How to relax / 15.01.2023

The history of tourism and its development. History of tourism development. Places and objects in Russia

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MAIN TYPES OF TOURISM

Outbound tourism is the movement of people from the country to its borders.

Domestic tourism is the movement of people for tourism purposes within one country.

Inbound tourism- entry of foreign citizens into the territory of the state. There are also other categories of classification, but they are not so popular.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOURISM

Tourism originated in ancient times. In ancient times, people went on various journeys to explore the world, discover new territories for various religious purposes. Of course, when people arrived, they had to be accommodated somewhere, food should be organized for them. Naturally, they came to the rescue. locals. For that time, taverns, brothels became popular places.

In ancient times, the main purpose of tourism was trade relations and the Olympic Games. With the development of trade, the infrastructure of cities and towns developed. Roads, inns, and taverns had to be built. The most popular taverns in those days were not inferior in luxury to the palaces of the richest people in the country.

Camels traveled in the East. Travelers spent the night in tents, in caravanserais. True, the level of services and maintenance was much higher than in Europe. This is primarily due to the fact that trade in the east was more developed than in Europe.

In the Middle Ages, the strongest impetus for the development of tourism was given by pilgrims who rushed to Christian and Muslim shrines. The young population of countries has always sought the best place for life in Europe before plunging into a profession in their home country. The European rich loved to travel and relax in the resorts of Austria, Germany, Greece and Italy.

Mass tourism gave impetus to the development of industry. At that time, people began to be given paid holidays. In addition to all that has been said, mass tourism has given a huge impetus to the development of roads and transport. A type of transport such as a steamboat and a steam locomotive began to appear.

The first high-paid hotels appeared in Switzerland and Germany, and already in the second half of the 20th century, travel agencies were created. Travel agencies organized tourist trips in Europe and sold them to the consumer. At the same time, sports tourism and mass recreation are developing in Germany and the USSR.

The hostilities of the 40s made their changes in the development of European tourism. A new stage of development has begun. Since the 1950s, travel companies have been “growing like mushrooms”, mass construction of hotels and entertainment establishments has begun. Basically, Europeans focused on the American tourist, and since the 70s, outbound tourism in Europe has already been developing.

In the 1980s, tourism was a lifestyle for people. The range of services is expanding, so-called individual tours, ecological tourism appear.

HISTORY OF TOURISM IN THE USSR

In the USSR, only domestic tourism developed, since only a narrow circle of people could leave the country. Domestic tourism developed with the help of resort institutions, children's seasonal and medical institutions. But despite this, tourism in the USSR occupied one of the leading places in the world.

In general, it can be noted that tourism in our country contributed to the development of both the state itself and the nation as a whole. Tourism developed the physical culture movement, increased the social activity of people, developed in the spirit of sociological internationalism and patriotism.

Sports tourism is a journey through wild nature, in the natural environment along a certain route.

For mountain tourism the route is peaks and passes, for the water route - various canyons and river rapids, and so on. A distinctive feature of sports tourism from the usual one is that overcoming obstacles is assessed by difficulty categories. In recent years, such types of sports tourism as extreme tourism, adventure tourism, hitchhiking tourism and even sex tourism have been actively developing.

In order for tourism to develop in the country, several factors are necessary: 1) A stable political situation in the country 2) Development of transport and infrastructure 3) development of communications and information 4) development of the hotel business 5) improving the well-being of the population.

3 factors can serve as obstacles for the development of tourism: 1) Various wars 2) economic crises 3) "Closed" countries.

Currently, tourism in our country is developing at an incredible rate. This was facilitated by the Olympic Games in Sochi and other international sports tournaments (world championships, etc.).

As a type of economic activity, international tourism was formed relatively recently: only in the second half of the 20th century. work and, accordingly, an increase in the amount of free time, etc.

There is more than one opinion about the history of tourism development. Scientists distinguish different stages of tourism. V.B. Saprunova, I.V. Zorina There are four stages, V.P. Gritskevich, J.R. Walker - five. Various criteria are taken as a division criterion: social prerequisites, technical and economic, the invention of new vehicles, travel motives. It should be noted that at present in the educational literature a stereotype of periodization of the history of tourism development has been established, consisting of four stages:

The first stage is from antiquity to the beginning of the 19th century.

The second stage is from the beginning of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.

The third stage - from the beginning of the 20th century to the Second World War.

The fourth stage - after the Second World War to the present day

Stage 1 - prehistory of tourism. The beginning of this stage is attributed to the ancient period. In ancient times, the main motives for traveling were trade, education, pilgrimage, and treatment. In order to study new territories, ancient Greek scientists and researchers from other countries (Herodotus - V century BC, Pytheas - IV century BC) went on long journeys.

Road construction was of great importance for the development of tourism at this stage. In the Roman Empire, state inns arose, located in cities and on main roads, located at a distance of one day's ride on a horse from each other. There were travel guides for travelers.

Wealthy Romans traveled to improve their education, and during the heyday of the empire, travel began to acquire an entertaining character. Especially willingly visited places with warm mineral springs. The movement of wealthy travelers required the appropriate organization of their vacation. For example, in the town of Baia on the shores of the Gulf of Naples, sulfur baths were taken. And around them, already at that time, savvy merchants opened their establishments - gambling houses, drinking places, expensive shops.

The first sanatoriums appeared in Italy. A list of must-see places was compiled - the seven wonders of the world.

The collapse of the Roman Empire led both to the destruction of roads and to a decline in tourism. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, "tourism" was reduced mainly to pilgrimages. Israeli tour guides say tourism was invented by crusader knights who guarded groups of pilgrims arriving in the Holy Land from Arab raids.

With the establishment of absolutism in Europe, travel regained popularity, becoming safer. As a result, a fashion for them even began to emerge: in England, the "grand tour" became an obligatory item in the program of educating a nobleman, he had to go through it before entering the field of professional or political activity. The route started in London, led to France with a long stop in Paris, then to Italy. The way back passed through Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands. It was in the 17th - 18th centuries that the term tourism appeared in England.

In the era of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, individual tourism with an educational and health orientation begins to prevail over religious motives. Representatives of the privileged classes of society made trips to healing springs in the Middle Ages. With the strengthening of public positions, representatives of the third estate in the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century increasingly undertake similar tours.

The development of tourism in Russia also took place in stages, each period had its own characteristics. Under the monarchy, it proceeded from the advantageous geographical location countries. Being in the center of the intersection of trade routes between the West and the East was the basis for various kinds of contacts. With the adoption of Christianity, these contacts were further strengthened by guests from Byzantium, trade relations were established. Russian merchants carried their goods to various countries. Numerous pilgrims traveled to holy places. Everything changed with the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars: Rus' for a long time lost any contacts with the outside world. In Europe, practically nothing was known about the Muscovite state until the era of great geographical discoveries. Ignorance of Russian customs, bad roads - this, and much more, made it difficult for foreigners to contact. Only merchants and diplomats were guests on the streets of the state, although the interest of Europeans in an unknown country was great.

From the fifteenth century there was a special Yamsky order - a centralized state institution that managed the organization of transportation and the service of coachmen throughout the country. In Russian cities, while in Europe, they have already begun to build gostiny yards. They differed from inns in great comfort - in addition to housing and food, guests had the opportunity to have a safe rest, because. Gostiny yards were usually surrounded by walls with towers to protect guests. At that time, much attention was paid to roads. Roads to large trading cities were richly decorated, especially at the entrance to Novgorod. Monasteries were built, which served as a haven for travelers. The Yuryev Monastery, built in 1119, was such a monastery.

From the end of the 16th century, people began to travel not only for trade, but also for educational purposes. In 1624, E. Khabarov began a series of his travels to explore Siberia.

Peter I played a great role in the development of Russian travel. He sent people not only on business trips, but also to learn about the world around them: “to watch, see and write down”. Peter became the founder of balneological tourism. The first resort was named by him in honor of the god of war and iron Mars, “ Martial waters". It was the first of the rulers who devoted a lot of energy to improving transport and roads - he became the founder of the navy in Russia.

In the 18th century, travel became an important part of the life of secular society. It was prestigious for the nobles to visit Europe and the East. Travel was seen as a means to take a person out of everyday life, to broaden their horizons, to master the language. It became obligatory to send children to Europe, both for education and for life training.

So, as we can see, the goals of campaigns and travels in the Middle Ages changed over time: until the middle of the 19th century in Europe and Russia, they pursued trade, educational, medical and religious goals. But, I think, it was too early to talk about the tourism economy, because. travelers organized their "tours" on their own, there was no dependence on the providers of any services, there was no one to think about making a profit. There were no owners-owners of tourist resources (one of the conditions for the emergence of the market was not met), or rather, there were resources, but they were not used for these purposes. Although individual elements of modern tourism have already appeared: the construction of roads, guest houses, resorts; the creation of institutions that manage transportation, etc. This was the preparatory stage for the development of tourism.

Stage 2 - elite tourism (beginning of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century). In the 19th century, travel became more accessible: a steam engine appeared, then the first steamship "Prince of Orange" (1816), the first steam locomotive (1825). In 1835, the total length of railways in the world amounted to 2.5 thousand km. The motivation of tourists is being transformed - now they travel to recuperate and discover the world. Next, we will consider in more detail the impact of these events on the development of elite tourism.

The most important role was played by revolutionary changes in the development of transport, accompanied by the expansion of the road network. Due to the massive influx of immigrants from the Old World to America, maritime communication is rapidly developing, in the middle of the 19th century large steamship companies appeared.

Scientific and technological progress and the social struggle of the working people, together with the growing welfare of society, led to a gradual decrease in working time in favor of free time. Guaranteed unpaid, and subsequently paid vacations were introduced (In Germany, for example, for the first time, vacations were established by the law on civil servants of 1873). Which, together with an increase in the quality and speed of movement, led to a significant increase in the flow of tourists in the world. Accordingly, enterprises began to emerge that specialized in serving temporary visitors. The modest pensions and "guest rooms" in the monasteries are being replaced by the first hotels. In 1812, the Rigi-Klesteli hotel was put into operation in Switzerland. in Germany in 1801. The first-class hotel "Badische Hof" opens in Baden-Baden. In the same place, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the first resorts appeared. mineral waters.

Since the second half of the 19th century, the leisure industry has been expanding the scope of its production: the first travel agencies that sell tourist trips to the consumer are added to the hotel industry. The first example of a comprehensive service is a group holiday tour by Englishman Thomas Cook in 1841. The package of services included a twenty-mile trip to railway, tea and buns on the train, brass band, city tour. The entire trip, which was attended by 570 people, cost each of them 1 shilling.

Interestingly, Cook pursued more social than commercial goals. He sought by such an action to draw attention to new opportunities for the use of free time and to find new supporters for the union he led. One way or another, the idea caught on, and over the next 20 years, many new travel agencies sprang up in England. Since 1862 the first catalogs of tourist trips appear - the process of expanding tourist demand has begun. Thus, Thomas Cook became the founder of many attributes of modern tourism: travel agencies, reservations for transport and hotel rooms, traveler's checks, schedules and guides with comprehensive information.

In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century, there are also serious signs of the development of tourism. In 1895, the Russian Society of Tourists was created. Excursion activities have begun. Many organizations have used it to educate the people. Their activities led to the opening of museums, historical and cultural monuments, the creation of exhibitions.

The natural conditions of the motherland - the presence of mountains led to the development of mountain tourism. The first alpine club was established in 1877 in Tiflis. Later, in 1895, the first Russian tourist "club of cyclists-tourists" appeared in St. Petersburg. Soon its branches appear in Moscow, Kyiv and other large cities.

The spread of hiking and cycling, mountain climbing and excursions, the attention paid to tourism by many educational institutions, the desire of the Russian intelligentsia to use tourism to educate the people - all this served as prerequisites for the association of those interested in specialized organizations. Societies "Crimean-Caucasian mountain club" and "Club of cyclists-tourists", which arose at the turn of the century, were the leading tourist organizations in the Russian Empire. In 1901, the “Russian Mining Society” arose. Its founders were famous scientists: V.I. Vernadsky, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, N.M. Przhevalsky and others. The task of the society was to organize tourist trips to ancient cities, holy places in Russia and abroad. In 1914, the society included 5 thousand people.

Russian tourism in the nineteenth century, as in Europe, was not massive, because. in the country after the abolition of serfdom, the standard of living of the bulk of the population was very low, while the lower strata of the population were completely illiterate. But two classes began to appear in society: the owners of resources (land) and hired workers. The first and developed elite tourism, it becomes one of the forms of entrepreneurship.

3rd stage - the beginning of social tourism. The First World War, the economic depression of the 30s and the Second World War had a negative impact on the development of tourism. At the same time, it was during this period that elements of mass tourism appeared, which reached its peak in the post-war decades.

For example, in Switzerland there is a firm "Hotelplan", which is currently one of the largest producers of travel services in this country. The foundation of the company in 1935 was based on the ideas of its founder G. Duttweiler that the involvement of the "little man" in tourism would provide invaluable assistance to the hotel industry. Massive cheap tours become the main product of the firm. Already in the first financial year, the company sold more than 50,000 tourist vouchers.

4th stage - mass tourism. During this period, tourism becomes massive. From a luxury item, it has become a necessity for the majority of the population of developed countries. The leisure and entertainment industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production.

In Western European countries during this period, travel companies, hotels, enterprises for attractions and entertainment were actively created. European tourism in the 1950s was primarily focused on American tourists and was a source of dollar revenue. In the 60s and until the mid-70s, there was a rapid growth in both outbound and inbound tourism, as well as an increase in the number of tourism enterprises and

their production volume.

The most important indicator of the completion of the formation of mass tourism is the intensity of tourism in a particular country. The intensity of tourism shows what part of the country's population annually makes at least one tourist trip and is calculated as a percentage of the entire population of the country or to that part of it that is over 14 years old. When the intensity of tourism exceeds 50%, then we can talk about the formed mass tourism.

Relative indicators are used to assess the intensity of arrivals (departures). The intensity of arrivals is defined as the number of tourists per 1 inhabitant of the country (region). Sometimes the intensity of arrivals is estimated as a percentage, i.e. per 100 inhabitants of the host country. Globally, this figure is 0.11 (11%). For individual regions and groups of countries, this indicator deviates significantly from the global average. The intensity of departures is determined in a similar way. It is more convenient to estimate the departure as a percentage (per 100 inhabitants of the country of departure), as this shows what part of its population (region) leaves. For trips abroad, the maximum values of the indicator are typical for Northern and Western Europe - more than 70%.

After the Second World War, fundamental changes took place in the supply and demand in the tourism market, which give reason to say that mass conveyor tourism has transformed into mass differentiated tourism. Both in the first and in the second case, we are talking about mass tourism, in which not only the elite, but also the middle class, and since the 80s, the population with low incomes take part.

The ever-growing importance of tourism is characteristic of the 20th - early 21st centuries. Its role is reduced not only to the impact on the economy, but - most importantly - to the awareness of the need to develop ties between peoples different countries peace and for mutual knowledge of their history, culture and traditions. Tourism has become an ambassador of friendship in international relations.

Modern tourist flows are formed under the influence of factors that reach the history of ancient eras. This is explained by the desire of a person to know the world around him, to establish trade, economic, cultural and other ties with neighboring peoples. The first signs of tourism are observed in ancient times and are closely related to travel as the main means of understanding the environment.

For many centuries the population was static. It was mainly characterized by attachment to the land, agriculture. As the centuries passed, the need for new territories for living grew. To search for them, entire tribes went on world travels, meeting little-known peoples who differed in language, culture, and traditions. Some of the travelers described these features, and the materials were then used to strengthen ties between peoples. Among medieval travelers who described the culture and way of life, for example, of the peoples of the East, there was a well-known navigator, a Venetian merchant of the 13th century. Marco Polo. The materials he collected served as the basis for compiling geographical maps.

End of the 15th-second half of the 17th century. - the era of the Great geographical discoveries, which contributed to the further development of trade and navigation. The centralized monarchies of Europe equipped expeditions to conquer new overseas territories. All this marked the increase in the mobility of the world's population. So, travelers for many centuries set off on the road not for the sake of pleasure, but to achieve some goal. Pleasure travel became popular only when regular passenger transportation appeared, food and accommodation facilities were organized, and the action of travelers (XVII century), when the elements of obvious risk and everyday obstacles, which for centuries were the main obstacle on the way of travelers, disappeared.

After the First Industrial Revolution (at the end of the 19th century), travel became more popular, but mainly among the wealthy segments of the population. However, we note that the movement of people occurred constantly. They were associated with wars and other political events, with pilgrimages to holy places, job search, and education. However, the volumes of these travels were insignificant.

The large-scale growth of tourism is associated with the further development of the world economy, market relations and the classic components of demand: free time, money and consumer preferences.

Most modern researchers of tourism distinguish four main stages (stages) of its development 1 , although their terms may differ slightly. Thus, English scientists Y. Likorish and K. Jenkins associate the first of the four stages with a long period that covers ancient times up to the 18th century, and Ukrainian researchers. Belikov, L. Ustimenko and I. Afa-nasiev continue it until almost the middle of the 19th century, or rather, until 1841. In our opinion, its upper limit coincides with the period of the deployment of the First Industrial Revolution, which led to tangible changes in the social life of mankind - the emergence of the steam engine and its practical application.

So, let's name four main stages (stages) in the history of tourism development.

First - from ancient times to the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. This is the stage of the beginning of the development of world tourism.

Second - the beginning of the XIX century. until the end of the First World War - the period of formation of organized tourism.

Third - from 1918 p. until the end of World War II - the stage of industrialization of tourism.

Fourth - from 1945 to the present day. Associated with the massive development of tourism and the process of globalization.

Many researchers the first stage the stage of the beginning of tourism is most often associated with the development of trade relations between individual cities, countries, regions 2 . The most important merchants of antiquity were the Phoenicians, who successfully used ships to lay sea routes to unknown countries, sailing along the western coasts of Europe and Africa.

A special period in the history of mankind is associated with the ancient Greek traveler, scientist, father of history Herodotus (bl. 485 - bl. 425 BC), who described the countries of the Middle East, the Scythian steppes of the Black Sea region (5th century AD). .). After Herodotus, Py-fey made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the world, having traveled around the shores of Western and Northern Europe in 330 before the birth of Christ, he wrote these countries for the Greeks. For the first time he called England Albion (White Island).

The mobility of the Greeks reached a high level during the heyday of city-states, in particular Athens, Delphi, Epidaurus, Olympia. Starting from 776 to n. That is, every year sports fans and art lovers flocked to the Olympic Games not only from Hellas, but also from other European countries. This period also includes the construction of the first specialized buildings that could accommodate athletes and spectators. For the knowledge of the world, the military campaigns of Alexander the Great in the 4th century were of great importance. to n. e.

The ancient Greek geographer Strabo (63 AD - 20 AD) did a lot to understand the world. His famous "Geography" in 17 books became a noticeable step in the knowledge of the world, countries, individual peoples. Claudius Ptolemy supplemented previous explorers-geographers with new knowledge of the world.

After the conquest of Greece by the Romans, a direct path opened up to places that were already considered the center of world culture in those days. The Romans studied the Greek language, philosophy, learned cultural monuments, as well as visiting places with warm mineral waters and with organized comfort in the regions of Campania and Etruria, Herculaneum. During the period of the Roman Empire, state courts arose along the roads, where couriers and civil servants of Rome were placed for rest. During such trips, the Romans already used road guides.

In the early Middle Ages, religious pilgrimage spread. On the way to the holy places, pilgrims used monasteries, churches, and inns to rest. The most famous centers of religious tourism in the Holy Land were Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, the monasteries of Kelyushi, Lourdes, as well as the shrine of Muslims - Mecca, etc.

Arab travelers of the UP-XI centuries significantly expanded their knowledge of the world. The most famous was a merchant from Basra - Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries of the world and left interesting memories.

A significant contribution to the knowledge of geographical space was made by maritime discoveries in the 8th-9th centuries. northern peoples, in particular the Normans, who during the campaigns simultaneously captured coastal cities, settlements, captured merchant ships. they were called Varangians in our lands.

In the era of Kievan Rus, the contacts of our ancestors with the countries of Western Europe and Byzantium were especially close, which influenced the fateful decision to adopt Christianity in Rus-Ukraine. This helped, through the mediation of clergy, translators, artisans, to maintain close ties with Byzantium and with many other European countries.

In the Middle Ages, the mass movement of people was observed during the campaigns of Christ. This made it possible not only to conquer new territories, but also to explore them, expand sales markets, and purchase new goods. Detailed descriptions of these countries and peoples were left by such famous travelers as Afanasiy Nikitin and Marco Polo, already mentioned by us.

An important milestone in the development of tourism was the use of mineral waters, mud for therapeutic purposes, their use since ancient times is evidenced by archaeological excavations, descriptions in the Bible, for example, about the use of the sacred lake Benares near Jerusalem for therapeutic purposes. In ancient Egypt, the healing properties of mineral waters were used by priests, which increased the wealth of local temples. Somewhat later, sacred springs, lakes and even rivers (India, Ancient China, Persia) were used for treatment and pilgrimage.

“We can talk about recreational and tourist activities in the modern sense of the word only in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. In these countries, special centers were formed with valuable natural recreational resources that provided a wide range of recreational services: bathing , drinking, hot baths, rubbing, treatment, household services, etc., "8 Especially popular in ancient Greece were hot springs on about. Yevbel, where special buildings were erected for their use. Here, their owners, for an appropriate fee, rented houses to strangers for treatment.

In ancient Rome, the resorts of Bahia, Aqua Albula, the seaside climatic area of Sentio, as well as about. Capri is south of mainland Italy, and to this day is considered one of the most private tourist centers in Europe.

In the old era, the centers on the current Beila Erkulans and Sindzharz-Bai in Romania, Aquincula (Budapest) and Lake. Balaton in Hungary, Varadzhinske Toplice (Croatia), Dobrna (Slovenia), Varna in Bulgaria, Wiesbaden in Germany, Baden in Switzerland, Bath in Great Britain, Aix-les-Bains in France, etc.*

Healing mineral springs and local climatic conditions were also skillfully used on the American continent, in particular by the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in South America. In the era of the Byzantine Empire, some areas on the shores and islands of the Marmara and Aegean Seas, as well as the shores of the Bosphorus, were used for medical and recreational purposes. In the XII century. the mineral springs of France and Italy gained wide popularity. In the XIV century. the resort Karlsbad (now Karlovy Vary) arose. At this time, the resort of Baden-Baden in southwestern Germany became popular.

With the birth of resorts, a regimen of medical procedures was established. From the middle of the XVI century. Carlsbad introduced the first patient tax. At the beginning of the XVII century. in France, there was already a resort infrastructure created to supervise the resorts and their operation. Similar institutions have emerged in Great Britain and Switzerland 5 .

In the same period (the end of the 17th century), the term "tourist" appeared in the French lexicon. They were called representatives of the privileged nobility, who, out of curiosity, visited foreign countries. Particularly increased interest in Italy, the ancient monuments of Rome, Florence and other cities. With the discovery of Pompeii (XIX century), Italy has become a leading tourist country in Europe.

The development of tourism accelerated significantly in the 18th century, when sea resorts arose, creating a fashion for swimming in sea water. The first large hotels in such resorts were known in Great Britain, and later in France and other countries. First on seaside resorts rested the richest visitors. With the growth of prosperity, representatives of the middle class became customers of such establishments. Mass travel for personal pleasure began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

So, travel carried out before the end of the 18th century cannot be considered tourism in the modern sense. they should be considered as the stage of the beginning of modern tourism.

Second stage which is also called the railway era" is associated with the first explosion of great demand for travel and its impact on social habits and the economy of countries. The increase in the speed of travel by steamboats and trains, as well as the increase in the population and its financial and economic opportunities, created a noticeable tourism market. travel, and with them tourist centers with tourist trade, agents, tour operators who offered organized tours, tour packages and even tourist literature At first glance, little has changed today, but the coordination of transport plans and tourism policy then was limited or rather imperfect.

The first passenger railway opened in England in 1830. According to researchers, in particular the English authors Yu. Likorish and K. Jenkins, already in 1841 T. Cook introduced the first package tour on the railway, carrying out a mass walk (570 people) from Leicester to Loughborough. He actively started a new line of business. The merit of T. Cook was that he was engaged in the organization of all components of travel - transport, accommodation, services at the place of stay, creating a real tourism product and satisfying the specific market demand. He invented an essential service - the travel package. The invention of an enterprising Englishman began to be introduced all over the world, but primarily in the 40-50s of the XIX century. in industrialized European countries.

T. Cook radically changed the attitude to travel - from the necessary, sometimes distant, often associated with finding a job or for the purpose of education, to organized entertainment and a new understanding of the rest itself. Contemporaries appreciated him not only for the science of tourism organization, but also for advertising activities, for the tourist guides issued by him. He was the first to organize international trips (tours) from England to mainland Europe, in particular to the World Exhibition in Paris (1851), and from 1856 to other European states. From 1865, T. Cook began to use ships for cruise trips of English tourists to North America, in particular SPIA. In 1882, the first trip around the world was made.

In 1867, he made a five-month voyage to the holy places (Palestine) with Mark Twain, probably the first cruise in the Mediterranean. The cost of such a trip for a passenger was $1,200. At that time it was a huge amount that only representatives of the wealthy segments of the population could pay 6 .

The expansion of demand for tourism services is associated not only with an increase in the living standards of the population, but also with the development of railway transport, shipping, communications, machine production, the spread of advertising and after-sales service.

Organized travel spurred the construction of large hotels in cities near railway stations and in popular resorts. The demand for tourist services stimulated the development of resorts based on the use of mineral springs and mud. This happened until travel to the sea caused the rapid growth of Mediterranean centers such as Nice, Cannes in France, etc.

Hotel companies at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. engaged in the construction of not individual buildings, but hotel chains, providing vacationers with organized taverns, medical services, and so on.

The development of tourism was significantly influenced by amateur tourist clubs, societies that appeared in the second half of the 19th century. They developed routes, taking care of providing tourists with the necessary comfort. The first such club arose in Great Britain (1857 p.), Subsequently - in Austria (1862 p.), Italy, Switzerland (1863 p.), Germany (1869) and in other countries of Europe and the world. The advertising and marketing activities started to increase the attractiveness of tourist and health centers. So, in Monte Carlo in 1914, a rally was opened to intensify off-season tourist and entertainment activities. In turn, hotel companies organized an exhibition of vintage cars. This happened primarily in London and Brighton.

Transatlantic travel, which is from the 60s of the XIX century. began to be called Grandtours, were motivated by knowledge cultural heritage, curiosity of the population. The number of trips to the American continent has gradually increased, in particular to its northern countries. This was the reason for the founding of a new company, Wells Fango, Movement of passengers from Great Britain and Europe to America with migrants in 1910 - 1914 pp. exceeded 1 million people annually 7 .

So, during the second stage of tourism development, there have been major changes in the very essence of travel: a journey for a specific purpose has turned into a journey for pleasure or sports, a hobby. This new trend has swept most of Europe. High-quality advertising booklets, brochures and guides appeared. A positive role was played by writers who dedicated works to travel.

In fact, modern tourism in form and content appeared on the eve of the First World War. The intensive development of tourism in the XIX century. led to the establishment in 1898 of the International League of Tourist Associations with headquarters in Luxembourg, which in 1919 was transformed into an international tourist alliance that still exists and unites more than 140 countries of the world.

Third (interwar) period comparatively short; it lasted from 1918 to 1945. It is also called the stage of industrialization of tourism. This period had the most flaw - it was struck by the main world recessions (crises) of the 30s. After the First World War, tourism recovered relatively quickly, although the war did not go unnoticed. She brought the expected changes, which resulted in an interest in peace and understanding between peoples, an increase in the activity of the movement for the emancipation of women, and the like. The second important factor in the development of tourism was technical improvements, accelerated by the needs of wartime. So, cars and buses became more efficient, thanks to which tour operators could provide more comfortable and cheaper transport for tourist needs. Aviation has become a practical means of delivery. It was the beginning of an era of mobility and communications, which significantly influenced the development of tourism in all countries of the world.

in general travel was associated mainly with public transport. In the post-war years, air traffic grew. For example, in 1938, 220 thousand passengers were recorded in Great Britain, of which 95 thousand were sent to mainland Europe. A third of British holidaymakers traveled by tourist coaches. The craving for new types of recreation continued. Camping and travel by car with trailers became more and more popular in Western Europe, youth tourist camps spread, the social aspect of tourism and recreation was strengthened with the assistance of nation-states (the vacation itself was still limited in time - from one to two weeks a year). Thus, in 1939 in Great Britain, out of 18 million workers, 11 million enjoyed government support. It was the period of formation of social tourism.

Gradually, the number of foreign trips with the participation of representatives of the middle class also increased. This is observed in Europe and America. Experts estimate the mentioned period of tourism development as a rehearsal for the rise of tourism after the Second World War. After all, as already mentioned, the global crisis of the 1930s had a decisive impact on limiting the development of tourism and reducing the volume of transatlantic traffic. This was especially evident in Germany and Italy. They among the European countries had or not the greatest economic difficulties. The events also affected the UK. If in 1930 travel from England to Austria totaled 1.8 million people, and in Switzerland almost 1 million, then during the crisis these flows decreased by half or even more. Tourism suffered an even more tangible blow during World War II. But the path to revolutionary changes in the development of tourism, despite the global crisis and the Second world war, has already been defined. Travel and recreation for millions of people on the planet has become an integral part of their lives.

The fourth period - the stage of mass travel - begins in 1945 and continues to this day. At this stage, a scientific and technological revolution is being introduced, which was realized by the growth of the well-being of all segments of the population, an increase in income and free time, which influenced the way of life and behavior of people. The scale of these changes was enormous.

The massive growth in travel primarily began in the developed world. This was facilitated by the development of means of communication, transport and other forms of communication, in particular television, which strengthened the economic factors for the development of tourism, as well as the interest of the population in the attractions of foreign countries. There was such a situation that foreign trips in developed countries outweighed the interest in domestic tourism products or holiday homes.

In general, the population of the rich countries of the world has become significantly more mobile due to the increase in the number of cars - from 100 million in 1970 to 650 million in the first five years of the 21st century. Moreover, private cars account for almost 4 / in land transport. The private car has become the most important means of transportation to recreational areas - 58% of the total transported 8 .

Railway and public transport (bus) at this stage of tourism development, in particular in developed countries, have lost their decisive role, but the transportation of tourists has increased by scheduled flights air transport. From the second half of the 80s of the XX century. appeared transportation by irregular flights (charter services). They accounted for up to 1 / 6 of the total transportation of vacationers by air in the world and more than 50% on European flights 9 .

The rapid and large-scale development of air passenger transport after the war was facilitated by the revolutionary introduction of multi-seat aircraft and the high efficiency of equipment, which led to a significant reduction in flight time and a decrease in real prices. Charter flights intensively used by European tour operators. The scale of the expansion of tourist air transport, according to the WTO, already in the mid-90s reached almost 600 million people, and in 1960 there were only 69 million. In general, the volume of tourist arrivals from 1950 to 2008 increased by almost 35 times, amounting to 924 million people in 2008. Moreover, the largest share fell on Europe, which accounted for 66.4% and 52.8% of the total international arrivals, respectively. With the expansion of the total volume of travel, tourist flows have changed their direction. First, long-distance travel grew faster than short-distance travel. Secondly, tourist trips from the northern industrial cities to the sunny southern shores began to be massively carried out. Most of the tourist flows during the 50s of the XX century. by nature they became specialists. Cultural and educational trips have increased significantly. Sports tourism has developed, trips visiting friends, acquaintances, relatives (sentimental tourism).

in the late 80s, the mass movement from the cold northern latitudes to the hot southern beaches of the Mediterranean weakened somewhat, in particular to Spain. This was due to a change in demand. But from the southern countries - Spain, Italy and others, a significant share of the increase in tourists in Europe fell on travel to cooler northern European countries. At the same time, reliable air traffic in the world contributed to the redistribution of international flows for the benefit of the Asia-Pacific macroregion, first of all. If their share in 1980 of the total number of arrivals in the world was 8.3%, 1990 - 12.8, 2000 - 16.0, 2005 - 19.3, then in 2008 - 20 .3% 10 .

The tangible growth rates of tourist flows could not be carried out without powerful investments aimed at developing new tourist areas, mainly in the European Mediterranean, the Caribbean region of Central America, and the countries of East and Southeast Asia. Some of these recreation and health centers by the sea, built in an urban manner, that is, with high-rise buildings, have experienced many problems. First of all, it is a conflict with the quality of the environment, the "green" movement. However, the expansion of business related to business tourism, including conference tourism, is evidence of an increase in demand for such hotel complexes in world tourist centers. The high profitability of business tourism has made this market segment of services profitable, and therefore stable and promising.

Note also that the development of tourism is directly affected by global recessions. For example, the so-called energy crisis, the first in the post-war period (1974), led to a significant decrease in transatlantic travel to Europe. Fortunately, the resurgence in travel has taken place in a relatively short period of time. During the second recession (1981) there was a significant economic downturn, which affected the overall figures for tourist arrivals. So in 1982, compared with the previous year, the number of international tourists in the world decreased by 1.7 million, and the average annual growth rate in the 80s was more than 3 million people.

The economic crisis of 1991 is connected with the war in Persian Gulf. It significantly affected certain structural changes in the world economy: there was a decline in the manufacturing industry, and this led to an increase in unemployment, therefore, negatively affecting the growth of tourism, in particular in Europe. On the whole, the 1990s were a period of stable growth, from 439.5 million international tourists in 1990 to 639.6 million in 1999. 11

The global economic crisis, which began in the second half of 2008, does not yet give us grounds to consider its consequences, but it is quite clear that its impact on the development of tourism in the world will be negative.

In recent decades, traditional group trips outside of one's own country in Europe and North America have begun to be carried out en masse in own cars. This led to a decrease in the duration of travel (up to a maximum of five nights), but a new trend was discovered - the frequency of trips increased. This improved, that is, favored the seasonality in tourism. Since then (the end of the 80s of the XX century), seasonality in many countries that receive tourist flows began to be seen not as an invincible economic, but as a marketing problem.

In general, during the first half of the fourth period of tourism development, there was an extensive growth in recreation, the number of tourism enterprises and the volume of services they provide. Starting from the 80s, on the one hand, mass conveyor tourism (as V. Saprunova calls it) has transformed into a mass differentiated one, which is due to the diversity of the needs and motivations of tourists, that is, the spread of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, the variety of services offered, expressed specialization of tourism services 12 . With another sides new factors began to influence the development of mass tourism - the quality of services, the economic state of the environment, and even the political situation. So, at the last stage of the fourth period of tourism development, there was a transition from the producer market to the consumer market of services, which requires their flexibility to meet the needs of not only the elite and the middle class, but also the low-income population.

Tourism (both national and international) is the product of a long historical development. The prerequisites for its appearance lie in ancient times.

As you know, in the history of tourism development, we distinguish four stages:

until the beginning of the 19th century- prehistory of tourism;

early 19th century-early 20th century- elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services;

early 20th century-before the outbreak of World War II- the beginning of the formation of social tourism;

after the second world war-modern stage- mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

This periodization is based on the following criteria: technical and economic prerequisites; social background; target functions of tourism at different stages of development.

Let us briefly consider the features of tourism development at each stage.

The first stage - the prehistory of tourism

Modern tourism is a phenomenon, on the one hand, since it became massive only after the Second World War; on the other hand, tourism has deep historical roots, because travel has been known to mankind since ancient times. Already in ancient times, the peoples of the Mediterranean had geographical descriptions that gave a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe neighboring territories.

In ancient times, the main motives for traveling were trade, educational purposes, pilgrimage, and treatment.

For the development of exchange and trade relations, reliable and detailed information about countries, their populations and customs was required. On large and durable ships, the Phoenicians went to the open sea. Paving the way to unknown lands, they went beyond the pool mediterranean sea, sailed along the western coasts of Europe and Africa.

In order to study new territories, ancient Greek scientists went on long journeys (Herodotus - V century BC) and researchers from other countries (Pytheas - IV century BC).

It can be said that sports trips also originated in ancient Greece: every year thousands of athletes, sports fans and art lovers flocked to the Olympic Games not only from Hellas, but also from other Mediterranean countries. The construction of special large houses, which could accommodate and relax athletes and spectators, also belongs to this period.

The geographical data accumulated by the beginning of our era on various countries were most fully set out by Strabo (63 BC - 20 AD) and Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 AD).

Great mobility was characteristic of the population of Ancient Rome. Often, for a Roman from a wealthy family, a trip to Greece was associated with the need to supplement his education. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, travel to Greece began to acquire an entertaining character. Especially willingly visited places with warm mineral springs. The movement of wealthy travelers required the appropriate organization of their vacation.

As early as the first century BC, state inns arose in the Roman Empire, located one day away from each other by horseback riding. They were located in cities and on the main roads along which couriers and civil servants passed from Rome, as far as Asia Minor and Gaul.

A huge merit in the further expansion of human knowledge of the world also belongs to Arab travelers VII-XI centuries, among which the most famous merchant from Basra Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries.

In the Middle Ages, the religious factor of travel increased - the worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. However, despite the different goals of campaigns and travels, they all objectively expanded the geographical knowledge of man. The most massive movement of people in Europe was associated with the crusades, which were undertaken by European knights and merchants who followed them in order to seize other people's wealth and territories. Following them, priests and pilgrims moved to the East, accompanied by countless crowds of vagabonds and the destitute.

The era of the Renaissance and Enlightenment weakens religious motives and strengthens the individual character and educational orientation of trips. Representatives of the privileged classes made trips to healing springs in the Middle Ages. Young nobles often went on a kind of "grand tour" of Europe before entering the field of professional or political activity. In England, for example, the route of such a journey began in London, led to France with a long stay in Paris, then to Italy: Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome. The way back ran through Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands. As the social positions of the third estate strengthened, its representatives in the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century increasingly undertook similar educational tours.

However, despite the different goals of campaigns and travels, they all objectively expanded the geographical and scientific knowledge of man. Prerequisites were created for the great geographical discoveries of the end of the 15th century - the second half of the 17th century. The number of undiscovered geographical places on the world map has been steadily declining. Detailed descriptions of visible rivers, seas, continents and countries were left by Afanasy Nikitin, Marco Polo, Vasco de Gama, Christopher Columbus.

Summary: The distinctive characters of travel until the middle of the 19th century were: the primitiveness of the means of transportation; the fact that travel was not a goal, but a necessary condition and means to achieve the goal itself, such as: trading, expanding the educational horizons, treatment, pilgrimage. All travelers were united by the fact that they belonged to a minority who occupied a privileged position in society.

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