians - 41.2%, Chuvash - 5.9%, Mari - 0.8%. In the period 1920-1940 years TASSR became an industrial-agrarian republic. Collectivization was carried out. New industrial enterprises were created, illiteracy of the bulk of the population was eliminated.
During the years of Soviet power, industrial enterprises in the mechanical engineering, chemical, oil, energy, light and food industries were re-created in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. A number of enterprises have been restored and reconstructed. In the first five-year plan (1929-1932), 22 large industrial enterprises were put into operation. Factories of typewriters, dental instruments, chemical-pharmaceutical, Kazan fur plant, Volga plywood plant, silicate brick plant, Kazan, Chistopol and Bugulminsky meat-packing plants, Kazan bakery, etc. have become operational.
During the second five-year plan (1933-1937), 24 large industrial enterprises were built and put into operation. These include CHPP No. 1, the Kirov plant, a film factory, a sleeper impregnation plant, the Vasilyevsky timber plant, the Kazan fulling and felt plant, the Kazan garment factory No. 4, bakeries No. 2 and No. 4, a confectionery factory. Mikoyan, a saddlery factory, etc. During three and a half years of the third five-year plan (1938 - the first half of 1941), 12 large industrial enterprises were built. Thermal power plant No. 2, artificial leather factories, a photogelatin plant, a tire repair plant, a brick plant K-14, and the Kazan disinfection equipment plant came into operation. One of the country's first synthetic rubber factories and aircraft plant No. 124 named after were built. Ordzhonikidze.
The head of the spiritual administration of Muslims of the European part of the USSR and Siberia, Riza Fakhrutdinov, in a letter addressed to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M.I. Kalinina wrote in 1932 that out of 12 thousand mosques, 10 thousand were closed by the beginning of the 30s. The mufti asked the “all-union elder” to assist in stopping such a campaign. However, the next wave of demolition of minarets, mosques, their closure, transformation of mosques into clubs, schools, and hostels took place at the end of the same 30s. A similar fate befell the churches. Thus, as of January 1944, only 2 churches were operating in Tatarstan - in Kazan and Menzelinsk. Of the 70 districts of the republic, 69 no longer had functioning churches.
The Kazan province was formed in 1708 during the first provincial reform of Peter the Great. The core of the new province was the territory of the former Kazan kingdom, which existed since 1552 as part of the Moscow state as a personal union of the Moscow sovereigns (the administration of these lands and the lands adjacent to the former Kazan kingdom and the lands of the former Astrakhan Khanate was carried out by order of the Kazan palace). Initially, that is, from 1709, the vast Kazan province was divided into four provinces, and from 1725 - into six provinces, of which the Kazan province had the highest rank. Subsequently, the Kazan province was repeatedly fragmented, and territories were separated from it, in which new provinces were established: Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, etc. During the administrative reform of Catherine the Second in 1781, the Kazan province was transformed into the viceroyalty of the same name from 13 counties: Kazan , Arsky, Kozmodemyansky, etc.
In the Kazan province in whole or in part
There are the following maps and sources:
(except for those indicated on the main page of the general
All-Russian atlases, which may also include this province)
1st and 2nd layout of land surveying of the 18th century. (1780-90s)
Plans (maps) of general surveying - non-topographic (without latitudes and longitudes), hand-drawn maps of the late 18th century (after changing the boundaries of the provinces in 1775-79) on a scale of 1 inch 1 verst or in 1 cm 420 m and in 1 inch there are 2 versts or in 1 cm 840 m. In terms of time, land survey maps for the Kazan province are of two types - Catherine the Second and Paul the First and differ in the boundaries of the counties.
Lists of populated places in the Kazan province in 1866
This is a universal reference publication containing the following information:
- status of a settlement (village, hamlet, hamlet - proprietary or state-owned, i.e. state);
- location of the settlement (in relation to the nearest highway, camp, well, pond, stream, river or river);
- the number of households in a settlement and its population;
- distance from the district town and camp apartment (camp center) in versts;
- presence of a church, chapel, mill, fairs, etc.
The book contains 237 pages.
With the accession of Paul the First in 1796, as a result of the reverse reorganization of Russian governorships in the province, the Kazan governorship turned into the province of the same name consisting of 10 counties (at this time the counties of Arsky, Spassky, and Tetyushsky were abolished). Since the time of Alexander the First (since 1801), when the last two districts were restored, the Kazan province consisted of 12 districts, more or less equal in size to the territories. The largest district of the Kazan province at that time was Chistopol district, and the smallest was Sviyazhsky.
How do cities grow and form? Almost the same. Some starting point has appeared that you need to get to - there is only one way to get to it. But the point that is gaining momentum is looking for more connections with the outside world. And where - like ours - there are no geographical intricacies, this point opens up several more roads for itself in the directions it needs.
Ancient roads are always naturally curved. They avoid hills, ponds, swamps and other inconveniences. They, like river beds, fidget over the years and centuries until they find the optimal position. Of the many directions needed by the point, the most important are highlighted. Finally, they receive names, most often from the area or objects to which they lead.
KAZAN MAIN POST OFFICE - ALL ROADS AND TRACKS IN THE PROVINCE WAS RECORDED FROM HERE
Over time, spin-offs from the initial settlement or simply new settlements are attached to these most important directions. Developed ancient systems of human settlement, including the Kazan system - a type of multi-legged creature. The spaces between the paws became meadows, arable lands, pastures, or remained nothing. Gradually, new settlements were formed in them, but the main ones clung to the paths to the main settlement - the city. Over time, some settlement on these roads flourished, became a local center and also gave its name to the road on which it grew.
Let's return to Kazan. We do not know the pattern of ancient roads or ancient settlements. The earliest reliable cartography came to us only from the 18th century. I emphasize - reliable - since previously there were world and regional maps, compiled, as a rule, by travelers, as well as local “drawings of lands”. The language of both is conventional in topographical terms. And of the acceptable and early ones, the most visual, in line with the topic under discussion, was the “Geometric map... of the major roads lying along the Kazan district” of the late 18th century. [ill.1] 
The 8 “big roads” identified on it have retained their dominance to this day, although over time the gaps have all been built up, and they have their own new street grid. At that time these roads were called (from west and clockwise):
- The big postal road from the city of Sviyazhsk, also known as Moscow(now - approximately along 1st May Street and south of the Powder Plant, Arakchinskoye Highway, etc.);
- The road to the pilgrimage, i.e. - to the Raifa desert(approximately from 1st May Street to Gorkovskoe Highway, then this road turned into ZAVOLZHSKY KOKSHAY TRACT); 
- 20493 views
There are many reprints from the Efron and Brockhaus dictionary on the Internet and, in principle, it’s easy to find information from it using any search engine. I’ll do it a little differently.
27th half. The articles in it are located from the concept of “Kalaka” to “Kardam”, but the first thing offered is “Map of the Kazan province”...
The first page of the 27th semi-volume of the XIV volume of the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" of Brockhaus and Efron"
Map of Kazan province as of 1890
For comparison, I will offer map of modern Tatarstan:
Of course, more than a century has passed since the creation of such a grand reference manual as the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Much has changed, including the Kazan province. Next, I offer some materials on the history of the Kazan province (materials taken from the sources indicated at the end of the post)
Kazan province- an administrative-territorial unit of the Russian Empire and the RSFSR, which existed in 1725-1920. Provincial city - Kazan.
The Kazan province was formed in 1708 during the administrative-territorial reform of the Russian Empire, begun by Peter I. The basis of the province was the territory of the Kazan kingdom, which formally existed after the capture of the Kazan Khanate in 1552, was headed by the Tsar of the Moscow State on the rights of a personal union and was administratively governed by t n. by order of the Kazan Palace in Moscow.
The first Kazan governor was Pyotr Matveevich Apraksin.
Initially, the Kazan province covered territories from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan and was divided into voivodeships, from 1719 into provinces, and from 1775 into counties.
The Kazan province initially covered the territory along the right and left banks of the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan. It consisted of Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Penza, Simbirsk, Ufa, Astrakhan and other voivodeships, which from 1719 began to be called provinces.
In the 18th century, at various times, Simbirsk (1780), Nizhny Novgorod (1718), Penza, Astrakhan (1717) and other provinces were separated from the Kazan province into independent administrative units.
In 1709, the Kazan province was divided into 4 provinces, in 1725 - into 6 provinces: Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Penza, Ufa, Vyatka and Solikamsk. Kazan was considered a province of the highest category, and all the others were assigned to it. Subsequently, the territory of the province was repeatedly reduced; Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratov, Orenburg provinces, parts of Vyatka, Perm, Tambov, Penza, Kostroma, Vladimir, Samara provinces were separated from its composition. However, the Kazan province did not lose its leading position.
IN In 1781, the Kazan province was transformed into a governorate (since 1796 - again a province), which included 13 counties. In the same year, the coats of arms of the province and district cities were approved.
At the end of the 18th century, there were 13 cities in the province: Kazan, Arsk, Kozmodemyansk, Laishevo, Mamadysh, Sviyazhsk, Spassk, Tetyushi, Tsarevokokshaisk (Yoshkar-Ola), Tsivilsk, Cheboksary, Chistopol, Yadrin, a total of 7272 settlements.
In the 19th century, the importance of Kazan as an administrative center increased even more. The capital of the province became the center of the educational (1805) and military (1826) districts.
IN 1920 , after unsuccessful attempts by the leaders of the Tatar national democratic movement to form on the territory of K.g. and the adjacent regions, first the Ural-Volga State, then the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic, the creation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed. Kazansky, Laishevsky, Mamadyshsky, Sviyazhsky, Spassky (except some volosts that were transferred to Simbirsk province), Tetyushsky, Chistopol districts and a number of volosts of other districts of K.g. became part of Tatarstan (see Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the Autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic"), its other districts - Cheboksary, Tsivilsky, Yadrinsky - were later included in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Kozmodemyansky and Tsarevokokshaysky (from 1918 - Krasnokokshaysky) - in Mari ASSR.
Governors K.g.: P.M.Apraksin (1708-13), P.S.Saltykov (1713-19), A.P.Saltykov (1719-24), I.A. von Mengden (1725), A.P. Volynsky (1725-27, 1728-30), V.N. Zotov (1727-28), M.V. Dolgorukov (1730-31), P.I. Musin-Pushkin (1731-35), A.I. Rumyantsev (1735-36), S.D. Golitsyn (1736-39), A.G. Zagryazhsky (1741-48), S.T. Grekov (1748-55), F.I.Golovin (1755-58), V.B.Tenishev (1758-64), A.N.Kvashnin-Samarin (1764-70), J.I.von() Brandt (1770-74), P .S.Meshchersky (1774-80), I.B.Bibikov (1780-81); governors general (viceroys): P.I.Panin (1774-75), P.S.Meshchersky (1780-92), M.I.Kutuzov (1793-96), S.I.Mavrin (1796), V.Yu.Soimonov (1822 -25), A.N.Bakhmetev (1825-28), A.E.Timashev (1864-65); viceroyal rulers: I.B. Bibikov (1781-83), I.A. Tatishchev (1783-89), S.M. Barataev (1789-96); military governors: P.S.Meshchersky (1796-97), B.P.deLassi (1797-98), P.P.Pushchin (1798-1801); citizen governors: S.M.Barataev (1796-97), D.S.Kazinsky (1797-99), A.I.Mukhanov (1799-1801), A.A.Aplecheev (1801-02), N.I.Katsarev (1802-03), B.A. Mansurov(1803-14), I.A. Tolstoy (1815-20), P.A. Nilov (1820-23), A.Ya. Zhmakin (1823-26), O.F. Rosen (1826-28), I.G.Zhevanov (1829-30), A.K.Pirkh (1830-31); military governors with civil administration. part: S.S. Strekalov (1831-41), S.P. Shipov (1841-46), I.A. Boratynsky (1846-50, 1851-57), E.P. Tolstoy (1850), P.F. .Kozlyaninov (1857-63), M.K.Naryshkin (1863-66); governors: N.Ya.Skaryatin (1866-80), A.K.Gaines (1880-82), L.I.Cherkasov (1882-84), N.E.Andreevsky (1884-89), P.A. Poltoratsky (1889-1904), P.F. Khomutov (1904-05), A.A. Reinbot (1905-06), M.V. Strizhevsky (1906-13), P.M. Boyarsky (1913-17).
Sources:
http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0 %B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%20%D0%B8%20%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD/%D0%9A%D0% B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/ Contents of the article "Kazan Province" from the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0 %BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1 %81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rpt=simage&p=2&img_url=kartoman.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2Fkarta_tatarstana.jpg&noreask=1&lr=5 Map of Tataria (Republic of Tatarstan)
http://www.ite.antat.ru/articles/kazanskaya_guberniya.html Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia