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Volcanologists and geomorphologists study the characteristics of volcanoes and the phenomena of volcanism.

Structure: hearth, vent, crater. A source is a place in the earth's crust or mantle. A vent is a channel through which magma rises. A crater is a hole, a funnel, a bowl at the top of a volcano mountain.

Volcanoes are classified by location, shape and activity.

By activity: extinct, dormant, active. This classification is quite arbitrary. The extinct ones have not erupted for more than 1000 years: they retain their general shape, the crater and slopes undergo changes. Sometimes they are active. Example: Mont Pelée in Martinique, Valley of Volcanoes in Buryatia, Kalara volcanoes.

Dormant volcanoes are volcanoes in which the probability of eruption is higher than that of extinct ones. Some of them are called supervolcanoes - Toba in Sumatra, Taulo in New Zealand, the volcanoes of Kamchatka.

Active ones are the main object of interest for volcanologists; they erupt frequently. They are located in the belts of young mountains, where mountain building continues. There is no consensus among scientists on how to accurately classify these geological formations. The most active volcanism: South and Central America, Hawaii, Japan, Sunda Islands.

They are classified by location: subglacial, terrestrial, underwater. The following types are distinguished by shape: dome, cinder cone, shield-shaped, stratovolcano, complex type.

Based on the general design, formations of central and linear types are distinguished. The first have a central channel through which lava comes to the surface. The second type is fissure, the channels through which the lava rises have an elongated shape. Scientists distinguish the areal type, but no such type has been recorded on Earth, at least in our time. They are believed to have existed when the planet was forming.

The eruption is considered an emergency, a disaster. It can happen in an hour, a month, a year, several years. Consequences of the eruption: formation of caldera depressions, geysers, fumaroles. Low mountains and islands may appear. Lakes form in craters.

Types of eruption: Hawaiian (basaltic lava comes to the surface, accompanied by smoky clouds, fiery avalanches), hydroexplosive (a lot of steam is released, confined to water bodies).

A mud-type volcano is a formation, as a result of whose activity mud and gases, rather than magma, come to the surface. Found in Russia and Central Asia.

The largest formations are: San Pedro, Cotopaxi, Ojos del Salado in the Andes, Elbrus in the Caucasus, Fuji in Japan, Etna and Vesuvius in Italy, Klyuchevskaya Sopka in Kamchatka.

Recorded not only on Earth. If on other planets of the solar system and their satellites.

Volcanoes presentation was prepared by a student of class 5-A of MKOU “Secondary School No. 16” Ershov Ivan Head: Mostovaya Alla Nikolaevna

Volcanoes is the name of the ancient god of fire, the patron of blacksmithing. According to myths, his forge was located in the bowels of the earth, and smoke and flames from it came out through the crater of Mount Etna.

The ancient Greeks considered volcanoes to be the forge of the god Hephaestus and treated them with great respect

If a crack appears in the earth’s crust, a hot, molten substance – magma – rises along it from the depths of the planet, under enormous pressure.

The ancient Romans feared the unpredictable wrath of volcanoes. On August 24, 79, the Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia were destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius

If magma pours onto the surface of the Earth, hot gases escape from it, and it is already called lava.

Cooled lava forms a raised surface around cracks in the ground. It grows and turns into a mountain – a cone. This is how a volcano grows. At its top there is a depression - a crater.

Sometimes the volcano “sleeps” for many years and people forget about it

cities grow on its slopes

Volcanoes are divided into: active, currently erupting constantly or periodically; asleep, about whose eruptions there is no information, but they have retained their shape and local earthquakes occur under them; extinct, heavily destroyed and eroded volcanoes without any manifestations of volcanic activity

Jets and steam gases rise from cracks on the bottom and walls of the crater. Sometimes they calmly emerge from under stones and crevices, and sometimes they escape with a whistle and hiss. The volcano can quietly smoke for months and years until an eruption occurs. This event is often preceded by an earthquake; An underground rumble is heard, the release of vapors and gases intensifies, clouds thicken over the top of the volcano.

Vulcan wakes up

eruption begins

eruption begins

View of an erupting volcano from an airplane

Eruptions can be long-term (over several years, decades and centuries) and short-term (measured in hours). After a strong eruption, the volcano returns to a state of rest for several years and even decades.

Scientists study the volcano during an eruption

After the eruption, a scorched desert remains, and life will not appear in this place soon

A volcanic bomb is pieces of cooled lava ejected during volcanic eruptions in a liquid or plastic state and taking on round, spindle-shaped and other shapes.

There are more than 800 active volcanoes on earth. Volcano Etna Cotopaxi, Ecuador

We have about 70 of them in Russia. Karymsky Volcano is located in the central part of the volcanic belt of Kamchatka. Nowadays, the Karymsky volcano is one of the most active in the world.

Maly Semyachik Volcano is part of the Karymsky group of volcanoes and is located 15 km northeast of the Karymsky volcano.

Volcanic eruptions also occur at the bottom of seas and oceans.

Sailors learn about this when they suddenly see a column of steam above the water.

or “stone foam” floating on the surface - pumice.

Some underwater volcanoes form cones that protrude above the surface of the water in the form of islands.

Technological map Task 1

I want to know

What is a volcano ?

• Volcano- (from Latin vulcanus - fire, flame), a conical mountain, from the neck of which hot gases, steam, ash, rock fragments, as well as powerful streams of hot lava that spread over the surface of the earth are emitted.
• A volcano is a geological formation on the surface of the earth’s crust or the crust of another planet, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, and stones.
• Volcanoes are conical mountains formed by the products of their eruptions.

Technological map Task 2.

Volcano is…………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...

………………………………………………………………………………………………… .....

Structure of the volcano

• A magma chamber is a place under the earth's crust,

where magma collects.

• A volcanic vent is a channel through which magma rises.
• A volcano crater is a bowl-shaped depression at the top of a mountain.
• Lava is erupted magma.

Technological map Task 3 Complete the diagram "Structure of a volcano"

Eruption- this is the release of molten matter from the Earth’s crust and mantle to the surface of the planet, called magma .

Historical catastrophe of volcanic origin

K. Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii”

Causes of volcanic eruptions

Earthquake;

Pressure drop in the magma chamber. And with a sudden decrease in pressure, the magma melts, the gases expand and rush out.

Signs of a volcanic eruption

Almost always a volcanic eruption can be predicted. The most characteristic signs of the “awakening” of a volcano are:

• - increased release of gases and

mineral waters on it

• - temperature increase;
• - underground hum.

Types of volcanic eruptions

If gases are released from the magma relatively calmly, then it flows to the surface, forming lava flows. This eruption was called effusive.

If gases are released quickly, the magmatic melt appears to instantly boil and burst with expanding gas bubbles.

Something powerful is happening.

explosive eruption

which received

Name explosive.

If the magma is very viscous and its temperature is low, then it is slowly squeezed out to the surface. Such an eruption is called extrusive.

Types of volcanoes

Most common central type volcanoes is a hill, mountain or hill with a depression at the top – crater , from which magma comes to the surface. thrown out during a volcanic eruption

rock fragments from it,

ash, poured lava

remain on its slopes.

The height of the mountain increases -

Xia, and with it the crater

moves higher and higher

Another type of volcano is linear or fissure . Their occurrence is associated with the rise of liquid basaltic magma along a crack in the earth's crust. Liquid lava spreads over vast areas, forming lava sheets. Such a volcano looks like a crack on the surface of the Earth.

Active volcanoes

Krakatoa

Fujiyama

Klyuchevskaya Sopka

Extinct volcanoes

Kilimanjaro

TEST

1. Geological formation that appears above channels and cracks in the earth’s crust, through which ash, lava, hot gases, water vapor, and rock fragments are erupted onto the earth’s surface

a) earthquake

b) seaquake

c) volcano

2. The word “volcano” comes from the name of the ancient Roman god:

a) the underworld

3.Find two reasons for a volcanic eruption

a) flood

b) earthquake

c) pressure drop in the magma chamber

d) tsunami

4. Find three signs of a volcanic eruption

a) increased release of gases and mineral waters;

b) increase in temperature;

c) underground hum.

d) decrease in temperature

5. Choose the wrong classification of volcanoes a) by shape b) by the amount of erupted lava c) by activity

d) by location

Answers to the test

3 - b, c

4 - a, b, c

Homework

Chapter 2, paragraph 5, tasks from the technological map Creative task:

(optional and desired)

make a model of a volcano;

make a selection of facts about the volcanic eruption

Ella Vassina
Presentation for senior group students on the topic “Volcano”

Target:

Introduce children to natural phenomena - volcano.

Tasks:

1- promote the development of cognitive activity in children, the desire for independent knowledge and reflection;

2- improve the ability to work with various materials, show a desire for transformation, and take a creative approach to solving assigned problems.

"I spit fire and lava,

I am a dangerous giant

I am famous for my bad fame,

What's my name?"

On a spaceship you can get into space, from where you can clearly see our planet. It is very huge and looks like a ball.

Deep below us, inside our planet, the earth is so hot that it looks like porridge.

There is water on our Earth (seas, rivers and oceans) and land (she's dry). We live on land. There are high mountains on land. Have you seen the mountains? The land is hard. But this is only from above, and deep inside the Earth it is so hot that even stones melt.

Word « VOLCANO» in Latin means "fire" And "flame". So named

one of the ancient Russian gods - the god of fire and blacksmithing.

Volcanoes there are eruptions

on the land…

There are also underwater...

"Sleepers" volcanoes differ little from other mountains.

But sometimes they "waking up", and then, the strong begins

underground roar, flames, ashes, red-hot

stones, volcanic bombs.

During an eruption volcano magma comes to the surface, it also

called LAVA.

The channel through which magma rises is called

MOUTH volcano.

Pieces of frozen lava - pumice. Look how interesting she is. There are air bubbles inside this pebble. This is because the lava boiled and seethed, and then froze.

Volcanoes seem beautiful, but they are very dangerous. After all, the fiery porridge is lava,

pouring out of the mountain, it can destroy cities where people live and start fires.

Scientists who monitor the condition volcanoes and can often predict the beginning of their eruptions called volcanologists.

Where fire flies from the mountain,

And it smokes from all sides,

There's a dangerous hooligan there

Awakened again (Volcano)

At that rather big mountain

The character is quiet for the time being.

But this could happen -

It will explode and smoke (Volcano)

The mountain woke up from its sleep,

It began to bubble and boil.

And it shot up from the cap

Lots of smoke, soot, ash.

The lava flows like honey, thick.

What do you call a mountain like this? (Volcano)

Publications on the topic:

Summary of direct educational activities in the educational field “Artistic and Aesthetic Development” with children 5-6.

Lesson objectives: Talk about volcanoes and volcanic eruptions as dangerous natural phenomena. To form an idea of ​​the diversity of volcanic eruptions. To develop knowledge about the areas where volcanoes occur in the world. Continue learning how to work with an atlas map.

The birth of a volcano As soon as a crack appears in the earth's crust, coming from the depths of the Earth's surface, the pressure under it drops sharply and the deep substances turn into a fiery liquid mass - magma. It rises through cracks, losing some of the gases and pours onto the surface of the Earth, forming lava.

Volcanoes Active Extinct Dormant volcanoes that erupted today or in historical times. There are 800 of them (in Kamchatka). There is no information about their activities, but sometimes they begin to act. have been inactive for many thousands of years. (Crimea, Transbaikalia).

Determine the world's volcanoes by geographic coordinates. Which of these volcanoes are active and which are extinct? Mark the volcanoes on the contour map ° N, 160 ° E ° N, 44 ° E ° N, 138 ° E. Determine the geographic coordinates for the volcanoes: 1. Vesuvius, 2. Krakatau, 3. Kilimanjaro, 4. Etna, 5. Orizabo, 6. Llullaillaco. Practical task

Types of volcanic eruptions: Hawaiian type This youngest and most active volcano on the planet woke up in 2007 in Hawaii. Hot lava flowed from the slopes of the mountain directly into the Pacific Ocean. Kilauea's last significant eruptions occurred in 1952, 1954 and 1955. The volcanic eruption does not pose a danger to local residents; moreover, it brings them good income, since thousands of tourists come to Hawaii to see the fiery streams with their own eyes.

Types of volcanic eruptions: Vesuvian type The mouth of Vesuvius opened the smoke, a cloud of flames gushed out, It developed widely, like a battle flag. The earth is shaking from the shaky columns. Idols are falling! The people, driven by fear, Under the rain of stones, under the inflamed ashes, In crowds, old and young, fleeing from the city. (A.S. Pushkin)

Quiz. 1.What is the name of the complex process in which magma rises from the depths of the earth and, breaking through the earth’s crust, pours out to the surface? 2. What is lava? 3. What is a volcano crater? 4. What is a vent? 5. Name the products of volcanic eruptions.