Mari El Republic. Mari Republic. Forests General characteristics of the Mari Republic

Located in the center of the East European Plain. The area of ​​the republic is 23 thousand square meters. km, population 755 thousand people, 62% of the population lives in cities (2001). The national composition is dominated by Mari, Russians, Tatars, Chuvash, and Ukrainians. The republic includes 14 districts, 4 cities, 16 urban-type settlements (2001). The capital is the city of Yoshkar-Ola, big cities: Volzhsk, Kozmodemyansk. Established on November 4, 1920 as the Mari Autonomous Region. On December 5, 1936, it was transformed into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1990, the development of the Republic of Mari-El was adopted; it is part of the Volga Federal District.

The leading industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking (production of metal-cutting tools, instruments, automation equipment, technological equipment for logging and timber rafting). Forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, light and food industries are also developed. The largest enterprises: Yoshkar-Olinsky forestry engineering plants, Marikholodmash, Elektroavtomatika plant, Mari pulp and paper mill (Volzhsk city), Marbiofarm. The main industrial centers are the cities of Yoshkar-Ola, Volzhsk, Kozmodemyansk, Zvenigovo. The leading branch of agriculture is animal husbandry. Various grains (barley, oats, rye, wheat) and fodder crops are also grown.

The coat of arms of the Republic of Mari El was adopted on September 3, 1992. In the center of the coat of arms is an image of an element of the Mari national ornament - an ancient symbol of fertility. This symbol is framed by ears of corn, oak and pine branches. The wreaths are intertwined with a three-color national ribbon.

The republic borders in the north with the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions, in the west with the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the south with Chuvashia, and in the east and southeast with Tataria. In the east of the republic there is Vyatsky Uval (height up to 275 m), the surface of which is dissected by river valleys and ravines. There are karst landforms. In the west there is the swampy Mari Lowland. The main river of the republic is the Volga with tributaries Vetluga, Bolshaya and Malaya Kokshaga, Ilet, Rutka. Part of the territory is occupied by the Cheboksary reservoir. The climate is moderate continental. The average temperature in January is -13 °C, in July +19 °C. Precipitation will be about 450-500 mm per year.

Mari Republic. Bolshaya Kokshagi spill near Krasnaya Gorka.

The Mari Republic is located in the subtaiga zone. Mixed forests (pine, fir, spruce, birch) occupy over 50% of the territory (mainly in the west and central regions). Along the river valleys there are oak and linden forests. Game animals are preserved in the forests - wolf, brown bear, fox, elk, lynx, beaver, as well as boar and waterfowl. Natural ecosystems are preserved in the Mari Chadra National Park and the Bolshaya Kokshaga Nature Reserve.

Written sources record Mari settlements in the Volga region from the 10th century. The inclusion of these territories into the Russian state in the mid-16th century was a consequence of the defeat of the Kazan Khanate. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the first industrial enterprises appeared in cities, mainly related to logging. After the establishment of Soviet power, in November 1920 the Mari Autonomous Region was formed as part of the RSFSR. In 1936 it was transformed into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After the collapse of the USSR in 1992, it was transformed into the Mari Republic (Mari-El).

Mari Republic. Forests.

Mari Republic. Lake Puzhan-Er.

The tourist importance of the Mari Republic is due to favorable natural conditions, the possibility of hunting and fishing. National Park Mari Chodra is interesting for its oak and linden forests. The main areas of amateur tourism are the forests of the Left Bank, the banks of Vetluga, Sura, Bolshaya and Malaya Kokshaga.

In the Mari Republic there are few architectural monuments, which is due to the predominance of wooden buildings in cities and villages. Among the examples of Russian stone architecture is the church in the village of Ezhovo (17th century). The folk architecture of the Mari is characterized by log huts with a U-shaped courtyard and a two-story storeroom with a gallery-balcony.

Mari Republic. Sheremetev Palace in the village of Yurino. Architect Parland et al.

Local history museums of the republic, including those in Yoshakr-Ola and Kozmodemyansk, tell about the history and culture of the Mari region. The branch of the Kozmodemyansky Museum in the village of Yurino is located in the Yurinsky Castle, built in the spirit of eclecticism at the end of the 19th century.

Mari Republic. The village of Yurino. Sheremetev Castle.

Moderate continental with moderately cold winters and cool summers. The average temperature in January is -13 °C, in July - 19 °C. Precipitation is 450-500 mm per year. The growing season is about 170 days. There are about 500 rivers and streams in the republic, with a total length of over 7 thousand km. The rivers belong to the Volga basin, which flows along the southern border of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic for 155 km. Left tributaries of the Volga: navigable Vetluga (112 km in the republic) and floatable ones - Rutka, Bolshaya Kokshaga, Malaya Kokshaga, Ilet. The Nemda, Buy, and Urzhumka rivers flow to the northeast. Soddy-podzolic loamy, sandy loam, and sandy soils predominate. On the Mari Lowland there are bog peat soils, on Vyatsky Uval - humus-carbonate soils, and on the right bank of the Volga - gray forest soils. Over 1/2 of the territory of the republic is covered with forests, mainly in the west and central regions. Valuable coniferous species predominate: pine ( South part ) and fir and spruce (northern part), occupying almost 3/5 of the forest areas. Along the river valleys there are oak and linden forests. The forests have been heavily cut down, but large-scale reforestation work has been carried out in cleared areas. Among the animals represented are the wolf, brown bear, fox, elk, lynx, white and hare hares, squirrel, beaver, hedgehog, mole; Birds include hog and waterfowl, etc. There is the Mari Nature Reserve. Population: Mari (299 thousand people; 1970, census), Russians (321 thousand people), Tatars (40 thousand people), Chuvash (9 thousand people), Ukrainians (5 thousand people) and others. The population of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was (thousand people) 465 in 1920, 489 in 1926, 581 in 1939, 648 in 1959, 685 in 1970. The average population density was 29.8 people. per 1 km2 (1973). The right bank of the Volga and the northeastern regions are more densely populated. As a result of the success of industrialization, the structure of the population changed: the share of the urban population increased from 3% in 1920 to 45% in 1973. Cities (1973, thousand inhabitants): Yoshkar-Ola (188), Volzhsk (47), Kozmodemyansk (16). Historical sketch. The oldest archaeological site on the territory of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic belongs to the Upper Paleolithic, a large number of sites belong to the Neolithic. The Bronze Age is characterized by the movements of tribes. The decomposition of the clan system and the emergence of class relations began with the Early Iron Age (1st millennium BC), tribal unions emerged. Numerous settlements, settlements and burial grounds date back to this time. In the 5th-10th centuries, the formation of the ancient Mari people took place. In the 9th-12th centuries, shifting agriculture, hunting, fishing, crafts and trade developed. In the 10th-12th centuries, the Mari were under the economic and cultural influence of Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Since the 30s of the 13th century, they fell under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars, since the 15th century, the Volga Mari were part of the Kazan Khanate, the northwestern - Vetluga Mari - part of the northeastern Russian principalities. At the same time, they have their own princelings. In 1551-52 the Mari became part of the Russian state. In the 2nd half of the 16th century, Russian cities were built: Kokshaysk, Kozmodemyansk, Tsarevokokshaysk and others. In the 17th century, the possessions of Russian landowners appeared in the region. However, the majority of the Mari were not engaged in corvee labor and paid tribute to the tsarist government. The Mari people participated in the peasant wars of the early 17th century under the leadership of. I. Bolotnikova, in 1670-71 - . T. Razin, in 1773-75 - . I. Pugacheva. Russian peasants settled on the Mari lands, which became state-owned. From the end of the 18th century, the rapid development of crafts and rural crafts began. Factories with civilian workers and assigned peasants appear. Trade with the Volga cities in bread, butter, furs, honey, etc. contributed to the transformation of subsistence farming into a commercial one. Peasants were divided into 3 categories: state (former yasak), economic (former monastic) and privately owned. Monasteries and large entrepreneurs owned significant lands. The three-field system dominated in agriculture. The growth of market demand for bread led to the expansion of landowner farming and an increase in the role of corvée. In the first half of the 19th century, the number of enterprises in the region that used civilian labor increased. The reforms of the 60s created the conditions for the development of capitalism in agriculture and industry. The differentiation of the peasantry increased. In the 80s and early 90s, 2/3 of peasant farms were poor. The logging and sawmill industry developed, employing at least 17 thousand seasonal workers by the early 1990s. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, enterprises of the factory and manufacturing type were founded; a ship repair facility, 3 glass factories and distilleries were built. In 1913, there were 47 enterprises in the Mari region. The first Marxist circle was organized in 1899 by a teacher. I. Kasatkin in Yurino. In 1905, Social Democratic circles arose in Yurino, Kozmodemyansk, Urzhum, Cheboksary, and others. During the Revolution of 1905-07, Mari workers and peasants participated together with the Russians in the revolutionary movement (performances in Yurino, Zvenigovsky Zaton and the villages surrounding it). After the February Revolution of 1917, in April - May, Soviets were created in Yurino, Tsarevokokshaisk, Kozmodemyansk and others, in which, with the exception of the Yurinsky Council, the Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, bourgeois nationalists, and kulaks predominated. The Great October Socialist Revolution became a radical turn in the history of the Mari people. Soviet power was established on December 23, 1917 (January 5, 1918) in Tsarevokokshaysk (from 1919 - Krasnokokshaysk), December 31 (January 13, 1918) in Kozmodemyansk, and by mid-1918 everywhere. The struggle for Soviet power was led by the Bolsheviks. . Krasilnikov, . T. Kochetov and others. In February - April 1918, Bolshevik organizations were created in Kozmodemyansk and Yaransk. In the summer of 1918, counter-revolutionary revolts broke out in the region (Stepanovsky, Tsarevokokshaysky, Kozmodemyansky, Knyazhninsky and others), but they were suppressed by the Red Army together with the Mari workers. In July 1918, a Mari department was created under the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR. On July 20-24, 1920, the 1st All-Russian Conference of Mari Communists took place in Kazan. On November 4, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree “On the formation of an autonomous region of the Mari people.” On November 25, 1920, the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars “On the Autonomous Region of the Mari People” determined the administrative-territorial composition of the region with its center in Krasnokokshaysk (since 1927 - Yoshkar-Ola). On February 20-23, 1921, the 1st Mari regional party conference was held in Krasnokokshaisk, at which the regional committee of the RCP (b) was elected. On June 21-24, 1921, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mari Autonomous Okrug elected the regional Executive Committee. In 1929-32, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was part of the Nizhny Novgorod region, in 1932-36 - the Gorky region. On December 5, 1936, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was transformed into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR. The Extraordinary 11th Congress of Soviets of the Republic on June 21, 1937 approved the Constitution of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the years of the pre-war five-year plans (1929-40), the Mari people, with the support of the Russian and other peoples of the USSR, built mainly socialism. During these years, 45 industrial enterprises were built and put into operation in the republic. Engineers, technicians, skilled workers, as well as experienced party cadres were sent to its new buildings and enterprises from the industrial centers of the country, especially from Gorky. In Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky and other cities, national personnel were trained for industry and agriculture of the republic. The output of large-scale industry in the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940 compared to 1913 increased 7.4 times. By 1941, collective farms united 94.2% of peasant farms; construction of railways began (the first of them, Green Dol - Yoshkar-Ola, was completed in 1928), a cultural revolution was carried out: illiteracy was largely eliminated, tribal feudal and religious remnants disappeared; national cadres of the working class and the people's intelligentsia have grown; national literature and art emerged. The Mari people consolidated into a socialist nation. The region has transformed from a backward region of Russia into an industrial-agrarian republic. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the workers of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic showed patriotism at the front and in the rear. 44 people from the republic were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union; more than 14 thousand soldiers were awarded orders and medals. Workers evacuated from the western regions of the USSR were accommodated and employed on the territory of the republic. In the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, enterprises relocated from Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa and other cities came into operation. A number of research institutions in Leningrad were transferred to Yoshkar-Ola. 22 thousand workers of the republic were awarded the medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.” The Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic provided assistance to regions and republics that suffered from the fascist occupation. Timber was sent to the mines of Donbass and Stalingrad; Mechanics and tractor drivers traveled to Belarus. In 1941-45, Mari workers supplied the country with about 14 million m3 of wood, about 22 million pounds of bread, more than 1.5 million pounds of meat, etc. During the post-war five-year plans, the economy and culture of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic received further development. New large enterprises in machine-building, instrument-making and other industries have emerged in the republic. The material and cultural standard of living of the people has increased significantly. The rise of the economy and culture was accompanied by a comprehensive expansion of mutual assistance and deepening ties between the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the fraternal republics. The culture of the Mari people, national in form, socialist in content, internationalist in spirit and character, flourished. The working people of the republic, in the conditions of a developed socialist society, together with the peoples of the entire Soviet Union, participate in the creation of the material and technical base of communism. In the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1974 there were 19 Heroes of Socialist Labor. For successes in the development of the national economy of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, she was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1965, and the Order of the October Revolution in 1970; in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the USSR in 1972 - the Order of Friendship of Peoples. . . Khlebnikov, . A. Arkhipov. National economy. During the years of Soviet power, the economy of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic changed radically. As a result of the intensification of agriculture and the rapid pace of industrial development, especially after the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, modern industries and highly profitable collective and state farm agriculture were created. Industry. The gross output of all industry in 1972 increased 27 times compared to 1940. There are over 170 industrial enterprises in the republic. Data on the production of certain types of industrial products are shown in Table 1. Table 1. - Production of certain types of industrial products 1940195019601972 Electricity, million kWh 5095218279 Metal-cutting tools (in wholesale prices of enterprises as of July 1, 1967), million rubles - - - 11, 3 Lumber, thousand m3314460937863 Pulp, thousand tons28,746,384,1110 Paper, thousand tons15,231,452,680.8 Cardboard, thousand tons-14,329,424.4 Building brick, million pieces 1615136178 Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts, thousand m3-...43206 Knitted underwear, thousand pieces-848801414 Knitted outerwear-33701213 Leather shoes, thousand pairs 20369204559 Animal oil, t45079716994000 Canned food, thousand conventional cans 530322114 94071 The leading industry is mechanical engineering and metalworking. Its share in the total volume of industrial production is over 40%. The most important factories: “Electroavtomatika” (produces electronic potentiometers), instrumental (round broaches, taps, cutters), commercial mechanical engineering (refrigeration equipment), semiconductor devices (cuprox and selenium rectifiers), “Contact”, “Potential” (resistors), forestry mechanical engineering (road slab layers, machines for the construction of logging roads). Most of the enterprises are located in Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in Volzhsk. In Volzhsk (1973) a large industrial hub of three enterprises was being built: for the production of refrigeration machines, gearboxes, components and assemblies for excavators. The timber industry is based on the forests of the republic and wood floated along the Volga tributaries. Due to the decrease in forest resources, the volume of timber removal has decreased by more than 1/2 since 1950. Logging is common in the western regions, and wood processing is common along the banks of the Volga and along the railway. Near Kozmodemyansk, near the mouth of the Vetluga, there is the largest raid on the Volga for the formation of rafts. One of the main industries of the republic was wood processing in Volzhsk (pulp and paper and wood processing plants) and near it. Furniture, wood flour, technological chips for wood-fiber boards, house parts, refrigerators, wood concrete panels, parquet, etc. are produced. In 1972, the republic produced furniture worth 12 million rubles (in 1960, 3 million rubles). A hydrolysis-yeast plant was built in Volzhsk (1973) (to use wood waste). The Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is the largest manufacturer of artificial leather (plant in Yoshkar-Ola), used in the leather goods, footwear and mechanical engineering industries. In the village of Yurino there is fulling and leather goods production. Knitting and clothing factories were created. The Truzhenitsa factory has a workshop for artistic embroidery based on folk art. Glass factories operate on local quartz sands in the villages of Krasny Steklovar, Mariets and Leninsky. Factories for wall materials, large-panel housing construction, reinforced concrete products, asphalt concrete and others. The food industry is represented by meat processing plants, bakeries, dairy plants, butter and cheese factories, vegetable drying plants, a confectionery factory, etc. There is a large vitamin plant. Agriculture. About 34% of the territory of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is used for agricultural land, of which over 4/5 (645 thousand hectares) is occupied by arable land and less than 1/5 (136 thousand hectares) by hayfields and pastures. Over 5 thousand hectares of productive hayfields and pastures are located on drained lands. By the beginning of 1973 there were 132 collective farms and 39 state farms. The number of tractors (in physical units) in agriculture increased from 1.4 thousand in 1940 to 6.4 thousand in 1972, grain harvesters, respectively, from 0.3 thousand to 2 thousand. All collective and state farms are electrified. The structure of sown areas is shown in Table 2. Table 2. - Structure of sown areas, thousand hectares 19131940195019601972 Total sown area 448486486549626 Grain crops 425384377331331 Potatoes and vegetables 637465758 Forage crops 24544144224 From grains they sow rye, buckwheat, legumes, oats and wheat. Among industrial crops, fiber flax is widespread (6.3 thousand hectares in 1972). Potatoes are grown. Due to the insufficient natural food supply, over 1/3 of the crops are occupied by forage crops. The main agricultural areas are in the Gornomariysky region and in the northeast of the republic. The gross grain harvest in 1971 amounted to 530.3 thousand tons (232.3 thousand tons in 1960), potatoes 386.4 thousand tons (491.7 thousand tons in 1960). The leading branch of agriculture is livestock farming for dairy and meat (for data on livestock numbers, see Table 3). They breed a black-and-white breed of cattle that is highly productive. Table 3. - Livestock, thousand (at the beginning of the year) 19161941195119611973 Cattle130126136169266 including cows95736895116 Pigs607971144252 Sheep and goats288272226224206 Poultry farming is developing (2.4 million). goals at the beginning of 1973). Livestock production in 1972: meat (slaughter weight) 49 thousand tons (9 thousand tons in 1940), milk 300 thousand tons (82 thousand tons in 1940), wool 645 tons (367 tons in 1940), eggs 202 million pieces (37 million pieces in 1940). State purchases of grain crops in 1971 amounted to 76.6 thousand tons, potatoes 73.6 thousand tons (21.2 thousand tons in 1940), vegetables 8.3 thousand tons (1.7 thousand tons in 1940). In 1972, purchases of livestock and poultry (in live weight) amounted to 52 thousand tons (3.6 thousand tons in 1940), milk 128.4 thousand tons (10 thousand tons in 1940), eggs 118.6 million pieces (9.4 million pieces in 1940). In agriculture, highly commercial livestock breeding complexes and poultry farms are being introduced, making it possible to transfer livestock farming to an industrial basis. In 1972, 57 livestock complexes were already operating. Transport. The operational length of public railways is 148 km (1972). The Zeleny Dol - Tabashino railway line crosses the central part of the republic from south to north. In addition, there are 540.5 km of railway access roads for industrial enterprises. Navigation on the Volga and Vetluga rivers. The length of paved roads is 1081 km. The main highway junction is Yoshkar-Ola. Allied airlines pass through Yoshkar-Ola. The Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic supplies technical paper, semiconductor devices, commercial refrigeration equipment, vitamins, metal-cutting tools, arts, leather, etc. to other regions of the USSR; receives fuel and industrial raw materials, light industry products, etc. For the economic map of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, see the article Volga-Vyatka economic region. Internal differences. Central industrial area with intensive suburban agriculture; the main industrial center is Yoshkar-Ola. Volzhsko-Iletsky industrial area with timber processing (Volzhsk and its surroundings) and ship repair (Zvenigovo); Agriculture specializes in dairy and meat farming and potato growing. Northeast Agricultural Region; agro-industrial complexes for processing agricultural raw materials are being created; building materials industry. Western forest region with logging, peat extraction, textile, leather, footwear and fulling industries, dairy farming. Gornomariysky district (along the right bank of the Volga) with an agrarian-industrial profile, a forest roadstead and the main pier of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - Kozmodemyansky. The well-being of the people, based on the growth of the national income of the republic, is steadily increasing. The volume of retail turnover of state and cooperative trade, including public catering, in 1972 amounted to 396.9 million rubles and increased compared to 1970 (in comparable prices) by 16.9%. In 1972, at the expense of state funds, funds from housing construction cooperatives, and collective farms, residential buildings with a total area of ​​172.3 thousand m2 were built (14% more than in 1970). In addition, collective farms and the population built 66.1 thousand m2 of total housing area at their own expense and with the help of a state loan. Social insurance and pension funds are increasing. I. K. Orfanov. Healthcare. In 1913, on the territory of the modern Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic there were 13 hospital institutions with a total of 160 beds, 17 medical and obstetric stations; 21 doctors worked. During the years of socialist construction, trachoma has been completely eliminated and infectious morbidity has been sharply reduced. By January 1, 1973, the republic had 90 hospital institutions with 8.2 thousand beds (11.9 beds per 1 thousand inhabitants), out-of-hospital care was provided by 101 medical outpatient clinics and 387 rural medical and obstetric centers. There were 51 antenatal clinics and 50 children's clinics. There were 1.5 thousand doctors (1 doctor per 449 residents) and more than 6 thousand paramedical personnel. There is a medical school. On the territory of the republic there are Klenovogorsk mineral springs, as well as springs in the village of Krasnogorsk, the water of which is used for treatment. Sanatoriums, holiday homes. G. F. Tserkovny. Public education and cultural and educational institutions. In the 1914/15 academic year, in the territory now occupied by the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, there were 507 secondary schools (including 502 primary schools), in which 26 thousand students studied. There were no higher or secondary specialized educational institutions. In 1972, 20.7 thousand children were educated in 213 kindergartens. In the 1972/73 academic year, 159 thousand students studied in 659 general education schools of all types, 8.6 thousand students in 23 vocational schools, 11.3 thousand students in 13 secondary specialized educational institutions, 3 universities - Mari University, Mari Polytechnic Institute named after A. M. Gorky and Mari Pedagogical Institute named after N. K. Krupskaya in Yoshkar-Ola - 12.4 thousand students. As of January 1, 1973, there were 362 public libraries (4.5 million copies of books and magazines) operating in the republic: 2 museums - the Mari Republican Local History Museum in Yoshkar-Ola and the Gorno-Mari Regional Local History Museum in the city of Kozmodemyansk; 623 club establishments, 656 cinema installations; 14 palaces and houses of pioneers, 4 stations of young technicians and young natists, 5 children's sports schools, a children's excursion and tourist station. See also the sections Music and Dramatic Theatre. Scientific institutions. In the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic at the end of 1972 there were over 10 scientific institutions, including universities, including the Mari Scientific Research Institute of Language, Literature, History and Economics under the Council of Ministers of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Yoshkar-Ola), the Mari branch of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Pulp and Paper industry (Volzhsk), Mari State Agricultural Experimental Station, Mari Polytechnic Institute named after A. M. Gorky. In 1972, there were more than 1,000 scientists, including over 250 doctors and candidates of science. Print, radio broadcasting, television. In 1971, 110 books and brochures were published with a total circulation of 905 thousand copies; 9 magazine publications were published (with a one-time circulation of 191 thousand copies), 29 editions of newspapers (without grassroots and collective farm) in the Mari Meadow (Meadow-Eastern), Mari Mountain (Mountain Mari), Russian, Tatar languages ​​with a one-time circulation of 215 thousand copies (annual circulation 42,474 thousands of copies). Republican newspapers: “Mari Commune” (“Mari Commune”, from October 1, 1918, in the Mari meadow language), “Mari Truth” (from 1921), “Young Communist” (from 1934), “Yamdeliy” (“Be Prepared”) ", since 1933, in the Mari meadow language). Magazines: “Onchyko” (“Forward”, since 1954, in the Mari meadow language) - literary, artistic and socio-political magazine, satirical magazine “Pachemysh” (“Osa”, in the Mari language since 1957, in Russian since 1958), “Political information” (in Mari and Russian) and others. Republican radio broadcasting is conducted in the Mari and Russian languages ​​for 2 hours 30 minutes a day; Republican television conducts 3-hour broadcasts daily; programs from Central Television and All-Union Radio are broadcast from Moscow. Television center - in Yoshkar-Ola. Literature. The fiction of the Mari people arose during the rise of the national liberation movement during the Revolution of 1905-07. During these years, the works of the founders of national literature S. G. Chavain (1888-1942), M. S. Gerasimov-Mikai (1885-1944), N. S. Mukhin (1890-1943) and others appeared. Since its inception, Mari literature has been nourished by two sources: the oral creativity of the people and the progressive traditions of Russian literature. In 1907-13, the annual “Mari Calendar” was published in Kazan, which published the works of Mari writers in their native language and in translations in Russian. The development of Mari literature began after the Great October Socialist Revolution. In the first years, poetry predominates, imbued with the pathos of the struggle against oppressors, intervention and counter-revolution, and calls for a free life. National dramaturgy is also emerging, represented by the plays of A. F. Konakov (1887-1922), M. Shketan (Ya. P. Mayorov, 1898-1937), V. Savi (V. A. Mukhin, 1888-1938), N. S. Mukhin, Tynysh Osyp (I. A. Borisov, 1893 - 1971) and others. In the 20s, Shketan’s stories depict the struggle of the new with the old, the victory of progressive forces in the Mari village (the story “Sins of God”, 1923). In magazines (“U ilysh” - “New Life”, published in Moscow in 1922-27, and “U Viy” - “ New power", published in Yoshkar-Ola in 1926-36), stories are published on the pages of newspapers. Eleksein (Ya. A. Alekseev, 1893-1965), I. Lombersky (1896-1956), . Oraya (D.F. Bogoslovsky, 1901-50), etc. By the end of the 20s, the first stories appeared in Mari literature: “Deserters” (1929) by Chavain, dedicated to Civil War , and “The Collapse of the World” (1928) by Shabdar Osyp (I. A. Shabdarov, 1898-1943). Mari poetry becomes more mature and artistically convincing (Shabdar’s collection of poems “Sounds of the Gusli”, 1929). Visible features of the new life are included in the work of young poets M. M. Ivanov (born 1905), Y. Yalkain (Ya. Ya. Yalkaev, 1906-43) and others. Chavain’s drama “Apiary” (1928), which laid the foundation for national drama, used elements of folk music choreographic creativity. The 30s were marked by the appearance of works of a large genre - stories and novels. The socialist transformation of the village is shown in Shketan's novel Erenger (1933). The novel “The Path of a Woman” (1929-37) by Shabdar depicts the path of a Mari woman who, during the years of Soviet power, becomes a conscious builder of a socialist society. The stories and novels of N.V. Ignatiev (1895-1941), Yalkain, Orai and others constitute a chronicle of the life and struggle of the Mari people for their freedom and happiness. In the novel “Elnet” (1936), Chavain deeply and truthfully revealed the ideological growth of the Mari intelligentsia, which boldly followed the path of struggle against tsarism and the national bourgeoisie. Chavain's historical drama "Akpatyr" (1935) is dedicated to the participation of the Mari people in the Peasant War of 1773-75 under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. This work is the pinnacle of Mari drama of the 30s. Shketan created his best dramas and comedies at this time. In 1930, the activity of S. N. Nikolaev (born in 1908) began. His musical comedy “Salika” (1938) has enjoyed constant success among Mari audiences for decades. In the pre-war years, Mari poetry was represented by the works of Miklay Kazakov (N. I. Kazakov, born 1918), I. Osmin (I. I. Osmin-Loginov, born 1915), M. Maina (M. S. Stepanov, born 1914 ), N. Ilyakov (1913-67), A. Bika (A. I. Bikmurzin, born in 1915) and others. The pathos of the poetry of those years was in the ideas of Soviet patriotism and friendship of peoples. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, poetry began to sound with particular force. S. A. Vishnevsky (born in 1920) and Kazakov created poems and poems that expressed a feeling of ardent love for the Motherland and hatred of the enemy. Poetic essays about the military exploits of soldiers of the Soviet Army are created by the poet Main; Osmin writes about field workers during the war in his poems and poems. At this time, G. Matyukovsky (G.I. Matyukov, born in 1926) and A. Kanyushkov (born in 1925) came to Mari poetry. The leading place in the prose of the war years is occupied by essays by N. Lekain (N. S. Eremeev, 1907-60), Ilyakov, Orai and others, stories and tales by K. K. Vasin (born 1924), devoted to historical and revolutionary themes. Post-war Mari prose was enriched by Lekain’s novels and stories “In the Fire of the Great War” (1948) and “Land of the Ancestors” (books 1-2, 1956-60); Oraya "The Unfading Star" (1950) and "Through the Mists" (1951); Ilyakov “People and Years” (1957); Eleksein “The Toymakov Family” (1955); V. M. Ivanova (1923-71) “Storm” (1965); Erykan “Cholpan Ivan” (1966), etc. Modern Mari prose is represented by stories and stories by A. Michurin-Azmekey (A. S. Yatmanov, born in 1912), V. N. Kosorotov (born in 1930); A. Asaev (A. A. Asylbaev, born in 1912) and A. Yuzykain (A. M. Mikhailov, born in 1929) wrote their first novels. Vishnevsky, Matyukovsky, Bik, Kanyushkov and others performed new works. In Mari poetry, the works of M. I. Yakimov (born 1929) and V. are popular. Columba (born 1935); in 1950, the famous collection of Kazakov’s poems “Poetry is a Beloved Friend” was published. In 1971, Nikolaev wrote the drama “Commissars,” which was shown in theaters across the republic and beyond. The audience's attention is attracted by the dramas of N. M. Arban (born in 1912), A. A. Volkov (born in 1923), K. M. Korshunov (born in 1929), N. F. Rybakov (born in 1932) and others. Russian writers and poets work fruitfully in the republic. A. S. Krupnyakov (born in 1920) published the novels “March of Akpars” (1970) and “Lada” (1972). Asylbaev, Vasin, M. A. Georgina (born in 1920), V. Stolyarov (born in 1918), S. Eman (S. I. Ibatov, born in 1910) and others work in literary criticism and criticism. Mari literature, like all multinational literature of the Soviet Union, is developing as a literature of socialist realism. The works of Mari writers have been translated into Russian and the languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR; they become known abroad. Translations of works by Russian and Russian Soviet writers and writers of other Soviet republics are widely carried out in the republic. In 1934, the Mari branch of the USSR SP was created. S. Eman. Architecture and fine arts. During archaeological excavations in the Yurinsky region, primitive sculptural images of animals made of clay and stone (mid-2nd millennium BC) were found; Since the Bronze Age, metal jewelry has appeared. Folk architecture is characterized by a log cabin with a U-shaped courtyard, a summer kitchen (“kudo”; a windowless log house with a gable roof) and a storage room (a cage, sometimes two-story, with a gallery-balcony on the 2nd floor). Villages were built up randomly until the 2nd half of the 19th century, when street planning was established. In the folk art of the Mari, wood carving (scoops, ladles with handles in the shape of a horse, a bear, a bird), patterned weaving, weaving from birch bark and embossing on birch bark have long been widespread, later - metal jewelry, bent and wicker furniture, canes with a burnt pattern . In the ornament, geometric figures are often combined with plant and zoomorphic motifs. Particularly interesting is the ancient embroidery, in which the CPSU and the Republican Council of Ministers, 1971, architect S. A. Kleimenov; all in Yoshkar-Ola), educational buildings, hotels, sports facilities, cinemas and palaces of culture, residential buildings are being built. In 1941, the Mari branch of the Union of Architects of the USSR was created. In the mid-20s, Russian artists V.K. Timofeev and P.A. Radimov, Mari A.V. Grigoriev, K.F. Egorov and E.D. Atlashkina laid the foundations of professional fine art. State free art workshops were created in Kozmodemyansk (1920-23), in Yoshkar-Ola - in 1926 a branch of the Academy of Artists of the Russian Federation, in 1940 the Mari Artist association, in 1961 the Mari branch of the Union of Artists of the RSFSR (since 1968 - the Union of Artists of the Mari ASSR). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, artists produced posters and worked on thematic paintings. I. Osinovi I. M. Plandin. In the post-war period, I. I. Mamaev, A. S. Pushkov, Z. F. Lavrentyev, A. I. Butov, S. F. Podmarev and others wrote paintings on themes of modernity and the history of the Mari people. S. Belkov and A. P. Zarubin - portraits of contemporaries, P. T. Gorbuntsov, B. S. Pushkov and N. P. Karpov - landscapes. Works of easel and monumental sculpture are created by F. P. Shaberdin,. A. Dedov and V. M. Kozmin. L. L. Akazeev, A. G. Orlov, I. A. Mikhailin and others work in the field of book and easel graphics in various techniques. The art of theatrical decoration is represented by the work of F. P. Shaberdin and A. A. Brovtsyn, monumental and decorative art - by the work of A. F. Novoselov and I. P. Myasnikov. B. F. Tovarov-Koshkin. Music. Before the Great October Revolution, the musical culture of the Mari was represented only by folk songs, mostly monophonic, varied in genre. Due to historical and geographical conditions, folk songs are divided into 3 main groups: mountain, meadow and eastern. Typically, songs are based on the pentatonic scale. Variable meters are often found, especially in drawn-out songs. For dancers, a clear rhythm and constant time signature are common. The most typical is the 2-part verse form of songs, consisting of 2 periods. To the people musical instruments include: kusle (harp), shuvyr (bagpipe), tumyr (drum), shiyatysh (pipe), puch (various types of birch bark and wooden pipes), kovyzh (2-string violin), shushpyk (whistle). Later, the 3-string violin and 2-row harmonica appeared. Mainly dance tunes are performed on folk instruments. In 1908, A.K. Aptriev compiled the first collection of Mari folk songs (“Collection of Cheremis Songs”). The systematic collection of musical folklore begins only after the October Revolution. Many Mari folk songs were recorded and published by V. M. Vasiliev, I. S. Palantai, Y. A. Eshpay, A. I. Iskandarov, K. A. Smirnov, D. M. Kulshetov. Development of professional Mari musical culture contributed to the creation in Yoshkar-Ola of the College of Arts (1931), the Choir Chapel (1933), the Radio Committee Choir (1944), etc. The founder of Mari professional music I. S. Palantai (Klyuchnikov) is the author of numerous songs and choirs, as well as arrangements of folk songs , organizer of the first professional choir (he introduced polyphonic choral singing into Mari music for the first time). Composers A. I. Iskandarov and N. A. Sidushkin pay great attention to choral creativity. The first Mari instrumental works (suites for symphony orchestra) were written by composer and musicologist Ya. A. Eshpai (Ishpaikin), who used the folklore of the peoples of the Volga region in his work. Instrumental music was developed in the works of L. N. Sakharov and K. R. Geist. The first major works for a symphony orchestra were created by K. A. Smirnov (2 symphonies, etc.). Composer A. Ya. Eshpai made a great contribution to the development of Mari music. In a number of his compositions, Mari folk melodies are creatively implemented (symphonic dances, piano concertos and orchestra, 3rd symphony). A major representative of Mari music is A. B. Luppov, author of works for symphony orchestra and the first national ballet, “The Forest Legend” (1971). He wrote the first national opera. N. Sapaev (“Akpatyr”, staged 1963). Since the late 60s, composers I. N. Molotov (opera “Elpet”, 1970), V. P. Kupriyanov (suite for symphony orchestra, 1970), V. P. Danilov (concerto for violin and orchestra, 1971) have been actively working ). Among the Mari performers: conductors - Honored Artist of the RSFSR A. I. Iskandarov, N. A. Sidushkin, B. A. Reznikov, Honored Artist of the Mari ASSR L. L. Taigildin, Honored Artist of the RSFSR, Honored Artist of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic G. F. Tanygin; singers - L.K. Krasnov, People's Artist of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic V.E. Smirnova, Honored Artist of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic M.A. Mylnikova, L.F. Kovaleva, A.A. Venediktov, V.A. Vorontsov; instrumentalists - People's Artist of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic P. S. Toidemar, Honored Artist of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic A. R. Sidushkina; performer of national dances, Honored Artist of the RSFSR and People's Artist of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic N.P. Druzhinina. In the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1973): Music and Drama Theater named after M. Shketan (since 1968), Choral Society (1958), Philharmonic Society (1939), Mari Song and Dance Ensemble (1939), art sector of the Mari Language Research Institute, literature, history and economics (1930), House of Folk Art (1946), Mari branch of the Union of Composers of the RSFSR (1940); Music school, 22 music schools. L. A. Novoselova. Drama Theater. The emergence and development of national theatrical art is closely related to the development of the riches of folk art and the use of realistic traditions of Russian theater and drama. In pre-revolutionary times, only one case of theatrical performance in the Mari language is known (1910). After the Great October Socialist Revolution, amateur theater performances received great development, paving the way for the creation of a professional theater. In 1919, the Mobile Theater of the Mari People (Yoshkar-Ola) opened with the play “Because of the Law” by Tynysh Osyp. An important role in the development of professional realistic theater was played by productions of Russian classics, Soviet plays, including Mari plays, and playwrights S. G. Chavain and M. Shketan. The activities of the Mari studio of musical and dramatic art (organized in 1927) were of great importance; The performance of Chavain's "Apiary" studio (1928), which used the traditions of folk music and choreography, laid the foundations of Mari musical drama and entered the repertoire of the Mari State Theater created in 1929 (in 1948 it was named after M. Shketan). In 1930, the theater team participated in the All-Union National Art Olympiad in Moscow; Communication with the masters of the Russian theater and with representatives of other fraternal republics was fruitful for the workers of the Mari theater. A significant phenomenon in the republic’s theatrical culture was the play “Salika” by S. N. Nikolaev (1938). The most notable works of the period of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the first post-war years and the beginning of the 50s: “Yanlyk Paset” by N. M. Arban (1944), “Young Guard” by A. A. Fadeev (1946), “Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare (1951), "The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol (1952). Performances staged in the 30s were resumed on stage: “Mari Company” (1951), “Akpatyr” and “Apiary” (both in 1956), “Water of Life” (1968) by S. G. Chavain, “Eh, parents..." M. Shketana (1952, 1970) and others. For the first time in the Mari Theater the image of V. I. Lenin was created in the play “Family” by I. F. Popov (1962). In the 60s - early 70s

years, along with Russian and foreign classics, plays by Mari playwrights are staged - M. Shketan, S. G. Chavain, S. Nikolaev, N. Arban, K. M. Korshunov, N. F. Rybakov, A. Volkov, Y. Yyvan, P. Esenei and others, as well as works of drama from the fraternal republics. The theater staff was replenished with graduates of the Mari studios of the Leningrad Theater Institute (1954) and GITIS (1965). In Yoshkar-Ola there are also the Republican Russian Drama Theater (founded in 1936) and the Puppet Theater (founded in 1943). Directors N. I. Kalender, N. D. Stanislavsky, G. I. Ioseliani, A. B. Velizhev, E. G. Amantov, I. S. Babenko took an active part in the activities of the Mari Theater, and actors - Honored Artists of the RSFSR worked and People's Artists of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic T. G. Grigoriev, G. M. Pushkin, A. G. Strausova, A. T. Tikhonova, People's Artist of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic I. I. Rossygin and others. In the theaters of the republic (1973): Honored Artist of the RSFSR and the Mari ASSR S. I. Ivanov (chief director of the Musical Drama Theater) and G. V. Konstantinov (chief director of the Republican Russian Theater), Honored Artists of the RSFSR and People's Artists of the Mari ASSR N E. Popova, S. I. Kuzminykh, V. N. Privalikhina, M. T. Romanova, I. T. Yakaev, People's Artists of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic V. D. Burlakov, I. S. Matveev, M. M. Mikhailova , Honored Artists of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic L. A. Bulycheva, L. P. Zhiretskaya, N. A. Konstantinova. A. N. Mikov, I. S. Nikitin, P. P. Repyev, M. N. Sapozhnikova, Honored Artist of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic I. K. Emelyanov (chief director of the Puppet Theater) and others. M. A. Georgina. Lit.: Essays on the history of the Mari ASSR. (From ancient times to the Great October Socialist Revolution), Yoshkar-Ola, 1965; Essays on the history of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1917-1960), Yoshkar-Ola, 1960; Essays on the history of the Mari organization of the CPSU, Yoshkar-Ola, 1968; To dear Ilyich, compiled by T. I. Bogomolova, T. A. Sadova, part. 1, Yoshkar-Ola, 1963; part 2, ibid., 1960; Mari writers. Biobibliographic reference book, Yoshkar-Ola, 1958; Kryukova T. A., Mari embroidery, Leningrad, 1951; hers, Material culture of the Mari of the 19th century, Yoshkar-Ola, 1956; Artists of the Mari ASSR. Album. Author of articles and compiler B.F. Tovarov-Koshkin, Leningrad, 1963; Eshpai Ya., Music of the Mari people, “Soviet Music”, 1946, No. 7; Girshman Ya. M., Mari ASSR, in the book: History of the music of the peoples of the USSR, vol. 1-3, M., 1970-72: Novoselova L., 50 years of Soviet Mari music, “Musical Life”, 1970, No. 24; History of the Soviet Drama Theatre, vol. 1-6, M., 1966-71.

Which have their own statehood. This entity, located in the European part of Russia, has had autonomy rights since Soviet times. This region is quite distinctive and is of interest for research in various fields. Let's take a closer look at what the Mari Republic and its population are like.

Territorial location

The republic is located in the east of the European part of the Russian Federation. In the north and west, this subject of the federation borders with the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the north and east - with the Kirov region, in the southeast - with Tatarstan, and in the south - with Chuvashia.

The Mari Republic is located in a temperate climate zone with a temperate continental climate.

The area of ​​the territory of this subject of the federation is 23.4 thousand square meters. km, which is the 72nd indicator among all regions of the country.

The capital of the Mari Republic is Yoshkar-Ola

Brief historical background

Now let's take a little look into the history of the Republic of Mari El.

Since ancient times, these territories were inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, which, in fact, are the titular nation of the republic. In ancient Russian chronicles they were called Cheremis, although they called themselves Mari.

After the formation of the Golden Horde, the Mari tribes became part of it, and after the collapse of this state into parts they became tributaries. Due to the annexation of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible in 1552, the lands of the Mari became part of the Russian kingdom. Although the western Cheremis tribes accepted Russian citizenship even earlier and were baptized. After this, the history of the Mari is inextricably linked with the fate of Russia.

But some Mari tribes did not want to accept Russian citizenship so easily. Therefore, the period from 1552 to 1585 was marked by a series of Cheremis wars, the purpose of which was to force the Mari tribes to accept Russian citizenship. Eventually the Mari were conquered and their rights were significantly limited. But in subsequent years they took an active part in various uprisings, for example, in the Pugachev uprising of 1775.

Meanwhile, the Mari began to adopt Russian culture. They developed their own writing system based on the Cyrillic alphabet, and after the opening of the Kazan Seminary, some representatives of this people were able to receive a good education.

After the Bolsheviks came to power in 1920, the Mari Republic was created. In 1936, on its basis, the Mari Autonomous Republic (MASSR) was formed. At the very end of the existence of the USSR, in 1990, it was transformed into the Mari SSR.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, the Mari Republic, or, as it is otherwise called, the Mari-El Republic, became one of the subjects of this state. The constitution of this state entity provides for the equal use of these names.

Population of the republic

The population of the Mari Republic currently amounts to 685.9 thousand people. This is only the 66th result among all federal subjects of Russia.

The population density in the republic is 29.3 people/sq. km. For comparison: in the Nizhny Novgorod region this figure is 42.6 people/sq. km, in Chuvashia - 67.4 people/sq. km, and in Kirov region- 10.8 people/sq. km.

Despite the fact that the indigenous and state-forming people of Mari El are the Mari, at the moment they are not the most numerous ethnic group in the republic. Most of the population of this region is Russian. They make up 45.1% of the total number of residents of the federal subject. The Mari in the republic make up only 41.8%. The last census, in which the Mari outnumbered the Russians, was carried out in 1939.

Among other ethnic groups, the Tatars are the most numerous. Their number is 5.5% of the total number of residents in Mari El. In addition, Chuvash, Ukrainians, Udmurts, Belarusians, Mordovians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Germans live in the republic, but their numbers are significantly smaller than those of the three above-mentioned peoples.

Spread of religions

A fairly large number of different religions are widespread in Mari El. At the same time, 48% consider themselves Orthodox Christians, 6% are Muslims and 6% are supporters of the ancient Mari pagan religion. Moreover, about 6% of the population are atheists.

In addition to the faiths listed above, there are Catholic communities in the region, as well as communities of various Protestant movements.

Administrative division

The Mari-El Republic consists of fourteen districts and three cities of regional subordination (Yoshkar-Ola, Volzhsk and Kozmodemyansk).

The most populated areas of the Mari Republic: Medvedevsky (67.1 thousand inhabitants), Venigovsky (42.5 thousand inhabitants), Sovetsky (29.6 thousand inhabitants), Morkinsky (29.0 thousand inhabitants). Geographically, the largest is the Kilemarsky district (3.3 thousand sq. km).

Yoshkar-Ola - the capital of Mari El

The capital of the Mari Republic is the city of Yoshkar-Ola. It is located approximately in the center of this region. Currently, it is home to about 265.0 thousand inhabitants with a population density of 2640.1 people/sq. km.

Among the nationalities, Russians predominate, and even more pronounced than in the general population of the republic. Their number is 68% of the total number of residents. Following them, the Mari have a share of 24%, and the Tatars - 4.3%.

The city was founded back in 1584 as a Russian military fortification. From its foundation until 1919 it was called Tsarevokokshaisk. In 1919, after the Bolshevik revolution, it was named Krasnokokshaysk. In 1927, it was decided to rename it Yoshkar-Ola, which is translated from Mari as “red city”.

Currently Yoshkar-Ola is a relatively large regional center with developed infrastructure, industry and culture.

Other cities of the republic

The remaining cities of the Mari Republic are significantly smaller than Yoshkar-Ola. The largest of them, Volzhsk, has a population of 54.6 thousand inhabitants, which is almost five times less than in the capital of the republic.

Others boast even smaller populations. Thus, 20.5 thousand people live in the city of Kozmodemyansk, 18.1 thousand people in Medvedevo, 11.5 thousand people in Zvenigovo, 10.4 thousand people in the town of Sovetsky.

Rest settlements republics have a population of less than 10,000 people.

Infrastructure of the republic

In comparison with other regions of Russia, the infrastructure of the Mari Republic, excluding the city of Yoshkar-Ola, cannot be called highly developed.

There is only one airport on the territory of the republic, located in its capital. In addition, the region has 2 bus stations and 51 bus stations. Railway transport is represented by fourteen stations.

The houses of the Mari Republic are often made of wood. This material has been used for hundreds of years as it is ideal for these places. Fortunately, there is enough wood in the region. But at the same time, high-rise buildings and private houses are increasingly being built from modern building materials.

Since the beginning of this millennium, large-scale reconstruction work has been carried out in the capital of the republic, Yoshkar-Ola, aimed at restoring the cultural and architectural monuments of the city.

Economy of the Republic

Among the industrial sectors, metalworking and mechanical engineering are the most developed. There are also enterprises operating in the woodworking, textile and food industries. Almost all production is concentrated in the cities of Yoshkar-Ola and Volzhsk.

In agriculture, animal husbandry is most developed, mainly cattle breeding and pig breeding. Crop farming specializes in growing the following crops: grains, flax, fodder crops, potatoes and other vegetables.

Tourism

The Mari Republic is famous for its enormous potential. Holidays in this region, of course, differ from the usual seaside resorts, but can bring no less, and perhaps even more, pleasure. Nothing can replace the clean air with which the protected corners of this region are saturated.

Of particular note are the lakes in the Mari Republic. There are a large number of them in the region, and they are of considerable interest to tourists. Particularly noteworthy is Lake Kulikovo near the city of Volzhsk.

For those tourists who prefer organized holiday, recreation centers, children's camps and sanatoriums of the Mari Republic open their doors.

It is noteworthy that although the titular nation of Mari El is the Mari, the majority of the region's inhabitants are ethnic Russians.

Before the creation of the Mari Autonomous Region in 1920, the Mari did not have their own self-government, and the territory of the current Republic of Mari El was divided between several provinces.

More Mari live outside the Mari Republic than inside it.

General characteristics of the Mari Republic

Although the Mari Republic cannot be called an advanced industrial region of Russia, this region has enormous potential. Its main wealth is its hardworking people. Most of the region's inhabitants are ethnic Russians and Mari. The region is quite sparsely populated and has only one city, which can be called relatively large - the capital Yoshkar-Ola.

In addition to its human potential, the Mari Republic is known throughout Russia for its unique recreational resources. A healthy holiday in this region can cure a large number of diseases.

MARI AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC as part of the RSFSR. Located in the Bass. Wed currents of the Volga. 4 Nov 1920 Mari Autonomous Okrug was formed, transformed on December 5. 1936 in the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Area 23.2 thousand km 2. Population, according to the 1959 census, 647,680 people. (Mari 279.5 thousand, Russians 309.5 thousand, Tatars 38.8 thousand, etc.), according to estimates as of January 1. 1965 656 thousand people, incl. urban 234 thousand people, rural 422 thousand people. In Map. ASSR 12 districts, 3 cities, 10 mountain villages. type (1965). Capital Yoshkar-Ola. Higher state bodies authorities are top. The Council of the Republic and its Presidium will give the highest orders. and will fulfill it. body Council of Ministers Mar. ASSR.

Tepp. Map. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic has been inhabited by people for a long time. Monuments are open here. Paleolithic (Yunga-Kusherginskaya site), Mesolithic (Russko-Lugovskaya site) and Neolithic (significant number of monuments). The Mesolithic and Neolithic are characterized by the flourishing of matriarchy, the population was engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering. In the Bronze Age (mid 2nd millennium to early 1st millennium BC; monuments of the Abashevskaya, Balanovo, Chirkovo-Seima and other archaeological cultures), matriarchy was replaced by patriarchy. The beginnings of hoe farming and cattle breeding appeared. The beginning of the decomposition of the clan system is associated with the Early Iron Age (1st millennium BC). Tribal alliances emerge. Hoe farming and cattle breeding are further developed. Fortified settlements appeared (fortified settlements of the Ananino culture).

Decomposition of the clan system and the emergence of feudalism. relations occurred from the beginning. 1st millennium AD Large patriarchal families emerged from the family community, and military elements emerged. democracy (as evidenced by finds in the burial grounds of Mari-Lugovoy, Ml. Akh-mylovsky).

At the same time, on the territory. Map. The ASSR is penetrated by nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes. In the 5th-10th centuries. the formation of the ancient Mari people takes place. In 9-12 centuries. The Mari inhabited the entire Vyatka-Vetluga interfluve. They were engaged in shifting agriculture, hunting, and fishing. Blacksmithing, jewelry and other crafts, trade, and exchange with neighbors received significant development. At the same time, plow farming appeared. In the 10th-12th centuries. the Mari were under economic and cultural influence Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Since the 30s. 13th century they fall under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars. In the 13th-15th centuries. The Mari are divided into meadow and mountain people. From the 15th century the Volga Mari are part of the Kazan Khanate, the north-west, the Vetluga Mari are part of the north-east. rus. principalities With the development of the feud. relations in the region, their own feudal lords appear. In Russian chronicles and discharge books ser. 16th century The Mari princes are mentioned (Tugai, Atychin, Mamich-Berdey).

East. conditions were such that the Mari were unable to form their own statehood. The fight between Moscow. the prince and the Kazan Khanate, from which the Mari also suffered, demanded that they determine their future fate. The Mari joined the Rus. state: in 1551 mountain, in 1552 meadow. However, after this, part of the Mari feudal lords, together with the Tat. feudal lords fought against Moscow for 20 years. In the 2nd half. 16th century The cities of Kokshaysk, Kozmodemyansk, Tsarevokokshaysk and others are being built in the region. The annexation of the Mari to Russia gave impetus to the development of production. forces in the region, the influence of Russians increased. culture. The joint struggle against the exploiters strengthened the friendship between the Mari and Russians. workers. The Mari took an active part in the cross. early wars 17th century and 167071. In the 17th century land appeared in the region. Russian possessions landowners (Prince V. G. Romodanovsky, then V. S. Sheremetev). Rus. peasants settled on Mari lands, which became palace and state lands. The majority of the Mari were yasak peasants. In the village In the 19th century, agriculture continued to occupy the leading place. A plow, a harrow, a sickle and a scythe were used. Cattle breeding has received some development; gardening and horticulture appeared. Which followed the performance of the Mari feudal lords in the 2nd half. 16th century and cross. the war began 17th century The prohibition of the Mari to engage in blacksmithing and other crafts related to metal processing somewhat slowed down the development of crafts in the region (until the end of the 18th century). Only woodworking and leatherwork became widespread. craft.

From the end 18th century The relatively rapid development of crafts and villages began. industries. Textile manufactories (kumac production), potash factories, tanning factories, brick factories, and distillery factories appeared that belonged to the Russians. merchants and nobles. The workers were civilian employees; the labor of assigned peasants predominated in the auxiliary work. Bread, meat, honey, skins, furs and other goods were exported to Kazan, Cheboksary, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. Merchants-buyers and moneylenders were active. Growth of commodity-day. relations contributed to the transformation of natural goods into commercial goods. Sat down. the population of the region was divided into 3 categories: state (formerly yasak), economic. (b. monastic) and privately owned peasants. Monasteries were major landowners. Rich entrepreneurs (the Demidov brothers and others) also owned land in the region. The three-field system dominated in agriculture. Growing market demand for bread, especially in the end. The 18th century led to the expansion of landowner farming and an increase in the role of corvée.

With the introduction in the 18th century. provincial territory The region was divided between the Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and then Vyatka provinces. Replacement at the beginning 18th century The yasak per capita tax led to increased oppression of the peasants, who, in addition to direct taxes, paid various indirect taxes and bore a number of duties. The flight of the Mari to Bashkiria and the Urals intensified. The royal government sought to instill Christianity among non-Russians. peoples, incl. and Mari; this increased the indignation of the peasants. During the cross. During the war of 177375, Pugachev was joined by the Mari detachments of Turai Ishalin, Akhmer Ageev, Yukey Egorov, Baykey Toikeev, Oski Oskin and others.

In the 1st half. 19th century The number of enterprises with civilian labor has increased in the region. There was further decomposition of natural goods. The abolition of serfdom in 1861 opened the way to the development of capitalism. relations in the village economy and industry of the region, but did not improve the situation of the peasants. The differentiation of the peasantry increased. In 1884-91 among the peasants of the region there were 20.9% horseless, 48.2% one-horse, 23.4% two-horse, and 7.5% three- and multi-horse. The latter had more than 20% of the draft animals. In the 80s beginning. 90s 2/3 cross. the courtyards of the region were poor. The purchase and sale of labor has become a widespread and widespread phenomenon. The latrine trades of peasants of various economies developed. types, from crafts to capitalism. work from home. In the last quarter of the 19th century. Commodity production is developing (tar products were sold in Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan and other cities). The forestry industry developed, in a cut in the end. 80s early 90s At least 17 tons of seasonal workers were employed. Industry in the region was also represented by manufacturing enterprises. and manufacturing type, but she experienced long. stagnation, the reason for it was the lack of housing. d. The largest enterprises are distilleries and glass factories in Tsarevokokshaysky district, Zvenigovsky ship repair plant, Nartassky distillery plant and crystal glassware plant. The largest trade. the point was Kozmodemyansk, bargaining. the turnover of which in 1885 was calculated at 636,500 rubles. In the beginning. 20th century There has been some growth in the industry. In 1913 in Kozmodemyansk, Cheboksary and Tsarevokokshay districts. 47 enterprises operated (the amount of production was up to 3,628 thousand rubles).

The first Marxist circle in the region was organized in 1899 in Yurino by teacher K. I. Kasatkin. The circle started producing leaflets. The first Social-Democrats arose in 1905. circles in Yurino, Kozmodemyansk, etc. During the revolution of 1905–07, the Mari nationalism strengthened. movement, in which 2 streams emerged revolutionary-democratic. and liberal. This was also reflected in the content of the first regular publications in the Mari language. "Mari calendars" (published in 190714). Stolypin agr. the reform did not take place in the region. successes: in 191517 farm and bran farms accounted for only 1.3% of the cross. x-v. After Feb. During the revolution of 1917, the organs of the tsarist government were liquidated in the Mari region. But the Soviets were not created immediately. In April and May the Soviets arose: Yurinsky, Sebe-Usadsky, Tsarevokokshaysky, Kozmodemyansky. However, in the majority of the Soviets there were Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and bourgeois. nationalists, kulaks. Since May, peasants have been fighting for land and forest in the region. In the summer and autumn, mass protests against the grain monopoly took place in the village. A group of Bolsheviks was working in Yurin at that time. At the same time, the activities of the Mari bourgeoisie intensified. nationalists. In July 1917, the 1st All-Russian Congress took place in Birsk. Congress of Mari, which expressed confidence in the Time. pr-vu and laid the foundation for the formation of bourgeois-nationalist. organizations.

A radical turn in the history of the Mari people was Οkt. socialist revolution. On Nov. 1917 Sov. power was established in Yurin, December 23. 1917 (Jan. 5, 1918) in Tsarevokokshaisk, Dec. 31. 1917 (Jan. 13, 1918) in Kozmodemyansk, in Jan. and Feb. 1918 in most volost centers. At the head of the struggle for Soviet power were local revolutionaries V. A. Barinov, M. Φ. Krasilnikov, A. A. Losev, P. T. Kochetov, V. T. Dmitriev, A. R. Romanov, etc. In February. 1918 a Bolshevik organization was created in Kozmodemyansk, in March in Urzhum and Yaransk. In July 1918, a Mari department was created under the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR. In the summer of 1918, in the region that was close to the area where the White-Czechs were active, anti-Soviet forces broke out. revolts (Stepanov's rebellion, which spread to the north-eastern part of the region; in Tsarevokokshaisk, Kozmodemyansk, Yurin). The 1st Latvian Regiment and a detachment from the Nizhny Novgorod Province provided assistance to the workers of the region in suppressing the riots. military registration and enlistment office In Aug. 1918 The Tsarevokokshay cell of the RCP(b) was formed. Committees of poor people are created (1,500 rural and 34 volost). The working people of the region handed over to the state millions of pounds of bread, more than a hundred thousand pounds of meat and other agricultural products. products, the region supplied millions of cubic meters of wood. In July 1920 the 1st All-Russian Congress took place. conference of Mari communists. In 1920, there was widespread discussion in the region about the creation of owls. autonomy of the Mari people. 4 Nov 1920 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the formation of the Mari Autonomous Okrug. By decree of November 25. territory was determined. region with the center in Krasnokokshaysk (modern "Yoshkar-Ola"). 5 Jan 1921 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Revolutionary Committee of the region (I. P. Petrov pred., S. A. Chernyakov, V. A. Mukhin, etc.), January 15. 1921 time was formed. region Bureau of the RCP(b) (V. M. Moiseev, I. P. Petrov, I. N. Smirnov, S. A. Chernyakov). 2023 Feb. 1921 the 1st region took place. desk conference that formalized the region. desk org. In 1921, trade union and Komsomol organizations of the region took shape. The 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mari Autonomous Okrug (June 21–24, 1921) completed the organizational formation of the region and elected the regional executive committee (president: I.P. Petrov). In the summer of 1921, drought and forest fires hit the region, destroying about 250 thousand hectares of forest. By the fall of 1922, the famine and its consequences were largely eliminated. In 192527, the region was based on the basic reached pre-war levels. level. In 192932, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was part of the Nizhny Novgorod region, in 193236 - the Gorky region. On the paths of socialism. construction in the pre-war years. The five-year plan was eliminated economically. backwardness of the Mari people. Means. logging received development. and woodworking industry, glass and mitten-leather production, pulp and paper, printing were created anew. industry, production builds. materials. The gross output of large industry increased in 1928 (compared to 1913) by 1.7 times, in 1940 by 7.4 times. In 1928, construction of the railway was completed. village Zeleny Dol Yoshkar-Ola, in 1937 Green Dol Volzhsk. During the socialist transformations s. x-va by 1937 the St. was collectivized. 80% cross. x-v (in 1929 .3.3%), 22 MTS were created (1940). The sown area in 1940 amounted to 486.2 thousand hectares against 447.9 thousand hectares in 1913. Collectivization brought fundamental changes to the life of the Mari village. Sov. the government carried out a cultural revolution and ended illiteracy. In 1940 in general education. 114 thousand people studied in schools, technical schools, and universities of the republic. Acad. came from the Mari. VASKHNIL V. P. Mosolov, artist A. V. Grigoriev, writers and poets S. G. Chavain, M. Shketan and others. A national was created. theater.

5 Dec. 1936, according to the Constitution of the USSR, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was transformed into Map. ASSR. June 21, 1937 Extraordinary 11th Congress of Soviets Map. The ASSR adopted the Constitution of the republic.

During the years of Vel. Fatherland During the war, the Mari people showed high patriotism at the front and in the rear. More than 40 soldiers of the republic were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Union, St. 10 t.h. awarded military orders and medals. Logging. The republic's industry produced approx. 14 million m3 of wood. Large new industrial enterprises emerged. industries mechanical engineering. In 1945, the gross output of large-scale industry almost doubled compared to 1940. During the war, the republic surrendered to the state of St. 20 million poods of bread, approx. 2 million pounds of meat and other products.

In the post-war period economy and culture Mar. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic has reached a new upsurge. A large construction trust has been created, including plants for sand-lime bricks, reinforced concrete products, vitamin production, and the arts. leather, electrical automation, knitting factories and other enterprises. Gross industrial output increased in 1964 compared to 1940 by 11.1 times. Production of the most important types of industrial products. production amounted in 1964 to: electricity 307 million kWh (against 50 million kWh in 1940), paper 68 thousand tons (15 thousand tons), cellulose 98 thousand tons (29 thousand tons) , animal oil 1.7 thousand tons (0.5 thousand tons), canned food 3.9 million standard cans (0.5 thousand). In 1965 there were 191 collective farms and 13 state farms in the republic.

In 1964/65 in general education. 151.8 thousand people studied in the republic’s schools. In 2 universities and 12 Wed. specialist. uch. establishments 16.5 thousand people. A television center has been operating in Yoshkar-Ola since 1960. 3 Nov 1965 By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme. USSR Council Map. ASSR for success in the development of the people. x-va was awarded the Order of Lenin.

In Map. 4 republics leave the ASSR. newspapers ("Mari Communist", "Rveze Communist" in Mari, "Mari Truth" and "Young Communist" in Russian); lit.-art., social-political. magazine "Onchyko" in Mari.

East. institutions: Mari Research Institute of Language, Literature and History under the Council of Ministers Map. ASSR (1930); historical-philological Faculty of Marisky Pedagogical University Institute (1931); local history museum Map. ASSR (1924); Gorno-Mari local historian. museum in Kozmodemyansk (1919); state archive Mar. ASSR (1922).

Lit.: Archive of K. Marx and F. Engels, vol. XIII, M., 1955, p. 109, 11617, 263, 265, 289; Lenin V.I., Complete. collection cit., vol. 3, p. 40203, 404; Proceedings of the Mari Archaeology. expeditions, vol. 12, Yoshkar-Ola, 196062; Korobov S. A., Revolution. movement in the Mari region during the period of the first bourgeois-democratic revolutions in Russia (1905-1907), Yoshkar-Ola, 1952; Patrushev A.S., State of the cross. x-va and class. struggle in the villages of the Mari region during the First World War, "Proceedings of the Map. Scientific Research Institute", v. 16, Yoshkar-Ola, 1961; Khlebnikov A.V., Mari region during the preparation and conduct of the Vel. Οkt. socialist revolutions, Yoshkar-Ola, 1958; From the history of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Sat. articles, Yoshkar-Ola, 1957; Essays on the history of the Mari ASSR (from ancient times to the Great Socialist Revolution), Yoshkar-Ola, 1965; Essays on the history of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1917–1960), Yoshkar-Ola, 1960; Nar. economy of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Statistical Sat., Yoshkar-Ola, 1960.

G. A. Arkhipov, A. V. Khlebnikov. Yoshkar-Ola.