The history of the development of the hotel business. This is interesting. How did the first hotels appear History of hotel development

Because the previous post about , gave me the idea to write about the history of "hotel-building" and the development of the most significant "hotel" cities, duam, it would be wise to start with a post about the general history of hospitality in the world and Russia.

The word "hotel" comes from the Latin "hostel", and from the Anglo-Saxon "hospitality", which means hospitality.
Later, this name was transformed into a more familiar to us, having French roots - "hotel".

The history of the development of the hotel business is inextricably linked with travel. Traveling with different purposes and intentions (visiting holy places and temples, the Olympic Games, etc.), people needed shelter, food and rest. The oldest references to places for travelers can be found in the written sources of Ancient Egypt.

In ancient Greece, communication between cities was maintained by "hemerodromes" (day messengers). At a distance, he could overcome the horse without rest, there were special stations where you can get food and fresh horses.

During the heyday of Greek civilization in the cities and on the roads leading to them, visiting yards and hotels appeared. The oldest inn mentioned in the sources was located on the island of Crete (about 1500 BC). Hotels, as places of rest for government envoys, appeared much later. So, in the ancient Greek city of Epidaurus ( cultural center god of healing) was a hotel with 160 rooms with adjacent galleries with sculptures, a stadium and a theater with 17 thousand seats.

In Greece, an extensive network of public and private hotels, currency exchange points, and intermediary travel organizers appears.

Travel especially intensified after the conquest of Greece by the Romans. Moreover, the travel of the Romans began to acquire a health-improving, educational, entertaining character (visiting healing mineral springs, architectural sights, famous educational institutions, theaters, etc.). These trips required the organization of the hotel business. Back in the 1st century BC AD in the Roman Empire, state inns arose, located from each other at a distance of a day's equestrian transition. Inns were located in the cities and on the main routes along which couriers and civil servants from Rome passed. Already among the ancient Romans there was a certain classification of hotels. There were two types of "shelters" in the provinces and in Rome itself: some of them were appointed only for the patricians, others - for the plebeians.

In connection with new conquests and the expansion of the territory of the Roman Empire, its customs, economic and organizational structures also found application in new provinces and conquered countries. How deeply and comprehensively developed in antiquity institutions that provided travelers with shelter, food and lodging for the night is evidenced by the fact that Roman law provided for a special responsibility of such an institution for the guest's belongings. Thus, even in ancient Greece and Rome, traditions were laid down, which are followed in the modern hotel industry. For example, responsibility for the safety of the guest's belongings, mandatory registration of residents, etc.

The decline and death of the ancient slave-owning world led to a decrease in the mobility of the population both within individual countries and between countries; construction of roads and hotels declined. Only a few centuries later, in the early Middle Ages, the number of travels began to grow again. The mass travel of merchants, apprentices, apprentices, itinerant actors, as well as numerous pilgrims and pilgrims contributed to the development of a wide variety of forms of asylum. Initially, this shelter was free, for the sake of love for one's neighbor, which was provided by monasteries, churches, princely courts, etc.

A significant development of the hotel business in Europe is observed only from the VIII-IX centuries. after Charlemagne issued an edict obliging monasteries and churches to maintain "hospice" - houses that provided travelers and pilgrims with accommodation, food, rest, and sometimes even medical procedures. The most widespread "hospice" was acquired in Switzerland, which, thanks to old traditions, is now considered the most authoritative in the field of hotel industry and hotel services.

In the XIII-XIV centuries. in connection with the growth and development of crafts and trade, the revival of domestic and international economic relations in Europe, the system of temporary accommodation for a fee in hotels became widespread. The first such hotels were private residential buildings (or individual rooms in them). Hotel owners often acted as intermediaries in the affairs of their clients, acted as resellers and agents. Thus, prototypes of modern hotels appear. Around the same time, the first official attempt to classify them was made. In Berlin, which at that time had about 130 thousand inhabitants, there were 9 inns of the first class, of which two were already called hotels, 10 inns of the second class and 13 inns of the third class.

With the advent of railways, steamships, the possibilities for the development of tourism are expanding. Convenience is created in new vehicles, a high level of comfort is achieved: sleeping cars, dining cars, etc. appear. The hotel business is also rising to a higher level. The overwhelming majority of tourists were aristocrats and the bourgeoisie. They put forward increased requirements for the level and quality of service, thus encouraging hotel owners to take care of improving their establishments. Gradually, comfortable hotels began to appear in the capital European cities, located in specially constructed buildings (like private residences) or in magnificent state mansions. This is where the French name “hotel” comes from, which means the city palace of a magnate, the seat of the government or city authorities. These were luxury hotels with restaurants and high level service. So, in 1861, the Maurice Hotel in Paris had 700 rooms with water, an elevator, and a restaurant with 1,500 seats. Along with the creation of well-ordered hotels and luxurious restaurants, new forms of entertainment are beginning to operate: nightclubs, cabarets, and so on.

In Russia:
In Rus', inns, the forerunners of the first hotels, appear in the XII-XIII centuries. They rested and changed horses. These inns - "pits", as they were called, were located one from the other at a distance of horse crossing.
In the XV century. Numerous postal stations are being created, which are in charge of the Yamsky order. At the behest of the Yamsky order, new stations were opened, and coachmen were also subordinate to him. At the same time, numerous living rooms and inns were built. In the gostiny yards, they not only traded, they lived and carried out commercial operations.

In the XVIII century. hospitable courtyards were built with arches and columns open to the street (hospitable courtyards in St. Petersburg, Kaluga and other cities).
Gostiny dvor in Russian cities were built nearby shopping centers- "marketplace". Guests settled on a national basis. So, in Moscow there were English, Greek and Swedish, and in Novgorod - German and Dutch hospitable courts.
In the XVI-first half of the XVII century. one of the main trading centers of Eastern Europe was Kyiv, through which merchant caravans from Poland, the Crimean Khanate, Turkey, Moldova, Greece, Hungary, and Western European countries passed, heading for the Muscovite state.

Due to the growth of industrial production and the expansion trade relations in the XVIII-XIX centuries. the population of cities is growing, new hotels are opening. In 1818 there were 7 hotels in Moscow. In St. Petersburg in 1900 there were already 325 hotels. In 1910, there were 4,685 hotels in Russia, not counting inns and taverns with rooms. All of them were privately owned and were purely commercial enterprises.
After the October Revolution, by decree of the Soviet government, all hotels were nationalized, the hotel industry underwent a radical restructuring.

By 1940, hotels were built in 669 cities. During the Great Patriotic War, huge damage was done to the entire national economy, including the hotel industry.
In the post-war years, great work began on the restoration, reconstruction and construction of new hotels. Already by 1960, in 1364 cities of the Soviet Union, guests were served in 1476 hotels.
Further growth of the material and technical hotel base in the country was determined by the following factors: the development of existing cities and the emergence of new ones; the growth of industry, science, culture and art; increase in the material well-being of people. All this created the prerequisites for the development of domestic tourism, the exchange of delegations, and an increase in the number of business travelers and vacationers.

In 1980, on the eve of the Moscow Olympics, the hotel industry of the USSR consisted of 7,000 hotels with a total capacity of 700,000 beds. Many large, comfortable hotels were built.

There are many professions, spheres of human activity that arose neither yesterday nor today, but are rooted in the distant past. One of them, by right, can be attributed to the hotel business. The modern word "hotel" is directly related to the same root "hospitality", which has been known since the dawn of human civilization. The first guest enterprises - the prototypes of modern hotels, as well as the profession of serving traveling people, arose in the distant past - more than 2 thousand years BC. e. - in ancient eastern civilization. It is impossible to establish the exact date of the appearance of the first hotels. Once people started traveling, they needed a place to stay.

In Rome, as in other civilizations, Ancient Greece or Ancient Egypt the hotel industry began to take off. This process was an integral part in the development of society, because there were travelers who were looking for places to spend the night, visiting guests who also needed shelter. The main achievements in the development of hotels have arisen precisely due to migration processes throughout the part of the earth inhabited by man.

Ancient "hotels" reached a special flowering during the Roman Empire, when travelers, officials, couriers and government employees stayed in them.

A huge role in the emergence of hospitality enterprises was played by the development of trade relations in the Middle East, Asia and the Caucasus. The largest trade routes passed through the territory of these regions, along which caravans with goods moved.

To organize the accommodation of travelers along the trade routes, special accommodation points were created - caravanserai (rooms for the stay and rest of travelers), including, as a rule, rooms for people and pens for camels and horses. All this was surrounded by a high wall that protected from wind, rain, storms, as well as from robbers and robbers.

In the Middle Ages, the development of hospitality enterprises was significantly influenced by religious traditions. During this period, many people made pilgrimages to holy places, and travelers sought refuge, first of all, in monasteries and abbeys. The Church obligated the monasteries to provide shelter to pilgrims - to feed and organize accommodation for them. Free services provided by monasteries to travelers held back the development of private accommodation enterprises. However, there were already inns, and their number grew, but so far they offered only shelter - without a table.

The impetus for the development of private inns and taverns was given only in the late Middle Ages. So, in England in the 1530s. King Henry VIII transferred church property to secular property, and wanderers could no longer count on free lodging in monasteries and were forced to stay at private inns.

In Rus', inns appeared in the XII-XIII centuries, then they were called pits and were located one from the other at a distance of a horse crossing.

The next notable period in the development of the hotel industry is associated with the establishment in Europe of a regular postal and horse-drawn transport network (stagecoaches in Western Europe, pit stations in Russia). Postal stations for state transport appeared along the postal routes, which also served as a place of rest; they sheltered from the weather and simplified the procedure for changing horses.

By the 15th century inns joined postal stations, in fact they can be called the prototypes of motels. In large Russian cities, gostiny yards appeared, differing from inns in that here travelers got the opportunity not only to accommodate and eat, but also to carry out commercial transactions, that is, furnished rooms, shopping arcades, shops, and warehouses were combined in gostiny yards. As a rule, all this was surrounded by walls and towers with entrance gates.

The word "hotel" appeared in the XVIII century. In France, originally a hotel was called an apartment building, in which apartments were rented for a month, a week, or even one day. The term soon became widespread in America. Most of the taverns were quickly renamed hotels, which, according to the owners, gave them a European (French) chic. It is generally accepted that the United States of America is the birthplace of most of the innovations in the field of technical equipment of hotels. The need for hotels in this country has always been very high due to the continuous flow of emigrants who needed temporary accommodation, and the ongoing demand contributed to the rapid development of the hotel business.

In 1794, the first hotel was opened in the United States - the 70-room City Hotel on Broadway in New York. In 1829, the Tremont Hotel opened in Boston - the first first-class hotel in the United States - with bellboys, a reception desk, locks on the doors of rooms (double and single), and even free soap for guests. This event marked the beginning of the hotel boom in this country. In the middle of the nineteenth century. The first hotel with central heating operated in the country.

By the end of the XIX century. two types of hotels were common. Some were large and luxurious, and some of them were just architectural masterpieces- with spacious lobbies, halls for balls. They had all the amenities possible at that time - an elevator, toilets, electric lighting, etc. Others, small and outdated, offered services at low prices.

A significant contribution to the development of the hotel business was made by the Swiss Caesar Ritz; one of the most famous and expensive European hotel chains, although the Ritz himself was only a hired manager all his life and did not own a single hotel. The Swiss Ritz and the American Statler were fanatics of the hotel business. They paid attention to the most seemingly insignificant details. It was Statler who came up with the slogan "The customer is always right", which today serves as the basis for the "scientific" approach to service.

High-class hotel visits have become fashionable; so, in London, instead of dining in purely male clubs, gentlemen began to dine with ladies in hotel restaurants.

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. V major cities Europe and America, luxurious (five-star in modern terminology) hotels appeared, designed to meet the demand of new millionaires and old nobility, for whom travel had become a fashionable pastime. Several such hotels were also built in Russia, for example, Metropol and National in Moscow, Europe in St. Petersburg.

After World War II, international hotel chains became widespread.

Currently, dozens of international hotel chains operate in the world. Among them, we can mention Hod id ey Inn, Choice, Best Western, Marriott, Hilton, Sheraton, etc.

Today, the hospitality industry is the most powerful economic system of a region or a tourist center and an important component of the tourism economy. The hospitality industry as a type of economic activity includes the provision of services and the organization of short-term accommodation in hotels, motels, campsites and other types of accommodation for remuneration.

Experts predict that the entire 21st century will be the century of tourism. Over the past few years, tourism has become available to the general population in our country. Simultaneously with the growth of the total number of tourists, the tourism infrastructure and its main component - the hotel sector - have been noticeably developed. Hotels are trying to get their share of the business and are trying in every possible way to convince tourists to spend money on the purchase of hotel services they provide.

Modern tourism, and it is unthinkable without a developed hotel industry, is a highly profitable industry, comparable in terms of investment efficiency to the oil and processing industries of the economic and economic complex. In the field of tourism, the interests of culture and transport, security and international relations, ecology and employment of the population, the hotel business and the sanatorium complex are closely intertwined. Thus, the stake on the development of tourism, and with it the hotel industry, is beneficial to any region of the country.

A hotel is an enterprise created to provide the general population with basic (provision of rooms for temporary use), additional paid (services of catering, rental, medical diagnostics, etc.) and free (call an ambulance doctor, provision of boiling water, threads, needles, etc.) services in accordance with applicable law. Thus, a hotel company is an independent business entity that supplies its product (services) to the service market based on a freely emerging demand for these services from their consumers (users).

The main service, or accommodation service, is considered as a specific hotel product that is bought by the hotel clientele through exchange transactions that do not imply ownership, but only access to it and its use in certain time and in a certain place.

Each hotel contains a complex, a system of premises and services that provide reception and accommodation of clients (especially tourists), their meals, leisure activities and personal services. Therefore, speaking of a hotel, hotel industry, we most often mean that we are talking about a hotel complex, which includes residential and office premises, engineering support systems, as well as the territory adjacent to hotel buildings and structures. All buildings of the hotel complex are organized in such a way that it is easier to serve the clientele (consumers of services), to provide them with a variety of high quality services. It is impossible to achieve this without trained and comprehensively trained service personnel, selected in accordance with the standards developed by hotels.

According to the current civil legislation, a hotel enterprise is recognized as a legal entity only after state registration in the prescribed manner and must have certain characteristics inherent in it, without which it cannot only be recognized as a legal entity, but also engage in production activities, namely:

To have separate property in its ownership, economic management or operational management;

Responsible with their property for the obligations that the enterprise has in its relations with creditors, including in case of default on obligations to the budget;

To act in production and economic activities in the process of providing hotel services on their own behalf, i.e. to conclude all types of civil law contracts with business partners, consumers of the hotel product, suppliers of all factors of production (raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, components and etc.), with citizens and other legal entities and individuals;

Be a plaintiff, bring claims to the guilty party, and also be a defendant in court (arbitration court) in case of failure to fulfill obligations in accordance with applicable law and contracts;

Have an independent balance sheet or estimate, correctly keep records of the costs of production and sale of services, provide timely reporting to state bodies;

To have its own name containing an indication of its organizational and legal form.

According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, from January 1, 1995, legal entities can be created (formed) as commercial organizations only in the following organizational and legal forms:

State enterprises;

Municipal unitary enterprises;

Individual (family) private enterprises;

Production cooperatives;

General partnerships;

Mixed partnerships;

Limited Liability Partnerships;

Joint stock companies of open (closed) type.

The quantitative growth of hotel chains, their mergers and mergers create an erroneous opinion about the decrease in the variety of offers and recreation. However, in practice, the reverse trend is observed: the distribution of chains (due to some impersonal, standardized service) cannot satisfy all the various requirements of tourists, which paves the way for the development of small independent hotels that rely on uniqueness and originality. It was these hotels that experts considered the prototypes of hotels of the 21st century: comfortable, built in a rural style and offering services at a reasonable price, having everything necessary for work and leisure, without a restaurant (it is envisaged that the restaurant is nearby), where customers can receive exquisite personalized service. It is the uniqueness of a small hotel that is the main instrument of market policy.

As practice shows, small hotels for the most part are independent hotels that are freely owned, disposed of and used by the owner who profits from such property. The presence of contractual obligations with other companies in matters of management and use of someone else's service mark does not entail a change in the status of the enterprise as independent in relation to other subjects of market relations.

Over the past few years, small hotels have become a leader in specialized programs and market research. What is this category of hotels and what is the reason for their popularity? To date, there are no strictly defined international or national standards that classify accommodation facilities by their volume. In practice, it is customary to divide hotels into four large categories: small hotels (up to 150 rooms), medium (from 151 to 300 rooms), large (from 301 to 600 rooms) and giant hotels (over 600 rooms). It should be noted that, depending on the country, the numbers in brackets can vary significantly. Europe, with its narrow borders and modest size, is in stark contrast to the megalomania of the USA, where no one will be surprised by the hotels with several thousand rooms crowded on the coast of Miami, in Florida or in Las Vegas.

A European small hotel has, as a rule, no more than 50 rooms, while its American counterpart with 150 rooms is also considered a very small establishment. In this regard, Russia is closer to Europe, although our country has also been ill with megalomania in a pronounced form. By the most general definition, a small hotel in Russia is an enterprise of a hotel complex, where from one to fifty rooms are provided to the consumer.

But, although small hotels are the subject of numerous studies, their status is still uncertain. Firstly, there is no consensus on what a small hotel is, and secondly, in terms of logistics, range of services and quality of service, a small hotel very often does not "fit" into the classification of hotels. For example, a small hotel with 15 rooms in a separate small building, even if it fully meets all the requirements for a four-star hotel in terms of technical equipment and comfort, will never be officially classified as four stars if it does not have a hairdresser, a business center and a hall for cultural events (which her 15 clients hardly need). And hotels located on the same floor in a multi-storey building are not provided for by the State Standard at all, since one of the mandatory requirements for the technical equipment of a hotel is the presence of a guest elevator.

Interest in small forms of organization of the hotel business is manifested not only in Russia. It is determined by changes in the behavior of the main consumers of hotel services, which, as you know, are tourists. Small hotels are easier to adapt to each client, create an atmosphere of "home away from home", which does not exclude the introduction of national color into the life of guests. This allows these forms of hotel business to take a strong position in the market of different countries, including Russia. Thus, the emergence of small hotels is a response to the demand that has arisen among tourists for small forms and home comfort.

A distinctive feature and competitive advantage of any small hotel is an individual attitude to each client. In huge hotels, customer service is streamlined. But not everyone likes it. Many people want to stay where they can feel at home.

The main clients of small hotels are middle-class businessmen, whose stay in the city does not require the atmosphere of prestigious international chains. As a rule, these clients need moderate comfort, good food, cleanliness and safety, and they find all this in small hotels. To this are added reasonable prices and a special atmosphere of comfort, which is difficult to create in hotel giants. Small hotels have another advantage over large hotels: tourists and businessmen really appreciate when hotels are located not on the outskirts of the city, but closer to architectural monuments, administrative and business centers. Small hotels are the easiest to build in such places - they can be built “pointwise” on small plots of land, or old mansions can be converted for them.

Requirements for the comfort and attractiveness of a small hotel:

The hotel building should organically fit into the environment, without violating the features of the urban, rural or natural landscape.

The design of the building must take into account natural and climatic factors: air temperature and humidity, proximity to the sea and other water bodies, wind speed and direction, and other factors.

The layout of the hotel building should provide cost-effective operation with a rational combination of current and one-time costs.

The capacity and number of storeys of the hotel building should depend on the purpose, operation mode - year-round or seasonal.

The interior of the hotel should be comfortable and have aesthetic expressiveness.

The layout of hotels should take into account the needs of the disabled, provide for them specially equipped rooms, stairs, toilets, bathrooms.

Hotel services should be equipped with automated systems for booking and reservation of tickets, computer systems for managing the economy. The safety of clients must be ensured through various surveillance systems, in-room electronic safes, electronic locks and other means of protection.

Small hotels operate in the same price range as medium and large hotels. Prices are dictated by the market, which is the same for both kids and giants. Rates depend only on the class of mini-hotels. However, a small number of rooms pushes the owners of small hotels to maximize the average sales price. However, this is not always conducive to business development. After all, in the hotel business it is very important to observe the ratio between cost and quality of service.

The English word "hospitality" (hospitality) comes from the old French "hospice", which means "hospice". The appearance of the first prototypes of hotels, as well as the very profession of serving people who stop for the night, has its roots in the distant past.

Guest houses were located in cities and on roads leading from one country to another. In addition to travelers, the services of these guest houses were used by messengers, couriers, and government employees. In guest houses, people were provided with lodging, shelter, food, they fed and changed horses there.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, inns began to be created at monasteries. The Church obligated to organize "hospice" for travelers, pilgrims, priests traveling to holy places. Over time, from a free shelter, they become enterprises designed to generate income.

There were prototypes of hotels in the Middle East, Central Asia, and Transcaucasia. Merchants with caravans of goods traveled through the deserts and foothills. They usually spent the night in tents, but sometimes they stayed in caravanserai - a kind of hotel complexes, which included a paddock for camels and accommodation for people, surrounded by a fortress wall.

The development of trade relations has led to a significant growth of the hotel industry in Europe. For example, in Milan in the XIV century. there were already 150 hotels. However, the hotel industry of that period was extremely primitive: there were no amenities in the hotels, their sanitary level was extremely low.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. With the growth of economic and political ties between states, the rapid development of the hotel industry begins, especially in European cities. The hotel business is turning into an important industry that brings great profits.

There are four stages in the history of the development of the hotel business:

Until the beginning of the 19th century - the prehistory of the hotel business;

The beginning of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century - the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of hotel services;

The beginning of the 20th century - before the Second World War - the massive emergence of hotel and restaurant service enterprises;

After the end of the Second World War and up to the present - mass development hotel industry, the formation of the hotel services industry as the basis of modern tourism and the social needs of modern society.

The first stage is the prehistory of the hotel business.

In ancient times, the main motives for the movement of a part of society were trade, educational purposes, pilgrimage, treatment, and the performance of state (imperious) functions. There were also sports trips (Ancient Greece) to the venue of the Olympic Games by participants and spectators who gathered from all over the country.

In the Middle Ages, the religious factor of the motive for visiting certain places increased - the worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. The epochs of the Renaissance and Enlightenment weakened the religious motives of the movements of a part of society, however, they strengthened the individual nature and educational orientation of trips, respectively, and temporary stay in an unfamiliar area. Young nobles in the order of things went on a kind of "grand tour" of Europe before entering the field of professional or political activity.

The second stage is the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of hotel and related (additional) services.

The most important role in the construction of specialized hotel and restaurant service enterprises was played by revolutionary changes in the development of transport: the invention of the steamboat by Fulton (1807), the steam locomotive by Stephenson (1814), the improvement of postal services and the expansion of the road network in Europe. All this becomes important economic factors of mass movement of the population.

In the second half of the 19th century, the leisure industry expanded the scope of its production: the first travel agencies were added to the enterprises of the hotel industry of various comforts, whose task was to organize tourist trips. Hotels everywhere, especially in resort areas, offered their clientele various excursions to local historical and cultural attractions.

The third stage is the beginning of the mass emergence of hotel and restaurant service enterprises.

First World War, the economic depression of the 30s and the Second World War had a negative impact on the development of the hotel industry. However, it was during the period between the two world wars that new enterprises in the hospitality industry appeared.

The fourth stage is the mass development of the hotel industry.

The Second World War paralyzed tourism, the hotel industry eked out a miserable existence due to the lack of a sufficient number of customers. New facilities were not introduced, and the old ones, especially in the warring countries, were converted for the needs of the army, rear, etc. The hotel business received further development only in the post-war period. It was during this period that tourism really took off. A powerful leisure industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production. In Western European countries, the 1950s and 1960s was a period of mass construction of hotels, motels, and all kinds of entertainment establishments.

The modern "hospitality industry" includes hotels, restaurants, bars, resorts, gambling houses, casinos, health centers.

In Rus', inns, the forerunners of the first hotels, appeared in the XII-XIII centuries. In them, the messengers rested and changed horses. These inns - "pits", as they were called, were located one from the other at a distance of a horse crossing.

At the same time, numerous living rooms and inns were built. In the gostiny yards, they not only traded, they lived and carried out commercial operations.

In connection with the growth of industrial production and the expansion of trade relations in the XVIII-XIX centuries. the population of cities is growing, new hotels are opening. In 1818 there were 7 hotels in Moscow. In St. Petersburg in 1900 there were already 325 hotels.

In 1910, there were 4,685 hotels in Russia, not counting inns and taverns with rooms. All of them were privately owned and were purely commercial enterprises.

After the October Revolution, by decree of the Soviet government, all hotels were nationalized, the hotel industry underwent a radical restructuring.

Along with the construction of large hotels, considerable attention was also paid to the construction of small standard hotel projects. The first standard projects of hotels for 50, 75, 100 and 150 beds were developed in 1931 by the Tsekombank, the Provisional Government Commission for the Selection and Publication of Standard Projects of Civil Structures.

The hotels built during this period were not well equipped. The furniture was of poor quality, the rooms were poorly lit. Many of the rooms were not equipped with sanitary facilities.

Before that, there were no single tariffs for hotel services. And only the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On streamlining the hotel industry and

Renovation of Tariffs for Rooms and Beds in Hotels” No. 687 dated July 27, 1934 established a unified methodology for calculating the tariff for the entire republic.

In the same year, the standard charter of the hotel trust of the local Council was approved by order. The hotel trust was an independent economic unit and acted on the principles of cost accounting. He was entrusted with the economic management of the hotels and auxiliary enterprises transferred to him, the development and implementation of measures to introduce cost accounting in the hotel industry and at the enterprises of the trust, the implementation of measures to improve the state of hotels in every possible way and service the citizens living in them, etc. By the same order The NKKH approved the model charter of the hotel, directly subordinate to the local Council. According to the Charter, the hotel was an independent economic unit operating on the principles of cost accounting. The hotel enjoyed the rights of a legal entity, was responsible for its obligations within the limits of the property, which, under the current laws, could be levied.

The years of the second and third five-year plans are characterized by the development of construction in general and hotels in particular. The requirements for both the improvement of hotels and the artistic design of their interiors are increasing.

By 1940, hotels were built in 669 cities. During the Great Patriotic War, huge damage was done to the entire national economy, including the hotel industry.

In the post-war years, great work began on the restoration, reconstruction and construction of new hotels.

In the cities and villages liberated from the Nazi invaders, without waiting for the end of the war, the hotel fund was restored. A number of hotels (Astoria in Leningrad, Primorskaya in Sochi, etc.) were converted into hospitals during the war.

Regulatory documents appeared, the purpose of which was to improve the work of hotel enterprises, to increase their profitability. Typical job descriptions were provided for duty administrators, porters, passport officers, floor attendants, maids, cleaners, etc.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 2263 dated September 2, 1945 provided for indicators for hotels of an increased type of service.

In the post-war period, many hotels were built in different cities of the country: in Leningrad, Kyiv, Riga, Kursk, Orel, Voronezh, Volsk, etc.

In accordance with the general trend of the post-war years, the interiors of hotels were given palatial splendor.

Hence, some abstraction of architects from consideration of issues related to the better organization of the life of citizens living in hotels. Furniture, equipment, lighting were presented not so much functional as aesthetic requirements. This predetermined the use of expensive materials and products in interior decoration, which significantly increased the cost of building hotels.

By 1960, guests were served in 1,476 hotels in 1,364 cities of the Soviet Union.

Further growth of the material and technical hotel base in the country was determined by the following factors: the development of existing cities and the emergence of new ones; the growth of industry, science, culture and art; increase in the material well-being of people. This created the prerequisites for the development of domestic tourism, the exchange of delegations, and an increase in the number of business travelers and vacationers.

With the development of the national economy, the successful fulfillment of the five-year plans, the mobility of the population, domestic and foreign tourism grew, and economic and cultural ties with foreign countries expanded. At the same time, the need to increase the hotel stock in the USSR increased.

In the RSFSR, during the years of the tenth five-year plan, 158 hotel enterprises for 30,000 beds were built. High-rise hotels equipped with modern technology and equipment were built in Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, each with 1,000 beds.

Along with hotels of a general type, intensive construction of departmental hotels, boarding houses, campsites, motels, tourist bases and camps. A lot of work in this direction was carried out by such departments as the USSR State Committee for Foreign Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Sputnik International Youth Tourism Bureau, the USSR Ministry of Civil Aviation, etc.

The hotel industry developed intensively from 1970 to 1980, which was partly due to the preparations for the XXII Olympic Games.

In 1980, on the eve of the Moscow Olympics, the hotel industry of the USSR consisted of 7,000 hotels with a total capacity of 700,000 beds. Many large, comfortable hotels were built.

One of the largest hotels in Russia is the Izmailovo hotel complex, designed for 10,000 beds.

Unfortunately, in the 1990s Due to the economic and political situation in the country, there has been a significant decline in demand for hotel services. In the late 1990s, according to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, Russia had 5,043 hotel-type enterprises with a total of 390,931 beds.

In general, in Russia, 60% of hotels are located in urban areas and 34% in rural areas.

The largest hotels in terms of room stock are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg

The rapid growth of tourism in the world has caused an active expansion of the hotel supply in all countries. Rising living standards and competition in the tourist offer give rise to more and more diverse services.
Significant revival in the market of hotel services is observed in almost all European countries. Numerous studies report impressive growth in the profitability of European hotels. They confirm a strong trend in the European hospitality industry, with 21 of the 25 major European cities recording double-digit growth in local hotel room yields. The same rapid increase in the profitability of hotel rooms is observed in the United States. The secret to a significant increase in the profitability of the hotel business lies in the development of the US economy - an increase in GDP and overall demand for goods and services.

The main trends in the development of hospitality industry enterprises that have been developed in recent decades include:
deepening the specialization of the hotel and restaurant offer;
formation of international hotel and restaurant chains;
development of a network of hotel enterprises;
introduction of new computer technologies into the hospitality industry.

As the analysis of existing information shows, practically in all countries of the world there are "chains" of hotels belonging to world-famous companies, or to smaller owners. Especially the great influence of hotel chains is observed in the USA. They believe that the modern concept of "standard in production" appeared in hotel chains. A rational idea, which is born in one ring of the hotel chain, is quickly implemented in others, and immediately brings significant results.
Today there are more than 300 hotel chains in the world. The 13 largest of them account for 78% of the total number of hotel chains. And each of them covers many countries of the world.

But the distribution of chains cannot satisfy all the various requirements of tourists through some impersonality, standardization of service, creates the basis for the development of small independent hotels that rely on uniqueness and originality. Experts consider such hotels to be the prototypes of the 21st century: comfortable, built in a rural style, offering services at a reasonable price and having everything necessary for work and leisure, where customers can receive exquisite personalized service. It is the uniqueness of such a hotel that is the main instrument of market policy.
In the struggle for the client, entire groups of hotel enterprises and each hotel separately are constantly expanding the range of services, bringing new original offers to the market.

Rapid development information technologies and software in the field of hotel and tourism business due to the effect that can be obtained with their proper use. Only a computer is able to provide the owner of the hotel with the services that are necessary for activities in the modern market. Through access to various databases for their correct use and management, hoteliers have a unique opportunity to attract a specific type of guest and, as a result, provide their customers with more personalized services. Technologies also make it possible to enter global database networks, view international sites and Internet pages. Thanks to new technologies, accessed by small owners in large part through cooperation with large corporations within the framework of an autonomous enterprise, the ability to quickly connect with potential customers in the global market is improved and the procedure for reserving cities ahead of time, processing pre-orders, etc. is simplified. the ability to target the right product to the right customer at the right time at the right price.

Today, the world hotel industry has about 350 thousand comfortable hotels with more than 14 million rooms (26 million beds). At the same time, the number of rooms over the past 20 years has been increasing annually by an average of 3-4%, which indicates a significant growth dynamics in tourist accommodation facilities. Moreover, the structure of the world hotel industry adequately reflects tourist flows on a regional basis: the more domestic tourists and foreign visitors in a particular region of the world, the more accommodation facilities this region has. Even though the numerical data in different sources do not match, the above approximate data speaks for itself: the enormity of the hotel industry, the stability of its position and growth over time, push this industry to one of the first places today and in the future.

Given the current trends in the development of international trade and tourism, it is not difficult to guess in which direction international hotel corporations will develop.
Therefore, in the future it will be possible to observe the development of both standard hotel chains and individual specialized hotels. Although, it seems that the specialization of hotels will be wider and more diverse, and therefore their share in the market of hotel services will increase significantly.
After all, there are still so many unmet customer needs in various types of themed hotel complexes. These can be honeymoon hotels, nostalgic hotels, and hotels near holy places of pilgrimage. The novelty of services is the result of creative research and some degree of commercial value. However, it must be remembered that the introduction of new services and the practical implementation of new ideas is always a risk, so they must be well calculated and thought out.

And although today there is a tendency to build exquisite, incredibly expensive hotels, the secret of hospitality still lies not in luxury and splendor, but in responsiveness and the ability to guess the mood and desires of the client. How many cases does the practitioner know when a person finds peace and comfort for himself not at all where he is trying to find them. This is exactly what I would like to work in the field of hotel services.
All the fuss of everyday life, the tough world of business and other troubles and experiences fall on a person, causing stress, nervous tension and mental disorders, which must be disposed of, like physical disabilities. Therefore, a hotel for a person, no matter what type he is, should become one of those few places where a person could neutralize his negative emotions, find inner peace and feel happy. To realize such a plan, a complete rethinking of the approach to customers is required (which is already observed in many modern hotels). It would be ideal if the attendants who are in direct contact with customers have knowledge in the field of psychology. In the room, for example, you can place a punching bag (it’s clear why) or provide the opportunity to directly access the line of trust, or place special literature on the possibility of overcoming stress in the room, or introduce a qualified psychologist into the staff, who would not be forced to communicate with clients.
If you work hard at this, you can find many more tools to help a person gain peace of mind and understand his role in the structure of social systems. And although there is so much talk about business and commerce in the hotel industry today, the best gratitude for the hotel owner is best reviews from the client's lips, his sincere smile and grateful eyes, which cannot be compared with any checkbook.