The city of Khujand is the cultural center of Tajikistan. History of Khujand In which country is the city of Leninabad

The history of the city goes back to ancient times. The city existed during the Achaemenid dynasty. The city was founded during the time of the Kayanid king Kaykubod, and flourished and became even more beautiful under the reign of King Darius. The troops of Alexander the Great, having captured the city, fortified it, calling Alexandria Eskhata (Alexandria the Extreme) (Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη). According to historians, the legendary city of Alexander-Eskhata (Alexandria Extreme) was built by Alexander the Great on the site of the present Khujand (V century BC) and went down in history as a city of high culture, an important trade and craft center. This is largely due to its favorable location. Khujand stands at the entrance to the fertile Ferghana Valley. Thanks to this, it was one of the main centers of the Great Silk Road and enjoyed prosperity and wealth. One of the ancient cities of Central Asia. As Khujand has been known since the 7th century. Medieval historians, geographers and travelers mention Khujand as a city of generous, generous people, with developed science and crafts, fertile fields and gardens, and refer it to the fifth, best climate. According to scientists and historians, gold, silver, copper, mercury, tin and other valuable metals have been mined in the mountains around Khujand since ancient times.
City fields and gardens were irrigated by the waters of two rivers - Saykhun (Syr-Darya) and Bakhorgon. Authors of “Hudud-ul-olam”, “Surat-ul-arz”, “Mujam-ul-buldon”, “Forsnoma”, “Tarihi Siston”, “Tarihi jahonkusho”, “Nuzhat-ul-kulub” and other books, paying tribute to the beauties of the city and the qualities of its inhabitants, they mention excellent pomegranates, apricots, rice and silk.
In the 8th century Arabs took over the city. In 1219-1220, the city offered fierce resistance to the troops of Genghis Khan, but was destroyed.
Since ancient times, Khujand, being at the crossroads of trade routes of the East, on the Great Silk Road, has been one of the most important economic, military-strategic and cultural centers of Maverannahr.
Khujand was the birthplace of famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets, musicians. One of them is Abumahmud Khujandi, the founder of the local astronomical school. "The nightingale of Khujand" was called in the XIV century Kamol Khujandi - the author of the famous gazelles. Equally popular in the Middle Ages was the outstanding poetess, musician and dancer Mahasti. In the 19th century, such cultural figures as Toshkhoja Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf were actively engaged in educational work in Khujand. Khujand is famous for its great sons - the famous astronomer and mathematician Abdumakhmud Khujandi (X century), poets and writers Sobit and Sadriddin Khujandi (XI century), Mahasti Khujandi (XII century), Ziyouddin Khujandi (XIII century), Kamol Khujandi ( XIV century), a religious figure Sheikh Badeuddin Nuri, known as Sheikh Muslihiddin (XII century) and dozens of other representatives of science, culture and art. The city is rightfully proud of its national hero Temurmalik, a symbol of the strong spirit and unbending will of the Khujand people.
Representatives of the Oli Khujamd dynasty, natives of Khujand, who invariably held high government posts, enjoyed special respect and reverence in the East, the figures of this dynasty evoked a deep response in the hearts of people with their intelligence and knowledge, nobility and foresight.
The city of Khujand was located in the center of the Great Silk Road and therefore had a constant connection with world civilization, developed economically and spiritually. Merchants of Khujand exported the best products of local artisans to other states, and returned from there enriched with the achievements of science and civilization from almost all over the world. After the advent of printing, one of the first Khoja Siddikhoja Khujandi began to publish books.

As part of the Russian Empire

On May 24, 1866, the city was occupied by the Russian army and became part of the Russian Empire (see Central Asian possessions of the Russian Empire). The entry into the empire of the center of a densely populated district, which had rich economic resources, the most important road junction between the Fergana Valley, the Tashkent oasis and the Zeravshan Valley, a major trading point, opened up new opportunities for the development of Khujand.
The city was the administrative center of the Khojent district of the Samarkand region. In the 19th century after the Russian invasion, Khujand became the center of the county, where industry began to develop rapidly. The railroad was built here. The city became the center of cultural life. Many well-known representatives of the Tajik intelligentsia were from here. 20 large enterprises, universities, cultural institutions have been built in the city.
In July 1916, a Central Asian uprising began in the city.

At the beginning of 1918, Soviet power was established in the city, on October 2, 1929, it was included in the Tajik SSR.
In 1941, the Tajik Agricultural Institute was located in Leninabad, which was a university of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR and had a postal address: the city of Leninabad, Krasnaya Street, house No. 25.
In the post-war period, Leninabad became the largest industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan after Dushanbe. The industry of the city became diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology, a silk factory operated in the city - one of the largest enterprises in the republic. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in Khujand produced the same amount of industrial output in a day as in all pre-revolutionary Tajikistan in a year. Silk factory fabrics were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries.
Since the 60s, Leninabad has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the right bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges over it.
In 1970, trolleybus traffic was launched in Leninabad.
During the years of Soviet power, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in Khujand, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical qualifications worked. education.
Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991 there were 30 schools in Khujand with about 30,000 students.
In 1986, the city celebrated its anniversary - the 2500th anniversary of its founding. In connection with this Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

Independent Tajikistan

The XVI session of the Supreme Council, held in the village of Arbob, 10 km from Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional order in the republic and elected E. Sh. Rakhmonov as the chairman of the Supreme Council.

Central Asia what could be better? It seems that traveling in Tajikistan promised to be as friendly and easy as in Uzbekistan. From the realization of this fact, the mood at the beginning of the day immediately rises by 150% and I want to immediately go to conquer the sights of Khujand, which is what we were going to do today. However, “according to the law of Archimedes”, breakfast first.

Sights of the city of Khujand.

Here he is - Khujand! The second largest city (after the capital) in Tajikistan, which for its millennial history (about 2500 years) can “boast” that

• it was here in the 5th century BC. Alexander the Great himself built the legendary city of Alexander-Eskhata;
• later the city was one of the most important centers through which the Great Silk Road passed;
• after the arrival of the Russians, a railway was built here, and the city was renamed until 1990 to Leninabad, after which the industry began to develop sharply.

As we understand, this is all in the past. What is Khujand at the present time? This is what we have to find out today.

There were a few kilometers left to the city, we decided that we would overcome them all in the same way - by hitchhiking. As it turned out, the decision was made correctly, because a few minutes later a passenger car with a Tajik couple stopped. The guys were funny and talkative, I don’t even remember how we ended up on Panjshanbe Square.

This is because in the western part of the square there is a monument of folk architecture of the 16th century - complex of Sheikh Muslihiddin. The architectural ensemble consists of:

- Cathedral mosque Masjidi Jami,

– minaret about 20 m high,

and ancient burials.

For me personally, that Sunday was remembered by a large number of people and ... gypsies. That's where, where, but here I did not expect to see these beggars. I have already developed immunity to such “comrades”, however, once again, communication with them proved to me that I should not follow their lead. Imagine a picture, with an outstretched hand and a voice that puts pressure on pity, a young woman approaches with gold earrings in her ears and with a baby in her arms, dressed in a “diaper”. There is no other way to call it “arrogance”.

To correct our mood, Mila and I turned 180 degrees and headed for the pavilion with the inscription “Panchshanbe”, which means “Thursday” in Tajik.

Who has not yet guessed, then we have one of the largest covered markets in Central Asia. And Thursday, because on this day every week there was the biggest trade here. On Sunday, there are also enough people, I must admit.

After huddling between the shops and sniffing all sorts of oriental fragrances, we took a walk around the center. Looking for Square "Star of Khujand" we came across such a house decorated in the style of Tajik traditions. As it turned out, when approaching the front door, it was just a restaurant. However, it attracts attention.

We went out to the square with fountains and a monument to the great local poet Kamol Khujandi They saw it too, though they didn't take a photo of it. Who knew that it is on the list of must-see sights in the city? 😉

By the way, Khujand is the only Tajik city located on a large river, whose name is the Syr Darya. Do you also want to divide the word into two parts? 🙂

It is easy to see the river as it flows right through the center of the city. True, it doesn’t cause much impression, so we move on to the next attraction, or rather, to an integral part of the city’s fortification system - Khujand fortress.

The first mention of the fortress appeared in the VI-VII centuries. In those days, Khujand consisted of three parts: the citadel (on the banks of the Syr Darya), shakhristan and rabad. The medieval Khujand fortress was considered one of the most fortified in Central Asia.

Historians say that after the Mongol invasion, the fortress was razed to the ground, and only at the beginning of the 15th century began to gradually restore it. Now we have an ordinary restored wall in front of us, through the main entrance of which we get to the museum.

By the way, next to the fortress there is a green park alley, where we went immediately after the tour in order to hide from the hot sun in the shade. We were also lucky that just at that time a whole crowd of children were passing by, similar to a “children's wedding” (celebration of “circumcision” in our opinion).

At present, the city is the industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan with hospitable residents. Quite quiet and in general it is enough to spend a day or even half a day on it to get acquainted with historical places. That, perhaps, is all that the city of Khujand can boast of.

On one of the main streets, Mila and I found a bus stop. Here it must be said that Tajikistan has generally abandoned the “large” public transport such as buses, trolleybuses, etc. Instead, on the roads we see only fixed-route “gazelles” or even a passenger car-bus. Like this? An ordinary passenger car, only a route number is attached to the windshield, you get into one and go like in a bus. The only problem is with the number of free seats :).

The stop was not useful to us, because we were suddenly offered a lift by a Tajik in a passenger car. True, only out of town, but that was already enough. Where do you think we're heading? That's right, in! And in order to get to the capital of Tajikistan, we will have to overcome the most interesting and at the same time dangerous section of the road, 380 km long -. As always, I will talk about this in the next article, and I advise you to subscribe to the news of our blog, so as not to miss this event :). Happily!

In the north of Tajikistan is the city of Khujand, it is located in the picturesque valley of the Syr Darya. Today, Khujand is the largest cultural and industrial center of the country, and also ranks second in terms of population. An important transport hub is concentrated in Khujand, here is the scientific, economic, political and cultural center of Tajikistan. The city also has its own railway transport and airport. Today the official name sounds like Khujand, because it used to be called Khujand until 1936. At the same time, this year, it was named Leninabad, in honor of the Leader Lenin. In 1991, Tajikistan became an independent state, so the city returned its historical name, but it already sounded like Khujand. What city is called?

City `s history

Khujand has a long history. Therefore, in the old days, writers, poets and scientists called it the "Crown of the World." Initially, during the period of the Kayanid king Kaykubod, the city itself was founded. Only its heyday falls on the reign of the Persian king Darius from the Achaemenid dynasty. When Alexander the Great conquered the city, he renamed it Alexandria Eskhata, which means Extreme Alexandria. In the works of travelers, geographers and medieval historians, Khujand is mentioned as a settlement of generous and generous people, a city where crafts and science are well developed. Thanks to its excellent climate, there are fertile gardens and fields. Historians and scientists testify that in ancient times precious metals were mined in the mountainous regions of Khujand.

Natives of Khujand are members of the families of the Oli Khujand dynasty, they enjoy special reverence and respect in the East. Some of them worked in high government positions, were cultural figures. Also, the famous Great Silk Road passed through Khujand, which allowed the city to maintain contact with other leading countries. Thus, spirituality and economy developed. Traders of Khujand sent the best works of city artisans to other countries. And they themselves brought the latest achievements of the world in civilization and science.

Sights of Khujand

Tourists are first of all sent to the Khujand fortress, which in history was noted as part of the fortification system of Khujand. The fortress was founded in the sixth or fifth centuries BC. During the period of archaeological excavations, experts discovered that initially the fortress was surrounded by a bulk rampart, then the thickness of the mud was raised with a wall. The constituent elements of ancient Khujand include the citadel and the city, they had their own fortress walls, which were surrounded by a deep and wide ditch, and the ditch itself was filled with water. When the troops of Genghis Khan attacked the city, the heroic defense of the Khujand fortress became a significant event. But still it was destroyed by the Mongol invasions. By the 15th century, the fortress was in ruins. However, in the same period the fortress was restored.

Another interesting historical landmark is the Masjid Jami mosque. This building consists of numerous columns and is an excellent example of 15th century architecture. This mosque is distinguished by a surprisingly harmonious way, because it was made in a kind of synthesis of the building culture and decorative art of Khujand.

In 1996, a monument to Kamol Khujandi was erected. That year the 675th anniversary of this famous poet was celebrated. The monument itself is installed on the Star Square of Khujand. Wings are used as the background of the image, they symbolize the person and the inspiration of poetry. In order to fully show the lifestyle of this spiritual rich man who traveled a lot, the sculpture was specially created without shoes. In general, it is worth noting that the sculpture of the poet corresponds to the canons of beauty of the human body.

Tourism

In addition to the ancient sights in Khujand, tourists are offered several types of active tours. For example, the famous Kairakkum reservoir is located near the city. This reservoir arose on the Syrdarya River during the construction of a hydroelectric power station. A mild climate prevails here, so the local nature is distinguished by its unusual beauty. And thanks to the transparent surface of the artificial lake, you can actively relax on its territory. Tourists and locals prefer boat trips, exciting fishing trips, and sightseeing tours around the archaeological excavation area are also organized from here.

Climbers come to Khujand to go to the Ak-Su region, which is located near the city. The beauty of virgin nature is felt in this mountain range; extraordinary mountains are spread here, which are made of dense granite. The height of some mountains reaches more than five thousand meters. Therefore, so many tourists flock here, especially in winter.

It is noteworthy that the gates of the city are open for guests around the clock. Any traveler can have a good rest in this city; new trade relations are developing excellently here. In addition, in Khujand you can walk through the colorful oriental bazaars, where various handicrafts are sold. Although there are many souvenir shops and large shopping centers in Khujand. By the way, it is worth haggling in the markets, this will show respect for the seller.

The modern Sughd region of Tajikistan, whose administrative center is the city of Khujand, until 1991 was called the Leninabad region of Tajikistan, its regional center was called Leninabad.

Geographical position

The position, from the point of view of political geography, occupied by the Leninabad region (Tajikistan), is assessed as favorable, despite the fact that the region has no access to the sea. Nevertheless, it was precisely its geographical location that contributed to the development and prosperity of Khujand. It is the only city that is located on the banks of the largest river in Central Asia - the Syr Darya - and was located at the crossroads of the Great Silk Road. This contributed to the development of trade relations with the developed countries of the East and West in the old days.

The Leninabad region (Sogd) is surrounded by the Tien Shan and Gissar-Altai mountain ranges. From the north are the Kuraminsky Range and the Mogoltau Mountains, from the south - the Turkestan Range and the Zeravshan Mountains. It borders with Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Between the Kuraminsky and Turkestan ranges is the western region of the Ferghana Valley, on which the region is located.

Two rivers flow through its territory. The largest in Central Asia is the Syr Darya and Zeravshan, which originates from a mountain glacier of the same name. Both the Zeravshan and its tributaries are well nourished by melting glaciers and have large reserves of hydropower. Used for irrigation of flat lands.

History of Khujand

Khujand has been the center of civilization for thousands of years. The location of the city contributed to its rapid development and prosperity. The same age as the most ancient cities such as Samarkand, Khiva, Bukhara, he made his important contribution to the development of this region of Central Asia.

The Great Silk Road passed through it. Khujand merchants, returning from distant countries, brought not only overseas goods, but also knowledge. The city prospered, the main occupation of the inhabitants of the surrounding settlements was agriculture and cattle breeding. It developed crafts. Trade occupied a special place.

Rich eastern city, he was repeatedly invaded by invaders who dreamed of conquering and plundering it. But history has preserved evidence of the conquest of the region by the troops of Alexander the Great, who preserved the city and contributed to its development. It received a new name Alexandria Eskhata (Extreme).

The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars completely wiped it off the face of the Earth. But the city was restored again. This was facilitated by its favorable location.

As part of the Russian Empire

Centuries passed, the city gradually stopped in development and began to play an insignificant, provincial role in the life of Central Asia. The leading position was occupied by Samarkand, Bukhara, Kokand. The population worked in agriculture, and only a small part was engaged in crafts, in particular, weaving silk fabrics.

In 1866, the city of Khujand was conquered by the Russian army and included in the construction of the railway, breathed new life into it. It became the center of the intersection of roads connecting the Fergana, Zeravshan valleys and the Tashkent oasis.

Railway workers and engineers were sent to the city to build and maintain railway stations. Doctors and teachers came with them. A school and a hospital were opened. Small handicraft industrial enterprises appeared. This was facilitated by natural resources, in particular oil, non-ferrous metals.

As part of the USSR

Despite the significant development of the city, it remained a backward outskirts of the Russian Empire with small handicraft enterprises, mainly weaving. The Leninabad region reached its greatest prosperity as part of the USSR. New enterprises began to be built, old ones were reconstructed. Qualified personnel came to the region: engineers, workers, doctors, teachers, scientists who studied natural resources. Schools, hospitals, vocational schools were opened, preparing new personnel, including from the local population.

The city of Khujand was renamed Leninabad. It became the administrative center, the district included 8 cities with developed infrastructure and industry. Coal, oil, zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum, antimony and mercury began to be mined on the territory of the region. The largest mining and processing enterprises were built. A large silk fabric factory was erected in Leninabad.

More than a third of the total industrial output of the republic was provided by the Leninabad region. The Tajik SSR in her person received an industrial and economic flagship.

Cities of Leninabad (Sughd) region

Thanks to settlements located on its territory, the leading position was occupied by the Leninabad region. The cities included in it had large industrial enterprises, some of them were unique.

In total, the region included 8 cities, including Leninabad. Many of them have an ancient history and played a significant role in previous years. Most of the cities formed the industrial backbone of the Leninabad region:

• Istaravshan (Ura-Tube). It is located in the foothills of the Turkestan Range, 78 kilometers from the regional center. 63 thousand people live in it.
• The city of Isfara is located in the foothills of the Turkestan Range on the Isfara River. 43 thousand people live.
• Kairakum (Khujand). Located on the territory of the Karakum reservoir. 43 thousand people live.
• The city of Penjikent is located on the Zarafshan River, at an altitude of 900 meters above sea level. The population is 36.5 thousand people.

City of Khujand

Leninabad, modern Khujand, is one of the most beautiful cities in the Ferghana Valley. Framed by mountain spurs, flooded with sun, immersed in gardens and flowers, it is a real oasis. The Syr Darya and the Karakum reservoir make its climate mild, and the southern heat is easily tolerated. Mountains protect it from hot desert winds in summer and cold in winter.

The city of Leninabad and the Leninabad region occupied one of the leading positions in the economy of the Tajik SSR, which contributed to their prosperity. The infrastructure of the city developed. New residential areas, schools, hospitals, kindergartens, palaces of culture, sports facilities were built. A pedagogical institute, many technical schools and colleges were opened in the city. To improve the transport supply, trolleybus lines were laid.

Much attention was paid to architectural monuments, restoration work was carried out. Archaeological excavations were carried out in the vicinity of the city. A local history museum and a musical comedy theater were opened. The Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR was founded.

Leninabad became the industrial center of Central Asia. A large number of large enterprises worked: a silk fabric factory, a grenage, a cotton ginnery, a glass container, an electrical engineering plant, a dairy and canning factories, and much more.

Taboshar city

On the territory of the region there is a small cozy town of Taboshar. The Leninabad region (Tajikistan) has several such towns and settlements that were of great strategic importance for the USSR. Near Taboshar there are rich deposits of polymetallic ores containing mainly zinc and lead; along the way, silver, gold, copper, bismuth and a number of other metals were extracted from them.

Nearby is a "tailing dump" - a waste disposal site for ore processing. For more than 20 years, uranium has been mined here, which was processed in neighboring Chkalovsk. Since 1968, the Zvezda Vostoka plant has operated in the city, where parts and engines for strategic missiles were produced. Now they are mothballed, since with the collapse of the USSR, most of the inhabitants moved to Russia and other countries. The city was inhabited by deported citizens from Western Ukraine, the Baltic states and

The town today has only 13.5 thousand inhabitants, most of whom are unemployed. Once it was a crowded, cozy and beautiful town with blackberry bushes, flowers in the front gardens, and in spring the city was buried in a haze of blossoming apricots, over which butterflies and dragonflies circled.

City of Chkalovsk

Built in 1946, the Leninabad Mining and Chemical Combine gave birth to a city called Chkalovsk. Leninabad region received one more city in its composition. Today, about 21 thousand people live here. After the collapse of the USSR, about 80% of its former inhabitants left the settlement.

The plant gave rise not only to the city, but also to the first atomic reactor and the first Soviet atomic bomb, the filling of which was obtained at the plant. Raw materials came from all the deposits of Central Asia and the Fergana Valley, which were many.

A cozy village was built on the site of the city, in which the builders and workers of the plant lived. With its development, the settlement also grew, which was given the status of a city in 1956. Chkalovsk had the best schools, kindergartens, clinics, cinemas and even two theaters.

Surrounded by greenery and flowers, with a developed infrastructure - this is how the city was remembered by its inhabitants who left it. The state of present-day Buston, as it is now called, leaves much to be desired. Once powerful enterprises do not work, there is not always water in houses, electricity is often cut off, which forces the remaining residents to leave their place of residence.

Districts of the Leninabad region

The geographical location of the Leninabad region, and Zarafshan, the Karakum reservoir created favorable conditions for agriculture. Throughout the region there are gardens and fields where a large number of vegetables are grown. Even in Soviet times, fruit and vegetable processing plants were built here. There are 14 agricultural regions on the territory of the region. Below is a list of districts and the number of residents (thousand people):

• Aininsky - 76.9;
• Asht - 151.6;
• Bobo-Gafurovsky - 347.4;
• Devashtich - 154.3;
• Gorno-Matchinsky - 22.8;
• Jabbar-Rasulovsky - 125.0;
• Zafarabad - 67.4;
• Istaravshan - 185.6;
• Isfarinsky - 204.5;
• Kanibadam - 146.3;
• Matchinsky - 113.4;
• Penjikent - 231.2;
• Spitamensky - 128.7;
• Shakhristan - 38.5.

The leading position in the processing of animal products in the republic was occupied by the Leninabad region, the regions of which were engaged in the production of milk and meat - this is the main orientation of animal husbandry. In the foothills they breed goats and sheep. Much attention is paid to the cultivation of cotton.

Khujand region

The renaming did not bypass the largest, Khujand district. The Leninabad region became the Sughd region, the city of Leninabad was named Khujand, the Khojent region was named Bobo-Gafurovsky. Its administrative center is the village of Gafurov.

The region is located in the Ferghana Valley and is the most developed and largest agricultural region in the Leninabad (Sughd region). In the north, its border passes with the Tashkent region, in the south - with Kyrgyzstan. On the territory there is a large cotton gin and small food enterprises.

The district is adjacent to the regional center, therefore it is focused on agricultural production. It supplies the inhabitants of Khujand with vegetables and fruits, which are abundant in the region, as well as milk and meat.

Khujand- is major city Tajikistan and is considered the administrative center of the Sughd region of the country, located in the northern part of Tajikistan with a population of 255 thousand in 2016. Formerly called the city Leninabad.

In Russian, the city is also known under the name "Khodzhent". The city is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia, as well as the second largest city of the Republic of Tajikistan and an important transport hub, political, economic, cultural and scientific center of the country. Khujand agglomeration with a population of half a million people.

Khojent is one of the most windy cities in Tajikistan and the climate is much colder in relation to Dushanbe. In 2019, the enterprises of Khujand produced products worth about 115 million dollars. USA where almost 60 enterprises operate.

Video of the city of Khujand:

The geographical location and climatic conditions of Khujand are truly favorable. Therefore, the Ferghana Valley, where it is located, is considered the pearl of Central Asia: the mountain landscape, the ever-flowing waters of the Syr Darya, clean air, green attire, an abundance of grapes, fruits and other gifts of nature make Khujand an eternally young garden city.

History of Khujand:

Khojent is not only the second largest city in Tajikistan, but also one of the most ancient cities in the world, which was founded in the time of Alexander the Great. Around 329 BC e, his soldiers founded a fortress here, in which a significant garrison of Greek troops and a certain number of “barbarians” who were related to them were left, that is local residents. Of course, that fortress could not yet claim the title of a city.

But later, thanks to an ideally chosen strategic position and a favorable climate, the settlement began to grow rapidly and soon became known as "Extreme Alexandria".

For many centuries, scientists could not believe that that city and the current Khojent are one and the same place. But after this fact was established, assumptions began to be put forward that the troops were unlikely to be able to create a city from scratch in such a short time: most likely, some earlier settlement that existed here long before the arrival of Alexander himself was taken as the basis.

Thanks to its excellent location and mild climate, Khojent has turned into a prosperous city in just a couple of centuries. shopping center, which at that time had global significance, until it was almost completely destroyed by the troops of Tamerlane. However, it was soon rebuilt again.

Like all cities of that time, Khojent was divided into the city itself, the fortress and the suburbs, where numerous artisans lived. The city, restored by Timur himself, quickly began to play an even more significant role in trade, since at that time the Great Silk Road was actively developing. Until the end of the 15th century, the city was part of the empire of Tamerlane.

By the end of the 19th century, the city had grown so much that it no longer differed in size from Bukhara, and even the bek, the ruler, had his own here.

However, despite its size, the city was a typical representative of that time: incredibly narrow streets and adobe houses were stuck together so closely that travelers could wander in this labyrinth for more than one day, finding again the place from which they entered the city. The only way to reliably navigate it was to know what block you were in.

For centuries, the city suffered huge losses and raids of enemies due to disagreements between Bukhara and the Kokand people, who could not divide it. However, after joining Russia, the strife ceased.

Contacts of the most important authorities of the city of Khujand ( city ​​code 3422):

Weather forecast for Khujand:

Photo of the city of Khujand.

The market of the city of Khujand

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Enterprises of Khujand

№	Business name	Unit	Products	Project capacity
1.	JV "Textile City"	Ted.	Sewing products	450
2.	JV "VT-Silk"	tons	Raw silk threads	143,8
3.	JV "Javoni"	tons	- yarn	2075
		pace	- cotton fabrics	4110,6
		tons	- garments	1900
4.	JSC "Nurtex"	t.sq.m	- cotton fabrics - batting	190
		-		195
5.	JSC "Poyafzolduzi Khujand"	steam	Genuine leather shoes for men and children	300
6.	CPC-2 deaf	tone.	- cotton wool - sewing product	720
		tons		603
7.	PTC "Nigor"	m2	- carpet products	18000
8.	JSC "Parviz"	liter	Vodka	291600
9.	JV "Khujand-Pakizhing"	t.c.b	Natural juices	5000
10.	JSC "Khujandtorgmash"	PCS.	- el.skoroda - el.boiler.	1991
		PCS.		933
11.	JSC "Avtoremzavod"	thousand soms	Transport repair	231,1
12.	JSC Hunar	t.s	Locksmith and turning works	380
13.	Regional Printing House	tl.o		3446
14.	Printing house K. Khujandi	tl.o		106,8
15.	JSC "Cannery"	m.u.b.	Canned fruits and vegetables	46,7
16.	JV "Nurteks-2"	tone.	- cotton yarn	115
17.	JSC "Almos"	PCS.	- resonators	36000
18.	JSC "Lal"	million pieces	Glassware in 0.5l terms	89,2
19	JSC "Maishat"	tone	Flour	600
20	JV "Sadaf-Chan-Yu"	thousand soms	Furniture	390
21.	DP "Grand"	Thousand soms	Spare parts	520
22.	CJSC "SATN"	PCS.	- garments	1200000
23.	JV "Samo"	t.s	Radio engineering	320
24.	CJSC "Ehyo"	tone.	- yarn - non-woven fabric	282
		t.m2	- cotton calico	127
		t.m2		430
25.	Saihun LLC	tons liter	Vodka	264
26.	Sirandud LLC	thousand soms	Enamel. tableware	1000
27.	LLC "Atlasi Khujand"	l.m.	Atlas	100000
28.	JSC "Zinnat"	somoni	Sewing products
29.	OOO MMK	dall.	- alcohol drinks	50000
		dall.		180000
30.	Dusti Amirkhon LLC	dall.	- soft drinks - beer	204000
		dall.	- confectionery	2000
		tons.	- consumer goods	20
		somoni		500000
31.	Textilimpeks LLC	sq.m	Dukhoba	162000
32.	LLC Bakery Enterprise	tone.	Flour	18000
33.	Code of Criminal Procedure "Blind"	somoni	consumer goods	83600
34.	JV "Tochin-L"	somoni	Plastic products	100000
35.	ZAO Komron-Agro-Holding	tone.	Milk products	2190
36.	OOO "Niku-Khujand"	tone.	cotton yarn	2500

MAP KHOGENT

Additional Information

City `s history goes back to antiquity. Modern historical science believes that the archaic Khujand existed during the Achaemenid dynasty, that is, before the arrival of the troops of Alexander the Great to the banks of the Syr Darya. Having captured the city, they fortified it either, naming it in honor of their commander Alexandry Eskhat (Extreme)

In subsequent periods, Khujand more than once had to find itself in the center of historical events. In the 8th c. it was captured by the Arabs, in the 13th century. the city offered fierce resistance to the Mongol invaders, temporarily delaying the advance of the hordes of Genghis Khan to the west.

Since ancient times, Khujand, being at the crossroads of trade routes of the East, has been one of the most important economic, military-strategic and cultural centers of Maverannahr. The Great Silk Road passed through it, connecting ancient Greece, Rome, Asia Minor, Egypt, Iran with India, China and Japan.

Khujand was the birthplace of famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets, musicians. One of them is Abdumahmud Khujandi, the founder of the local astronomical school, an outstanding authority in world science. “Nightingale of Khujand” was called in the 14th century. Kamoli Khujandi - the author of famous gazelles. Equally popular in the Middle Ages was the outstanding poetess, musician and dancer Mahasti. In the 19th century in Khujand, such cultural figures as Toshkhoja Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf were actively engaged in educational work.

In 1866 the city was conquered by the Russian army. The entry into the Russian Empire of Khujand - the center of a densely populated district with rich economic resources, the most important road junction between the Fergana Valley, the Tashkent oasis and the Zeravshan Valley, a major trading point, opened up new opportunities for the development of the population of the city and its environs. In 1916, Khujand was the first among the cities of Central Asia to openly oppose the colonial policy of tsarism, which tried to attract Tajiks, among other peoples of the region, to participate in the First World War. In 1917 Soviet power was established in the city.

During the years of Soviet construction, the city underwent tremendous changes in all areas of economic, social and cultural life. During the Great Patriotic War (1941-45), the people of Khujand, like all the sons of our Motherland, came to the defense of the Soviet land. Thousands of residents of the city fought against the Nazis in the ranks of the Red Army.

In the post-war period, Khujand became the largest industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan after Dushanbe. The industry of the city has become diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology. The pride of the Khujand people was one of the largest enterprises of the republic - a silk factory. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in Khujand produced the same amount of industrial output in a day as in all of pre-revolutionary Tajikistan in a year. The industrial products of the Khujand people were known far beyond the borders of our Motherland. Only the fabrics of the silk factory were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries.

Since the 60s, Khujand has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the first bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges over it.

During the years of Soviet power, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in Khujand, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical qualifications worked. education.

Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991 there were 30 schools in Khujand with about 30,000 students.

In 1932, the Pedagogical Institute was opened in Khujand, where there were only 26 students. Today, more than 10 thousand students study at 13 faculties of this university, which was transformed into Khujand State University in 1991.

During the post-war decades, literature and art reached a new flowering in Khujand, a whole galaxy of poets and writers, artists and composers, craftsmen grew up.

Khujand became more and more beautiful, took on the appearance of a large, industrialized city. In 1986 it celebrated its 2500th anniversary since its founding. In connection with this Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

The role and weight of ancient Khujand increased even more during the period of sovereign development of Tajikistan. It was here that the most important step was taken to end the fratricidal war and achieve national accord on the Tajik land: the 16th session of the Supreme Council, held in Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional order in the republic and nominated a new leader to the political arena - E.Sh. Rakhmonov. The people of Khujand, faithful to the traditions of their fathers, with their daily work and active participation in social and political life, make a significant contribution to strengthening the economic power and territorial integrity of the country. They are confident in the imminent revival and prosperity of their beloved Tajikistan.

The main scientific edition of the Tajik Encyclopedias has started preparing a number of encyclopedias about the cities of Tajikistan. At present, the volume “Khujand” has been prepared, which includes over 2500 articles. The first version of the encyclopedia's vocabulary was prepared and discussed back in 1983. Then it was repeatedly discussed and revised, reviewed in Khujand. As a result, the encyclopedia has become capacious and compact.

It includes articles on geography, history, economics, science and culture, literature and art, topography, religious and architectural monuments, sports facilities, industrial and commercial enterprises, scientific and pedagogical institutions, libraries, ancient quarters of the city. A large place in the encyclopedia is occupied by pre-revolutionary history and representatives of various areas of the material and spiritual culture of the city.

In the process of preparing the dictionary, we had to overcome many difficulties and solve scientific and methodological problems. The main problem was the selection of personalities for this encyclopedia. The following principles were developed: those who were born, studied, worked or work in the city; scientists whose research is devoted to the city and its suburbs. In accordance with these principles, it includes articles about prominent state, party and public figures, famous scientists, writers and poets, artists and composers, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Socialist Labor, holders of honorary titles, holders of the Orders of Glory of three degrees, two military orders, received at the front, the first teachers, noble people of production, doctors and candidates of sciences, veterans of public education.

In addition, the encyclopedia includes party and Soviet workers, chairmen of the city executive committee and the regional executive committee, who, in different years made a great contribution to the development of the city. Part of the articles was included according to the letters and recommendations of the Hukumat of the region, city authorities, city Majlis of People's Deputies.

In the encyclopedia, the present article is placed at the beginning, and then the materials are arranged in alphabetical order. The authors sought to unify the titles of the articles, avoiding such “uniformity” as “Marasa..”, “Street…”, etc.

The book is supplied with illustrations, photographic documents. It is intended for a wide range of readers. The publication is a kind of experiment for further work on encyclopedias of other cities of Tajikistan, and we are far from thinking that we managed to avoid omissions and shortcomings. All critical comments from readers will be gratefully received.

The materials of the encyclopedia reflect the situation in 1998. The editorial board and the team of authors, realizing the need to make a number of adjustments due to the rapid changes of our time, at the same time did not have the opportunity to do so. In the names of institutions, organizations, honorary titles, etc. their officially valid names have been preserved.

Nature of Khujand

General information. Khujand is the administrative center of the Leninabad region of the Republic of Tajikistan, the second city in the republic in terms of the number of inhabitants and the volume of industrial production. It is located in the intermountain passage leading to the Ferghana Valley, on the most important caravan trade route of antiquity. The Syrdarya River flows through the city. From the city center to the railway. station Leninabad - 11 km, to Dushanbe - 341 km. Khujand is connected by railways, air and automobile routes. Pl. - about 0.3 thousand km, population 258 thousand people. (2019).

Relief. The Khujand oasis occupies a wide strip on the left-bank terraces of the Syr Darya and alluvial fans of its tributaries - Khodzhabakyrgan, Isfana, Oksu. From the north, the rocky mountains of Mevagul (Mogoltau), separated by the channel of the Syr Darya, come close to it, from the south - the foothills of the Turkestan Range. Located in an intermountain depression at an altitude of about 350-400 m, the oasis serves as a natural access from the vast Turanian plains to the densely populated Ferghana Valley. In the west, the oasis adjoins the Hungry Steppe (Mirzachul), and in the east, a narrow bridge between the Kairakkum reservoir and the Belesynik mountain range connects with the Kanibadam oasis. The flat relief, only in some places diversified by low ridges and hills, is favorable for irrigated agriculture and convenient for communications. The right-bank part of Khujand was until recently a lifeless desert, the left-bank part, the largest in area, has been inhabited since ancient times. M. Gasanova.

Geological structure. The city is located on the southwestern tip of the Middle Tien Shan, composed of Paleozoic sedimentary metamorphic strata, intruding through it with intrusive rocks and above the thick cover of the Fergana depression. The right-bank part of the city is being built along the southern wing of Mevagul. The geological structure consists of rocks of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic period. The Lower Paleozoic consists of a sequence of metamorphosed Ordovician-Silurian sand-shale deposits, with a total thickness of about 4 thousand m. Within Mount Mevagul, in the section of the Ordovician-Silurian deposits, there are: spotted hornfelses, fine-grained quartz sandstones with interlayers of shale. The total thickness of the section is about 1300 m. The Middle Paleozoic deposits are represented by the formation of carbonate strata in Mevagul. A sequence of conglomerates and arkose sandstones was cut off in the area of ​​the ore fault. It occurs with large sandy-shale deposits of the Ordovician-Silurian. The thickness of the layer is 400-450 m. Sedimentary-volcanogenic formations in most cases create difficulties in the study.

At the basis of the stratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Paleozoic, many researchers use the general scheme of N.N. Vasilkovsky, which generally covers the wider Karamazar region in Northern Tajikistan. Intrusive formations are mainly represented by rocks of the Hercynian tectonomagmatic cycle. The rocks on the right bank of the Syrdarya River mainly consist of granitoids of the Kuraminsky botalite (Muzbek massif). Granitoids are multiphase intrusions. The Muzbek massif is located in the central part of Mevagul and is represented by rocks of four phases: gabbro and quartz diorites, biotites, porphyritic biotites, leucogranites and its vein-magmatic formations. The area of ​​the intrusion is more than 200 sq. km. Gabbro-diorites and quartz diorites of the Andigon stock are developed in the northeastern part of Khujand. From east to west they are replaced by granodiorites of the second intrusive phase (area 110 km2). From the Chashma area to the Uchteppa tract, it is composed of biotite rocks and horn-deceit granites (the area is 66 sq. km).

The Mevagul Mountains are rich in minerals. On an area of ​​more than 350 sq. km. there are on average up to 50 points of mineralization zones, ore occurrences and deposits of lead-zinc, skarn, iron ore and non-metallic types. The most characteristic are the tungsten deposits of Chorukh-Daron, copper-molybdenum Yangikon, skarno-giellitic Khanrabat and Tomchi, polymetallic, iron ore Khanrabat and Tomchi, polymetallic, iron ore, skarn-giellite, quartz fluorite, etc. Building materials are also widespread - sand, crushed stone, gravel , skarn rocks, gabbro and granodiorites, quartz, etc.

Quartz sand is used in the glass industry. Main minerals: quartz, fluorite, borite, calcium, as well as limonium, malachite, tungsten, bismuth and other polymetallic ores.