Manor Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo - Navody — LiveJournal. Manor park pokrovskoye-streshnevo Blue living room in the manor house

In the 14th century, on the site of modern Pokrovsky-Streshnev, there was the village of Podjolki, the name of which indicates the nature of the surrounding forest area. Podjolki and neighboring Korobovo (future Tushino), Ivankovo, Bratsevo, Spas and Petrovo were part of the patrimony granted in 1332 by Ivan Kalita to the boyar Rodion Nestorovich for joining the Novgorod part of Volok Lamsky (Volokolamsk) to the Moscow department. Subsequently, the Skhodno allotments granted by the prince passed into the possession first of the son of Rodion Nestorovich - Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnya (Kvashnya - a nickname given for the friability of the body), - and then to his grandson - Vasily Ivanovich Kvashnin, nicknamed for his impressive volumes of Carcass, the ancestor of the boyar family of Tushins.

The Tushins were unable to keep the family estate in their hands, and by 1584-1585 it was sold out. Empty and abandoned by that time, the village of Podjolki was acquired by the clerk Elizar Ivanovich Blagovo, a prominent embassy figure who carried out responsible diplomatic missions for the Moscow sovereigns.

In 1573, in Novogorod, Blagovo participated in the wedding ceremony of the Livonian king Magnus and Princess Marya Vladimirovna, niece of Ivan the Terrible. In 1580, he was sent with peace proposals as part of an embassy mission to the camp of Stefan Batory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Name E.I. Blagovo is mentioned among the participants in the reception of the ambassador of the English Queen Elizabeth Jerome Bowes in Moscow in 1583.

After the erection at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries (presumably in 1600; the exact date of construction is unknown) of the wooden church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, the wasteland of Podjolka became known as the village of Pokrovsky. The new owner of the village is the boyar's son Andrey Fedorovich Palitsyn. A.F. Palitsyn began his service with the roundabout Yakov Mikhailovich Godunov, and after his death he joined the associates of False Dmitry II. In the spring of 1608, the "Tushinsky Thief", as False Dmitry II would be called, began a campaign against Moscow and pitched his camp on the banks of the Khimki River, directly opposite Podyolok. Already in 1609, Palitsyn, like most of the supporters of False Dmitry, left the impostor and swore allegiance to the Polish king Sigismund III. And in 1611, he was already listed among the soldiers of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, who defended Moscow from the Poles. Such throwing from one opposing side to another, serving "both ours and yours" is a completely ordinary picture for the Time of Troubles. It also seems logical to assume that during the Time of Troubles a wooden church was burned in Pokrovsky, and the village itself was devastated.

Finally entrenched on the side of the Moscow militia, and then - elected to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, A.F. Palitsyn advanced in the service, reached the rank of governor and was repeatedly sent to command in different cities: Pereslavl, Uglich, Murom, Mangazeya. Employment and a long absence of Palitsyn did not allow him to farm, and during his voivodeship in Murom, in 1622, he sold the empty village of Pokrovskoye to the clerk Mikhail Feofilatievich Danilov.

M.F. Danilov is an example of a successful official of his time. He began his career in the Time of Troubles and consistently went through all the steps of the career ladder, sometimes carrying out very responsible assignments. And it should be noted that, unlike the numerous "flighters", which included the previous owner of Pokrovsky, he never went over to the side of the enemy. He happened to serve in the local, bit, detective and Siberian orders.

A successful service allowed Danilov not only to acquire land plots on the Khimki River, but also to resume economic activity on them. In place of the wasteland, he puts a yard with business people. The parish books of the Patriarchal State Order for 1629 note the appearance in the village of "the newly arrived Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, and within the limits of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael, and Alexei the Wonderworker, in the estate of the discharge clerk Mikhail Danilov in the village of Pokrovsky-Podyolki." The census book for 1646 mentions “...behind the duma clerk, behind Mikhail Danilov, the son of Feofilatyev, the village of Pokrovskoye, Podelki, too, and in it the church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and near the church in the courtyard, priest Simeon, and the cell of the mallow, and 8 peasant yards, people in there are 26 of them. During his ownership of Pokrovsky, Danilov increased the land adjacent to the village from the original 29.5 acres to 300 - almost 10 times!

After Danilov's death, in 1651 his widow sold Pokrovskoye to the devious Fyodor Kuzmich Elizarov, who in 1664 ceded the village to Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev, the owner of neighboring Ivankovo. Since that time, almost 250 years of possession of Pokrovsky by the Streshnevs began.

Manor under the first Streshnevs

The small local family of the Streshnevs, originating from a native of Poland, was considered ignoble until 1626, when Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. The widowed, childless tsar was looking for a new wife, for which a bride review was organized, at which he did not like any of the 60 selected beauties, but liked the confidante (friend for an interview) of one of the participants - Evdokia Streshneva. She conquered the king with her beauty, courtesy and meekness of character. And although the king's parents did not approve of his choice, Michael remained adamant and married a noble girl, not by blood, but by essence. So Evdokia Streshneva became the queen, and later, having given birth to children to her husband, the first king of the Romanov family, she became the ancestor of the dynasty. From this marriage, 10 children were born, including the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Tsarina Evdokia Lukyanovna, wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, nee Streshneva. Lithograph from a portrait by P.F. Borel.

After the conclusion of this marriage, the Streshnev family advanced, became significantly enriched and took an honorable place in the court hierarchy.

Rodion (Iradion) Matveevich Streshnev, the first of the Streshnevs, the owner of Pokrovsky, although he was a distant relative of Tsarina Evdokia - a fourth cousin - was close to the court and played a significant role in the life of the state. He was famous for his independent and steadfast character, he moved through the service rather slowly but surely: having started his service as a steward (the first mention of him in this rank dates back to 1634), in 1653 he became a roundabout and only in 1676 received the title of boyar. Throughout his life, he had to serve the first four tsars from the Romanov dynasty. During his service, he carried out diplomatic missions, fought, headed various orders, and from the end of the 1670s until the end of his life he served as an uncle (educator) of the prince, and then tsar Peter Alekseevich (Peter I).

Under Rodion Matveyevich, life in Pokrovsky is being revived. This estate near Moscow did not promise him significant benefits, but he began to vigorously renew the estate. He put here the "boyar yard" and several economic services. The main part of the estate remained under the forest. From the Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod estates of the owner, 11 families of peasants were resettled in Pokrovskoye. In 1678, there were “9 people of bonded people, 10 families of workers, 30 people in them, a clerk's yard, a peasant's yard, 7 people in it, and a Bobyl yard, 3 people in it”. In 1685, by order of the owner, in the upper reaches of the Chernushka River (a tributary of the Khimka, today mostly enclosed in a pipe underground), three ponds were dug and fish were bred in them for the master's needs. An orchard was planted around the lord's wooden choirs, and a flour mill was set up near the confluence of the Chernushka with the Khimka.

After the death of Rodion Mikhailovich in 1687, Pokrovskoye passes to his son Ivan Rodionovich, who received from his father a huge fortune, which included 13.5 thousand acres of land in various counties. I.R. Streshnev, an active assistant to Peter I, almost never visited the estate. According to the census books, in 1704, in his village of Pokrovsky, there were: "the yard of estates, in it the clerk and the groom, the cattle yard, in it 4 people, and 9 peasant yards, in them 34 people."

Manor under P. I. Streshnev

The rich inheritance of Ivan Rodionovich Streshnev after his death in 1738 is divided among his sons, and in accordance with the "amicable separate record", Pokrovskoye becomes the property of the youngest - Peter.

The service of Pyotr Ivanovich Streshnev at court, having begun briskly in 1729, proceeded rather difficult in the future. Turning out to be a short-lived favorite of Princess Natalya Alekseevna, the daughter of Tsarevich Alexei, the sister of Peter II, he almost immediately stepped from the rank of clerk under Peter II to the post of tsarevna chamber junker. But under Empress Anna Ioannovna, for being close to the children of Tsarevich Alexei, he had to pay disgrace and being sent as a prime minister to field regiments. Only towards the end of her reign P.I. Streshnev reached the rank of major general. When the next empress, Elizabeth Petrovna, came to the throne, he was again unlucky: he and his brothers were first arrested on suspicion of complicity in the palace intrigues of Count A.I. Osterman, to whom their sister Marfa was married, and then sent to serve in remote provinces, away from the court. In connection with the next disgrace of the highest military rank - General-in-Chief - Peter Ivanovich achieved only in 1758.

Petr Ivanovich Streshnev. Portrait by an unknown artist.

After the appearance in 1762 of the manifesto "On the granting of liberties and freedom to all Russian nobility" P.I. Streshnev retired and devoted himself entirely to economic affairs, taking up the arrangement of his Pokrovskoye estate near Moscow.

Since the end of the 17th century, no one could be surprised by the vanity and desire to stand out as nobility, the state in Russia since the end of the 17th century, and yet it was the Streshnevs, as their contemporaries said about them, who were distinguished by their arrogance and desire to demonstrate the significance of their kind, although the only objective reason for family pride was marriage of Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva with Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Nevertheless, the Streshnevs had ambitions of the nobility, and both funds and efforts were put into their implementation. In itself, the acquisition of Pokrovsky by Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev in 1664 already testified more likely not to economic calculation, but to the satisfaction of ambition. The main part of the land of the estate was occupied by forests, and the village had no agricultural value, which means that it did not bring significant income, and most likely even lived at the expense of other estates of the owner. It is not surprising that the grandson of Rodion Matveyevich, Pyotr Ivanovich, continues the family tradition and takes on the expansion and transformation of the family estate in accordance with the spirit of the times and personal claims to aristocracy.

Back in 1750, during the service of Peter Ivanovich, on the eve of the birth of a long-awaited child in the family (8 previously born children died), the dilapidated Intercession Church was being renovated in the village. There was no time to rebuild the old church, and it was dismantled, and when building a new church, a brick outbuilding near the master's house was used as the basis, rebuilding and decorating it in the Baroque style. The new church was a single-domed, single-altar quadruple without an apse, with three windows on three sides and a door on the west. In the church that exists today, this quadrangle formed the altar part. The church did not have a bell tower in the 1750s. Two bells from the old church - weighing one and two pounds - hung on wooden poles next to the temple. The stone bell tower was probably added to the new church only in 1769, in the year of the death of Streshnev's wife Natalia Petrovna, when he ordered the master Mikhail Mozhzhukhin a large one of 13 pounds and 4 small bells.

Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo. Photo taken in 1995, during the restoration of the church. In the frame, the quadrangle of the modern temple, which was the main volume of the church of the 1750s.

After retiring, P.I. Streshnev begins to closely engage in the construction of a stone manor house, hiring a good architect for this. The building was completed in 1766. The wooden mansion on a high stone foundation, one-story, with a mezzanine was small in size, in the style of the Elizabethan Baroque, with a suite of 10 ceremonial rooms characteristic of this architectural direction. The mezzanine was smaller than the first floor in area and had a lower ceiling height; apparently, it was used for living only in the summer, and possibly it was completely non-residential and was used as a warehouse for furniture and other property. The house was divided into halves of husband and wife, in each half - an office and a bedroom, in the corner rooms - living rooms, and in the middle of the house - a dining room with a "picturesque old table" and a hall. The living room and the hall that went out on both sides of the house were preserved during all subsequent restructuring of the house, they were decorated with columns and paintings. The furnishings of the house were not particularly luxurious, were simple and not numerous, but differed from the modest utensils of the previous choirs. The main decoration of the estate was an art gallery, composed of 25 portraits of representatives of the Streshnev family and 106 more paintings (according to contemporaries, they were rather mediocre and had no significant artistic value). The gentlemen's rooms were turned to the north-west, to the main courtyard, to which an access alley led from the gate in the northern side of the manor fence. The orchard was still green around the house. In the same period, stables were built in Pokrovsky to keep thoroughbred horses.

Facade of the main house in Pokrovsky in 1766.

The master's house in Pokrovsky was a typical example of a country residence of representatives of the middle nobility, who were well-to-do and rose to the highest ranks, but never possessed fortunes equal, for example, to Sheremetev's, and did not occupy a really significant position among the highest circle of people, but only close to it. and trying to match him, in his own circle trying to excel or, at least, to look no worse than others.

In the renovated house, Pyotr Ivanovich often and with pleasure received guests, the doors of his comfortable and hospitable estate near Moscow were always open to numerous relatives and influential acquaintances.

Probably, during the period of activation of secular ties in the estate under Pyotr Ivanovich, she had a double name "Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo", which at first was used in everyday life, informally, gradually begins to be found in official written sources.

Manor under E. P. Glebova-Streshneva

Petr Ivanovich Streshnev was widowed early, and of his nine children, only his daughter Elizabeth survived, who became his only joy. He loved and spoiled her without measure, fulfilled any whims and whims, the girl from early childhood did not meet any resistance from her parent to her most ridiculous and extravagant antics. Hypertrophied paternal love became the reason for the difficult, uncontrollable nature of her daughter, who turned into a real little tyrant. Not only Pyotr Ivanovich himself, who found himself in complete submission to his daughter, but all the household members walked on tiptoe in front of her.

Portrait of Elizabeth Petrovna Streshneva as a child. Artist Argunov I.P. 1760. GIM.

One day, Elizabeth's uncle, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov, gave her a doll, which became her favorite. The girl called her Katerina Ivanovna, took her everywhere with her and demanded from those around her no less respect for her than for herself, a dwarf was even assigned to the toy as a servant. So, for example, everyone entering the living room had to bow to the doll, so as not to incur the wrath of its owner. It happened that one of the guests did not bow by chance, and the little despot immediately defiantly left society and made him wait for an hour for dinner, putting his father in a mercilessly awkward position in front of the visitors.

Very colorful notes of the granddaughter of Elizabeth Petrovna, Natalya Petrovna Brevern, have been preserved about this doll:

“She used to take the doll with her when walking; but when she herself did not want to leave, she went up to her father and said to him:

Katerina Ivanovna wants to skate.

Okay, mother. Which card to put in? Turkish?

No, front.

This carriage was all gilded and enameled, with gold tassels and eight glasses; four hussars accompanied her on horseback with silver plaques on saddles; two hajduk rode behind, and in front ran a runner, who wore the silver coat of arms of the Streshnevs on his staff. The whole house was in an uproar: footmen were powdered and braided. Everyone was bustling about, and the preparations went on for at least two hours.

Finally, Katerina Ivanovna and the dwarf were put into a carriage, and the people who met them bowed to the ground.

Pride, arrogance, intransigence and despotism of Elizaveta Petrovna had no limits. So later, having matured and even more established in character, she became a colorful and impressive figure even for her time.

Perhaps the only case when the father showed strictness in relations with his daughter was his refusal to consent to her marriage to General Fedor Ivanovich Glebov, whom Elizaveta Petrovna chose as her life partner. F.I. Glebov was a widower with a young daughter in his arms, besides, he was 17 years older than Elizaveta Petrovna, so Pyotr Ivanovich was categorically against such a union.

But a year after the death of her father, in 1772, Elizaveta Streshneva nevertheless married Glebov. About her choice of a spouse, she wrote: "I was never in love with him, but I realized that this is the only person over whom I can dominate, at the same time respecting him."

Portrait of Elizabeth Petrovna Streshneva, married Glebova. Unknown artist. 1770s.

After the wedding, the newlyweds settled in Moscow, in the spacious house of Glebov's city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, where Elizaveta Fedorovna led an active social life. F.I. Glebov was the governor of Kyiv for a long time, at times he was in the army with G.A. Potemkin. Once every three years, he received a vacation for six months, and, as a rule, the spouses went to their beloved Pokrovskoye for the duration of it. Upon arrival at the estate, Elizaveta Petrovna usually ordered a bath from the road in the neighboring estate, behind the park. One day she mentioned to her husband that it would be nice to have a holiday home there. The husband did not answer, but prepared a surprise for his beloved wife for the next vacation. A verst from the manor house, on the bank of Khimka, on the top of a high cliff, he built an elegant two-story bathroom house, named after his wife "Elizavetino", and arranged a solemn reception in it, inviting many guests and in their presence "handing over" a gift with nothing suspicious wife. Elizaveta Petrovna liked the refined, tastefully decorated house in the classical style so much that she immediately after the reception wished to stay in it for the whole summer. Since then, she always took turns spending one summer in Elizabeth, and the other in the manor house in Pokrovsky.

By the way, this was not the only such gift from Glebov to his wife. Elizavetino became a kind of prelude to the construction of a real luxurious palace in another estate of the Glebov-Streshnevs - in Znamensky Rayka - which Fyodor Ivanovich also presented as a gift to Elizaveta Petrovna.

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". View from the front yard. Photograph 1900-1910

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". Rear facade. Photography 1907-1909 "Satellite on the Moscow-Vindava railway" 1909.

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". One of the side wings connected to the house by a gallery. Photo from the 1920s Archive MNIP

The exact date of construction of the Elizavetino bathroom house in Pokrovsky is unknown; the house was erected between 1773 and 1775. But there is an accurate record of another event. Baron N.N. Wrangel, in his 1910 essay on old estates, wrote: “On July 16, 1775, Empress Catherine the Great deigned to visit Elizavetino and have tea with her owner, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva!” (The arrival of Catherine II to Moscow was associated with the celebrations on the occasion of the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainarji peace.)

Unfortunately, the Elizavetino bathroom house has not survived to our time; it was destroyed by a German bomb in 1942. But photographs and descriptions of the building remained, testifying to its extraordinary beauty and harmony of style. The subtlety and lightness of the general silhouette, a pair of graceful Ionic columns with an impeccable pattern on the semicircle of the building, the elegant rustication of the portico, stucco medallions on the facade made Elizavetino one of the most remarkable buildings in the classicism style, a first-rate architectural monument of that time.

The house was located on a cliff overlooking the valley of the Khimki River with the villages of Ivankovo ​​and Tushino sheltering in it, and the distances running away abroad for tens of miles. Of course, this place is exceptional in its beauty, here even a much more modest building would have looked picturesque, but Elizavetino, of course, even more emphasized the magnificence of nature, subtly harmonized with her pensive calmness. The rear façade facing the cliff, highlighted by a semicircular ledge of the rotunda and decorated with double columns and thin bas-reliefs, was always bathed in light, even on cloudy days, and this made it seem unusually light, radiant, and elegant. The terrace area behind the house was bordered by a white stone balustrade with finely carved balusters. The main façade overlooking the front courtyard with a figure of cupid in the center towering on a pedestal was distinguished by strict elegance. Its main decorative accent was a four-columned portico protruding forward. On the sides of the building stood small, strong, like monoliths, outbuildings, connected to it by concave covered column galleries. In one wing there was a kitchen, in the other - a human one. The house and outbuildings were plastered and painted yellow, the columns white, the roofs red. Inside the house, only a lead bath built into the floor of the bedroom, and a copper box with doors for extracting steam on the ceiling, reminded of its purpose as a bath. Water was supplied to the bath through pipes from the closet, where the stove and boiler were located. The rest of the rooms - the living room, the dining room, the office - were decorated smartly, in an original and cozy way: plaster columns, fireplaces decorated with tiles, painted ceilings and walls, floors painted like parquet, numerous engravings and mirrors on the walls, original chandeliers, bronze decorations, glass doors, white and blue curtains with tassels on them and on the windows. A staircase lit by original tin lanterns led to the library located in the mezzanine. The furniture in the house was varied, trimmed with colored leather, marble, bronze.

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". Rotunda and terrace balustrade. Photo from the 1930s GNIMA archive

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". Interior of the main oval hall. Photo by www.nataturka.ru

The author Elizavetina, who showed so much skill and taste in architectural form, detailing and decorative design, has not yet been established, but he would have every right to be included among the best architects of his time, if he was not already included in it at the time the house was built. Here is what the well-known art critic A.N. wrote about the bathroom house in Pokrovsky. Grech: “All architecture is infinitely harmonious, musical. White columns, modest decorations, wonderful sophistication of relationships - all this makes one see here the hand of a subtle master. Perhaps this is the Chevalier de Guerne, the builder of the same charming pavilion in Nikolsky-Uryupin? Perhaps this is N.A. Lvov - this tireless Russian Palladium? For now, we can only guess.”

The project of the bathroom house "Elizavetino". Rear facade of the building. Unknown architect. 1770s. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

The project of the bathroom house "Elizavetino". Front facade of the building. Unknown architect. 1770s. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

Regarding the church in Pokrovsky, it is known that in 1779 a stone bell tower was added to it, and in 1794 - a refectory. At the end of the 18th century, a fence with corner turrets was erected around the church.

After the death of her husband in 1799, Elizaveta Petrovna moved to Pokrovskoye for permanent residence and lived here for thirty-seven years. She ruled her estate despotically and imperiously. Even based on the meager materials of the family archive and the memoirs of contemporaries, the image of a tyrant lady who was in charge of her patrimony near Moscow stands out quite clearly. Elizaveta Petrovna was a wayward, resolute woman with great willpower and indefatigable arrogance, her inner circle and relatives were afraid of her, everyone was in awe and confusion at the slightest change in her expression, no one even dared to open her mouth without her permission. All the pleasures of serfdom were at her service: tens of thousands of peasants who lived on estates that belonged to her, scattered in different counties, countless servants, hosts and hosts, dozens of pugs and “pugs”, toilets in the latest fashion, solemn receptions of guests, festivities and trips into the world.

The lady lived in her country estate, like a queen in a small principality, and never forgot about her relationship with the royal family, which she tirelessly emphasized throughout her life, turning the family tree and its symbols into a real cult. Tribal affiliation was so important for Elizaveta Petrovna that after the death of her cousin - the last man from the Streshnevs - in 1803, using her connections, she obtained permission for herself and her heirs to be called Glebova-Streshneva, so that the Streshnev family would not formally end.

The Streshnev family tree, compiled by E.P. Glebova-Streshneva.

In society, she was considered a very enlightened and educated lady. The manor house had a good library, the art gallery already had more than 300 paintings. Glebova-Streshneva acquired such modern technical innovations as “kamershkur” (camera obscura), “English mitroskur” (microscope), a telescope and other items that testified to a passion for “natural philosophy”. But all this was more a tribute to fashion than evidence of real education. She maintained acquaintances with some prominent figures of that era, it is known, for example, that N.M. Karamzin even lived in Elizabeth, kindly provided to him by the mistress, where he worked on the History of the Russian State. As the granddaughter of Elizaveta Petrovna, N.P. Brevern, “a type died out in her, perhaps not yet completely disappeared in Russia, but since then it has not manifested itself in such strength: a mixture of the most opposite qualities and shortcomings, refined civilization and primitive severity, a European grand dame and a pre-Petrine lady.”

The increase in income, growing needs and modern tastes were reflected not only in the lifestyle of the owner of the estate, but also in the changed appearance of the manor house. In 1803, Elizaveta Petrovna took on the complete restructuring of the manor house in Pokrovsky and the arrangement of the territories adjacent to it in the spirit of new tastes. All work was completed in 1806. According to the project of which architect the mansion was rebuilt, it has not been established, but, undoubtedly, it was a good master. The house has become three-story and more strict and thin in facade decoration. The decor of the building was not strictly maintained in a single style, it was a kind of symbiosis of mature classicism and empire. The lower floor of the house was intended for the residence of the owner's family, the second had a ceremonial character, and the upper one served for storing things and living for servants, governesses, footmen. A semi-circular stone terrace adjoined the north-western facade, to which stairs encircling it on both sides led. There was an exit from the hall to the terrace. Carriages drove up here, and guests went up to the hall and dining room. The interiors of the mansion also changed, mahogany furniture with inlaid and bronze trim, marble clocks, crystal dishes appeared in the rooms, and the art gallery expanded. In terms of decoration, it was not the house of a nobleman, but of a rich, well-to-do landowner.

Project for the reconstruction of a manor house in Pokrovsky. Northwest facade (left) and southeast facade (right). Unknown architect. Beginning of the 19th century.

In accordance with the new trends, a small “regular” French park was laid out next to the house, decorated with numerous statues, including marble ones, commissioned in Italy from the sculptor Antonio Bibolotti. Wide long alleys radiated from the central points, led out to clearings cultivated with circles, led into thickets that intimately concealed gazebos and benches, and ended at ponds with islands. The rest of the estate was formed like an English landscape park, where winding paths circled among shady trees leading to a cliff above the Khimka River, to a bath house. Grottoes were built on a steep cliff above Khimka, in which springs beat. Labyrinth canals, two fish ponds (the so-called "planters") and a small pond were dug on the shore, a large dam was made on the river and an island with a gazebo in the middle and bridges across the channels. In the French part of the park there are 6 greenhouses with fruit trees. In the English part, not far from Elizavetin, in imitation of the Izmailovo estate of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a menagerie appeared, which contained deer, Shlen goats and rams, Chinese, Persian and Cape geese, swans, blue turkeys, geese, guinea fowls, pheasants, peacocks and cranes .

Baron N.N. Wrangel in his work "Old Estates: Essays on the History of Russian Noble Culture" wrote about Pokrovsky-Streshnev:

“It is as if you see behind a high facade in narrow windows overgrown with ivy the pale images of Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva, her son Peter, niece Liza Shcherbatova, the old, old serf Darya Ivanovna Repina, who died at ninety-eight years old in November 1905. Nice blue, "the color of sugar paper", living room in a large house, decorated a l'antique in the Pompeian style, with beautiful white wood furniture of the late 18th century.

Then you walk through the garden with endless straight roads, bordered by hundred-year-old trees, you walk for a long time to the Bath House, the entrance to which is guarded by a small marble Cupid. The house stands over a gigantic cliff, overgrown with dense forest, which seems to be small shrubs stretching into the distance. This charming toy was built by the husband of Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva as a surprise for his wife. The house is full of fine English engravings, good old copies of family portraits. And at every step, in every room, it seems as if the shadows of those who lived here are wandering.

Following the construction of a new house, in 1822 Elizaveta Petrovna renovates the manor church with a bell tower, rebuilding them in the Empire style, which by that time had firmly occupied a dominant position in architecture.

The village of Pokrovskoye on the plan of a part of the outskirts of Moscow by Lieutenant Lyapunov, 1825.

The heirs of E.P. Glebovoy-Streshnevoy

Elizaveta Petrovna and Fyodor Ivanovich Glebov had four children, of which two - a son and a daughter - died in infancy, while the other two sons - Peter and Dmitry - lived to middle age, but still died before their mother.

Dmitry Glebov-Streshnev (1782-1816), chamber junker, died unmarried. The domineering mother never allowed him to serve or marry. He lived in an outbuilding of the family city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya and often said he was ill, so as not to see his stern mother and not be subjected to her control and discipline.

Pyotr Glebov-Streshnev (1773-1807), major general, participant in the Napoleonic wars, chief of the Olviopol hussar regiment, died of wounds. He was married to Princess Anna Vasilievna Drutskaya-Sokolinsky, a girl from a poor family, the daughter of his fellow soldier. He entered into marriage against the will of his mother. He left behind four children: sons Evgraf and Fyodor and daughters Natalya and Praskovya. 3 years after the death of her husband, Anna Vasilievna married a second time - to Alexander Dmitrievich Leslie.

After the death of her son Peter and the remarriage of his widow, Elizaveta Petrovna took in her grandson Fyodor and two granddaughters to raise them, hiring the best tutors and teachers for them. As with her own children, she was immensely strict and despotic with them. Their childhood, adolescence and youth were the subject of endless gossip in Moscow society. The grandchildren were afraid to utter a word in the presence of their grandmother, they stood at attention for hours while she deigned to eat coffee. At dinner, before touching each dish, they had to ask permission to do so. They dressed them even during guest visits in the most worn dresses and suits. Until the age of twenty, even at magnificent balls, they were served children's dishes, and this habit was eliminated only after a remark thrown on this subject by one high-society lady. When the granddaughters grew up, the grandmother categorically refused to give them in marriage, rejecting all the proposals of the matchmakers and calling the suitors in the face boys and fools, and even ordering some of them to be driven out of the house. The grown-up grandson, who began to show obstinacy, after a big struggle with his grandmother, finally got permission from her to serve in the public service. “Babenka” agreed to this, but refused to bother about the documents necessary for entering the service, angrily indignant that some baker needed the papers, but for Streshnev they were superfluous, he did not need to prove his nobility. Emperor Nicholas I, having learned about the trick of the wayward old woman, laughed and, by personal command, ordered that the papers be given to the young Glebov-Streshnev without any petitions from him.

For decades, Elizaveta Petrovna practiced a similar system of education in relation to her children and grandchildren. Realizing from her own experience the harm brought to children by permissiveness and excessive parental guardianship and adoration, she sought to apply opposite principles in the education of her heirs, however, going into pure despotism and tyranny. Her granddaughter, Natalya, already in her old age, said that she did not hold a grudge against her grandmother, and remembered her as one of the last examples of ancient tyranny, only without the outbursts and eccentricity that usually accompany it. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Elizaveta Petrovna, indeed, even made her most cruel and caustic speeches without raising her voice, because. “Only men and women scream.” Sometimes it was enough for her to put a person in his place. Only in her declining years did the character of the lady soften a little, nevertheless, the discipline and awe she aroused in those around her remained as strong as before.

After the death of Elizaveta Petrovna in 1837, the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate was inherited by her eldest grandson Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, a guard colonel. The grandchildren, who suffered in their youth from the grandma's tribal arrogance, were far from the customs adopted by her, alien to the passion for tribal genealogy and almost hated family traditions that claim to be aristocratic. Fyodor Petrovich, for example, often said: “These Streshnevs are boring me over my head!” After the division of the inheritance, many historical relics of the Streshnev family were destroyed, for example, the silver parts of the decoration of old carriages and coats of arms were broken and melted. After Elizaveta Petrovna, who carefully collected items related to the history of the family, and simply expensive things, countless jewels were found, only 300 snuff boxes were counted, of which 80 were gold. Apparently, they really had a considerable cultural, artistic and material value, since the Chamber of Facets wished to acquire most of the antiquities left to the heirs. Much has been sold, much has been given away. The granddaughter of Elizabeth Petrovna Praskovya, who was distinguished by great piety, gave her inheritance to monasteries and priests, in particular, she ordered a miter for the archimandrite from a whole bag of pearls and expensive stones.

Left without "lady's" control, both of her granddaughters managed to arrange their personal lives. Natalya Petrovna in 1839 married a nobleman of the Estland province, Major General Friedrich von Brevern, who was called Fedor Logginovich Brevern in the Russian manner. In 1840 he retired, from 1853 to 1856 he was the leader of the nobility in the Kolomna district, in 1863 he was elected to the Duma commission. The Breverns had two daughters: in 1840 - Eugene and in 1842 - Varvara.

The second granddaughter - Praskovya Petrovna - in 1847 married the monk Fyodor Fedorovich Tomashevsky, who became a merchant, and went with him to Tula, where she died in 1857. For a representative of a noble boyar family, this was too unequal an alliance, so the marriage caused great indignation among her relatives, and after marriage, her name was no longer mentioned in the family.

But the family life of the grandchildren of Elizabeth Petrovna did not differ in prosperity. The family idea of ​​​​fixing the preservation and maintenance of the Streshnev family was not crowned with success, all efforts to support the male line of the family were in vain. Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev died without issue (date of death unknown, presumably 1850s). His younger brother Fyodor Petrovich was not married and also had no children. Since 1848 he was paralyzed, he was transported in armchairs. In her book “My Life”, Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya wrote about him: “This dear, kind, last of his kind Fedor Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev was a paralyzed, pale and sick man who loved our family extremely.” Already at an advanced age and worried about the further preservation of the family name, in 1864, at the request of his niece Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern, after her marriage to Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky, he filed a petition with the State Council for the transfer "in the absence of other male representatives of the family" surname Glebov-Streshnev to the husband of his niece, so that henceforth he, his wife and their children could be called Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. The petition was followed by the Highest permission, according to him, the eldest child in the family could inherit the triple surname in the future.

As for the inheritance of the Pokrovskoye estate, in 1852 it was still registered with Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, and in the village there were 10 households in which 40 male souls and 42 female souls lived, the church and the master's house with 10 yard people also appeared on the estate . After the death of Evgraf Petrovich, the estate was inherited by his brother Fyodor Petrovich. And after his death in 1864, Pokrovskoye went to his niece, Princess Evgenia Feodorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva. Since that time, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo has increasingly become known as Pokrovsky-Glebov, since in the compound surname of the owners "Glebovs" stood before "Streshnevs".

The village of Pokrovskoye and its environs on the topographic plan of Moscow in 1838.

The Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate on the topographic plan of Moscow in 1838.

Dacha life in Pokrovsky

With all her aristocratic vanity, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva also had a commercial streak and profitably used part of her estate near Moscow, organizing a summer cottage settlement in it. At the beginning of the 19th century, on the opposite side of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate from the side of the road leading from the village of Vsekhsvyatsky to Tushino (the current Volokolamsk highway), as well as in the manor park, not far from the ponds, several small houses were built "for summer housing, with everything to them belonging." The area here was picturesque, the prospects for a comfortable and healthy holiday attracted Muscovites, so the dachas in Pokrovsky were popular with the wealthy public and were quite expensive. The Pokrovsky dacha settlement was considered fashionable; people with high incomes and social status could afford to rent housing in it. In order to protect eminent summer residents from unnecessary contacts with ordinary people, all entrances to the village were blocked by barriers and guarded by watchmen.

Dacha fishing near Pokrovsky-Streshnevo was so successful that over time (in the second half of the 19th century), the subsequent owners of the estate expanded their business by allocating additional plots on the estate for building summer houses. This is how the holiday villages of Ivankovo ​​(in the Ivankovsky forest, across the Khimka River, near the village of the same name), Elizavetino (opposite the village of Ivankovo, next to the bath house) and Grishino (a little to the north, in the place of the menagerie) were formed.

Summer residents in Pokrovsky were many entrepreneurs and wealthy people of free professions. It is known that in 1807 N.M. Karamzin, who was engaged in writing the "History of the Russian State" here. From the 1840s to the 1860s, from season to season, one of the dachas was rented by the family of the court doctor A.E. Bers. In 1856, L.N. often visited them. Tolstoy, here he met the 12-year-old daughter of Bersov Sonechka, who became his wife 6 years later. By the way, Sonya Bers was born in this country house. Tolstoy went almost daily to Pokrovskoye from his apartment in Moscow, on the corner of Tverskaya Street and Kamergersky Lane. Staying for several days at the Berses, he was accommodated in a guest room on the first floor of the house, and on the second floor the children lived with a nanny and servants. According to the memoirs of another daughter of the Berses, Tatyana, from the window of their nursery a “cheerful, picturesque view of a pond with an island and a church with green domes” opened up. And here is how Sonya Bers herself recalled the days of living in the country: “... What wonderful evenings and nights were then. As now, I see that clearing, all illuminated by the moon, and the reflection of the moon in the nearest pond. “What crazy nights,” Lev Nikolaevich often said, sitting with us on the balcony or walking around the dacha with us.

Plan of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, 1864. The letter "H" marks the former dacha of the Bersov.

In the 1840s, the families of the famous Moscow merchants Kumanins, Alekseevs, Krestovnikovs, Vedenisovs, Zhivago, Moskvins rested in the summer at the Pokrovsky dachas. In the early 1860s, the historian S.M. Solovyov, his son - a poet, publicist and religious philosopher V.S. Solovyov - left memoirs of this period. Since 1874, the large dacha of Grishino was rented by Count P.A. Zubov, and since 1886 - the banker A.P. Kayutov with his wife N.P. Lamanova, a talented dressmaker.

At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, dachas near Ivankovo ​​were chosen by the actors of the Art Theater. One of the first to settle here was the theater decorator V.A. Simonov, who built an original dacha-workshop according to his own project. Colleagues followed him, for some of whom he also developed projects for houses, for example, for the Grekovka dacha (1890s) that has survived to this day, Vasily Luzhsky's Chaika dacha (1904). Also, V.A. Simonov, in collaboration with the later famous avant-garde artist L.A. Vesnin built in 1909 the cottage of the millionaire Vladimir Nosenkov.

Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy lived and worked at the Ivankovo ​​dachas. The manuscript of his story "The Storm" is marked with the entry "June 10, 1915, Ivankovo". In 1912, spouses Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron rented a dacha in Ivankovo.

The Moscow-Vindava railway, which opened in 1901, enlivened dacha life in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo even more and contributed to the expansion of dacha development, which increased significantly over the next 3-4 years. The peasants of Pokrovsky, who received compensation for the land alienated for the railway and built dachas on their allotments, also became landlords. They made more money from renting country houses than from cultivating the land. The public arable land was also handed over for development. So two large dachas of the "Vacation Colonies" and the mansion of F.K. Zeger.

According to newspaper reports, it is known that in 1908, in Pokrovsky and Ivankovo, furnished dachas-mansions with all amenities were rented out for a lot of money - 100-2000 rubles per season - which did not affect their popularity in the least, on the contrary, the number of tenants only increased. At the same time, the estate was in demand not only among permanent summer residents, but also among vacationers who came for one day. During this season, a bus was even launched for the first time from Petrovsky Park to Pokrovsky with a one-way fare of 30-40 kopecks, and there were sometimes so many who wanted to become its passengers that “among them there were sometimes disputes about the queue, requiring even the intervention of the police” .

New heyday of the estate under E. F. Shakhovskaya

In 1840, Natalya Petrovna and Fyodor Logginovich Brevern had a daughter, who was named Eugenia, a rare name in Russia in those years, in honor of the heroine of Honore de Balzac's novel Eugene Grande. Parents gave their daughter a good education and upbringing, which fully corresponded to her noble origin, the ideas of that time about them. According to the observations of contemporaries, Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern inherited many character traits of her legendary great-grandmother Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva, all her life she honored her name, admired her, tried in every possible way to imitate her, succeeded in something and even surpassed the famous tyrant. Aristocratic traditions, trampled on by the heirs of Elizabeth Petrovna, were revived again under the great-granddaughter, and vain ambitions and family pride took on even larger forms. This was largely due to the successful marriage of Yevgenia Fedorovna, who married Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky in 1862, and with the receipt of the huge inheritance of the Glebov-Streshnevs.

M.V. Shakhovskoy (1836-1892 years of life) made a brilliant career. After graduating from the School of Guards ensigns and cavalry cadets and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, for more than ten years he served as a chief officer in the department of the General Staff, where he showed outstanding abilities in military affairs. In 1969 he was appointed chief of staff of the Riga Military District, in 1970 he was promoted to major general and appointed Estonian governor, in 1975 he was assigned to the Ministry of the Interior and transferred to the governorship in Tambov. As governor, he attracted attention with his excellent administrative abilities and a firm, active character. During his service in Estonia, he twice received royal favor and was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav I degree and St. Anna I degree, while serving in Tambov, he was declared the Highest Gratitude and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir II degree. From 1979 until the end of his life, he was the honorary guardian of the Moscow Presence of the Board of Trustees of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria, who was engaged in charity work. In 1881 he was promoted to lieutenant general, in 1885 he was awarded the Order of the White Eagle. He was a member of the City Duma, a district judge of the peace.

Princess Evgenia Feodorovna and Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev.

In 1864, the Shakhovskys received the triple surname Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. By the way, it was one of the few triple surnames in Russia. On October 5, 1866, a new family coat of arms was approved, which in terms of splendor was not inferior to the coat of arms of the Russian Empire, with the motto "With God's help, nothing will stop me." He combined the symbolism of the coats of arms of two families: from the princes Shakhovsky he received images of a bear with a golden ax on his shoulder, an angel with a flaming sword and shield and a cannon with a bird of paradise sitting on it, and from the Glebov-Streshnev family he borrowed silver lilies, a horseshoe crowned with a golden cross , a running deer and a stretched bow with an arrow.

Family coats of arms: 1) Streshnev; 2) Glebov-Streshnev; 3) Shakhovsky; 4) Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev.

Along with the surname, the Shakhovskys in 1864, after the death of their uncle Evgenia Fedorovna, Fyodor Petrovich, inherited half of the vast fortune of the Glebov-Streshnevs left from him. The peasant reform of 1861 abolished serfdom in Russia, but the landowner's ownership of the land was preserved, and the peasants were obliged to redeem the allotments received from the landowners. The government provided the peasants with a loan in the amount of 80% of the value of the plots, paying this part of the ransom to the landlords at a time. Within 49 years, the peasants had to return the loan to the state in the form of redemption payments with an accrual of 6% per annum. The remaining 20% ​​of the value of the plots, the peasants returned to the landowners on their own by paying dues and performing labor duties. Since the Glebov-Streshnevs had more than 10,000 serfs in 20 districts in 1837, the one-time ransom received from the state amounted to a decent amount, and cheap labor was available to landowners for many years to come. So the family budget of the Glebov-Streshnevs won rather than lost from the reform. Not satisfied with the possessions inherited by her and her husband, Yevgenia Fedorovna bought the estate from her sister Varvara for 120 thousand rubles, which she got when dividing the family fortune. Thus, all the land holdings of the Glebov-Streshnevs ended up in the hands of Princess Shakhovskaya.

We can say with confidence that a successful marriage and the inheritance brought Yevgenia Fedorovna Brevern, who became Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, to a new social level.

After his appointment in 1879, M.V. Shakhovsky as an honorary guardian, he and his wife were able to thoroughly settle in Moscow. The couple settled in the city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya and often traveled out of town to Pokrovskoye. In Moscow, they led an active social life, befitting people of their class and including family and official visits, balls, concerts, trips to the theater, walks in parks, picnics, holiday horseback riding. In the 1880s, they also spent a lot of time in Europe, where they purchased from the Demidovs the luxurious villa of San Donato near Florence, which added another title to them - the princes of San Donato. For trips from Moscow to the south, the Shakhovskys had their own railway carriage, which was the first carriage of private individuals on Russian railways. One of the Moscow newspapers wrote about him: “He has just arrived from abroad, and combines comfort with artistic luxury. The main interest of the wagon is that it is so far the only one of the wagons owned by private individuals that makes free movement not only on Russian, but also on foreign narrower gauges. The carriage was built in Russia, but the interior and bedroom were finished in Paris. In Europe, the Shakhovskys traveled a lot, including the Mediterranean Sea on a pleasure yacht they owned, bought for no less than 1.25 million rubles, rested in the resorts of Hesse in Germany, where the von Breverns, the ancestors of Evgenia Fedorovna, were from. In the archives of Pokrovsky-Streshnev, an album with pasted newspaper clippings from the foreign press has been preserved, which reports: then the princess or princess Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva arrived in Paris, then departed on her yacht for Venice, on such and such a day at there was a ball in her villa, etc. The name of Shakhovskikh did not leave the pages of the Russian press either. All these sketches, testifying to a beautiful and respectable life, were carefully preserved and, probably, were shown to guests at soirees and other social events to give additional brilliance to the appearance of the princely couple.

Evgenia Fedorovna loved art, had an irrepressible imagination, creative energy and a special passion for everything new. True, her tastes were not subtle, her knowledge was very superficial, and her attitude to art objects sometimes bordered on vandalism. So, for example, they said that she could remake the paintings acquired from European masters, without hesitation, at her discretion, adding something to them. Trips abroad and acquaintance with European architecture awakened in her an indomitable creative ardor. She could, impressed by some medieval castle, conceive a grandiose construction project in Moscow based on its motives, or send a postcard to her architect with the image of a European sight that she liked, accompanying her with an order to make changes to the project or recreate one or another in nature. part of the building.

The village of Pokrovskoye on the topographical plan of the outskirts of Moscow in 1878.

Having settled in Moscow, Evgenia Fedorovna almost immediately set about rebuilding the manor house in Pokrovsky, deciding to turn it into a kind of fairy-tale tower, the boyar choirs of ancient Moscow. The princess did not just follow the architectural fashion of that time, which gravitated towards ancient Russian stylizations. Honoring and carefully protecting the family traditions and past of the family, she also wanted to emphasize her blood and spiritual connection with the history of Ancient Russia. E.F. Shakhovskaya was very rich, but in society she was not loved and respected. Many aristocrats drove past Pokrovsky to their estates, but none of them was eager to pay visits to his owner. Having remade the classical manor into the "terem of the Streshnev boyars", she once again wanted to loudly declare the nobility of her family, its antiquity, and kinship with the royal dynasty.

In 1880, Evgenia Feodorovna attracted the architect Alexander Ivanovich Rezanov, an academician of architecture, known for the construction of grand ducal palaces in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Livadia, to implement her idea. A.I. Rezanov created a very unusual project for the restructuring of the manor house in the pseudo-Russian style popular in those years. He proposed, with virtually no changes in the spatial composition and main elements of the facade of the existing foundation - an Empire mansion - to make side extensions to it, create a new asymmetric composition of the expanded building and arrange everything in a single style, in fact, simply by superimposing ancient Russian forms on the existing order system.

The project of a manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnev. Facade from the garden. Architect A.I. Rezanov. 1880s

The surviving drawings of A.I. Rezanov demonstrate a completely harmonious and picturesque structure - an elegant and peculiar tower palace with turrets, tents, double windows in an arched frame, openwork lattices on the ridges of the roofs, an expressive peaked silhouette ... But what happened in the end ... Today, art critics call the result of the reconstruction of the estate an "architectural paradox" . The building was a fantastic mixture of several completely incompatible styles, a strange combination of a romantic European castle with a country residence of a respectable Russian nobleman-landowner.

The implementation of the project developed by Rezanov was carried out by another eminent architect - Konstantin Viktorovich Tersky, teacher F.O. Shekhtel. It is difficult to say what he felt while working on it, and how he himself assessed the result of his work. How can one explain the fact that the name of an authoritative architect, famous for his buildings, appeared on the drawings of the building, which is some kind of unimaginable eclectic vinaigrette? Perhaps this is due to the protracted restructuring of the estate (the refurbishment of the manor house continued until 1916). The princess, who had already begun the reconstruction of the house, had a new idea, and she decided, under the influence of what she saw abroad, to once again “re-profile” the house into a Western European castle, and in the course of the ongoing construction. The project was constantly being finalized and changed at the request of the customer, who was changeable in her preferences, and simply was not brought by the architect to the final stage, at which it would be fair to judge its harmony and stylistic uniformity. Or maybe the work on the reckless undertakings of the princess was so generously paid that Tersky considered it possible to sacrifice his image. Meanwhile, as a precedent, when one of the architects, in order to save his professional reputation, refused to work with Princess Shakhovskaya because of her extravagant ideas that were constantly introduced into the project, there was - during the construction on Bolshaya Nikitskaya.

What was the manor house in Pokrovsky, rebuilt by Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva? The ensemble of the manor services was planned in the form of a horseshoe. Two brick outbuildings, stylized as ancient Russian stone chambers, were added to the end sides of the empire-style mansion, one of which was dominated by a pointed tower. On the roof of the mansion, by order of Yevgenia Feodorovna, a wooden superstructure was made in the form of a large quadrangular donjon tower, with loopholes-mashikules, teeth in the form of swallowtails and small round turrets protruding at the corners. This was the first significant intervention in the original project, and others followed.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Northwest facade. Photograph 1909-1910

General view of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate from the side of the park. Photograph 1909-1910

Side view of the northwestern facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph 1909-1910

A little later, two more large low drum towers were built on the roof, covered inside with semicircular domes and decorated with teeth along the contour, as well as several small decorative turrets with pointed ends.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Northwest facade. Photograph 1910-1914

Most of the outbuildings made had elements of the Old Russian style: jug-shaped columns of the entrance porch, keeled pediments of windows, figured columns of architraves, etc.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Southeast (which became the main) facade. There is no superstructure in the form of a donjon tower yet. Photograph 1909-1910

Side view of the southeastern (which became the main) facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph 1909-1910

The southeastern facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photo from the 1930s GNIMA archive

The upper part of the building acquired the features of Romanesque fortification architecture. The base - the old mansion - remained mostly Empire style. The main facade of the house was facing the ponds, the entrance was emphasized by a high gentle arch and a ledge of the front porch, above which there was a balcony with a balustrade and Corinthian columns. The facade from the side of the park was decorated with a protruding semicircular rotunda-balcony with columns, which could be climbed from the garden along two staircases encircling it. In order to somehow smooth over the obvious stylistic inconsistencies in the appearance of the building, the princess ordered to hang garlands of “leaves” made of painted tin on the facades of the old house. This "camouflage net" is visible in one of the photographs.

By 1883, the construction and decoration of a semicircular extension on the southwestern side of the manor house, where the theater was located, was completed. It was a "test of the pen" of the Shakhovskys, who were passionate about theatrics and dreamed of creating a home theater. After the theater was tested in a small format in Pokrovsky, they started building a larger institution on Bolshaya Nikitskaya. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the theater in Pokrovsky-Glebov, despite the small stage, was comfortable, well equipped and furnished. It was located on the second floor of the extension, the public came here from the park, climbed the stairs to the rotunda balcony, passed through the front of the house and got into the stalls. In the middle of the right wall of the extension was the only box of the theater, which was occupied by the owners with their guests. From the box there was a direct passage to the inner rooms of the house. A small stage was quite suitable for the performances that were staged here. Tall arched windows with multi-colored inserts gave the room a beautiful iridescent light. In the evening, the cozy auditorium was lit with candles, and on especially solemn occasions, electric lamps were turned on in it. The provincial actor Dolinsky managed the theater and the troupe. Performances were given once a week, on Sundays. The bulk of the spectators were summer residents living in Pokrovsky and the surrounding villages.

The wall of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. View from the Vindava railway bridge. Naprudnaya Tower (on the right), the main manor house and the bell tower of the Intercession Church (in the center) and the Konyushennaya Tower (on the right). Photo from 1904

In 1880-1890, a powerful brick fence in the pseudo-Russian style was erected around the estate. The project of the wall and the entrance gate was developed by the academician of architecture Alexander Petrovich Popov, and the two towers - Naprudnaya and Konyushennaya - were designed by the architect, modernist master Fyodor Nikitich Kolbe. This fortress wall further marked the "castle" of the manor's house and fenced it off from the noise of the road and strangers. The high fence hid the main architectural inconsistencies behind it, and the house, which peeped out from behind it only with its towers, made a relatively unified impression from a distance.

Entrance gate of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. On the gates, pointed ends are visible, which have not survived to this day.Photograph 1904-1914

Around the rebuilt manor house, the "Versailles Garden" was re-planned, more than 40 statues and busts of handicraft work were placed on the paths and lawns. In their arrangement, an imitation of the decoration of the upper terrace in front of the palace in the Arkhangelskoye estate is guessed.

Gemma "Summer" in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photo from the 1920s Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

Statue in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photo taken in 1927.

Statues in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph 1927

Evgenia Fedorovna paid great attention to the park. For many years, deciduous trees were systematically replaced with conifers - pines, spruces, larches, cedars and firs. In the "Memorial book for planting various plants in the village of Pokrovsky" you can read: "Everywhere take out deciduous trees near the main house, do not let the wild grow, so that there is a character of coniferous culture." Conifers were planted in the park by the hundreds. Seedlings for planting were ordered from the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy, from the forestry in the Porechye estate of Count A.S. Uvarov and grown in Pokrovsky's own nursery. Princess Shakhovskaya personally supervised the planting, giving instructions to the gardener when to collect tree seeds, where to sow them in the nursery, in which parts of the park to plant young trees. At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, this forest between Elizavetin and the estate was called either the Elizabethan Grove or Pokrovsky Serebryany Bor (not to be confused with Khoroshevsky and All Saints Serebryany Bory). Unfortunately, many coniferous plantations on the estate have not survived to this day due to the poverty of local sandy soils and periodic droughts in the 1930s. Of the surviving coniferous plantations, the only surviving cedar, planted at the end of the 19th century in the area of ​​​​the former menagerie, is especially valuable. The exact age of the pine growing from the side of the Volokolamsk highway near the wing with the former theater is known; it was planted in 1886.

Lilac, honeysuckle, jasmine, elderberry, yellow acacia, hazel, spirea were planted from shrubs. Near the manor house, near the tower in the fence and near the well, girlish grapes were planted, the shoots of which almost completely covered the walls. Grown in Pokrovsky-Glebov and numerous flowers. The Streshnevs' family archives preserved elegant designs for the flower decoration of the parterres in front of the main house, developed by the gardener Rash. Standard, shrub and polyanthus roses, levkoy, gladiolus, petunias, geraniums, begonias, vervains, cheiranthus and ageratums grew in the park. Flowers for planting were grown in manor greenhouses. In addition to flowers, lemons, peaches, pomegranates, oranges, and strawberries grew in greenhouses. Some of the plants and fruits were sold.

Energetic and practical E.F. Shakhovskaya, in German, prudent and thorough (it was not for nothing that her father was von Brevern), did not forget about the direct benefit from her enterprises. From the centuries-old unprofitable Pokrovskoye estate, she began to actively make a profit. She fenced off the park, which she landscaped and became very popular, from outsiders, allowing visitors to walk in it, subject to payment of entrance tickets. The princess fenced her vast possessions with a high stone wall, barbed wire, installed barriers at the entrances and posted guards everywhere, grabbing anyone who dared to violate the outlined boundaries. Even the ancient road through the park from neighboring Nikolsky was blocked, which caused the owner of Pokrovsky to get into an unpleasant lawsuit. Near this road, at the border of the park, there were 26 dachas of the timber merchant F.M. Nizhivin, his summer residents often walked along the road and, of course, were dissatisfied with the restrictions made. Therefore, Nazhivin persuaded the Nikolsky peasants to sue E.F. Shakhovskaya due to the fact that by her innovation she prevented them from attending church. The princess hired the well-known lawyer F.N. Plevako, but he was opposed to her and skillfully failed the defense.

The scheme compiled by E.F. Shakhovskaya to rationalize the recreational load of the estate, which included the entire park area and the Khimka River. In accordance with it, the estate was divided into three zones. The surroundings of the main house with a regular park, greenhouses and a central park array on the sides of the road to Elizavetino, designated as plot No. 1, were intended for the personal use of the owners' family and invited guests. It was supposed to “let people walk only by special order, without tickets” and “not allow riding or in carriages.” The western section No. 2, called "Karlsbad", included the Khimka River with the picturesque hills surrounding it and part of the park behind the Ivankovskaya road, its borders were marked with a sheared spruce fence. Here it was allowed to walk on tickets, ride boats, and fish. On site No. 3, in the eastern part of the park from the road to Nikolskoye to the border with the village of Vsekhsvyatsky and Koptevsky settlements, it was also allowed to walk on tickets, pick mushrooms, and walk on the grass.

Ponds in Pokrovsky-Streshnev. Photograph 1904-1914

The greed of the owner of Pokrovsky sometimes reached the point of absurdity. Even summer residents who rented houses in the park had to purchase tickets in order to be able to move around it. Commerce Advisor P.P. Botkin, brother of the famous doctor S.P. Botkin, who rented a dacha almost in the center of the park, was indignant at such injustice, but received a comment from Prince Shakhovsky that if he didn’t like something, then he “could clear the dacha”. Sofya Tolstaya, in a letter to her husband in 1897, complained that “in Pokrovsky it is very sad that the hostess’s anger is visible everywhere: everything is fenced with barbed wire, evil watchmen are everywhere, and you can only walk along dusty, high roads.”

In the village of E.F. Shakhovskaya rented a vegetable and beer shops and a laundry. The greenhouse, garden and kitchen garden bore fruits, which, along with personal use, were sold to summer residents. After the reforms of the 1860s, newly-minted merchants, yesterday's peasants, began to show interest in the use of estate lands. Using this interest, the princess willingly rented out land near Ivankovo, on the banks of Khimka. The merchant of the 2nd guild, Ivan Nikandrovich Suvirov, was the first to open his paper-spinning factory here. In 1871, Alexander Dorofeyevich Dorofeev, an Ivankovo ​​resident, who had previously worked at Suvirov's factory for almost 8 years, placed his dyeing enterprise next to him. In connection with the activities of the dye factory, the water in Khimka was hopelessly spoiled: industrial effluents from the dye house were brought directly into the river, and the fabrics produced were also washed in it. Because of this, the surrounding residents and summer residents were forced to limit themselves to drinking water from springs, which, fortunately, the area abounded. In 1880, on the site of the Suvirov weaving factory, transferred to Bratsevo, the nail factory of Bartholomew Petrovich Mattar, a French citizen, was located. In the park above Khimka, two plots of land were rented by the Prokhorovs as a sanatorium for the workers of their manufactory.

Zealously modifying and improving the manor house and park, Yevgenia Fedorovna did not want to rebuild and expand the Intercession Church, which had long ceased to accommodate all the parishioners, whose number especially increased in the summer due to visiting summer residents. She even had a protracted conflict with the peasants on this basis. Since 1876, she tried to solve the problem in the least costly way for herself - seeking the transfer of part of the worshipers to the Znamensky Church in the village of Aksinina, located many kilometers from Pokrovsky. But the peasants protested against the need to visit a distant temple, and the church authorities supported them, allowing them to expand the Church of the Intercession.

Church of the Intercession Project. Architect G.A. Kaiser. 1897

Local wealthy summer resident P.P. Botkin willingly took upon himself all the costs of rebuilding the temple. With his financial assistance, the architect G.A. The Kaiser developed a project for the expansion of the church and carried out construction. After the work, the temple premises almost doubled in size. The aisles, which were once in a small refectory and were abolished in the 18th century to save space, now reappeared in the side parts of the temple. In 1897, the right aisle was consecrated in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul (in honor of P.I. Streshnev), and the left one - in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker (in memory of the abolished church in the village of Nikolsky, the icons from which were transferred here).

Practicality and acquisitiveness of Princess E.F. Shakhovskaya was wonderfully combined with her wide charity. In her city households, she rented almost every corner - for shops, cheap housing, a theater, holding festive events - on the estate she made a profit from literally every tree and bush. True, she asked not to write about all this in the press, so as not to drop her prestige in the eyes of society (often in vain, since the fame of her greed spread faster than newspapers were printed). The image of a famous and generous philanthropist was on display. Princess Shakhovskaya was one of the patronesses of the Alexander shelter for crippled warriors, located in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, adjacent to Pokrovsky-Glebov, and the shelter named after Prince V.A. Dolgoruky, she was among the directors of the Women's Committee on Prisons, she was the vice-chairwoman of the Moscow Council of Orphanages, and she also headed the Moscow Society of Vacation Colonies. After reading in English magazines about the organization of recreation for schoolchildren with poor health, Evgenia Fedorovna created in 1884 at two dachas in Pokrovsky the first Russian summer health shelter for schoolgirls. According to principles similar to it, pioneer camps of the Soviet period were subsequently organized. The orphanage received mostly girls from poor families, for two summer months they lived in a pine forest under the supervision of a staff doctor and under increased guardianship and care, which was often shown personally by Princess Shakhovskaya, who visited the pupils and made sure that they were in no way needed. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, an infirmary for wounded soldiers was equipped on the estate of the princess, designed for 25 people.

Alley of the school colony in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photography 1903-1913

Evgenia Fedorovna's passion for philanthropy was initiated by the service of her husband in the department involved in charitable affairs. In addition, this philanthropic activity, as it was then called, was largely an imitation of the activities of the ladies of high society, a tribute to the fashion for charity that existed at that time, because it is not for nothing that the 19th century is called the golden age of patronage.

Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoy-Glebov-Streshnev was ill a lot in the last years of his life and at the end of 1891 he went to Germany for treatment, from where he never returned, having died in Aachen in February 1892, at the age of 56. He was buried at the Russian Orthodox Cemetery in Wiesbaden. After the death of her husband, Evgenia Fedorovna finally left the city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, immediately adapting it for commercial use, and moved to Pokrovskoye, from where she continued to manage affairs.

It happened to Princess Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva to make grand gestures. So, for example, shortly before the First World War, she gave the Elizavetino bathroom house to her friend Nadezhda Petrovna Lamanova, a famous dressmaker who sheathed the entire Moscow world and bohemia. It was a sign of gratitude and admiration for Yevgenia Fedorovna's talent as a fashion designer. With the outbreak of hostilities, Nadezhda Petrovna organized an infirmary for wounded soldiers in the donated Elizabeth at her own expense. As you can see, many wealthy women in Russia arranged such hospitals to the best of their ability. Not a single Russian lady wanted to be known as a "non-patriot".

At the end of the 19th century, the construction of the Moscow-Vindava railway began, a section of which was supposed to pass through the territory of Pokrovsky-Glebov. The owner of the estate transferred part of the land belonging to her to the railway department for laying tracks. In 1901, when the Moscow-Vindava direction was opened, by decision of the board of the railway, one of its stations in the Volokolamsk district was named after Evgenia Fedorovna - "Shakhovskaya". This event is evidenced by the Sputnik on the Moscow-Vindava Railway, published in 1909 in Moscow. The platform opened in front of the Pokrovskoye estate was originally a model of modesty and was a small landing area with a tiny canopy and a nook for the ticket office. The platform was so small that most of the passengers arriving on it had to jump off the train straight to the ground. In 1908, the situation was corrected: an original station building was built here in the northern modern style according to the project of the architect S.A. Brzhozovsky.

Railway station of Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo station. Photograph 1908-1909 "Satellite on the Moscow-Vindava Railway" 1909

The unusual and elegant station consisted of a stone building, which housed the cash desks and premises for the attendants, and a wooden covered platform adjoining it with beautifully designed arches. Unfortunately, only the stone half of the station building has survived to this day; the wooden part collapsed from decay in the 1980s.

Memories of kinship with the royal family never left Evgenia Feodorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, and on the day of the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty in 1913, she erected a granite obelisk in Pokrovsky near her manor house. She probably believed that she, by right of kinship, had some grounds for such a monument. The monument still stands opposite the entrance gate. But there is also an alternative legend about its creation, of a more romantic nature. According to her, the obelisk was erected in honor of the dog that once saved Evgenia Fedorovna from death when she was still a girl. The legend also claims that the monument was crowned with a small statue of a dog, which has not survived to this day. Moreover, the figurine of the dog on the monument personified not only a specific savior dog, but also reminded of the emblematic symbolism of the Streshnevs: the image of the dog was present on the family coat of arms and migrated from coat of arms to coat of arms with each subsequent unification of surnames.

The Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnevs had no children; ironically, the Streshnev family, so carefully preserved, was never destined to continue. Evgenia Feodorovna had no direct heirs, she did not maintain contacts with relatives from her husband's side, none of them was mentioned in her spiritual will. In a fit of patriotism and family affection for the imperial family, the princess decided to bequeath Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo to Nicholas II. The revolution prevented this next extravagant undertaking from being realized.

Manor after the revolution

In 1917, the Pokrovsko-Streshnevo estate was nationalized. The revolutionary authorities took away everything from Princess Evgenia Feodorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, leaving only a small room in her former house on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, in which she huddled after the revolutionary events. And on October 19, 1919, the princess was completely arrested by the Cheka and on October 29 was sentenced by a revolutionary tribunal to imprisonment for political reasons. She spent two and a half years in the Taganka prison. On February 9, 1922, Evgenia Fedorovna was released, the case was dismissed. After her release, she was able to travel abroad, and spent the last two years of her life in Paris, at number 30 on Boulevard Courcelles. The Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev family always kept most of their capital abroad, this allowed Evgenia Fedorovna to live comfortably in exile. The former owner of Pokrovsky died in November 1924, a notice of her death was published in Russkaya Gazeta on November 14 of this year. The funeral service was held in the church of Saint-Francois-de_sal on Rue Ampère. The princess was buried at the Batignolles cemetery in Paris. E.F. Shakhovskaya was rehabilitated by the Moscow prosecutor's office in 2003.

The Pokrovskoye-Glebovo estate, requisitioned after the revolution, was turned into a sanatorium of the Central Committee, then transferred to the textile workers' rest home. Furniture, paintings, porcelain, bronze, crockery, jewelry and other valuables were taken from the former manor house. The lower floor was inhabited by employees who guarded the remaining property, the attic was occupied by a responsible party official, and the main second floor, in essence, turned into a warehouse of books, furniture and other utensils. The Elizavetino bathroom house was adapted in 1920 as a “red sanatorium” and during the reconstruction of the building, its interiors were almost completely destroyed. During the Great Patriotic War, the house burned down and was never restored.

The dacha character of the area of ​​the park in Pokrovsky-Streshnev and adjacent territories was preserved after the revolution, only now the dachas have become departmental. The best dachas, including those where the artists of the Moscow Art Theater lived, were occupied by Soviet officials and Chekists. Ivankovsky dachas were adapted for the sanatorium of the Central Committee, which received the name "Seagull" after the name of Luzhsky's dacha.

On the territory of the park in Pokrovsky, a labor children's colony of the People's Commissariat of Railways was arranged, which gradually grew to the size of a whole children's town, which received the name of M.I. Kalinin. By the summer of 1923, there were 26 orphanages, 2 kindergartens, 2 children's colonies and a detachment of pioneers in the town. Children here were engaged in subsidiary farming: they raised pigs, poultry, rabbits, planted an orchard and worked in the garden. 1509 children and 334 adults lived in the children's town in 1923.

In 1925, the Museum of Noble Life was opened in the main manor house, similar to the museum in Arkhangelsk. From the vaults where things confiscated in various estates were located, they brought furnishings, most of which were historically alien to Pokrovsky. In the meager funds of the museum, of the things that really previously belonged to the owners of the estate, there were only a family archive, portraits and some furniture. The museum did not last long. A year after its establishment, the Communist Academy, to which it belonged, did not have the funds to urgently repair the roof, "leaking in many places." Izvestia wrote: “... until recently, the palace was in complete safety. The lack of supervision over the state of the building led to the fact that the roof began to leak ... destroyed the ceiling ... and destroyed part of the building ... "

Fragments of sculptures in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park during the destruction of the estate. Photo taken in 1926. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

The lawns in the park were trampled down, the sculpture was damaged and destroyed, the premises of the palace gradually began to be used again for housing, and the new residents washed the parquet with water, grandiose laundry was arranged in the front halls, stoves were installed in the rooms for heating, and a little later a boiler room was placed on the first floor of the house. . The paintings on the walls were painted over with paint, and a kennel was set up in the former greenhouse. In 1927, the museum was liquidated and, in fact, ruined, only a part of its fund was saved. After the closing of the museum, a rest house was organized in the estate, then the Institute of the Brain was located here.

In 1931, the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos was closed and destroyed. Its rector, priest Pyotr Velezhev, was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment; he spent three years in prison. After the Great Patriotic War, the fuel laboratory of the Research Institute of Civil Aviation was located in the temple. The church building was badly damaged: the upper tier of the bell tower was dismantled, some window openings were hewn, the head of the temple was lost, brick extensions appeared on the sides of the refectory, the interior decor was completely lost and, in part, the details of the facade design.

View of the building of the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo in 1992.

Since 1932, the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet (Aeroflot Airlines) liked the manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnev, and a rest home for pilots was created in it. During the Great Patriotic War, a hospital was located in Pokrovsky. In the 1970s, the Institute of Civil Aviation worked in the estate. In the late 1970s, Aeroflot decided to restore the main manor house and organize a Reception House for foreign delegations in it, and restore the greenhouse while preserving its historical function. In the early 1980s, large-scale field and archival studies of restoration objects began, which dragged on for almost 10 years: the owner was in no hurry to start construction work.

At the same time - in the late 1980s - early 1990s. - Restoration work began on the Church of the Intercession. In the course of the restoration, the later extensions of the building were demolished, the bell tower and the cupola of the temple, the hewn window openings, and details of the facade decoration were restored. In 1992, the temple was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church, services were resumed in its restored building, and fundraising began to continue restoration work (which is still ongoing).

In March 1992, a major fire broke out in the main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, which destroyed the roof, the attic floor with a wooden tower superstructure and seriously damaged the main halls of the second floor, the interiors of which were largely lost. The causes of the fire remained unclear. After the fire, the restoration of the building began, but this process was not completed, in the mid-90s, about half of the restoration work stopped, and since then the palace has actually been abandoned and dilapidated.

In the process of restoration, the red-brick fence of the estate was largely restored and the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos was restored. Until now, they have survived better than other manor objects.

Homestead today

In 2003, Aeroflot sold three buildings of the estate to CJSC StroyArsenal for 268.43 million rubles: the main house, the greenhouse and the corner tower of the red-brick fence. What were the plans for the use of this part of the estate by the new owner is unknown. It is only clear that they did not carry out any work to continue the restoration or at least maintain the buildings in proper condition. The state of the main house disconnected from communications continued to deteriorate, and the previously restored greenhouse was completely ruined and destroyed.

Three years later, in 2006, the Federal Property Management Agency filed a lawsuit against Aeroflot, stating that the company had no right to sell the estate, because. back in the 70s, it received the status of a monument of federal significance and was not part of the property privatized by Aeroflot, i.e. remained in federal ownership. In 2007, all three buildings were placed under judicial arrest. The court recognized the deal between Aeroflot and StroyArsenal as invalid and decided to transfer the subject of the deal to the Federal Property Management Agency. The state ownership of the alienated estate objects was formalized only in 2010. At the end of 2012, the estate was transferred by the Federal Property Management Agency to the balance of the Higher School of Economics, which, however, could not formalize its right to operational property management for several more years, since the arrest imposed on it was never lifted. Only in January 2015, all legal difficulties were resolved, the Higher School of Economics became the full owner of Pokrovsky-Streshnev and signed security obligations. By June 2015, a project for the restoration of the estate was developed.

However, at the beginning of 2016, the HSE, having not found a worthy use for the buildings of the estate and, probably considering them an unnecessary burden for itself, abandoned the property entrusted to it. Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo again lost its owner. At the moment, the Federal Property Management Agency and the Government of Moscow are taking measures to transfer the estate from federal ownership to the ownership of the city of Moscow. There is hope that the city will restore the complex from its own budget. However, these are only assumptions, and the prospects for restoring the crumbling historical monument are still very vague.

Panorama of the manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnev. Photo by Maria Gorskaya / mariagorskaya.artphoto.pro

Greenhouse room. Photo by pila_dotoshnaya / livejournal.com

Greenhouse. The room of the central rotunda. Photo by pila_dotoshnaya / livejournal.com

Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo. Photo by www.hrampokrovastr.ru

The last surviving statue in the Pokrovsky-Streshnev park. Photo by marcolfus / livejournal.com

symbolic epilogue. Photo by saoirse-2010 / livejournal.com

The Pokrovskoye-Glebovo forest park is one of the most beautiful green spaces in Moscow, located on the territory of a former estate. Here, in the north-west of the Russian capital, the village of Podelki was located in the Middle Ages, and in 1629 a magnificent church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos was built. By the name of the church, the constructed Pokrovskoye estate later became known. It belonged to the noble Streshnev family, who were relatives of the Romanov dynasty. Evdokia Streshneva was the wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the mother of Alexei Mikhailovich the Quietest. Since that time, the estate began to be called Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo.

At the beginning of the 19th century, it received a new name: Glebovo-Streshnevo, or Pokrovskoye-Glebovo. This is due to the peculiarity of the double surname of the new owner of the estate, Elizaveta Streshneva-Glebova. From the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. near the estate, one after another, small residential dachas began to appear. At one time, famous people of that era lived here: historian N.M. Karamzin - the author of the immortal volumes "History of the Russian State", doctor A.E. Bers, whose daughter met her future husband L.N. Tolstoy in Pokrovsky. Another wealthy philanthropist, a doctor by profession, S.P. Botkin allocated large funds for the reconstruction of the Church of the Intercession.

In the post-revolutionary period, the estate, together with the dachas, passed into state ownership and was turned into a sanatorium of the Central Committee, and then passed into the jurisdiction of the textile workers' rest home. In 1925, a museum was organized on the estate, which was soon ruined and completely destroyed.

Currently, the green area around the former estate is divided into two main parts. The forest park was divided by the Volokolamsk highway and the ring railway. The southern part of the plantation, located near the Schukinskaya metro station, is the most well-groomed. It is called the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park. The northern part is the Pokrovskoye-Glebovo park. In addition to birch, pine, ash, maple, elm and oak, which are familiar to Russia, larch trees, majestic cedars and decorative willows grow in the forest park, leaning over the banks of overgrown ponds in summer. Especially attractive is the linden alley, fragrant with its unique aroma.

A favorite vacation spot for Muscovites is the beach area of ​​the park. On the bank of the Khimki River there is a spring bearing the symbolic name "The Swan Princess". It is recognized as the only environmentally friendly spring within Moscow, whose water not only quenches thirst in a dry summer, but also has healing properties. Now the Pokrovskoye-Glebovo-Streshnevo area, in accordance with the architectural plan of the capital, has been declared a protected area. An active restoration of the manor's estate is underway, the temple is being restored. In addition, thousands of people come here to breathe in the fresh park air, take a break from the hustle and bustle of the dusty metropolis. After all, this, at times, is not enough for a person for true and genuine happiness!

How to get from the subway:

You can get to the Pokroveskoe-Streshnevo-Glebovo park as follows: from the station. metro station "Voykovskaya" by trolleybus number 6 or 43 to the stop "Cinema and concert hall "Swan", then walk 5 minutes.

Also, “eaters” could live here - poor people who barely had enough to eat. Since the 14th century, this area belonged to the boyar Rodion Nestorovich and his descendants, the Tushins. At the end of the reign of Ivan IV, the property was bought by the clerk E.I. Blagovo. The village was deserted by that time.

In 1608, False Dmitry II set up camp in these parts. Among his associates was the new owner of the wasteland, Andrey Palitsyn. Soon he went over to the side of the authorities, became governor in Murom, and in 1622 sold Podelki to the deacon M.F. Danilov. Under him, a village with the same name and the manor church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on the site of the wasteland (the exact date of construction is unknown).

In 1664 Pokrovskoye was bought by the owner of the neighboring Ivankov R.M. Streshnev. Since then, the estate belongs to the Streshnev family.

From the estate to the palace and park ensemble: an architectural and historical cheat sheet

The new owner practically did not rebuild the village: he put up a "boyar yard" and several outbuildings. In 1685, he ordered to dig ponds in the upper reaches of the Chernushka River (now mostly enclosed in a pipe) and breed fish in them.

After the death of Ivan Rodionovich, the grandson of the first owner from the Streshnev family, his sons divided his inheritance. Pokrovskoye passed to General-in-chief Pyotr Streshnev. Under him, the estate expanded and changed: in the 1750s, the church was rebuilt in the Baroque style, in 1766 a stone manor house in the Elizabethan Baroque style was erected with a suite of ten front rooms and a collection of paintings from more than 130 paintings.

The joy of Peter Ivanovich was the only surviving daughter, Elizabeth. He spoiled her so much that he raised a petty tyrant. And yet he did not let his daughter marry Fedor Glebov, a widower with a child. Elizaveta Streshneva married Glebov only a year after her father's death. And when the male line of the Streshnevs was cut short in 1803, she obtained from Alexander I the right to bear the surname of the Glebov-Streshnevs with their descendants.

A verst from the estate, on the banks of the Khimki River, F.I. Glebov built a two-story bathroom house "Elizavetino" as a gift to his wife. It was a real miracle of architecture, but in 1942 the building was destroyed by a German bomb.

Guide to Architectural Styles

In 1799, Fedor Ivanovich died, and the estate remained on the shoulders of Streshneva. Elizaveta Petrovna ruled imperiously and despotically. Instead of the old house in 1803-1806, a new three-storey building was built in the Empire style. A garden with ponds adjoined it, 6 greenhouses appeared. The house had a good library and modern technical innovations such as a telescope and a microscope.

Nice blue, "the color of sugar paper", living room in a large house, decorated a l'antique in the Pompeian style, with beautiful white wood furniture of the late 18th century. Then you walk through the garden with endless straight roads, bordered by hundred-year-old trees, you walk for a long time to the Bath House, the entrance to which is guarded by a small marble Cupid. The house stands over a gigantic cliff, overgrown with dense forest, which seems to be small shrubs stretching into the distance. This charming toy was built by the husband of Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva as a surprise for his wife. The house is full of fine English engravings, good old copies of family portraits. And at every step, in every room, it seems as if the shadows of those who lived here are wandering. In the red small living room one can see the inscription: “On July 16, 1775, Empress Catherine the Great deigned to visit Elizavetino and have tea with her owner, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva.

At the beginning of the 19th century, on the opposite side of the road from Vsekhsvyatsky to Tushino (modern Volokolamskoye Highway), a settlement of 22 elite dachas appeared on the opposite side of the estate. They were expensive, and there was a barrier at the entrance to the village. In 1807, N.M. lived here. Karamzin. Here, in 1856, to the dacha of the court doctor A.E. Bersa was often visited by L.N. Tolstoy. Here he first met the Bersov's twelve-year-old daughter Sonechka, who became his wife 6 years later. Tolstoy stayed in a guest room on the ground floor, while the children lived on the second floor with a nanny and servants.

After the death of Elizabeth Glebova-Streshneva in 1838, the estate passed to Colonel E.P. Glebov-Streshnev, and then to his niece Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern, who married Prince M.V. Shakhovsky. Due to the suppression of the male line of the Glebov-Streshnevs, she received the triple surname Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva. And Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo began to be called Pokrovskoe-Glebovo.

Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva became the last owner of the estate. She decided to turn it into a kind of fairy-tale medieval castle.

How to Read Facades: A Cheat Sheet on Architectural Elements

In 1880, according to the project of A.I. Rezanov and K.V. Tersky, an ensemble of lordly services in the form of a horseshoe was built here. On the front sides of the manor house, 2 outbuildings were built in the form of stylized castle turrets, and the house was built on with a battlemented wooden tower, painted like a brick.

Many guests came to the estate, especially in summer. Evgenia Fedorovna was rich: she had a villa in Italy, a yacht in the Mediterranean Sea and a railway carriage for trips to the south. But most of the time she spent in the family estate.

Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva divided the estate into 3 zones:
1) the surroundings of the house with a regular park and greenhouses and paths in Elizavetino - for the personal use of the family and specially invited guests.
2) "Carlsbad", that is, the area above Khimka and behind the Ivankovskaya road. Here you could walk on tickets, fish in the river, go boating. The borders of "Carlsbad" were highlighted with a sheared spruce fence.
3) The eastern part of the park from the road to Nikolskoye to the border with the lands of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky and with Koptevsky settlements. Here it was possible to collect mushrooms and walk on the grass with tickets.

But for a long time, Pokrovskoye remained a popular summer cottage.

At the beginning of the 20th century, dachas were rented at a price of 100 to 2,000 rubles per season, and they were so popular that in the summer of 1908 a bus was launched between Pokrovsky and Petrovsky-Razumovsky.

After the revolution, the estate, together with the dachas, turned into a sanatorium of the Central Committee, and then passed into the jurisdiction of the rest home of textile workers. In 1925, a museum was set up in the main house, where the atmosphere of the former manor was recreated. But in 1928 it was closed and ruined. In 1933, the estate housed a recreation center for military pilots, and since 1970 the building has been under the jurisdiction of the Civil Aviation Research Institute.

Now the entire Pokrovskoye-Glebovo-Streshnevo area has been declared a protected area. The manor estate is being restored, although it looks abandoned.

They say that...... Arriving in Pokrovskoye, Elizabeth ordered to arrange a bathhouse in the neighboring village and complained that there was no master's house there. This is how Elizabeth appeared.
... in the autumn of 1943, the atomic nucleus laboratory moved from Pyzhevsky Lane to Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo, and already on December 25, 1946, the first nuclear reactor in Europe was launched here.

Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo in photographs of different years:

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When you drive along the Volokolamsk highway towards the region, you always pay attention to an unusual complex of buildings on the right in front of the water canal. It seems that behind the red-brick wall there is a beautiful noble estate. True, the view from the side of the highway does not look like the usual look of an old Russian estate, rather some kind of Russian-Gothic style. This is Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo - a former noble estate near Moscow with a park. The estate includes a manor house in the style of classicism, a patrimonial church of the 17th century and buildings in the pseudo-Russian style.

1. The Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos was built in 1629. The Pokrovskoye estate was later named after the name of the church. It belonged to the noble Streshnev family, who were relatives of the Romanov dynasty. Evdokia Streshneva was the wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the mother of Alexei Mikhailovich the Quietest. Since that time, the estate began to be called Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo.

View of the wall and the church from Volokolamsk highway

2. The latest information about the state of the estate reported that the Higher School of Economics abandoned the noble estate in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park. Let me remind you that at the end of 2012 the estate was transferred to the balance of the HSE. Restoration work to restore the architectural monument did not begin, the building was destroyed, access to visitors was prohibited. Perhaps now, after the estate has been withdrawn to the state treasury, restoration work will begin, after which the noble estate will be opened to the public.

3. So we decided to see what condition the estate is in now.

4. After all, there are not so many monuments of federal significance left in Moscow, while their number is steadily decreasing. So far, the fate of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate is sad. The monument is under state protection, but the state of the estate is getting worse every year.

5. Only the gates to the temple were open...

6. The church is protected by the state as an architectural monument and is an integral part of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate complex. It was built at the beginning of the 17th century by deacon M.F. Danilov. In 1750, the owner of the estate P.I. Streshnev organized the restructuring of the church, as a result of which it acquired the features of the Baroque style. However, the planned configuration of the building remained the same. About ten years later, a three-tiered bell tower was completed. After that, the church practically did not change its appearance until the end of the 19th century, only in 1894 the church was expanded.

View of the temple from the South

7. A distinctive feature of the temple was the absence of an altar ledge on the eastern facade.

8. Mosaic frescoes of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (left) and the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (right) were made by craftsmen from Belarus in 2006.

Mosaic fresco of the Blessed Virgin on the western façade

9. Despite repeated reconstructions, the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God is of significant historical and architectural value as one of the few examples in Moscow and its immediate environs of a patrimonial church of the first third of the 17th century, which has an unconventional compositional solution.

10. On the territory of the temple, everything is ready for Easter.

11. You can look at the manor house only through the main gate or from the side of the park. Access to the territory is guarded by an intractable watchman, and besides, some preparatory work has begun there. I had to be satisfied with the external inspection.

12. At the beginning of the 19th century, the estate received a new name: Glebovo-Streshnevo, or Pokrovskoye-Glebovo. This is due to the double surname of the new owner of the estate, Elizaveta Streshneva-Glebova. The last owner of the estate was Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva. She decided to turn the family estate into a kind of medieval castle. In 1880, according to the project of architects A.I. Rezanov and K.V. Tersky, an original ensemble of lordly services was built here, planned in the form of a horseshoe. Outbuildings were added to the front sides of the manor house, some of them in the form of stylized castle turrets, and a superstructure was made over the old house in the form of a battlemented wooden tower painted like brick.

13. So it turns out that the manor house significantly changed its appearance over time, depending on the taste and preferences of the owners.

Manor Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo. 1766 Front of the main house. Photo from the book: N.Ya. Tikhomirov / Architecture of estates near Moscow, M.-Gos. Ed. literature on construction and architecture.

Facade of a house on a postcard from the 1920s. A photo http://oiru.archeologia.ru/history25.htm

15. But if we mentally discard the later extensions and superstructures, we will see the still preserved features of an ordinary two-story "lordly" house near Moscow, late 18th - early 19th centuries.

Photo from the Internet

16. In 1889-1890, according to the project of architects F.N. Kolbe and A.P. Popov, a powerful stone fence with red brick towers in the pseudo-Russian style was erected around the estate.

17. In the post-revolutionary period, the estate, together with the dachas, passed into state ownership and was turned into a sanatorium of the Central Committee, and then passed into the jurisdiction of the rest home of textile workers. In 1925, a museum was organized on the estate, which was soon ruined and completely destroyed. In 1933, a rest home for military pilots was arranged in the estate, in wartime there was a hospital here, since 1970 there was a research institute of civil aviation.

18. In the 80s, when the estate belonged to Aeroflot, restoration work began and the estate was returned to its original appearance of the beginning of the 19th century. The corner tower of the fence and the arched part of the wall with the front gate were restored. In the spring of 1992, a fire broke out in the palace, destroying the attic floor and seriously damaging the state rooms on the second floor. The restoration of the palace began, already in the mid-90s the volume of the main house was restored and interior finishing work began, but was interrupted. Since then, the palace has been virtually abandoned. In 2003, the Aeroflot company sold the palace into private hands, in 2012, by court order, it was returned to the state and transferred to the operational management of the Higher School of Economics.

19. We managed to shoot the park facade of the house in more or less detail.

20. This facade has a shallow straight balcony with columns (loggia) and decorations on the walls and at the windows.

33. And now the estate is again in the hands of the state ...

34. Outside the gates of the old manor - the urban landscape of the XXI century.

35. Quite a large park Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo, of course, deserves a longer walk.

36. At the Volokolamskoye highway overpass, above the railway tracks, there is a platform and the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo station. In 1901, the Moscow-Vindava (now Riga) railway was built, and a railway platform was opened in front of the estate.

37. In 1908, the architect Brzhozovsky, the author of the project of the Moscow-Vindava railway, built the station building with a wooden passenger pavilion, made in the northern modern style. The stone building of the station has been preserved on the slope from the side of Krasnogorsk proezds, and the wooden pavilion burned down in 1984.

38. This is how these buildings looked at the very beginning. Will there be a revival?

The building of the station Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo. Beginning of XX century. A photo