Elbrus National Park. Elbrus region national park. Fauna of the Elbrus National Park

"Elbrus" - a national park, formed on September 22, 1986 in order to preserve the unique natural complex Elbrus region and creating conditions for the development of organized recreation/tourism and mountaineering. Territory national park located in the central Caucasus region, mid-mountain and high-mountain zones (1400-5642 m above sea level), includes part of the Main Caucasian and Lateral ranges. Within the boundaries of the national park, several morphological forms of relief are distinguished: high-altitude glacial, mid-altitude mountainous relief, lava flows, and lacustrine-basin.

Fauna

The fauna of the national park is rich and includes 63 species of mammals, 111 species of birds, 11 species of reptiles, 8 species of amphibians, 6 species of fish and great amount types of insects.

The national park is home to animals of both European broad-leaved forests - pine marten, European forest cat, brown bear, roe deer, many birds, and the steppe zone of Europe - common mole rat, common hamster, steppe ferret, gray partridge, etc. Among the endemics of the Caucasus is the Western Caucasian tur (Latin: Capra caucasica), Caucasian snowcock (Latin: Tetraogallus caucasicus), Caucasian black grouse (Latin: Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi), Caucasian otter (Latin: Lutra lutra meridionalis), etc. According to the 1995 census, there are 4,600 individuals in the territory of the national park Caucasian tour (lat. Capra caucasica).

Among mammals, like interesting views living in the park, it should be noted chamois, among the fish - brook trout (lat. Salmo trutta morpha fario). There are many endemic forms among insects. Thus, out of 63 species of diurnal butterflies, 20 species are found only in the Elbrus region.

Flora

The exceptional diversity of relief, temperature, moisture, and soils contribute to the development of a wide variety of landscapes. The isolation of individual gorges and basins contributes to the formation of endemic species and the preservation of relict species. The nature of the park is characterized by a combination in the animal and plant world of species typical of the steppe, Mediterranean regions of Western Asia.
The vertical zonation of the climate determines the vertical zonality of the vegetation cover. The main belt types of vegetation of the national park are: nival, subnival, alpine, subalpine, mountain-forest and mountain-steppe.
The predominant type of vegetation cover is meadows. A thick belt of coniferous forests gives way to a narrow strip of tree and shrub woodlands, which gradually transform into a belt of subalpine and then alpine meadows. The latter are directly adjacent to snowfields and firn fields.
The flora of flowering and higher vascular plants of Kabardino-Balkaria includes about 3000 species, which is 50% of the species growing in the Caucasus as a whole. The most attractive are alpine and subalpine meadows with grass heights of 8-15 cm and from 40-50 to 70-80 cm, respectively.

Among the rare plants there are many endemics of the Caucasus: Nefedov's bell (Lat. Campanula nefedovii), small chickpea (Lat. Cicer minutum), Baksan wolfberry (Lat. Daphne baksanica), lily (Lat. Lilium monadelphum), Dinnik's saxifrage (Lat. Saxifraga diimikii ), amazing cinquefoil (lat. Potentilla divina), Olympic catchment (lat. Aquilegia olympica), Albanian lumbago (lat. Pulsatilla albana), dolomite bell (lat. Campanula dolomitica), etc.
A particularly protected species of the mountain-meadow subalpine landscape is the Caucasian rhododendron (Latin Rhododendron caucasicum) - an evergreen shrub from the heather family.

Tourism

There are 23 recreational facilities located on the territory of the national park, where about 5 thousand people can relax during the season. Planned tourism is mainly carried out under the auspices of the Elbrus Council for Tourism and Excursions.
Excursions are conducted along 16 thematic routes. Main objects bus excursions- Glade of Narzanov (and also Valley of Narzanov ( hiking)), Cheget, Elbrus.

Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Zolsky and Tyrnauz regions.

Foundation history. The unique nature of the Elbrus region attracts tourists from all over the world who want to enjoy the view of the majestic Elbrus, snow-capped mountain peaks, picturesque gorges North Caucasus. Marvelous landscapes, clean mountain air, mineral springs, snow sparkling in the bright sun - all this can be found here in abundance.

To preserve this unique natural complex and develop sustainable tourism, the Elbrus region national park with an area of ​​101 thousand hectares was established in 1986.

Physiographical features. The territory of the national park is located in the central Caucasus region and includes part of the Main Caucasian and Side ranges.

The most famous object of the national park is Mount Elbrus (6542 and 5621 meters). This is an extinct volcano eastern peak where emissions of sulfur dioxide are observed - signs of not yet extinguished volcanic activity.

In the area of ​​the mountain, lava flows are widely developed, flowing from it along the valleys of the main rivers. In the valley of the Malki River, the length of the lava flow is 23 km. About 15% of the entire park territory is occupied by glaciers and snow.

There are more than 100 springs concentrated in the park mineral waters, many picturesque lakes. One of the most interesting is Syltran-Kol, located in the upper reaches of the Syltran River.

The rivers of the Elbrus region are famous for their waterfalls. These are “Maiden’s Braids”, a waterfall included in the book “100 most beautiful waterfalls in the world”, Sultan and others.

The climate in the national park is generally temperate continental, with cold winters and hot summers. The very complex terrain of the territory, a significant difference in absolute heights above sea level, the influence of glaciers, the proximity of the Black Sea and a large volume of air exchange with the free atmosphere - all this ensures a rather sharp difference in the climatic characteristics of this region from others. The coldest month is February with a temperature of -17.7°C at an altitude of 4100 meters above sea level and -3.4°C at an altitude of 1467 meters. In August, the temperature at an altitude of 1467 meters is +17.0°C, and at 2600 meters higher than +0.2°C.

Diversity of flora and fauna. Climate change with altitude determines the vertical zonation of vegetation cover. A thick belt of coniferous forests gives way to a narrow strip of tree and shrub woodlands, which gradually transform into a belt of subalpine and then alpine meadows. The most interesting plant in the park is the Caucasian rhododendron, the largest in the heather family. Its lush inflorescences of cream and pale pink form giant fairy beds, beautifully combined with dark green foliage.

High mountain forests are rich in mushrooms, lingonberries, blueberries, strawberries, and boneberries. Sea buckthorn is widespread, and its thickets along the Baksan River are strictly protected.

The fauna of the Elbrus region is predominantly Asian in nature. Before the start of the great glaciation, the Caucasus connected with the land of Western Asia, through which animals from Central Asia penetrated.

One of the ancient relics is the tour. This is where Severtsov's tur and the Dagestan tur meet. This is probably the most famous animal of the high mountain Caucasus. Another numerous species is the wild boar, which also lives in mountain forests. Chamois are less common. In the forests of the Elbrus region there are wolves, jackals, common fox, lynx, brown bears.

Of the mammals living in the park, 8 species are listed in the Red Book of Russia, including the Persian leopard, the Caucasian forest cat, the pointed-eared bat and the giant noctule.

Among the birds, 11 are listed in the Red Book: Caucasian black grouse, saker falcon, golden eagle, imperial eagle, Caucasian peregrine falcon, bearded vulture, vulture, white-tailed eagle and others.

The park has a huge number of wonderful places worth visiting. These are many natural monuments: the Narzan Glade, the upper reaches of the Malki River, the Sultan waterfall, the Jil-Su tract at the foot of Elbrus and others.

Monuments of history, archeology and ethnography are represented here by the remains of residential and outbuildings, and burials. At the entrance to the national park in the Baksan Gorge, a historical and cultural zone is created with a network of historical and ethnographic excursions and routes, as well as workshops on folk crafts. You can combine a visit to the park with a visit to the astronomical and neutrino observatories; the Museum of Glaciology of the Moscow State University educational base is open for you in Azau.

Photo: Elbrus National Park

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Text content of presentation slides: National Park "Elbrus" Main objectives of the National Park "Elbrus": Preservation of reference and unique natural complexes and objects, as well as historical, cultural and other cultural heritage sites; Creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions; Development and implementation of scientific methods for preserving natural complexes in conditions of recreational use; Organization of environmental education of the population; Conducting environmental monitoring. The unique nature of the Elbrus region attracts tourists from all over the world who want to enjoy the view of the majestic Elbrus, snow-capped mountain peaks, and picturesque gorges of the North Caucasus. Marvelous landscapes, clean mountain air, mineral springs, snow sparkling in the bright sun - all this can be found here in abundance. To preserve this unique natural complex and develop sustainable tourism, the Elbrus region national park was established in 1986 with an area of ​​101 thousand hectares. The territory of the national park is located in the central Caucasus region and includes part of the Main Caucasian and Side ranges. The most famous object of the national park is Mount Elbrus (6542 and 5621 meters). This is an extinct volcano, on the eastern peak of which there are emissions of sulfur dioxide - signs of ongoing volcanic activity. In the area of ​​the mountain, lava flows are widely developed, flowing from it along the valleys of the main rivers. In the valley of the Malki River, the length of the lava flow is 23 km. About 15% of the entire territory of the park is occupied by glaciers and snow. On the territory of the national park, the climate is generally temperate continental, with cold winters and hot summers. The very complex terrain of the territory, a significant difference in absolute heights above sea level, the influence of glaciers, the proximity of the Black Sea and a large volume of air exchange with the free atmosphere - all this ensures a rather sharp difference in the climatic characteristics of this region from others. The coldest month is February with temperatures of -17.7C at 4,100 meters above sea level and -3.4C at 1,467 meters. In August, the temperature at an altitude of 1467 meters is +17.0 C, and at 2600 meters higher than +0.2 C. Climate of the Elbrus National Park: Reservoirs of the Elbrus National Park: Two main rivers flow through the Elbrus region: Malka and its right tributary, the river. Baksan. Other large tributaries of the Malka river: Kyzyl-kol, Shau-kol, Ingushli, Kharbaz, etc. The main tributaries of the river. Baksan: Terskol, Donguz-Orun-Baksan, Yusengi, Adyl-Su, Irik-Chat, Kurmychi, Gubasanty-Su, Adyr-Su, Syltran, Kyrtyk, Chelmas, etc. The rivers form picturesque mountain gorges . The most visited of them by recreationists are the upper reaches of the Malki River (the Djily-Su tract), Adyl-Su, Adyr-Su. Within the territory of the Elbrus region, more than 100 sources of mineral waters are concentrated in the upper reaches of pp. Malka and Baksan. The Malkinsky group includes springs located in the Djily-Su tract, the Elbrus group - located in the Irik, Adyl-Su, Kyrtyk gorges, as well as in the upper reaches of the Baksan river (Achi-Su and Polyana Narzanov). The most powerful, easily accessible and visited by recreationists is the group of springs Baksan-Bashi-Ullu-Gara, emerging on the right bank terrace of the Baksan River (Narzanov Glade). There are many lakes in the upper reaches of the Elbrus rivers. They are mainly of the glacial type. Such moraine lakes are usually located near glacier tongues. These include lakes Azau, Bashkara, etc. The most beautiful of them is about. Donguz-Orun-Kol. It is located on the southeastern slope of Cheget. One of the most interesting lakes is o. Syltran-Kol, located in the upper reaches of the Syltran river, the left tributary of the Baksan river. This lake, unlike others, is of tectonic origin. There are many beautiful waterfalls on the rivers of the Elbrus region. Only in the Djily-Su tract in the upper reaches of the Malka River there are several of them. The most beautiful and largest is the Sultan waterfall. It falls from a height of more than forty meters. In the upper reaches of the Baksan River there are also waterfalls at pp. Azau, Garabashi, Terskol. The "Maiden's Braids" waterfall on the Gara-Bashi river is included in the book "100 most beautiful waterfalls in the world." The exceptional diversity of relief, temperature, moisture, and soils contribute to the development of a wide variety of landscapes. The isolation of individual gorges and basins contributes to the formation of endemic species and the preservation of relict species. The nature of the park is characterized by a combination in the animal and plant world of species typical of the steppe, Mediterranean regions of Western Asia. The vertical zonation of the climate determines the vertical zonality of the vegetation cover. The main belt types of vegetation of the national park are: nival, subnival, alpine, subalpine, mountain-forest and mountain-steppe. The predominant type of vegetation cover is meadows. A thick belt of coniferous forests gives way to a narrow strip of tree and shrub woodlands, which gradually transform into a belt of subalpine and then alpine meadows. The latter are directly adjacent to snowfields and firn fields. The flora of flowering and higher vascular plants of Kabardino-Balkaria includes about 3000 species, which is 50% of the species growing in the Caucasus as a whole. The most attractive are alpine and subalpine meadows with grass heights of 8-15 cm and from 40-50 to 70-80 cm, respectively. .Among the rare plants there are many endemics of the Caucasus: Nefedov’s bell (Latin: Campanula nefedovii), small chickpea (Latin: Cicer minutum), Baksan wolfberry (Latin: Daphne baksanica), lily (Latin: Lilium monadelphum), Dinnik’s saxifrage (Latin: Saxifraga diimikii), amazing cinquefoil (lat. Potentilla divina), Olympic catchment (lat. Aquilegia olympica), Albanian lumbago (lat. Pulsatilla albana), dolomite bellflower (lat. Campanula dolomitica), etc. A particularly protected species of the mountain-meadow subalpine landscape is Caucasian rhododendron (lat. Rhododendron caucasicum) is an evergreen shrub from the heather familyFlora and vegetation of the Elbrus National Park: Plant species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation:Angiosperms:Radde Birch / Betula raddeanaBaksan wolfberry / Daphne baksanica Columnar saxifrage / Saxifraga columnaris chite / Campanula dolomitica Caucasian / Fritillaria caucasica Fauna and fauna of the Elbrus National Park: The fauna of the national park is rich and includes 63 species of mammals, 111 species of birds, 11 species of reptiles, 8 species of amphibians, 6 species of fish and a huge number of species of insects. The national park is inhabited by animals as European as broad-leaved forests - pine marten, European forest cat, brown bear, roe deer, many birds, and the steppe zone of Europe - common mole rat, common hamster, steppe ferret, gray partridge, etc. Among the endemics of the Caucasus are the Western Caucasian tur (lat. Capra caucasica), Caucasian snowcock (lat. Tetraogallus caucasicus), Caucasian black grouse (lat. Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi), Caucasian otter (lat. Lutra lutra meridionalis), etc. According to the 1995 census, there are 4,600 individuals of the Caucasian tur (lat. . Capra caucasica). Among the mammals, chamois should be noted as interesting species living in the park, among fish - brook trout (lat. Salmo trutta morpha fario). There are many endemic forms among insects. Thus, out of 63 species of diurnal butterflies, 20 species are found only in the Elbrus region. Species of animals included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: Invertebrates: Mnemosyne / Parnassius mnemosyne amphibians: Asia Minor newt / Triturus vittatus birds: Saker falcon / Falco cherrug Griffon vulture / Gyps fulvus Golden eagle / Aquila chrysaetos Bearded vulture / Gypaetus barbatus European tuvik / Accipiter brevi pesCaucasian grouse / Lyrurus mlokosiewicziBone / Aquila heliacaWhite-tailed eagle / Haliaeetus albicilla Peregrine falcon / Falco peregrinus Vulture / Neophron percnopterus Black vulture / Aegypius monachusmammals: Greater horseshoe bat / Rhinolophus ferrumequinumGiant noctule / Nyctalus lasiopterusCaucasian otter / Lutra lutra meridionalisCaucasian forest cat / Felis silvestris caucasicaLeopard / Panther a pardus Lesser horseshoe bat / Rhinolophus hipposideros Sharp-eared bat / Myotis blythi Tricolored bat / Myotis emarginatus Tourism: On On the territory of the national park there are 23 recreational institutions, where about 5 thousand people can relax during the season. Human. Planned tourism is mainly carried out under the auspices of the Elbrus Council for Tourism and Excursions. Excursions are conducted along 16 thematic routes. The park has a huge number of wonderful places worth visiting. These are many natural monuments: the Narzan Glade, the upper reaches of the Malki River, the Sultan waterfall, the Jil-Su tract at the foot of Elbrus and others. Monuments of history, archeology and ethnography are represented here by the remains of residential and outbuildings, and burials. At the entrance to the national park in the Baksan Gorge, a historical and cultural zone is created with a network of historical and ethnographic excursions and routes, as well as workshops on folk crafts. A visit to the park can be combined with a visit to the astronomical and neutrino observatories; a museum of glaciology at the training base of Moscow State University has been opened in Azau.