Unique architectural ensembles of Russia. The meaning of the word ensemble in the architectural dictionary Ensemble of buildings

architectural ensemble architectural ensemble

(from the French ensemble - a set), a number of structures that form a harmonious whole, that is, subordinate to a single rhythm, placed taking into account certain points of the viewer's perception, scaled and proportionately correlated with each other and forming a balanced composition. The ensemble can be built both on the principle of symmetry ( Versailles, 17–18 centuries) and asymmetry (Athenian Acropolis, 5 in. BC e.), to combine buildings of the same era and style (Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg in the style baroque, B.F. Rastrelli, 1748-54) or different styles (Novodevichy Convent in Moscow, 16–17 centuries).

The main types of ensembles: ensemble of the city square; the ensemble of the main building (palace, public) and adjoining outbuildings; palace and park ensemble.
In the ensemble of the square of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome (1656-65), D. L. Bernini closed the space from the sides with semicircles of colonnades that echo the columns on the facade of the cathedral, their frequent rhythm seems to rush the visitor to the entrance to the temple. The space of the square received the shape of a trapezoid, which created the effect of a reverse perspective, the temple seemed to be approaching the viewer. His supremacy in the space of the square is emphasized in every possible way. Movement towards the entrance develops along the central planning axis: from the street leading to the square, through its center, marked by an obelisk, to the stairs and portico of the main entrance, above which rises the giant dome of the cathedral. Ensembles of Red Square in Moscow, Palace Square in St. Petersburg unite buildings of different times and different styles into a harmonious whole. Buildings on the square of the Italian city of Pisa (cathedral, bell tower and baptistery, 12-14 centuries), decorated with arched galleries with thin columns, are designed in a single Romanesque style.

The ensemble of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg (A. D. Zakharov, 1806-23) is located on the Neva embankment. The extended facade is formed by the central and side buildings, united by links connecting them. The subordination of the side parts to the center emphasizes the rise of the tower with a high spire, placed above the massive center of the building with a high semicircular arch.
In palace and park ensembles (Pavlovsk, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof near St. Petersburg, Sanssouci in France, Katsura in Japan), the forms of buildings and "green architecture" - the design of the natural environment (trees, lawns, alleys, etc.) correspond to each other in figurative structure, represent harmonious pictures from certain viewpoints. An important role in the aesthetic perception of the palace and park ensemble, in understanding its figurative content is played by the movement of the viewer in space, the change of visual impressions.
Of great importance in the architectural ensemble is the artistic organization of the adjacent space, the interaction of buildings with it. The medieval squares of Europe are closed complexes, while the monuments of ancient Russian architecture (Kolomenskoye, 16th–17th centuries), the ensembles of the Baroque era open outwards, actively interacting with the surrounding landscape. So, three beams of wide avenues go from the main facade of the Palace of Versailles into a vast park, three streets run away from Piazza del Popolo in Rome, the prospect of the main canal of Peterhof ends with a view of the sea. An important role in the architectural ensemble can be played by sculpture and architecture of small forms (arbors, pavilions), as well as fountains (fountain on Piazza Navona in Rome, D. L. Bernini, 1647-52; fountains of Peterhof, 18–19 centuries), green plantations, lawns and flower beds.

(Source: "Art. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Under the editorship of Prof. A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen; 2007.)

See what an "architectural ensemble" is in other dictionaries:

architectural ensemble- A group of structures combined with each other and with the environment into a common artistic composition, perceived as a single whole [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages ​​(VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] EN architectural ensemble DE ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

A group of structures united with each other and with the environment into a common artistic composition, perceived as a single whole (Bulgarian; Bulgarian) architectural ensemble (Czech; Čeština) architektonický soubor (German; … Construction dictionary

architectural ensemble- (from the French ensemble together, at once, a set, a harmonious whole) a harmonious unity of buildings or structures, connections. unity of facades, style, time or place of construction. M. b. deliberately created or formed in the process of evolution. In Europe… … Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

See architectural ensemble. (Source: "Art. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Under the editorship of Prof. A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen; 2007.) ... Art Encyclopedia

- (French ensemble together). 1) correspondence, proportionality of parts among themselves and in relation to the whole, general appearance, harmony. 2) in music: the combination of instruments and voices in the performance of a musical composition; slender, precise and consonant ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Ensemble (fr. ensemble totality, harmonious whole). Wiktionary has an entry for "ensemble" ... Wikipedia

Ensemble of St. Isaac's Square (St. Petersburg) ... Wikipedia

Modern Encyclopedia

ENSEMBLE, ensemble, man. (French ensemble). 1. Harmonious association, consistency of all parts of some kind of whole (book). Architectural ensemble. 2. Artistically coordinated, friendly performance by all artists of a dramatic or ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Ensemble- (French ensemble - a set, a harmonious whole), 1) mutual consistency, a harmonious combination of parts that form a whole (for example, an architectural ensemble). 2) In the performing arts, the artistic coherence of all ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Architectural ensemble of the Savior-St Andronicus monastery , Merzlyutina N.. The release of the album is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the founding of the Andrei Rublev Central Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art. The publication opens a series that will be dedicated to the unique museum…

Many lines have been dedicated to the Moscow Kremlin by Russian poets. This masterpiece of medieval architecture is depicted on many canvases by famous artists. The Moscow Kremlin is an outstanding architectural ensemble in Russia. And that is what this article is about.

The architectural ensemble is...

The word "ensemble" is of French origin. It translates as "unity, integrity, connectedness."

The architectural ensemble includes both public buildings and other structures (bridges, roads, monuments, etc.) that make up a single spatial composition. Its elements can be not only houses and buildings, but also sculptures, monuments, works of art, squares and gardens. The perception of this or that ensemble of architecture largely depends on the time of year, the level of illumination. The presence of people, as well as the intensity of traffic, also have weight.

The most important component of any architectural ensemble is the surrounding landscape. Here, a huge role is played primarily by the terrain, as well as the presence of water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs).

Quite often, a monument or an obelisk acts as the compositional center of an architectural ensemble. Among such examples are the Vatican or the Round Square in Poltava. To honor the memory of an outstanding personality or emphasize the historical importance of an event - this is the main goal pursued by such an architectural ensemble. You can see a photo of such a complex below (this is St. Peter's Square, the Vatican).

Types of architectural ensembles

Some architectural ensembles are created immediately and comprehensively, according to a pre-prepared master plan. Others take shape over decades, gradually supplemented by new buildings and elements. By the way, the second option is found in the world much more often.

There are several different types of architectural ensembles. Among them:

• ensembles of squares;
• fortresses;
• prospectuses;
• palace and park;
• manor;
• monastic ensembles.

The Moscow Kremlin is an outstanding architectural ensemble of Europe

The Kremlin in Moscow is the largest fortress in Europe among those that have been completely preserved to this day. This architectural ensemble is located in the very center of the Russian capital, it is the main public and political complex of the city, as well as a kind of sacred symbol for the whole country. It is here that the main residence of the President of the Russian Federation is located.

The architectural ensemble of the Kremlin in Moscow was built at the confluence of the Neglinnaya river into the Moscow River. Triangular in plan, the fortress occupies an area of ​​27.5 hectares. On the one hand, the Kremlin borders on Red Square, and on the other, on

In the early 90s, a large-scale reconstruction was carried out within the architectural complex: in particular, the Senate building was then restored, as well as several halls of the Bolshoi. At the end of the 20th century, the fortress walls and towers of the ensemble were also restored.

By the way, not everyone knows that the walls of the Moscow Kremlin were not always red, as we are all used to seeing them. During the XVIII-XIX centuries, according to the surviving paintings and descriptions, they were white (until the 1880s). Today, the walls of the Kremlin are tinted with red paint from time to time.

Another interesting historical fact about the Kremlin dates back to the Great Patriotic War. So, in 1941, an order was given to finish the windows on the fortress walls so that the building looked like a residential facility.

Brief history of the architectural ensemble

Defensive structures on the site of the modern Kremlin have existed in Moscow for a long time. However, in ancient times they were wooden, and therefore suffered greatly from fires. Therefore, in the XIV century, it was decided to surround with walls (made of limestone).

The most outstanding architectural ensemble in Russia was formed in its present form at the end of the 15th century. The first tower was built here in 1485. Italian architects actively participated in the construction of the complex, however, the appearance of the fortress looks very "Russian".

The huge clock placed on the Frolovskaya tower is very interesting. Throughout history, they have been changed four times. The same ones that show the time today were installed in 1852. of which adorn the Kremlin towers were installed in 1937.

The Moscow Kremlin was badly damaged during the Civil War of 1917. In particular, several towers of the complex were damaged, as well as all its temples. But the Kremlin survived the Second World War. Thanks to the competent camouflage that Soviet architects managed to carry out, the ensemble was not subject to bombing.

Walls, towers and temples of the Kremlin

The architectural ensemble of the Kremlin in Moscow includes 20 towers (three of them are round in plan, the rest are square). The highest of them is Troitskaya, its height is 79 meters. All the Kremlin towers were built in the same architectural style, except for the pseudo-Gothic Nikolskaya.

As well as the fortress walls were built at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, and finally decorated in the XVII century. The total length of all the walls of the ensemble is more than two kilometers. Their thickness ranges from 3.5-6.5 meters, and their height ranges from 5 to 19 meters. The tops of the fortress walls are decorated in the form of teeth, which in shape resemble the tails of swallows (their total number is 1045). They also preserved slots-loopholes and loopholes, reminiscent of the main purpose of this structure.

On the territory of the Moscow Kremlin there are seven temples and one bell tower, five palace buildings, as well as two famous monuments - the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell.

Conclusion

The Moscow Kremlin is a unique architectural ensemble of Russia, the largest fortress in all of Europe. For Russians, it is a sacred place and a symbol of the statehood of Russia. For foreign tourists, this is the number one object that they want to see when they come to Russia.

Novosibirsk Academy of Water Transport

Omsk Institute of Water Transport

Architectural ensemble

Moscow Kremlin:

Old Russian features and Italian influence.

Fulfilled: student Pylina N.Yu.

Faculty: economics and Management

Group: EK-10-49

Teacher: Grebennikova O.M.

Omsk 2011

1. The history of the creation of the Moscow Kremlin…………………………….….2

2. Italian influence on the modern view of the Kremlin…………….…….. 3

3. The walls and towers of the Kremlin……………………………………………….…….5

4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………….9

5. References…………………………………………………..…10

The history of the creation of the Moscow Kremlin

The history of the Kremlin is closely connected with the history of Moscow, and not only Moscow, but the Russian state as a whole. The Kremlin arose on the high Cape Borovitsky, well protected by the Moscow and Neglinnaya rivers from enemy attacks. This place was inhabited by the East Slavic tribe of the Vyatichi long before the emergence of the Kremlin. In 1156 Yuri Dolgoruky, a wooden fortress with an eight-meter shaft and a powerful, at that time, wooden wall, reaching 3 meters in height and 1200 meters in length, was being built to protect against raids. Approximately in this form, the fortification existed until the winter of 1237-1238, when the hordes of Batu Khan plundered and burned Moscow, and with it the Kremlin. But along with the city, the Kremlin is growing and getting stronger. In 1339-1340. under Ivan I Kalita, the territory of the Kremlin was expanded, new oak Kremlin walls were built, powerful defensive fortifications were erected, and behind them were the mansions of the Grand Duke, white-stone cathedrals. Moscow becomes the political and spiritual center of Russia, and the Kremlin - the residence of the great princes and metropolitans.

In 1367-1368, shortly before the Battle of Kulikovo, Prince Dmitry Donskoy, fearing another Mongol-Tatar invasion, surrounded the fortress with white stone walls and towers, located approximately 60 meters from the former oak fortifications. The Kremlin Square reaches almost modern sizes. On the side of the Moskva River, the wall was erected at the foot of the hill, so that the enemy would not have a foothold here for deploying his troops during the siege of the Kremlin. In 1368 and 1370. The Kremlin successfully withstood the siege of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd, and in 1382, 1408 and 1451. turned out to be impregnable for the Tatar-Mongolian troops. The white-stone Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy served for more than 100 years. During this time, numerous enemy sieges, frequent fires greatly destroyed the Kremlin walls and towers.

Italian influence

to the modern view of the Kremlin

The era of the rise of the Moscow principality in general and the Kremlin in particular is the time of the reign of Ivan III; it is already surrounded by a halo of glory, power, prosperity and rapid success in everything. Ivan III is already referred to as the “Sovereign Grand Duke”.

In the second half of the 11th century, the Grand Duke of All Russia, Ivan III Vasilyevich, launched grandiose construction in Moscow, because. he was no longer satisfied with her former appearance with small cathedrals built at a time when the Moscow principality was one of many small Russian principalities. The dilapidated white stone wall no longer corresponded to the role that Moscow, the capital of one of the strongest states in Europe, was now supposed to play.

Ivan III, having cleared the walls of the Kremlin 110 sazhens in a circle from wooden dwellings heaped up without any order, ordered to start building around the Kremlin in a new, already capturing more extensive space, a stone wall with towers, loopholes, gates. For this, a lot had to be broken, something moved to other places.

The majestic cathedral in the name of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos was the first to be erected - the main cathedral of the entire Moscow state. The construction of a new temple was entrusted to the masters Myshkin and Ivan Krivtsov. They were instructed to take the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir as a model, but at the same time surpass it in length and width. Krivtsov and Myshkin started the construction of the cathedral in 1472. In 1473-1474, the walls of the cathedral were built and vaults were brought down. But when they started laying the top, the cathedral collapsed. The reasons for the destruction were the irrational arrangement of the stairs leading to the choir stalls and the poor viscosity of the solution. The destruction of the almost finished cathedral made an extremely painful impression on the Muscovites. Ivan III invited masters from Pskov, who were then considered the best architects in Russia, to resume construction. But the people of Pskov who came to Moscow, after examining the ruins of the cathedral, flatly refused to finish building it. This prompted Ivan III to non-standard solutions. For the grandiose reorganization of the capital he conceived, he invited architects from Italy.

In 1475, the Italian Aristotle Fioravanti arrived in Moscow, who had previously carried out orders from the Duke of Milan, the King of Hungary and the Pope. A foreign architect was commissioned to build the Assumption Cathedral. As a result, the Italian master built a kind of building. In its architectural forms, the sophistication and sophistication of Vladimir architecture, laconism and the harsh simplicity of Novgorod buildings were combined with the artistic vision of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance. The Assumption Cathedral was built in mixed media: the lower parts are made of white stone, the upper parts are made of brick. The cathedral was built on the basis of precise mathematical calculations - that is, with the help of a compass and a ruler, and not by eye, as before. Fioravanti taught Russian builders how to make better quality red bricks and how to prepare special lime mortars. Thanks to the innovation of constructive solutions, the temple acquired a majestic and austere appearance, became a symbol of the unity and power of the Russian state.

Near the Assumption Cathedral on the territory of the Kremlin, under the guidance of other Italian masters, the Archangel Cathedral (Aloysio da Carcano, 1505-1509) was erected; the famous bell tower of Ivan the Great (Bon Fryazin, 1505-1508, the pillar of the bell tower was completed in 1598-1600). Perhaps the most unconventional of the Kremlin's temples was the Archangel Cathedral, reminiscent of Italian palaces ("palazzo"). It became the tomb of Moscow princes and tsars up to Peter I. Next to the temples, the residence of the Grand Duke of Moscow was built. The first building of the ensemble was the Faceted Chamber. It was built in 1487-1491. Italians Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio Solari (he also supervised the construction of the walls and towers of the Kremlin). Throughout the 16th century all new palace buildings were erected. The appearance of the Moscow Kremlin was distinguished by picturesque contrasts; it was characterized by the proximity of buildings of various styles and eras. The architectural complex of Cathedral (Ivanovskaya) Square with a necklace of churches and the Palace of Facets - the most important secular building - embodied the most important spiritual ideals of the Moscow kingdom.

Some towers and temples of the Kremlin were built by Russian craftsmen, since their forms bear the character of wooden structures. Our craftsmen could not renounce the forms of wooden towers they had mastered to perfection, which, as is known, were built in great numbers along the walls that surrounded the then city of Moscow, and were distinguished by their immensity, complexity of construction and mastery of execution. Carpentry skill reached its possible perfection in ancient wooden Russia, since its wonderful material and constant, thanks to fires, abundant work contributed greatly to this. It is to this circumstance that the forms of the current small towers of the Kremlin should be attributed.

By the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI century. The Moscow Kremlin becomes the most significant fortification in Europe. Moreover, its towers, cathedrals, civil buildings are perfect not only in their architecture, but also in interiors and decoration. In the 17th century the Kremlin towers, except for Nikolskaya, are decorated with multi-tiered tents made in the traditions of ancient Russian architecture. Bright green tiles, white stone edges, gilded weather vanes - all this created the impression of festivity and elegance. Civil and religious buildings are also being erected: Terem Palace(1635-1635), Amusement Palace (1651-1652), Patriarch's Chambers with the Church of the Twelve Apostles (1642-1656).

The mixture of heterogeneous architectural styles was an obvious innovation, overcoming the usual canon of temple architecture.

walls and towers of the Kremlin

Currently, the Kremlin walls are spread over 2235 m, thickness from 3.5 to 6.5 and height from 5 to 19 m. And, as if following the outline of the Kremlin hill, they either go down deep, then rise to the very hill, and form an irregular triangle. On the top of the wall there is a combat passage 2-4 m wide, along which you can go from tower to tower. It is laid with square slabs with a slope and stairs at a fracture, and in the very thickness one can often find corridors even now; and in the old days, the so-called dungeons, chambers, pits for criminals were placed in them. Sheds and cellars for shells and gunpowder were located at the inner sole. The combat one rests on rhythmically alternating arches ("pechura"). From the outside it is covered by 1045 two-horned teeth (the so-called merlons, or "dovetails", 2-2.5 m high, 65-70 cm thick), from the inside - a parapet. Once upon a time there was a gable wooden roof over the wall, which sheltered the archers in bad weather and protected the wall from rain, snow and wind. In the 18th century it burned down and was no longer restored as unnecessary.

The Moscow Kremlin has 20 towers. The "oldest" of them is Tainitskaya (1485), the "youngest" is Tsarskaya (1680).

Let's consider some of them:

Vodovzvodnaya tower

In the southwestern corner of the Kremlin, the Vodovzvodnaya tower guards. This is one of the most beautiful buildings in the entire ensemble. The tower was built in 1488 by architect Antonio Gilardi. At first it was called Sviblova, after the boyars Sviblovs. The tower received its modern name in 1633 after the installation of a water-lifting machine in it and the installation of the first pressure water pipeline in Russia to supply water from the Moscow River to the Kremlin.

Borovitskaya tower

At the foot of one of the seven hills on which Moscow stands, there is a tower that differs from the others in its stepped shape. This is the Borovitskaya tower. Its name comes from the ancient forest that once covered the entire hill. The Borovitskaya Tower was built by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari in 1490. It has the shape of a stepped pyramid. The tower had 5 combat tiers. The loopholes of the hinged battle were located on the upper platform. The archer in this tower is not in front, as in other towers, but on the side, taking into account the rotation of the wall.

commandant's tower

This is a small deaf strict tower. Its construction was completed by 1495. Previously, it was called Kolymazhnaya - from the Kolymazhny yard in the Kremlin, where the royal wagons and carriages were kept. It received its current name in the 19th century: next to it in the Poteshny Palace lived the commandant of Moscow. Like all the towers of the Kremlin, it was built on in 1676-1686 with a tent with a tower. The height of the tower from the side of the Alexander Garden is 41.25 m.

weapon tower

This is a small tower. Its construction was completed by 1495. It received its modern name in the 19th century after the building of the Armory Chamber built on the territory of the Kremlin. Prior to that, it was called the Konyushennaya, since behind it in ancient times was the royal Stables Yard.

Trinity Tower

With this tower, the architect Aleviz Fryazin Stary completed the construction of fortifications from the side of the Neglinnaya River, later the Alexander Garden. The tower was built in 1495-1499. The significance of the tower for the western facade of the Kremlin is the same as that of the Spasskaya for the eastern one. The architect who built the tower in 1685 took this into account and gave its hipped top almost the same decorative decoration as that of Spasskaya. The tower is six-story, with deep two-story cellars that served for defense purposes, and later in the 15-16 centuries were used as a prison. The gates of the tower served as a passage to the mansions of the queen and princesses, to the court of the patriarch. Troitskaya Tower is the highest tower of the Kremlin, its height is 80 m.

Nikolskaya tower

The travel tower, located on the eastern wall (height 70.4 m), was built by the architect Pietro Antonio Solari in 1491, the name is associated according to some sources with the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, placed above the travel gate of the archer. In the 17th century, the Nikolsky Gate served mainly as an entrance to the boyar and monastery courtyards in the Kremlin.

Senate Tower

The tower is located immediately behind the Spasskaya Tower, behind the Lenin Mausoleum. The tower was built in 1491 by the architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The Senate Tower performed a purely defensive function, protecting the Kremlin from the side of Red Square. The height of the tower is 34.3 m.

Spasskaya Tower

It is rightfully considered the most beautiful and most slender tower of the Kremlin. The architect Pietro Antonio Solari, who built it in 1491, in fact, laid the foundation for the construction of the eastern line of the Kremlin fortification with the Spasskaya Tower. From time immemorial, the gates of the Spasskaya Tower have been the main front entrance to the Kremlin. In the 50s of the XXVII century, the coat of arms of the Russian Empire, the double-headed eagle, was hoisted on top of the Kremlin tower. Later, similar coats of arms were installed on the highest towers - Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Borovitskaya. The Spasskaya Tower has 10 floors. Three floors are occupied by the mechanism of the Kremlin chimes - the main clock of the state. The height of the tower is 67.3 m.

Royal tower

This is the youngest and smallest tower. It was built in 1680. More precisely, this is not a tower, but a stone tower. Once upon a time there was a small wooden turret from which, according to legend, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible liked to watch the events taking place on Red Square - hence the name of the tower.

alarm tower

This tower was built in 1495. It got its name from the alarm bell, which alerted Muscovites of impending events or danger. The tower was placed on a hill, and from it a view of the southern environs was opened. On the tower, guards were on duty around the clock, watching the roads.

Taynitskaya tower

The "oldest" tower of the Moscow Kremlin is Taynitskaya. The construction of the Kremlin fortifications began with it. Under the tower was dug a hiding place-well, to which the tower and its gates owe their name. In the event of a siege, it was possible to supply the Kremlin with water through this well and underground passage. Unfortunately, the tower, built in the 15th century, has not reached us. In 1770, it was demolished, as the Kremlin started the construction of the Kremlin Palace according to the project of V. Bazhenov. However, already in 1771-1773, the tower was restored according to the measured drawings of M. Kazakov, followed by the addition of a tent top. Its height is 38.4 m.

Nameless tower

In the 1480s, the Nameless Tower was built next to the Tainitskaya Tower, which is notable for its stingy architectural forms. She has always performed purely defensive functions. The tower has a difficult fate. In 1547, the tower was destroyed by an explosion of gunpowder, and in the 17th century it was rebuilt. Then it was built on with a hipped tier. In 1770-1771, the tower was dismantled to make room for the construction of the Kremlin Palace according to the project of V.I. Bazhenov. When the construction of the palace was stopped, the tower was built again in 1783, somewhat closer to the Taynitskaya tower. The height of the tower is 34.15 m.

Annunciation tower

The tower was built in 1487-1488. This is a low four-sided tower. At its base are slabs of white limestone. They have survived from the ancient white-stone Kremlin of the 14th century. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, the tower was used as a prison. The height of the tower is 30.7 m.

According to their configuration, the Kremlin towers are divided into round and quadrangular. This is not a whim of the architect, but a kind of fortification technique. Located on Borovitsky Hill, the Kremlin has an irregular triangle with an area of ​​27.5 hectares, washed by the Moskva River from the south, bounded by the Alexander Garden from the north-west, and Red Square from the east. At the corners of the triangle were round towers- Corner Arsenalnaya, Vodovzvodnaya and Beklemishevskaya, which were the most durable and allowed round-robin shelling. In the place where important strategic roads approached the Kremlin, powerful quadrangular towers with passage gates were erected - Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya, Borovitskaya, Tainitskaya, Konstantin-Eleninskaya. From the outside they were protected by archers. The remaining towers were located between the corner and travel towers and were purely defensive in nature. Until the 17th century (when the tents appeared) the towers ended with battlements, under which there were machicols - hinged loopholes for close combat. They have survived to this day on almost all the towers.

Conclusion.

Undoubtedly, the Kremlin is valuable not only from the side of history, but also as the greatest work of art. Moscow Kremlin is ancient building Moscow and is a magnificent architectural ensemble that has evolved over several centuries. The architecture of the Kremlin clearly reflected many stages of the historical development of the Russian people and the Russian state, and found a brilliant expression of the characteristic features of national culture.

The architectural complex of the Kremlin is formed by temple and palace buildings, beautiful tiered Kremlin towers and the Ivan the Great pillar dominating them. The Kremlin with the adjacent Red Square is the compositional center of Moscow, which is associated with the architecture of the city, its largest architectural ensembles. New buildings, bridges, embankments lined with stone, paved squares merged with the Kremlin into a single architectural whole.

The Kremlin, despite the constant restructuring of parts of its ancient fortifications, as a whole has not lost its artistic qualities of a single ensemble. Each tower of the Kremlin is beautiful on its own, but their combination with each other, with other buildings of the Kremlin and with the city creates the most impressive images.

Eight hundred years ago, Moscow was born on the site of the Kremlin and grew up around it, just as Russia grew up around Moscow. The Kremlin determined the radial-centric development of the plan of the ancient capital. Being the compositional center of Moscow, he not only gathered around him a huge city into a single whole, but later he himself organically joined in its picturesque silhouette. It is hard to imagine Moscow without the Kremlin. it Holy place expensive for all Russians. The Kremlin is the heart of Moscow and Russia.

Literature

1. Kantorovich I.V. "From the history of Moscow", M., 1997

2. Ivanov V.N. "Moscow Kremlin", State Publishing House "Art", M., 1971

3. Surmina I. O. “The most famous fortresses of Russia » . - M., Veche, 2002

The architectural ensemble is buildings, structures, as well as the territory adjacent to them, which in their relationship represent a single functional object with a certain artistic appearance. The ensemble in architecture, as well as any building object, is created by the architect.

For a clearer presentation of this concept, examples of such structures can be given, classifying them in parallel. Yes, there are park ensembles, urban, suburban, which in turn can be structured according to their size into large, medium and small. And, of course, in each of them, one way or another, there will definitely be natural objects, which are also part of the ensemble.

All structures, except for those that can be physically interconnected, are also united in the ensemble with the help of the improvement of the territory adjacent to them, which is equipped and organized so as not only to increase the aesthetic perception of the building composition, but also to perform certain functions.

The artistic appearance of the ensemble in architecture is an important detail, thanks to which a particular object acquires individual features that are not only recognizable, but are sometimes classified as historical monuments, showing the descendants of the ancestors of certain eras.

City ensembles

It is customary to distinguish them by types that differ from each other in the degree of construction duration, which, moreover, fits or does not fit into a single plan. For example, the ensemble of the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg is an urban ensemble, which, firstly, is designed in a single architectural style, secondly, it was built according to a single plan, and thirdly, it was created at the same time. In contrast to it, as another type of architectural composition, one can cite as an example the main urban ensemble of the capital - Red Square. Buildings on its territory are difficult to classify as a single architectural style; they were built in different time, by different people, and therefore the idea of ​​the whole composition is not the same.

If you pay attention to the buildings in any city, you can find both of these types of urban architectural ensembles.

Influence on architectural compositions of natural conditions

The influence that nature has on urban structures and their totality is enormous. Just imagine how the appearance of an urban area changes if, for example, a reservoir is located on it. Undoubtedly, the architect focuses his attention on both highlighting it in the urban landscape and enabling the residents of the surrounding area to use such a neighborhood in a civilized manner, arranging, for example, embankments that are convenient for walking.

And how does the terrain influence the architectural ensemble, which sometimes does not make it possible to adjust itself to the architect’s plan, but instead offers a more unique opportunity: to adjust the idea of ​​​​creating a complex of structures, adjusting them to your bends, drops and hills.

Note that where there are no natural objects in the urban landscape, they even have to be artificially created. For example, in the absence of reservoirs, fountains are planned and built, in the absence of green spaces, parks and squares are laid out.

(French ensemble - a set, a harmonious whole) a group of buildings, united artistically, functionally or historically, which may also include elements of the natural landscape. The construction of an ensemble can be subject to the artistic principles inherent in the period of its occurrence, be determined by the views of architects or customers, as well as the history of its occurrence. * * * Mutual consistency, harmonious unity of parts that form something whole, for example, an architectural ensemble. Petersburg is a city of ensembles. The best of them are the Peter and Paul Fortress, the spit of Vasilyevsky Island, Palace Square, Senatskaya Square, the ensemble of the Alexandria Theater. (Dictionary of terms of architecture. Yusupov E.S., 1994)

Watch value Ensemble in other dictionaries

Ensemble- m. French. artistic community, compatibility, general agreement of the picture, music; mutual correspondence, slender fullness.
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Ensemble- ensemble, m. (fr. ensemble). 1. A harmonious association, the consistency of all parts of a certain. whole (book). Architectural ensemble. 2. Artistically coordinated, friendly performance........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Ensemble M.- 1. Artistic consistency, harmony in the performance of dramatic, musical, etc. works by several artists. // A piece of music or its........
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

Ensemble- -I; m. [French. ensemble].
1. Mutual coordination in the performance of drama, music, etc. by several artists. works. Reach an ensemble in a game.
2.........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov

Ensemble- (French ensemble - a set - a harmonious whole), ..1) in stage art, a harmonious combination of all components of the performance, subordinate to a single plan ... 2) A group of performers, ........

Folk Dance Ensemble- under the direction of I. A. Moiseev - the largest choreographic group, created in 1937 in Moscow; academic since 1965. Performs dances of the peoples of the world.
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Folk Dance Ensemble of Georgia- a choreographic group founded in 1945 in Tbilisi by N. Sh. Ramishvili and I. I. Sukhishvili; since 1971 academic since 1985 artistic director of Ramishvili and T. I. Sukhishvili.
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Song and Dance Ensemble- Twice Red Banner them. A. V. Alexandrov, the largest army art group, was created in 1928 in Moscow; academic since 1978. Organizer and artistic........
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Berliner Ensemble- (Berliner Ensemble) - German drama theater. Founded in 1949 in Berlin by B. Brecht and E. Weigel as an anti-fascist and anti-militarist theater. Included in the repertoire....
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Milner-Hubb Cellular Ensemble- (R. M. Milner, modern American physiologist) a hypothetical structure in the cerebral cortex, which is a collection of cells connected as a result of learning and excited ........
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Neural Ensemble- a set of neurons that make up a functional group in the higher parts of the brain.
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Chamber Ensemble- a group of chamber music performers (trio, quartets, etc.), acting as a single artistic group. 2) A piece of music written for a small number of participants.
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Canonical Ensemble- Gibbs - a statistical ensemble for a macroscopic system in thermal equilibrium with the environment at a given temperature. If at the same time the system exchanges ........
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Krasnoyarsk Dance Ensemble of Siberia- choreographic ensemble. Founded in 1960. Artistic director - M. S. Godenko (since 1963).
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Memorial Ensemble- an architectural art complex erected in honor of the fallen heroes, prominent figures and events. combines structures in an architecturally organized space, ........
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Microcanonical Ensemble— Gibbs - a statistical ensemble for a macroscopic energetically isolated system with a constant number of particles.
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Statistical Ensemble- a set of a large number of non-interacting identical physical systems - "copies" of this system, which are the same macroscopic, but different microscopic ........
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Ensemble- “The Twice Red Banner Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army is performing ... The Beryozka Dance Ensemble ... of the violinists of the Bolshoi Theater ...” You must have heard this ........
Music dictionary

Ensemble- (from the French ensemble - together).
1) A group of performers performing together. To A. carry hl. arr. few compositions, in which each part is performed by one musician (the so-called .........
Music Encyclopedia

Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army- (Twice Red Banner Order of the Red Star Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army named after A. V. Aleksandrov) - the largest army arts. the team of the Soviet ........
Music Encyclopedia

Soviet Opera Ensemble- (Ensemble of the Soviet Opera of the All-Russian Theater Society). Worked in 1934-62 in Moscow. The founders of the ensemble are K. M. Popov and E. B. Ligin. A. s. about. promoted the production of .........
Music Encyclopedia

Chamber Ensemble- 1) A group of artists acting as a single artist. chamber music ensemble. Chamber instruments are the most widely used. ensembles and in them........
Music Encyclopedia

Red Banner named after A. V. Alexandrov Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army- see Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army.
Music Encyclopedia

Gibbs Statistical Ensemble- a set of a large number of identical statpstich. systems, to-rye are characterized by the same values ​​of thermodynamic. parameters, but can be in different ........
Mathematical Encyclopedia

Statistical Ensemble- - accepted in the statistical. physics the name of the phase space (state space) of some physical. systems together with a certain method of averaging physical. quantities (i.e.
Mathematical Encyclopedia

Milner - Hebb Cellular Ensemble