Exotic tours / 26.08.2022

Beautiful architectural buildings of the world. Famous buildings and buildings of antiquity. Ancient world. Mesquita, Cordoba, Spain

The Shard in London

The giant Shard skyscraper changes the London skyline and makes it the tallest in Europe. With a height of just over 300 meters above the ground, the Shard is the tallest building in this part of the world, and definitely one of the most famous. It was completed in 2012 in the heart of London, within walking distance of the Thames, London Bridge and Tower of London. In addition, the Shard skyscraper is visible from anywhere in the city, especially at night, when the majestic silhouette of this iconic famous building turns into a bright mixture of light and shadows, and the vibrant waters of the river reflect its majesty in a huge mirror of nature. Especially popular is the observation deck at an altitude of 250 meters, which offers the best view of the capital of England.

Big Ben

Big Ben, the House of Commons and the House of Lords is another famous landmark in London, with its roots going back to the Victorian Gothic period with its many sharp details, tall pillars, intricate decorations, dark mystical corners and juxtaposed pale silhouettes. This delightful building is one of the city's most iconic landmarks. The gigantic Big Ben tower with its four chiming clock is recognized all over the world, making it one of the most famous buildings in the world.

Burj Khalifa

Of course, the tallest building in the world will not be an exception in the list of the most famous buildings. The Burj Khalifa towers majestically over Dubai at 829.84 meters high, creating a particularly colorful lively atmosphere at night. The many lights of the Burj Khalifa are combined with other buildings to create a true contemporary atmosphere in Dubai. The tower rises above the Dubai skyline with its distinctive Arabian silhouette and Y-shaped design, multiple levels and cross sections. This building can only be called a masterpiece of architecture. At the top of the skyscraper is a restaurant with the best view of the city - At.Mosphere.

Burj Al Arab

This building is also located in Dubai, along the city's beautiful coastline. Dubai Sail is the most famous and most luxurious hotel in Dubai and on Earth. It is also quite high - almost 320 meters, which makes it the second tallest hotel on Earth. A symbol of Dubai's heritage, the Burj Al Arab impresses with its bright white silhouette and gigantic scale and size. A small narrow bridge leads to the Parus, and at the top there is a landing area for helicopters.

Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal is another famous building located in eastern Agra in India. This masterpiece of art is famous for its white facades and history, making the Taj Mahal one of the most attractive architectural gems in the world. The building dates back to the 17th century. This is a mausoleum and a symbol of love that permeates every corner here. The Taj Mahal has a gigantic 170m high central dome, four smaller domes, a gigantic spacious courtyard, four huge slightly tilted minarets, great Islamic design with marble details, calligraphic embellishments, and more.

Colosseum in Rome

The Colosseum in Rome is laced with historical heritage on every wall, façade or stone. The true scale of this arena is quite impressive even in our time, and during the time of the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, it was a real engineering marvel at all. The Colosseum was the largest amphitheater in the world, the center of numerous gladiator battles, where all the Roman nobility gathered. A long network of caves and tunnels stretches under the building, and the outer wall of the Colosseum with its numerous arches, floors and columns is considered one of the symbols of Rome and Italy.

Leaning Tower of Pisa

Leaning Tower of Pisa - only a small part of the whole complex Cathedral Pisa, but the most famous. The rounded tower, with a series of spiraling balconies all along its façade, is pale in color with many shades. It is surrounded by many lawns and has a courtyard. The tower has a great Romanesque architectural design, but that's not what it's known for. This tilts almost 4 degrees, giving the visual illusion of falling. This is used by numerous tourists, taking pictures against the backdrop of the famous building.

Sydney Opera House

The Sydney Opera House is one of the most famous buildings in Australia and around the world because it is a real work of art and a masterpiece of art. It is a cultural symbol of the country and one of Sydney's most visited attractions. The Sydney Opera House hosts numerous art, opera and music events. The remarkable architectural vista, positioned right next to the water on one side and modern skyscrapers on the other, makes this outstanding opera house one of the most famous buildings in the world.

Empire State Building

A symbol of the state of New York and the United States, the Empire State Building is one of the must-see places in the city that never sleeps. The skyscraper will impress you with its multitude of colors, pure Art Deco shapes, historical structures and of course its impressive height. It rises almost 450 meters above the Manhattan skyline, dotted with numerous windows. At the top is an observation deck that opens up the magnificent skyline of Manhattan. At sunset, you can admire them for hours.

Eiffel Tower

When you plan a trip to any of the largest cities on Earth, be sure to visit their most famous buildings. These cities stand out with many outstanding buildings, squares and cityscapes, while history and cultural heritage make them the best cities peace. These gigantic capitals with countless interesting places can offer a lot of attractions. However, these 10 most famous buildings on Earth stand out the most. The first tower, called the Shard, rises above the modern and vibrant skyline of London.

The Shard in London

The gigantic Shard skyscraper reshapes the London skyline and makes it the tallest skyscraper in Europe. With a height of just over 300 meters above the ground, the Shard is the tallest building in this part of the world, and definitely one of the most famous. It was completed in 2012 in the heart of London, within walking distance of the Thames, London Bridge and the Tower of London. In addition, the Shard skyscraper is visible from anywhere in the city, especially at night, when the majestic silhouette of this iconic famous building turns into a bright mixture of light and shadows, and the vibrant waters of the river reflect its majesty in a huge mirror of nature. Especially popular is the observation deck at an altitude of 250 meters, which offers the best view of the capital of England.

Big Ben

Burj Khalifa

Burj Al Arab

Taj Mahal

Colosseum in Rome

Leaning Tower of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is only a small part of the entire Pisa Cathedral complex, but the most famous. The rounded tower, with a series of spiraling balconies all along its façade, is pale in color with many shades. It is surrounded by many lawns and has a courtyard. The tower has a great Romanesque architectural design, but that's not what it's known for. This tilts almost 4 degrees, giving the visual illusion of falling. This is used by numerous tourists, taking pictures against the backdrop of the famous building.

Sydney Opera House

Empire State Building

Eiffel Tower

Topping the list of the most popular buildings in the world is not a building at all, but a tower. The Eiffel Tower is undoubtedly the most popular building in the world. It is located in the center of Paris and is a symbol of the city and France, as well as one of the tallest structures throughout the continent and one of the most popular and visited attractions in the world. The tower is distinguished by its history, many spans, connections, arches, intricate details and other interesting elements that only emphasize its charm.

From modern and surreal skyscrapers, to historic structures that carry a huge cultural legacy, there are many interesting buildings, which can be visited during one of the following trips. These iconic buildings are located in the largest cities of the world, being part of their history. Such structures are always surrounded by large shopping streets, cultural centers, modern entertainment complexes, so you will always find how to spend time here, in addition to exploring the most famous buildings in the world. I also advise you to read about the most expensive construction projects of our time in a separate tape.

Architecture is a kind of creation and reflection of social consciousness and being, it is designed to satisfy the aesthetic needs of society. The evolution of architecture is inseparable from the evolution of mankind. Any achievements and problems of architecture cannot be separated from social achievements and difficulties.

For architecture, it is more important to fully satisfy the needs of society in equal relationships with the natural environment, and not to develop any prevailing style. For example, the popular Baroque architectural style did not lead to the construction of ecological buildings that would be in balance with the natural environment and would fully satisfy the needs of society. So was late modernism.

XX century in the formation of world architecture

The 20th century was critical in the development of all mankind: it was then that the society was first aware of the instability of its development and formation, which led to global changes. For the first time, it was realized that a more sustainable development was needed, based on sustainable construction and architecture.

Remark 1

For the first time in human history in the 20th century, the built environment grew and became the main value of all states. It was during this period that the need for a stable use of resources and the transition to the use of renewable resources was realized, which significantly influenced architecture.

Factors that influenced modern world architecture

During that period, other global problems arise that significantly influenced the architecture:

rapid population growth;
the formation of cities and the creation of urban areas;
lack of vital resources;
increasing social inequality;
unsustainable development;
the rapid growth of undeveloped territories;
reduction of natural landscapes.

Therefore, it is more logical to arrange the stages of architectural evolution with the stages of technical, socio-economic, environmental and technological development of society. Assessing the progress of architecture, the needs of society in terms of the natural resource potential of the territory, as well as ecological relations with the natural environment, must be placed in the first place.

Great architectural structures of the world

When planning a trip around the world, you should definitely visit the cities with the most significant and beautiful architectural structures. These cities are popular because of the large number of buildings, cityscapes and squares, while the cultural heritage and unforgettable architecture make them the best cities in the world.

These vast capitals with innumerable mysterious places can offer many attractions. However, there are ten of the greatest architectural structures in the world.

The Shard tower in London. The huge skyscraper The Shard is drastically changing the London skyline and making it its own high point in Europe. Its height exceeds 300 meters above ground level. The Shard is considered the tallest building in this part of the globe and is rightfully considered the most famous. In 2012, its construction was completed in the very center of London, not far from London Bridge, the Thames embankment and the Tower of London. The Shard skyscraper can be seen from anywhere in the city, especially at night, when the luminous silhouette of this iconic architectural structure turns into a colorful mixture of shadows and light, and the lively reflection in the river conveys all its grandeur. Of particular popularity is the observation deck, which is located at an altitude of 250 meters, and offers the best view of London.

Figure 1. The Shard Tower, London. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Big Ben. Another famous attraction in London is Big Ben (House of Lords, House of Commons), which has its roots in history. In the architecture of this building, you can see numerous sharp details, tall pillars, sharp decorations, dark mystical corners and opposing pale silhouettes. This large-scale architectural structure is one of the iconic landmarks of the city. The huge tower of Big Ben with a clock and a characteristic ringing can be recognized all over the world, which makes this building one of the most famous buildings in the world.

Burj Khadifa. Of course, the tallest building will not be an exception in the list of famous architectural structures. Burj Khadifa towers majestically over Dubai at an altitude of 830 meters. At night, the building creates a particularly colorful and fantastic atmosphere. Numerous lights come together to create a massive spectacle along with other architectural structures in Dubai. The tower rises above the horizon with its distinctive Arabian silhouette, Y-shaped design, cross-sections and multiple levels. This building can be safely called a masterpiece of modern architecture. At the top of the skyscraper is the famous restaurant At.Mosphere.

Burj Al Arab. This delightful architectural structure is also located in Dubai along the coast. Dubai Sail is the most popular and luxurious hotel not only in Dubai, but on the whole planet. Its height is about 320 meters, thanks to which it ranks second in the ranking of the world's tallest hotels. Burj Al Arab is a symbol of the historical heritage of Dubai, it makes an unforgettable impression with its bright white and original silhouette, as well as its gigantic scale and size. A small narrow bridge leads to the Burj Al Arab hotel, and at the top there is a landing area for helicopters.

Taj Mahal. Another famous architectural structure is the Taj Mahal. It is located in India in eastern Agra. This architectural masterpiece is famous for its snow-white facades and unique history, making it one of the most attractive architectural gems. The history of the building dates back to the 17th century. The Taj Mahal is a love story that permeates every corner of this mausoleum. This building has a huge dome 170 meters high, four smaller domes and a giant courtyard, several inclined minarets. The Taj Mahal is known worldwide for its unique Islamic design, marble details and many calligraphic embellishments. Being at the main entrance, you immediately feel its grandeur and impressive size.

Roman Coliseum. Every detail of the Roman Colosseum is permeated with historical heritage. Each wall, facade and stone has its own history. The scale of this arena is impressive to this day, and even 2000 years ago it was a real engineering miracle. The Colosseum is the largest amphitheater in the world, the center of numerous gladiatorial battles, where all the Roman nobility gathered. Below it is a network of tunnels and caves, and the outer part of the Colosseum with many arches, columns and floors is considered the main symbol of Rome and all of Italy.

Leaning tower in Pisa. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is just a small part of the whole complex of the Pisa Cathedral, but it is considered its most famous architectural structure. The tower consists of many spiraling balconies that are pale in color with many shades. It has a courtyard and is surrounded by numerous lawns. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is made in Romanesque architectural design, but it is not known for this at all. It tilts 4 degrees, creating the illusion of falling. This is what tourists use when taking pictures against the backdrop of the original architectural structure.

Sydney Opera House. The Sydney Opera House is the most famous architectural structure in Australia as it is a real work of art and a true masterpiece of art. The Opera House is a cultural symbol of the country and Sydney's most popular attraction. Within the walls of the Sydney Opera House there are numerous events related to opera, art and music. The architectural perspective is located near the water on one side, and on the other side is surrounded by modern skyscrapers, which makes the Sydney Opera House one of the famous buildings in the world.

Figure 8. Sydney Opera House. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Empire State Building. The symbol of the US state and New York is the Empire State Building. This is one of those must-see places in the city. The skyscraper will impress with its many colors, pure Art Deco forms, historical cultures and, of course, its enormous height. It is elevated almost 450 meters above the Manhattan skyline. The Empire State Building is dotted with numerous windows, and at the top there is an observation deck that offers a divine view of the whole of Manhattan.

Figure 9. Empire State Building, New York. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Eiffel Tower. The list of the most popular and great architectural structures is not headed by a building at all, but by a tower. Eiffel Tower. It is undoubtedly the most popular architectural structure in the world. The tower is located in the center of Paris and is a symbol of France. It is the tallest building on the entire continent and the most visited attraction in the world. The Eiffel Tower is famous for its unique history, numerous spans, junctions, arches and intricate elements that successfully underline its charm.

Figure 10. Eiffel Tower, Paris. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Now there are a huge number of great architectural structures that have not only an impressive appearance, but also a hereditary history that fascinates no less than their pompous architecture. These places of worship are located in different cities of the world and are an integral part of world history.

As you know, the list of the most famous ancient sights of ancient culture includes only seven miracles. But we mustered up the courage to include three more structures that we think are worthy of your attention. So.

Ajanta or the Ajanta caves is a Buddhist temple and monastery complex located near the village of the same name, 100 km northeast of the city of Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. It was discovered in 1839. It is a rock in the shape of a horseshoe, in which, starting from the II century BC. e. to the 5th century AD e. 30 (according to other sources 29) caves were carved with columns, Buddha statues and world-famous wall paintings reflecting the life of India of that era. This painting, illustrating Buddhist legends and myths, is not only a work of art, but also a valuable historical source of knowledge about those times.

newgrange

Newgrange - an ancient structure of huge stone blocks, one of the largest and oldest corridor tombs, built by man between about 3000 BC. e. - 2500 BC e. (older Great Pyramid at Giza and probably Stonehenge). Located 40.2 km north of the city of Dublin, about one kilometer north of the River Boyne, County Meath, Ireland. The mound is 13.5 meters high and 85 meters in diameter. Ancient people erected it from 200,000 tons of stone, wood and earth. It is a large round mound inside, which is a 19-meter stone corridor leading to the burial chamber. Included in the list of the most mysterious sights of the world.

Derinkuyu

Derinkuyu - ancient multi-level underground city, located under the city of the same name in the province of Nevsehir, Türkiye. It was built in the II-I millennium BC. e. Discovered in 1963. The underground city reaches a depth of 60 meters and in ancient times could shelter up to 20 thousand people, along with food and livestock. For centuries, people have been hiding here from nomadic raids, religious persecution and other dangers. Although the underground city of Derinkuyu was intended as a temporary shelter, its scale is impressive. It includes numerous wine cellars, stables, cellars, storerooms, refectories, chapels, numerous ventilation ducts, and a complex network of tunnels and corridors.

7 wonders of the ancient world

Alexandrian lighthouse- a lighthouse built according to the project of the architect Sostratus of Cnidus approximately in 279-280. BC e. on the island of Pharos, near Alexandria in Egypt, so that the ships could safely pass the reefs on their way to the bay of Alexandria. According to estimates, its light was visible at a distance of 51 km (according to other sources, up to 83 km). It is assumed that the Lighthouse of Alexandria was about 115–120 meters high and at that time was the tallest building in the world. In the XIV century, it was completely destroyed by an earthquake, and in its place, by order of the then Sultan of Egypt, Qaitbey (1416/1418–1496), the Qait-Bey fortress was erected, which today is a maritime museum.

Colossus of Rhodes - a bronze statue of the ancient Greek god of the Sun - Helios, built between 292 BC. e. - 280 BC e. in the harbor of the port city of Rhodes on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea in Greece. It was built according to the project of the architect Hares, a student of Lysippus, in honor of the victory of the inhabitants of Rhodes over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I One-eyed, who, together with his son and an army of 40,000 people, unsuccessfully besieged the city in 305 BC. The height of the statue is about 30 meters. She stood on a 10-meter pedestal and weighed, according to various estimates, from 30 to 70 tons. Compared to other wonders of the world, the Colossus of Rhodes "lived" a short life. Approximately 50 years after its creation, it was completely destroyed by an earthquake and melted down.

In fifth place on the list is the "Mausoleum at Halicarnassus" - a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC. e. in Halicarnassus (modern city of Bodrum, Turkey) for King Mausolus of Caria and his wife-sister Artemisia III. Well-known masters were involved in the construction and decoration of the tomb, including the famous sculptors Skopas, Briaxides, Timofeos and Leohar. The tomb of Mausolus was a majestic and unusually shaped building, built of brick and lined inside and out with white marble. The mausoleum in Halicarnassus, 45 meters high, stood for about 19 centuries, but in the 13th century it collapsed from a strong earthquake.

The statue of Zeus at Olympia is an ancient Greek statue of Zeus, which was located in the center of the temple of the same name at Olympia in the Peloponnese. It was erected in the 5th century BC by the ancient Greek sculptor and architect Phidias. The statue of the god reached a height of 12-13 meters and was made of wood (according to some sources, from cedar, according to others - from ebony). Details made of ivory, gold and precious stones were attached to this wooden base with the help of bronze and iron nails, special hooks. The circumstances of the possible destruction of the statue are unknown. According to the Byzantine historian George Kedrin, it was transported to Constantinople, where it burned down in a fire in 476.

The Temple of Artemis of Ephesus is a Greek temple located in the city of Ephesus, Asia Minor (near the modern city of Selchuk, Turkey). It was dedicated to Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt. The temple was built in the middle of the VI century BC. e, was a rectangular building 105 meters long and 51 meters wide, consisting of marble and wood, and surrounded on all sides by a double row of 127 columns, the height of which was 18 meters. During its entire existence, it was rebuilt three times until July 21, 356 BC. e. was not set on fire by Herostratus - a resident of Ephesus, who dreamed of becoming famous at any cost.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, more correctly called the Hanging Gardens of Amitis, is the only one of the seven wonders of the world whose location has not been definitively established. The Hanging Gardens are thought to have been built around 575 BC. e. V ancient city Babylon (near the modern city of Hilla, in Iraq), by King Nebuchadnezzar II, for his wife Amitis, who missed the forests of her homeland. They are a pyramid consisting of four tiers-platforms supported by columns up to 25 m high. On these tiers, fertile land lay with a thick carpet, where seeds of various herbs, flowers, shrubs, and trees from Media were planted. The pyramid looked like an evergreen hill. However, after in 331 BC. e. the troops of Alexander the Great captured Babylon, and the great commander himself died, the city gradually fell into decay. The gardens were abandoned and eventually destroyed.

The Pyramid of Cheops is the largest among the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" that has survived to this day, and also one of the most famous tombs in the world. The pyramid is located on the west bank of the Nile in Egypt on a plateau in Giza, in close proximity to the famous "Great Sphinx". The lion's share of Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built around 2560 BC. e. and is the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh IV of the Khufu (Cheops) dynasty. It is believed that it was designed by the architect Hemion, the nephew of Cheops. Initially, the pyramid had a height of 146.5 m, but as a result of erosion, today its height is 138.75 m. The total weight of the pyramid is estimated at about 6.25 million tons, the area is ≈ 85,000 m².

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It is generally accepted that Ancient world- a set of civilizations that existed on earth from prehistoric times to the beginning of the Middle Ages. The framework is very conditional - for them they have their own, for America - their own (the beginning of the colonization of the continent by Europeans).

Amazing Legacy

In this time period, there were several civilizations with their own culture. Famous structures and buildings of antiquity have survived to this day. There are not so few of them, but the most striking heritage sites of the past include such as the “City in the Sky” or Machu Picchu in Peru, the temple of Jupiter Baalbek in Lebanon, the famous Egyptian pyramids Giza, a suburb of Cairo. The list of antiquities includes the aqueducts of the Roman Empire, the glazed windows of Alexandria that arose in the first century AD, the remains of Greek temples, the Jervan aqueduct in Iraq, the concrete domes of Roman temples.

Civilizations close to us

Every continent has ancient objects. But for the inhabitants of Europe (in the geographical sense of the word), the ancient world is associated primarily with Greece and Rome, with the Egyptian Cleopatra, since both Julius Caesar and Antony loved her.

In addition, they and other ancient Roman emperors dreamed of subjugating Egypt. Russian literature and art until the beginning of the 20th century are associated with the myths of Greece and Rome. And the Mediterranean civilizations are considered the cradle of mankind. Therefore, to consider in more detail the famous buildings and buildings of antiquity, you need to start with Greece and Rome.

Acropolis - the pearl of world architecture

In Greece, there are a lot of monuments from prehistoric times, and the whole country is dotted with the ruins of ancient Greek palaces and places of worship. It is rather difficult to count them, but there are objects that are considered symbols of the Ancient World. The most important of them is the Acropolis, located in the continental part of the country in the city of Athens. This is a kind of fortress, standing on a hill, the height of which reaches 156 meters in height, it is 300 meters wide, 170 meters long. This is a well-fortified upper city, towering over the unprotected lower one. The Acropolis was the place where the temples of the gods, the patrons of this city, were located; residents could hide in it during the war. The majestic Athenian Acropolis is Its history is well studied.

Parthenon - dominant of the Acropolis

It should be noted that sculptures and statues from this Acropolis are in many museums around the world. It houses 21 objects, the most significant of which is the Parthenon - a visiting card not only of Greece, but of the entire Ancient World.

Included in the list of "The Greatest Temples in the World", it was built on the foundation of more than ancient temple in the 5th century BC by the architects Kallikrat and Iktin. He rules over the whole area. This ideal, harmonious structure is rich in unique features. But dozens of books have been written about every smallest detail of it. The only thing that can be noted is that it is surrounded by columns around the perimeter (this form is called a peripter). This is what makes the temple irresistibly beautiful.

Athens - a treasure trove of ancient architecture

Other structures of Ancient Greece on the territory of the sacred center of the Acropolis are represented by such temples as the Erechtheion, dedicated to the legendary Athenian king Erechtheus, the Areopagus (authority), the temple of Athena Nike. On the territory of the entire capital there are ruins of many other temples, since the whole of Greece is a museum of ancient culture under open sky. These are the temples of Olympian Zeus, Nike Aptera, Apollo in Delphi, Poseidon at Cape Sounion, Hera on the Peloponnese, Demeter in Eleusis. These are the most famous structures and buildings of antiquity created in Greece.

Priority of places of worship

In a later period, one of the first meteorological structures was built in Athens - the Tower of the Winds, 12 meters high, with a base diameter of 8 m. The parameters of these ancient museums are perfect, they underlie all architecture and are studied by all architects of the world.

Of all the above objects of antiquity, only the Areopagus is an administrative building, all the rest are places of worship. The largest sanctuary is Olympia, which is located on the Peloponnese peninsula. It was dominated by the cult of Zeus.

The main visiting card of Rome

The Great Roman Empire is the oldest civilization in the Mediterranean, emerging from Ancient Greece. According to legend, the direct descendants of Aeneas, the hero of the Trojan War, the brothers Remus and Romulus, fed by a she-wolf, founded Rome and the greatest empire, which gave the world a great culture.

The structures of ancient Rome in this article are presented by the 10 greatest architectural examples that many inhabitants of the Earth are familiar with, even far from scholarship. Who does not know the Colosseum - the main symbol of Rome? A half-destroyed outer three-tiered wall surrounds an oval arena. In ancient times, the total number of arches on the wall is 240, 80 of them are in the lower tier. In the arches of the first and second floors there were sculptures - the work of the best masters of Rome.

The brightest and most characteristic

The Appian Way is also familiar to many, because the sad death of the companions of Spartacus, chained alive to the pillars located along it, is known from the school bench. And the final shots of the cult American film touched film lovers in many countries of the world.

Famous buildings and buildings of antiquity, located in ancient capital, adequately represents the Roman Forum, which already during the reign of Tarquikios the Proud became the center of the political, cultural and religious life of the Roman Empire. Here are the temples of Vesta, Vespasian and Saturn. Tragic or happy pages are associated with each of them. ancient history. The well-preserved Trajan Column belongs to the beginning of the 2nd century AD. 185 steps located inside, go to observation deck located at the 38th height. The sculptor Apollodorus of Damascus erected it in 114. It symbolizes the victory over the Dacians.

Next on the list

The Roman Pantheon is unique - the temple of all the gods. Built in 126 AD, it dominates the Piazza della Rotonda.

You can find out what the famous buildings and buildings of antiquity looked like by looking at the marble Arc de Triomphe of Titus. This oldest building was erected in 81 in honor of the capture of Jerusalem. An arch rises over Via Sacra. Single-span, it has a height of 15.4 meters, width reaches 13.5 m, the depth of the span is about 5 meters, its width is 5.33 meters. Any chariot, including a quadriga, could enter such a gate. Bas-reliefs depicting Titus with trophies have been preserved. The Jewish temple was completely destroyed by him, and the winners got its main shrine - the minor. All this can be seen on the bas-relief.

Famous Roman baths and unique temples

Continue the list of masterpieces of ancient Roman architecture. Where did this name come from? Caracalla is the nickname of someone who lived in the 3rd century AD. Ancient Roman baths are a special world where the elite of society had fun, went in for sports, conducted intellectual disputes, and concluded agreements. The surroundings matched: the walls and the actual fonts were made of the best varieties of marble, sculptures stood everywhere, including the statue of Apollo Belvedere.

The seventh line in the list of "Architectural structures of Ancient Rome" is occupied by a composition of two temples of different configurations - rectangular and round. These temples were erected in honor of Portun (patron of ports) and Hercules. They are located on the left bank of the Tiber, in the very place where ships used to moor.

Mausoleum and catacombs

Under the eighth number is the Field of Mars - the left bank of Rome. Behind him is the Mausoleum of Hadrian - an architectural monument-tomb for the imperial family. On a square pedestal with a side equal to 84 meters, there is a cylinder with a diameter of 64 meters, crowned with a statue of the emperor in the form of the sun god, controlling a quadriga (team of 4 horses). This huge building was not used for its intended purpose, it became a strategic object.

Last on the list of the most important architectural masterpieces The Roman Empire go famous Catacombs. This is a network of buildings (60 in total), interconnected and intended for burials (about 750,000 burials), with a total length of 170 km. Most of them stretch along the Appian Way.

Masterpieces of the East

The greats of the world are adequately supplemented by another grandiose monument. This is the Great Chinese Wall, whose length from edge to edge is 21,196 kilometers. Erected by one-fifth (exactly one million) of the country's population in the 3rd century BC, it clearly fixed the borders of the state and made China impregnable. This is a unique monument of antiquity. And the pagodas and Buddhist monasteries of India? These are also monuments of the ancient past.

The first Russian pearls of architecture

All of the above, as well as the buildings of Ancient Rus', belong to the great world heritage. Only our civilization is young compared to others. The most ancient in our country is the architecture of Novgorod, Pskov and Kyiv, in which from 989 to 996 the Church of the Tithes, destroyed by Batu, was erected.

The next most ancient architectural monument of Kievan Rus by our standards is the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov, well preserved even now, then the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. The first cross-domed structures were always based on the cross, and the temple was crowned with a dome. Such churches are the main type of ancient places of worship in Rus'.

Byzantine masters and their offspring

The first stone temples were built by craftsmen invited from Byzantium. Russian places of worship did not blindly repeat Byzantine architecture. Our churches have a strong personality. Yaroslav the Wise actively and on a grand scale engaged in construction. He, concerned that a huge country had just adopted a new religion, wanted to approve it with a grandiose construction of temples. The largest, which at that time had no analogues anywhere, even in Byzantium, was a 5-nave 13-domed building laid in 1017.

The triumph of Orthodoxy

It was followed by the Sophia cathedrals of Novgorod (1045-1050) and Polotsk (1060). They were also considered 5-nave, although most Russian churches are 3-nave. The dome was supported by internal pillars - hence the names: 4-, 6-, or even 8-pillar.

In 1073-1079, the Assumption Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra was built by specially invited Greeks. This temple, called the "Great Church", became a model for buildings under construction throughout. Such religious buildings as the Vydubetsky Monastery in Kiev (1070-1081), Spas-on-Berest (1113-1125) belong to a new type of cathedrals, since they all had an extension (nartesque) with a staircase. The most ancient temples had no vestibules at all.

From the moment of the construction boom launched by Yaroslav the Wise, all the Grand Dukes were engaged in active urban planning. In addition to architectural monuments, masterpieces of applied art and literature remained to the descendants. The Tale of Bygone Years is first mentioned in 852.

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Beautiful architectural buildings of the world. Famous buildings and buildings of antiquity. Ancient world. Mesquita, Cordoba, Spain