What were ancient crocodiles (crocodylomorphs) like? Ancestors of modern crocodiles. Ancient crocodiles, prehistoric crocodile Difference from alligator

Assignments for the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in biology 2010-2011.

Grade 11

PartI. You are offered test tasks that require you to select only one answer out of four possible. The maximum number of points you can score is 30 (1 point for each test task). The index of the answer that you consider to be the most complete and correct, indicate in the answer matrix.

Under favorable spore conditions, bacteria:
a) divides, forming 3–6 new spores;
b) merges with another spore followed by division;
c) dies;
d) germinates into a new bacterial cell. +

There are no shelled nuclei in algae cells:
a) green;
b) red;
c) brown;
d) blue-green. +

Most cells in the embryo sac of flowering plants have:
a) haploid set of chromosomes; +
b) diploid set of chromosomes;
c) triploid set of chromosomes;
d) tetraploid set of chromosomes.

A person eats the organ(s) of cauliflower:
a) modified apical bud;
b) thickened turnip-like stem;
c) modified inflorescence ; +
d) lateral modified buds.

Root cones are very thick:
a) adventitious roots; +
b) root hairs;
c) main roots;
d) aerial tubers.

The tsetse fly is a carrier of trypanosomes that cause in humans:
a) sleeping sickness; +
b) eastern ulcer;
c) malaria;
d) coccidiosis.

The development of larvae from eggs laid by roundworms occurs:
a) at a temperature of 37 o C, high concentration of CO 2, for two weeks;
b) at a temperature of 20-30 o C, high concentration of CO 2, for two weeks;
c) at a temperature of 37 o C, high concentration of O 2, for a week;
d) at a temperature of 20-30 o C, high concentration of O 2, for two weeks. +

Unlike roundworms, annelids have:
a) digestive system;
b) excretory system;
c) circulatory system; +
d) nervous system.

Worker bees are:
a) females who have laid eggs and begun caring for their offspring;
b) females whose gonads are not developed; +
c) young females capable of laying eggs in a year;
d) males developing from unfertilized eggs.

The complication of the circulatory system corresponds to the evolution of chordates among the following animals:
a) toad – rabbit – crocodile – shark;
b) shark – frog – crocodile – rabbit;
+
c) shark – crocodile – frog – rabbit;

d) crocodile – shark – toad – dog.
Cellulose that enters the human gastrointestinal tract:
a) does not break down due to the lack of a specific enzyme; ; +
b) is partially broken down by bacteria in the large intestine
c) is cleaved by salivary α-amylase;

d) is cleaved by pancreatic α-amylase.
What is the reaction of the environment in the duodenum:
a) slightly acidic;
b) neutral;
c) slightly alkaline; +

d) alkaline.
Viral diseases do not include:
a) measles;
b) tick-borne encephalitis;
c) rubella; +

d) diphtheria.
The food chain is:
a) a sequence of organisms in a natural community, each element of which is food for the next;
+
b) sequential passage of food through various sections of the digestive tract;

c) dependence of plants on herbivores, which, in turn, on predators;
d) the totality of all food connections in the ecosystem.
Constant human intervention is required for existence:
a) freshwater ecosystems;
b) natural terrestrial ecosystems; +

c) ecosystems of the World Ocean;
d) agrocenoses.
Under natural conditions, natural carriers of the plague pathogen are: +
a) birds;
b) rodents;

c) ungulates;
d) person. +
In the vast forests of the North, so-called concentrated logging is often carried out using heavy equipment, which leads to:
a) to the replacement of forest ecosystems by swamps;
b) to desertification or complete destruction of ecosystems;

c) to increase the share of tree species that are more valuable from an economic point of view;
d) to the process of converting organic residues into humus in the soil.
Two breeds of dogs, for example, the lapdog and the German shepherd, are animals:
a) the same species, but with different external characteristics;
+ b) two species, one genus and one family; c) two species, two genera, but one family;

d) one species, but living in
different conditions
environment.
The first land vertebrates evolved from fish:
a) ray-finned;

b) lobe-finned; +
c) whole-headed;
d) lungfish. +
The body contours of the flying squirrel, marsupial flying squirrel, and woolly wing are very similar. This is a consequence:
a) divergence;

b) convergence;
c) parallelism;
b) meiosis; +
c) fertilization;
d) pollination.

During parthenogenesis, an organism develops from:
a) zygotes;
b) vegetative cell;
c) somatic cell;
d) unfertilized egg . +

The matrix for translation is a molecule:
a) tRNA;
b) DNA;
c) rRNA;
d) mRNA. +

Circular DNA is characteristic of:
a) mushroom kernels;
b) bacterial cells; +
c) animal kernels;
d) plant kernels.

Magnesium ions are part of:
a) vacuoles;
b) amino acids;
c) chlorophyll;
+

d) cytoplasm.
In the process of photosynthesis, the source of oxygen (by-product) is:
a) ATP
b) glucose; +
c) water;

d) carbon dioxide.
Of the plant cell components, the tobacco mosaic virus infects:
a) mitochondria; +
b) chloroplasts;
c) core;

d) vacuoles.
In the chloroplasts of plant cells, light-harvesting complexes are located
a) on the outer membrane;
b) on the inner membrane;
c) on the thylakoid membrane; +

d) in the stroma.
In marriages between people of Caucasian and Negroid races, there are usually no people with white skin in the second generation. It's connected with:
a) incomplete dominance of the skin pigmentation gene;
b) polymerization of skin pigmentation genes; +
c) epigenomic inheritance;

Partd) non-chromosomal heredity.. II

You are offered test tasks with one answer option out of four possible, but requiring preliminary multiple choice. Indicate the index of the answer that you consider to be the most complete and correct in the answer matrix. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 20 (2 points for each test task).:
IBacteria cause disease +
d) non-chromosomal heredity.. +
relapsing fever..
typhus.III +
.malaria.
IV
.
tularemia. +
V

.
Ihepatitis. +
d) non-chromosomal heredity.a) II, IV;
relapsing fever.b) I, IV, V; +
typhus.c) I, II, IV; +
.d) II, III, IV, V. +
Roots can perform the following functions:
.
kidney formation. +
.

leaf formation.
I.
d) non-chromosomal heredity.vegetative propagation.
relapsing fever.. +
typhus.absorption of water and minerals.
.. +
synthesis of hormones, amino acids and alkaloids.
a) II, III, IV; +
b) I, II, IV, V;
c) I, III, IV, V;

d) I, II, III, IV.:
IIf you break off (cut off) the tip of the main root:
d) non-chromosomal heredity.. +
relapsing fever.the root will die.
typhus..
.the entire plant will die.
.
root growth in length will stop.
.
the plant will survive, but will be weak.

.:
ILateral and adventitious roots will begin to grow.
d) non-chromosomal heredity.. +
relapsing fever.sturgeon.
typhus.. +
.sharks. +
.
lampreys.
.
lancelet

a) I, II, III, IV;:
Ib) III, IV, V;
d) non-chromosomal heredity.c) II, III, V;
relapsing fever.d) II, IV, V. + +
typhus.Spawns only once in a lifetime
.. +
stellate sturgeon.
a) II, III, IV; +
.
the plant will survive, but will be weak.

sardine.
I.
d) non-chromosomal heredity.pink salmon.
relapsing fever..
typhus.rudd +
.. +
river eel.
a) II, III, V;
c) I, III, V;
In the renal glomerulus, the following are normally practically not filtered: +

.:
Iwater. +
d) non-chromosomal heredity.. +
relapsing fever.glucose.
typhus..
.urea. +
. +
.
hemoglobin.
.

plasma albumin.:
Ia) I, II, III;
d) non-chromosomal heredity.b) I, III, IV, V; +
relapsing fever.c) II, IV, V; +
typhus.d) IV, V.
.Each population is characterized +
.
density.
.
in number.

.:
Idegree of insulation.
d) non-chromosomal heredity..
relapsing fever.independent evolutionary fate. +
typhus.. +
.the nature of the spatial distribution.
.
a) I, II, V;
c) II, V; +
d) II, III, IV.

Predators that typically hunt from ambush include.wolf.25 .

lynx.

.

jaguar.

.

cheetah.

.

bear.

a) II, III, IV, V;

b) I, IV;

c) I, II, III, V;

d) II, III, V. +

Of the listed animals, the tundra biocenosis includes

.

squirrel.

.

ferret.

Nutrient cycling can be studied by introducing radioactive markers into natural or artificial ecosystems. +

Succulents easily tolerate dehydration.

Succession after deforestation is an example of secondary succession. +

Genetic drift can play the role of an evolutionary factor only in very small populations. +

Genetic information in all living organisms is stored in the form of DNA.

Each amino acid has one codon.

In prokaryotes, the processes of translation and transcription occur simultaneously and in the same place.

+

The largest molecules in living cells are DNA molecules. +

All hereditary diseases are associated with mutations in chromosomes.Part 4.You are offered test tasks that require matching. Fill out the answer matrices in accordance with the requirements of the tasks.2,5 The maximum number of points that can be scored is 10 (according topointA

for each test task).

Processes

Compound.

D. There are two siphons

D. Stamens fused into a tube (9) and one free
Matrix of answers to schoolchildren's competitions in biology.

2010/2011 academic year year. Grade 11 [ 3 Exercise 1.

0 points] [ 2 Exercise 1.

Task 2.

wrong "no" [ 10 Task 4.

Establish in what sequence (1 – 5) the process of DNA replication occurs.
Subsequence

3.

Crocodiles are semi-aquatic predators, belong to the order of aquatic vertebrates and are considered the largest individuals of the group of reptiles. There are more than twenty species in the order of crocodiles, among which are the caiman and the alligator. These cold-blooded animals live in tropical and subtropical latitudes, regardless of the continent: they can be seen in America, Africa (the largest is the Nile crocodile), Asia and Oceania (the largest crocodile in the world, the saltwater crocodile, lives here).

Crocodiles appeared more than 250 million years ago and are direct descendants of dinosaurs (a subclass of archosaurs).

True, their ancestors were larger: their length reached thirteen meters. Another interesting fact about crocodiles is that over the past millennia this species has changed little in appearance, and therefore, being closer to dinosaurs than to modern reptiles, its representatives are unique animals that give some idea of ​​what the ancient inhabitants of our planet looked like .

Crocodiles share a common land ancestor with birds. Even in some features of their internal structure they are much closer to birds than to reptiles.

Description

Having adapted to water, crocodiles acquired the corresponding appearance: their head is flat, with a very long muzzle, their body is flattened, and their legs are very short. The toes are connected to each other by swimming membranes (there are five on the front paws, four on the hind paws: the little finger is missing).

The reptile's eyes are located on the head in such a way that only the eyes and nostrils are visible above the surface (this allows them to remain unnoticed by prey). When the animal goes under water, its nostrils and ears close with valves, and the eye has a third transparent eyelid, thanks to which the reptile sees perfectly under water and does not experience any difficulties. Since the mouth of crocodiles, due to the absence of lips, does not close completely to prevent water from entering the stomach, the entrance to the esophagus, when the animal is in water, is blocked by the velum palatine.

The elongated shape of the body allows the reptile to excellently maneuver in the aquatic environment, and the animal uses a flat and strong tail instead of a motor organ. The length of the reptile, depending on the species, ranges from one and a half to six and a half meters. The largest crocodile of the reptiles captured and measured is a saltwater crocodile: it is 6.4 meters long, weighs more than a ton and lives in the Philippine Islands.

But the smallest crocodile lives in the west of equatorial Africa: the length of a land crocodile ranges from one and a half to two meters.

The greenish-brown color of the reptile helps it to camouflage perfectly in the water. Depending on the temperature of the environment, the skin of a reptile can change color (the hotter it is, the greener it is). The skin of a crocodile is covered with durable horny rectangular plates that hold tightly throughout the life of the reptile: unlike many reptiles, crocodiles do not shed, and their skin grows along with the body (they grow throughout their lives).

Reptile temperature

Like all reptiles, crocodiles are cold-blooded animals, and their body temperature ranges from 30 to 35 degrees. Although the body temperature of these reptiles depends on water and air, it still differs from their indicators. Unlike many freshwater animals, the crocodile has a four-chambered heart (however, when leaving the ventricles, oxygen-rich arterial blood partially mixes with venous blood, where there is little oxygen).

The horny plates on the skin of a crocodile heat up during the day and collect heat, which allows you to maintain metabolism at a fairly high high level. Therefore, the temperature of a predator, regardless of the time of day, is almost always the same (in summer its fluctuations are about 1°C, in winter – 1.5°C, in small animals – about 5°C).

They should also not be confused with warm-blooded representatives of the animal world, since their own metabolism maintains a constant body temperature, while crocodiles maintain it due to their large size, large mass and specific behavior (basking in the sun, cooling in water). Therefore, larger specimens exhibit less fluctuations in body temperature than smaller specimens.

Difference from an alligator

What distinguishes crocodiles from their closest relatives, alligators, is primarily the structure of their teeth: when the mouth is closed, the fourth tooth is visible on the lower jaw, while in alligators no teeth are visible at all. The structure of the muzzle is also different: in alligators it is blunter, in crocodiles it is sharper.

Crocodiles have the best salt metabolism: they remove excess salts through the glands located on the tongue, as well as through the lacrimal glands (the famous “crocodile tears”). Thanks to this, they are able to live not only in river water, but also in sea water, while alligators can only live in fresh water. Among crocodiles there are species that live both here and there, for example, despite the fact that the Nile crocodile prefers to live in rivers and lakes, it is also often found near the sea coast, in river mouths.

Way of life

Crocodiles prefer to live mainly in fresh water bodies, and some species: Nile crocodile, combed crocodile, African narrow-snouted crocodile are found near the sea coast. These animals spend all their time in the water, coming to land in the morning or evening to bask in the sun and accumulate heat in their horny plates. For example, the Nile crocodile prefers air temperatures from 32 to 35 °C; if the readings are higher, it does not even show up on land. During drought, some species of crocodiles dig holes at the bottom of drying reservoirs and hibernate.

On land, these animals are inactive and clumsy, so they prefer to move exclusively in water. If necessary, they are able to move to another body of water through land, covering several kilometers.

It is interesting that they usually move with their legs spread wide apart, then developing speed (no more than 11 km/h for short distances), the reptiles place their paws under their body. But in water, reptiles swim much faster, at a speed of about 40 km/h. Despite their impressive size, they are quite capable of jumping two meters out of the water.

Crocodiles live in packs, and this life is unique: they are quite capable of eating their relatives, and the males often destroy the babies. In each group there is a dominant male, who jealously guards his territory from individuals as large as himself, emitting a loud roar. These reptiles can express their emotions in various ways: they hiss, grunt, growl and even croak hoarsely.

Hunting and food

Despite the fact that crocodiles prefer to hunt at night, during the day, if the prey is not far from them, they do not leave it without attention. They receive information about a potential victim thanks to receptors located on their jaws, which are able to sense prey located even at a great distance.

They feed mainly on fish, but if they come across other prey that they can handle, they hunt that too. How dangerous they are to humans depends on the species. For example, the Nile crocodile is a cannibal, but the gharial (also large in size) is absolutely not dangerous.

The food preferences of a crocodile largely depend on its age and size: young individuals prefer invertebrates, adults prefer amphibians, small mammals, reptiles, and birds.

But large individuals (the same Nile crocodile) are able to cope even with victims that are significantly larger than them in size: the Nile crocodile catches wildebeest when they cross rivers during migration, the combed predator opens a hunt for cattle during the rainy season, the Madagascan one succeeds catch a lemur, and in search of water he crawls into caves (during drought it can only be found here). If necessary, these animals are capable of eating their own relatives.

These reptiles cannot chew, and therefore, having caught the victim, they dismember it with their teeth and swallow it in parts. If the food is too large for this, they can leave it at the bottom for a while and wait until it gets soggy. The animal is helped to cope with food by swallowing stones, which grind the food. These stones are often quite large in size: it is known for sure that the Nile crocodile is capable of swallowing a five-kilogram block.

Crocodiles eat carrion very rarely, and they cannot tolerate rotten food at all. Reptiles eat a lot: at a time they are able to swallow food weighing about 25% of their body weight. Since 60% of food is stored in fat, if necessary, they are able to fast for one to one and a half years.

Reproduction

Considering that crocodiles live from 50 to 110 years, they reach sexual maturity quite early: at the age of 8 to 10 years. Crocodiles are polygamous animals: a male may well have a harem of twelve females.

The female does not give birth, but lays eggs (about fifty eggs per night). To do this, she goes to the coast and digs a hole, the size of which largely depends on the illumination: deeper in the sun, shallower in the shade, and then covers it with sand or leaves. It takes about three months for the eggs to hatch. The female spends all this time near them, without going anywhere and not even feeding.

Who exactly will hatch largely depends on the air temperature: if they exceed 32°C, a male will appear, from 28 to 30°C - a female. Before breaking the shell, one or the other small crocodile begins to make grunting sounds. This is a signal for the female, and she first digs them out, then rolls them in her mouth and releases the babies.

The crocodiles that are born are small: their length is only 28 centimeters. At a time, the mother collects about two dozen babies in her mouth and transfers them to a pre-selected small reservoir, where they spend about eight weeks, after which they scatter around the surrounding area in search of reservoirs unoccupied by other crocodiles. Because of this, the mortality rate among crocodiles is very high: many are eaten by birds, monitor lizards and other predators. Those that survive, as they grow older, first feed on insects, then begin to catch frogs and fish from reservoirs, and from the age of ten they begin hunting large vertebrates.

Reptiles and people

Speaking about crocodiles, it is better for a person to take into account that it is better for him to avoid encounters with these animals: almost all of them are dangerous for humans. True, there are species that never attack people (gharial), while others do this at every opportunity (combed one).

Hunting crocodiles in their habitats is also popular: their meat is eaten, and their skin is used to create textiles and haberdashery. As soon as products made from crocodile skin became popular in fashion, the number of animals began to decline very quickly: the hunt for crocodiles did its job.

According to data, in the 20s of the last century, about a million reptiles were killed annually in South America alone, so if governments had not come to their senses in time and in the forties had not passed laws according to which hunting crocodiles was prohibited, they would have been destroyed long ago. Also, the largest crocodile in Africa, the Nile crocodile, disappeared from its usual habitats, and captive breeding saved the Indian gharial from complete extinction (today there are about 1.5 thousand individuals).

Another factor that puts these reptiles on the brink of extinction in South America and Asia is the construction of dams. To build them, huge areas of forests were cut down, as a result of which many reservoirs where crocodiles lived dried up.

This situation is alarming not only because a unique species is dying out, but also because with the disappearance of these animals the ecosystem of the region is disrupted. For example, in Florida, crocodiles hunt pike, which, without a natural enemy, would destroy all valuable fish, primarily bream and perch.

55. These reptiles enable many animals to survive drought: water accumulates in the holes they dig, forming small reservoirs where, during drought, fish find refuge, and animals and birds come to drink.
a) ATP
In the process of photosynthesis, the source of oxygen (by-product) is: a) ATP
c) water; +

56. d) carbon dioxide.
Of the plant cell components, the tobacco mosaic virus affects: a) mitochondria;
b) chloroplasts; +
c) core;

57. d) vacuoles.
Of these proteins, the enzyme is: a) insulin;
b) keratin;
c) thrombin; +

58. d) myoglobin.
In the chloroplasts of plant cells, light-harvesting complexes are located a) on the outer membrane;
b) on the inner membrane;
c) on the thylakoid membrane; +

59. d) in the stroma.
Non-allelic interaction of genes during dihybrid crossing can give splitting in the second generation: a) 1:1;
b) 3:1;
c) 5:1;

60. d) 9:7. +
In marriages between people of Caucasian and Negroid races, there are usually no people with white skin in the second generation. This is due to: a) incomplete dominance of the skin pigmentation gene;
b) polymerization of skin pigmentation genes; +
c) epigenomic inheritance;

d) non-chromosomal heredity.

1. Part II. You are offered test tasks with one answer option out of four possible, but requiring preliminary multiple choice. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 30 (2 points for each test task). The index of the answer that you consider to be the most complete and correct, indicate in the answer matrix.: Bacteria cause diseaseI. relapsing fever. + II. typhus. + III. malaria. IV. tularemia. +
V. hepatitis. a) II, IV;
b) I, IV, V;
c) I, II, IV; +

2. d) II, III, IV, V. Bacteria cause diseaseRoots can perform the following functions: kidney formation. + II. leaf formation. III. vegetative propagation. + IV. absorption of water and minerals. +
V. synthesis of hormones, amino acids and alkaloids. + a) II, III, IV;
b) I, II, IV, V;
c) I, III, IV, V; +

3. d) I, II, III, IV. Bacteria cause diseaseIf you break off (cut off) the tip of the main root: the root will die. II. the entire plant will die. III. root growth in length will stop. + IV. the plant will survive, but will be weak.
V. lateral and adventitious roots will begin to grow. + a) III, IV, V;
b) III, V; +
c) I, IV, V;

4. Among arachnids, development with metamorphosis is characteristic of: Bacteria cause diseasespiders II. ticks. + III. salpug. IV. haymakers. V. scorpions. a) II; +
b) II, III;
c) I, IV;
d) I, II, III, V.

5. Animals that lead an attached (sessile) lifestyle, but have free-swimming larvae, are: Bacteria cause diseasecorals. + II. sponges. + III. ascidians. + IV. rotifers. V. barnacles. + a) I, II, III, IV;
b) I, II, III, V; +
c) I, III, IV;
d) I, II, III, IV, V.

6. The notochord remains throughout life: Bacteria cause diseaseperch II. sturgeon. + III. sharks. IV. lampreys. + V. lancelet. + a) I, II, III, IV;
b) III, IV, V;
c) II, III, V;
d) II, IV, V. +

7. Spawns only once in a lifetime: Bacteria cause diseasestellate sturgeon. II. sardine. III. pink salmon. + IV. rudd V. river eel. + a) II, III, V;
V. lateral and adventitious roots will begin to grow. + a) III, IV, V;
c) I, III, V;
d) I, II, III, V.

8. The allantois performs a function in amniotes: Bacteria cause diseasegas exchange. + II. thermoregulation. III. storing water. IV. urine accumulation. + V. digestion. a) I, III, IV;
b) I, IV; +
c) I, II, IV, V;
c) I, III, IV, V; +

9. In the renal glomerulus, the following are normally practically not filtered: Bacteria cause diseasewater. II. glucose. III. urea. IV. hemoglobin. + V. plasma albumin. + a) I, II, III;
b) I, III, IV, V;
c) II, IV, V;
d) IV, V. +

10. Each population is characterized: Bacteria cause diseasedensity. + II. in number. + III. degree of insulation. IV. independent evolutionary fate. V. the nature of spatial distribution. + a) I, II, V; +
V. hepatitis. a) II, IV;
c) II, V;
d) II, III, IV.

11. Predators that typically hunt from ambush include: Bacteria cause diseasewolf. II. lynx. + III. jaguar. + IV. cheetah. V. bear. + a) II, III, IV, V;
b) I, IV;
c) I, II, III, V;
d) II, III, V. +

12. Of the listed animals, the tundra biocenosis includes: Bacteria cause diseasesquirrel. II. ferret. III. arctic fox + IV. lemming. + V. green toad. a) I, II, III, IV;
b) II, III, IV, V;
c) III, IV; +
d) III, IV, V.

13. Similar organs that have developed during evolution: Bacteria cause diseasefish gills and crayfish gills. + II. butterfly wings and bird wings. + III. pea tendrils and grape tendrils. + IV. mammal hair and bird feathers. V. cactus spines and hawthorn spines.+ a) I, III, IV, V;
V. synthesis of hormones, amino acids and alkaloids. + a) II, III, IV;
c) I, II, III, V; +
c) I, III, IV, V; +

14. Of the named polymers, unbranched ones include: Bacteria cause diseasechitin. + II. amylose + III. glycogen. IV. cellulose. + V. amylopectin. a) I, II, IV; +
b) I, II, III, IV;
c) II, IV, V;
d) III, IV, V.

15. In the human body, hormonal functions are performed by compounds: Bacteria cause diseaseproteins and peptides. + II. nucleotide derivatives. III. cholesterol derivatives. + IV. amino acid derivatives. + V. derivatives of fatty acids. + a) III, IV, V;
b) I, III, IV, V; +
c) III, V;
d) II.

PartIII. You are offered test tasks in the form of judgments, with each of which you must either agree or reject. In the answer matrix, indicate the answer option “yes” or “no”. The maximum number of points you can score is 25.

1. Liver mosses are lower plants.

2. Gametes in mosses are formed as a result of meiosis.

3. Starch grains are leucoplasts with starch accumulated in them. +

4. After fertilization, the ovules turn into seeds, and the ovary into a fruit.

5. In all invertebrate animals, fertilization is external.

6. Insect hemolymph performs the same functions as the blood of vertebrates.

7. All representatives of the reptile order have a three-chambered heart.

8. Domestic animals tend to have larger brains than their wild ancestors.

9. The first crocodiles were land reptiles. +

10. Characteristic feature All mammals are viviparous.

11. Unlike most mammals, humans are characterized by the presence of seven cervical vertebrae and two occipital condyles.

12. In the human gastrointestinal tract, all proteins are completely digested.

13. Hypervitaminosis is known only for fat-soluble vitamins. +

14. The human brain consumes approximately twice as much energy per gram of weight as a rat.

15. During heavy physical work, body temperature can rise to 39 degrees. +

16. Viral infections are usually treated with antibiotics.

18. Succulents easily tolerate dehydration.

19. Succession after deforestation is an example of secondary succession. +

20. Genetic drift can play the role of an evolutionary factor only in very small populations. +

21. Genetic information in all living organisms is stored in the form of DNA.

22. Each amino acid corresponds to one codon.

23. In prokaryotes, the processes of translation and transcription occur simultaneously and in the same place. +

24. The largest molecules in living cells are DNA molecules. +

25. All hereditary diseases are associated with mutations in chromosomes.

PartIV. You are offered test tasks that require matching. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 12.5. Fill out the answer matrices in accordance with the requirements of the tasks.

1. [max. 2.5 points] Correlate the coloring reagents (1 – glycerin; 2 – hematoxylin; 3 – fuchsin; 4 – chlorine-zinc-iodine; 5 – Lugol’s solution) with the effects of their use in the process of preparing microslides: A – staining of cell nuclei; B – staining of the cytoplasm; B – staining of starch grains in cells; G – clearing of the drug; D – staining of cellulose cell membranes.

2. It is known that the high salt content in the soil creates a sharply negative water potential in it, which leads to disruption of the flow of water into the cells of the plant root, and sometimes to damage to cell membranes. Select adaptations found in plants growing in saline soils. 01. Root cells of salt-tolerant plants are capable of absorbing salts and releasing them through secreting cells on the leaves and stem;
02. The contents of the cells of salt-tolerant plants have a more negative water potential compared to the cells of other plants;
03. Cells are characterized by a high salt content;
04. The cytoplasm of the cells of these plants has low hydrophilicity;
05. The cytoplasm of cells of salt-tolerant plants is highly hydrophilic;
06. Cells of salt-tolerant plants are characterized by a less negative water potential than in the surrounding soil solution;
07. The intensity of photosynthesis in plants growing on saline soils is low;
08. The intensity of photosynthesis in these plants is high.

3. The figure shows a cross section of a conducting potato bundle (Solanum tuberosum). Match the main structures of the conductive bundle (A–D) with their designations in the figure.
A – main parenchyma;
B – external phloem;
B – cambium;
G – xylem;
D – internal phloem.

4. Establish in what sequence (1 – 5) the process of DNA replication occurs.

5. Establish a correspondence between the organic compound (A – D) and the function it performs (1 – 5).

Last name ________________________ Code _____________

Name ________________________

Class ________________________

Code _________________________________

Response Matrix
for tasks of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren
in biology. 2011-1 2 lessons year. ______ Class

Exercise 1.

Crocodiles are exotic predatory reptiles that appeared on our planet 25 million years ago. Living during the time of dinosaurs, they survived the cataclysms that occurred during that period and adapted to environmental conditions. An interesting fact about crocodiles is that they initially appeared as land reptiles, and only then, under the influence of external factors, over time they switched to semi-aquatic life. For them, the closest relatives of creatures currently living on earth are birds—descendants of archosaurs.

There are 24 species of these reptiles in the world. The name comes from the ancient Greek word, literally translated meaning “pebble worm.” The comparison is due to the similarity of the scales in texture and color with pebbles. The history of the development of creatures is unusual, their way of life evokes both horror and admiration, so in this article we decided to tell the most Interesting Facts about crocodiles with pictures.

State of the art

Among living reptiles, crocodiles are distinguished by the most developed brain, the hemispheres of which have a cortex. Reptiles have developed vision and hearing, but more often use another sense organ - pressure receptors. These neuromasts are located on the surface of the jaws and sense vibrations in the water that come from animals located in the water over long distances. An analogue of this organ is the lateral line in fish.

Features of movement

Crocodiles seem clumsy, but some varieties are capable of running at speeds of up to 17 km per hour and galloping. Moreover, they are the only reptiles that, with this method of movement, place their legs under the body (when walking, they are widely spaced to the sides).

When urgently needed, reptiles are able to move several kilometers away from their habitat. When swimming, the speed reaches 40 km per hour, and only the tail is used for movement.

The ancient legend about crocodile tears came to us from the Patriarch of Constantinople Photius, who says that when eating a victim, the crocodile mourns it.

In fact, this feature is associated with an excess of salt in the blood of reptiles, which they flush out using special glands located at the edge of the eyes.

Collaboration with other species

An interesting fact for children about crocodiles will be the following feature of these dangerous predators. Reptiles pose a threat to every living creature they meet along the way, but they have one “friend” in nature.

This bird is an Egyptian runner or crocodile guardian. She lives near bodies of water where reptiles live, collecting scraps of meat from the ground around her and the open mouths of predators. It is noteworthy that at this time they lie calmly with their jaws open and do not try to swallow the bird.

Scientists and observers have noticed many facts from the life of crocodiles, and these features are mostly atypical for other reptiles:

• At the present time, crocodiles have no enemies, but the reptiles themselves pose a threat to huge amount species. If another mammalian predator kills a prey near the crocodiles' habitat, the crocodiles will not be afraid to take it away.
• Crocodiles lie for several hours with their mouths open - this way the body cools down.

• A powerful tail is often used to attack a crocodile. The force of the blow is such that it can kill a person. When attacking, they inflict fatal bites on the victim, sometimes dragging him under water to drown him.
• Special muscles in the nose of reptiles close the nostrils during complete immersion in water. The latter are located above the mouth so that the predator, lying in wait for the prey, plunges into the water, remains invisible and breathes freely. To protect against water, a third eyelid is placed over the eyes.
• In the mouth of each adult individual there are 64-68 teeth of the same shape, hollow inside. During life they change about 50 times.

• Most crocodiles are cannibals. They eat carrion, but not rotten meat, although they make reserves from half-eaten prey.
• A female crocodile lays up to 80 eggs at a time, but 99% of all offspring do not grow and do not even have time to hatch, being eaten by fish, herons and even other adult crocodiles.
• All offspring hatch at the same time; the mother carefully transfers the newborns into the pond in her mouth. The ratio of the sizes of an adult individual and a crocodile egg is 1 to 4000.
• Crocodiles are for the most part monogamous. Scientists have found that about 70% of females choose the same male for mating throughout their lives.
• A crocodile can eat prey equal to half its own body weight at one time.

• Interesting facts about the suborder of crocodiles are associated with the sounds they produce. Before the rain, predators emit a peculiar bubbling sound, which is popularly called “crocodile singing.” During the mating season, the roar resembles thunder or explosions, and if other representatives of this species join the screaming, it will seem that an artillery battle is being waged nearby. And the first sounds, reminiscent of a faint croak, are made by reptiles while still inside the egg.

• Crocodiles swallow stones to grind ingested food and stabilize their center of gravity.
• The blood of these reptiles contains an antibiotic, due to which the most severe wounds heal quickly and do not fester.
• The sex of crocodiles depends on the ambient temperature: if it is below 31 degrees, females are born, above 33.5 - males. If the indicator fluctuates within these limits, then there will be an equal number of individuals of both sexes.
• Due to the decreased number of crocodiles on the planet, in some countries there are farms for breeding them.

Interesting facts about different types of crocodiles

Each species of crocodiles has characteristics unique to them. Let us describe the facts about saltwater crocodiles:

• Saltwater crocodiles are the largest species of reptiles; the body length of some representatives reaches 7 meters, on average this figure is 5.5 meters. The weight of the largest individuals reaches 1 ton. Among the representatives of their species, they are considered the most dangerous.

• The reptiles got their name because of the two ridges that start at the eyes and end at the edge of the muzzle. They are formed only in sexually mature individuals, whose body length has already reached 2.5-3 meters.
• Among predators, combed crocodiles are characterized by the greatest bite force - the jaw force reaches 2.5 tons.

• These reptiles live freely in both fresh and salt water. Sometimes they swim out into the open ocean, where they spend up to a month or more, and during this time cover up to 1000 km. They feel no less comfortable in shallow freshwater rivers and small lakes.
• Saltwater crocodiles are long-lived, living up to 100 years. But in nature this rarely happens due to the spread of diseases and destruction by poachers.

• Nile crocodiles are the most common members of the family. They are in second place in size after combed fish - the average body length is 4 meters. The largest representative of this species was caught in the area of ​​Lake Victoria in 1948; its body length was 6.4 meters and its weight was one and a half tons.
• The range of Nile crocodiles is wide, and depending on the area they have received an unofficial classification - Ethiopian, East African, Malagasy, Central African, Kenyan and others.

• Nile crocodiles have a sad reputation as cannibals - they died from attacks more people than from the rest of the crocodile order combined. According to various sources, up to 1,000 people die annually in the teeth of these reptiles.
• Crocodiles are difficult to train, but exceptions are known. In the African village of Sabu, residents have tamed and fed predators in one pond, and they allow them to touch themselves, and some even ride. This interesting fact became profitable for the aborigines - all year round Tourists come to these places to watch an amazing show and interact with crocodiles.

Crocodiles in the ancient world

Interesting facts about crocodiles for children and lovers of historical information are related to the perception of crocodiles by residents in ancient times. IN ancient Egypt crocodiles were considered sacred animals, and the god of the Nile flood, Sebek, was depicted with the head of this predator.

Another interesting fact about Nile crocodiles is that records show that some wealthy Egyptians kept crocodiles as pets. One crocodile once lived in Arsion in the temple of Sebek, where he was treated with honor, decorated and fed. After his death, the body was mummified and buried in a tomb. This case is not the only one - archaeologists have repeatedly found in Egyptian burials not only the mummified bodies of reptiles, but also their eggs. Today such mummies are exhibited in the famous Cairo Museum.

From ancient times to this day, the Malagasy species of crocodile has been an object of worship for the aborigines of the island of Madagascar. During religious celebrations in honor of reptiles, residents make sacrifices to them in the form of pets.

To appease the reptiles, the Egyptians used spells. Echoes of this tradition have survived to this day - modern residents of Nubia install a figurine of a reptile at the entrance to their house, which, according to their belief, will protect against evil. IN South Sudan lived the Nuer tribe, which considers the crocodile a totem animal, but at the same time hunts representatives of the species for meat. Some African tribes believed that crocodiles were the spirits of deceased ancestors, protecting settlements from evil spirits, while others, on the contrary, believed that witches used them for evil purposes.

If you look for interesting facts about crocodiles on Wikipedia, you will find an article dedicated to the living of these reptiles in sewers. This legend originated back in the 50s of the last century and stated that giant reptiles lived in the sewer systems near New York. It is depicted in the book “The World Under the City” by R. Daley, and its origins go back even further – to the 30s, when the first such complaints began to arrive.

Initially, no one attached any importance to them, but after the descent, it is unclear how crocodiles that had taken root in such conditions were nevertheless discovered, and some of them even reached 2 meters.

The predators were poisoned, but the legend still does not lose popularity and has become the basis for numerous films and stories. And similar information about huge reptiles keep slipping in different corners Lands, including in Russia. However, there are no reliable facts to confirm or refute such reports.

The crocodile is a semi-aquatic vertebrate wild animal, belongs to the phylum chordata, class reptiles, order crocodiles (lat. Crocodilia).

Yours Russian name The predator got its name from the Greek word “crocodilos,” which literally means “pebble worm.” Most likely, this is what the Greeks called the reptile, whose lumpy skin looks like a pebble, and whose long body and characteristic body movements resemble a worm.

In sea water, the crocodile feeds on fish, saw-nosed stingrays and even stingrays, including white stingrays, the size of which is not inferior to, and often exceeds in length, the attacking crocodile. The menu consisting of mammals is especially varied. A successful hunt brings a crocodile for dinner, a monitor lizard, a wild boar, a buffalo or.

Often the prey of a crocodile becomes, and. Crocodiles also eat monkeys, raccoons, martens, etc. Given the opportunity to have a snack, they will not refuse to attack any domestic animals, be it cattle or cattle. Some crocodiles eat each other, that is, they do not hesitate to attack their own kind.

How does a crocodile hunt?

Crocodiles spend most of the day in the water, and hunt only after dark. The reptile swallows small prey whole. In a duel with a large prey, the crocodile's weapon is brute force. Large land animals, such as deer and buffalo, are guarded by a crocodile at a watering hole, attacked suddenly and dragged into the water, where the victim is unable to resist. Large fish, on the contrary, are dragged into shallow water, where it is easier to deal with prey.

The massive jaws of a crocodile easily crush a buffalo’s skull, and strong jerks of the head and a special “deadly rotation” technique instantly tear the prey apart. Crocodiles do not know how to chew, therefore, having killed the victim, they twist out pieces of suitable flesh with their powerful jaws and swallow them whole. Crocodiles eat quite a lot: one lunch can account for up to 23% of the mass of the predator itself. Often crocodiles hide part of the prey, but the supply does not always remain intact, and is often consumed by other predators.

• The crocodile belongs to the crocodile family, the alligator belongs to the alligator family. Moreover, both reptiles belong to the order crocodiles.
• The main difference between a crocodile and an alligator is the structure of the jaw and the arrangement of the teeth. When the crocodile's mouth is closed, one or a pair of teeth on the lower jaw always stick out, while the alligator's upper jaw is completely covered by a predatory grin.

• Also, the difference between a crocodile and an alligator lies in the structure of the muzzle. The crocodile's muzzle is pointed and has the shape of the English letter V, while the alligator's muzzle is blunt and more reminiscent of the letter U.

• Crocodiles have salt glands in the tongue and lacrimal glands in the eyes to remove excess salts from the body, so they can live in the sea. Alligators do not have such glands, so they mainly live in fresh water bodies.
• If you compare the size of a crocodile and an alligator, it is difficult to say which reptile is larger. The average length of an alligator does not exceed the average length of a crocodile. But if we compare the largest individuals, the American (Mississippi) alligator has a maximum body length of no more than 4.5 meters (according to unofficial data, the only maximum recorded length of one individual was 5.8 meters). And the world's largest saltwater crocodile, with an average body length of 5.2 meters, can grow up to 7 meters in length.
• The average weight of a Mississippi alligator (it is larger than a Chinese one) is 200 kg, with the maximum recorded weight reaching 626 kg. The average weight of a crocodile depends on the species. Yet some species of crocodiles weigh much more than alligators. For example, the weight of a sharp-snouted crocodile reaches 1 ton, and the world's largest saltwater crocodile weighs about 2 tons.

What is the difference between a crocodile and a gharial?

• Both the crocodile and the gharial belong to the order Crocodiles. But the crocodile is part of the crocodile family, and the gharial belongs to the gharial family.
• The crocodile has salt glands located on the tongue and special lacrimal glands in the eye area: through them, excess salts are removed from the crocodile's body. This factor allows the crocodile to live in salty sea water. The gharial does not possess such glands, therefore it is a resident of absolutely fresh water bodies.
• It is easy to distinguish a crocodile from a gharial by the shape of its jaws: the gharial has rather narrow jaws, which is justified by hunting only fish. The crocodile has wider jaws.

• The gharial has more teeth than the crocodile, but they are much smaller and thinner: the gharial needs such sharp and thin teeth to tenaciously hold caught fish in its mouth. Depending on the species, a crocodile has 66 or 68 teeth, but the gharial can boast of having hundreds of sharp teeth.

• Another difference between a crocodile and a gharial: of the entire family of crocodiles, only the gharial spends the maximum time in the water, leaving the reservoir only to lay eggs and to bask a little in the sun. The crocodile spends about a third of its life in bodies of water, preferring water over land.
• Crocodiles and gharials differ very slightly in size. Male gharials usually have a body length of 3-4.5 meters, rarely reaching 5.5 meters in length. Crocodiles are not far behind their counterparts - the length of an adult male varies between 2-5.5 meters. And yet, seasoned males of some species of crocodiles often reach 7 meters in length. In terms of weight, crocodiles win this round: the saltwater crocodile can reach a mass of 2000 kg, and the Gangetic gharial has a modest weight of 180-200 kg.

What is the difference between a crocodile and a caiman?

• Although crocodiles and caimans belong to the order Crocodilia, caimans belong to the alligator family and crocodiles belong to the crocodyliform family.
• The external differences between a crocodile and a caiman are as follows: crocodiles are distinguished by a pointed V-shaped snout, caimans are distinguished by a blunt and wide U-shaped muzzle.
• Another difference between reptiles is that crocodiles have special salt glands on their tongues. Through them, as well as through the lacrimal glands, crocodiles get rid of excess salts, so they feel equally good in both fresh and salt water. Caimans do not have this feature, therefore, with rare exceptions, they live only in clean fresh water bodies.

Types of crocodiles: names, descriptions, list and photos.

Modern classification divides the order of crocodiles into 3 families, 8 genera and 24 species.

Family of real crocodiles(lat. Crocodylidae). Some of its varieties are of particular interest:

• Saltwater crocodile (saltwater crocodile)(lat. Crocodylus porosus)- the largest crocodile in the world, a mega-predator firmly established at the top of the food chain. Other names for this reptile are submarine crocodile, man-eating crocodile, salty, estuarine and Indo-Pacific crocodile. The length of a saltwater crocodile can reach 7 meters and weigh up to 2 tons. The species got its name thanks to 2 massive bony ridges running along the snout from the edge of the eyes. In appearance The crocodile's colors are predominantly pale yellow-brown, with dark stripes and spots visible on the body and tail. The salt water lover is a typical inhabitant of rivers flowing into the ocean, and also lives in sea lagoons. Saltwater crocodiles often live in the open sea and are found on the northern Australian coast, in Indonesia, the Philippines, India and off the coast of Japan. Crocodiles' food is any prey that a predator can catch. These can be large land animals: buffalos, leopards, grizzlies, antelopes, pythons, monitor lizards. Also, medium-sized mammals often become prey for the crocodile: wild boars, tapirs, dingoes, kangaroos, many species of monkeys, including orangutans. Domestic animals can also become prey: goats, etc. Of the birds, mainly waterfowl species, as well as marine and freshwater, and many species fall into the mouth of the combed crocodile. Baby crocodile feeds on aquatic invertebrates, insects and small fish. Older individuals freely eat poisonous cane toads, big fish and crustaceans. Saltwater crocodiles practice cannibalism on occasion, never missing the opportunity to eat small or weak representatives of their species.

• Blunt crocodile(lat. Osteolaemus tetraspis)- This is the smallest crocodile in the world. The body length of an adult is only 1.5 meters. The male weighs about 80 kg, the female crocodiles weighs about 30-35 kg. The color of the reptile's back is black, its belly is yellow, with black spots. Unlike other types of crocodiles, the reptile has skin well armored with hard plates-growths, which compensates for the lack of growth. Blunt-snouted crocodiles live in fresh water bodies West Africa, shy and secretive, are nocturnal. They feed on fish and carrion.

• Nile crocodile(lat. Crocodylus niloticus)- the largest reptile of the family after the saltwater crocodile, lives in Africa. The average body length of males is from 4.5 to 5.5 meters, and the weight of a male crocodile reaches almost 1 ton. The color of the crocodile is gray or light brown, with dark stripes on the back and tail. The reptile is one of 3 species that live in African countries and have no equal in the water element. Even on land, conflicts over prey, such as with lions, involve a “tug-of-war,” and the crocodile still emerges victorious. - a typical inhabitant of rivers, lakes and swamps located south of the Sahara Desert, including the Nile River basin. The Nile crocodile feeds on fish: Nile perch, tilapia, black mullet, African pike and numerous representatives of cyprinids. And also mammals: antelopes, waterbucks, gazelles, oryx, warthogs, chimpanzees and gorillas. Often all types of domesticated animals become prey for the crocodile. Particularly large individuals attack buffalos and young African elephants. Young Nile crocodiles eat amphibians: the African toad, the changeable reed frog and the goliath frog. The young feed on insects (crickets), crabs and other invertebrates.

• Siamese crocodile(lat. Crocodylus siamensis) has a body up to 3-4 m long. The color of the crocodile is olive green, sometimes dark green. The weight of a male reaches 350 kg, the weight of females is 150 kg. This species of crocodiles is listed in the Red Book as endangered. Today the population numbers no more than 5 thousand individuals. The species' range extends through the countries of southeast Asia: Cambodia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and is also found on the island of Kalimantan. The main source of food for Siamese crocodiles are various small species. In rare cases, the crocodile feeds on rodents and carrion.

• Sharp-snouted crocodile(lat. Crocodylus acutus)- the most common representative of the family. The species is distinguished by a narrow, characteristically pointed snout. Adult males grow up to 4 m in length, females up to 3 m. The weight of a crocodile is 500-1000 kg. The color of the crocodile is grayish or greenish-brown. Crocodiles live in swampy areas, rivers, as well as fresh and salt lakes in the Northern and South America. Sharp-snouted crocodiles eat most species of freshwater and sea ​​fish. A significant part of the diet consists of birds: pelicans, flamingos,. With a certain periodicity, crocodiles eat marine and livestock. Young reptiles feed on crabs, as well as insects and their larvae.

• Australian narrow-snoutedcrocodile (lat. Crocodylus johnstoni) is a freshwater reptile and is small in size: males grow no more than 3 meters in length, females up to 2 meters. The animal has an uncharacteristically narrow muzzle for a crocodile. The color of the reptile is brown with black stripes on the crocodile's back and tail. A population of about 100 thousand individuals inhabits freshwater bodies of northern Australia. The Australian narrow-snouted crocodile feeds primarily on fish. A small part of the diet of adults consists of waterfowl and small mammals.

Alligator family(lat. Alligatoridae), in which the subfamily alligators and the subfamily caimans are distinguished. This family includes the following varieties:

• Mississippi alligator (American alligator) (lat. Alligator mississippiensis)- a large reptile (reptile), the males of which grow up to 4.5 m in length with a body weight of about 200 kg. Unlike the crocodile, the American alligator can withstand the cold and can hibernate with its body frozen into the ice and leaving only its nostrils on the surface. These alligators live in fresh water bodies North America: dams, swamps, rivers and lakes. The Mississippi (American) alligator, unlike crocodiles, rarely attacks large animals. Adult alligators feed on fish, waterfowl, water snakes, and mammals such as nutria, muskrats, and raccoons. Baby alligators eat worms, as well as insects and their larvae. Some alligators do not have enough melanin pigment and are albino. True, a white crocodile is rarely found in nature.

White crocodile (albino)

• - a small species of alligator, which is also a rare species. Only 200 individuals live in nature. The color of the alligator is yellow-gray, there are black spots on the lower jaw. The average length of an alligator is 1.5 meters, the maximum reaches 2.2 meters. The weight of the predator is 35-45 kg. Alligators live in China, in the Yangtze River basin. They feed on small birds and mammals, mollusks.

• Crocodile (spectacled) caiman(lat. Caiman crocodilus)- a relatively small alligator with a body length of up to 1.8-2 m and a weight of up to 60 kg. This species of crocodile is distinguished by a narrow snout and a characteristic bony growth between the eyes, shaped like glasses. The small caiman has a yellow body color with black spots; the adult crocodile has olive green skin. The reptile has the widest range of all alligators. The caiman lives in low-lying, stagnant bodies of fresh and salt water from Mexico and Guatemala to the Dominican Republic and Bahamas. Due to its small size, the caiman feeds on mollusks, small fish, freshwater crabs, as well as small reptiles and mammals. Seasoned individuals occasionally attack large amphibians, for example, as well as wild boars and even other caimans.

• Black caiman(lat. Melanosuchus niger)- one of the largest reptiles. The body length of a mature male can exceed 5.5 m, and the body weight can be more than 500 kg. A pronounced bony ridge, typical of all caimans, runs from the eyes along the entire length of the muzzle. The modern population, consisting of approximately 100 thousand individuals, lives in large rivers and lakes of South America. Adult black caimans eating a large number of fish, including piranhas

  Gharial family(lat. Gavialidae) consists of several genera and only 2 modern species:

  • Gangetic gharial(lat. Gavialis gangeticus)- a large representative of the order with a body growing up to 6 meters in length. Gharials, unlike real crocodiles, have a lighter constitution, so the weight of an adult individual generally does not exceed 200 kg. Gharials are distinguished by a characteristically narrow jaw shape, conveniently adapted for catching fish, as well as a maximum number of teeth - up to 100 pieces. Gharials live in the pools and knees of rivers in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The species is listed in the Red Book as especially rare and has been completely exterminated in Bhutan and Myanmar. Due to its predominantly aquatic lifestyle, the Gangetic gharial feeds mainly on fish. Particularly large individuals occasionally attack small mammals and happily eat carrion. Baby reptiles are content with invertebrate animals.

  

  • Gharial crocodile(lat. Tomistoma schlegelii)- the closest relative of the gharial, with the same long, narrow muzzle and gigantic size. The body length of a crocodile can exceed 6 meters, but on average reaches no more than 5 meters. The color of the crocodile is chocolate brown with stripes on the body. The weight of a crocodile varies from 93 kg for females to 210 kg for males. This species of reptile has endangered status. A small population of crocodiles, consisting of 2.5 thousand individuals, lives in shallow, swampy rivers and lakes in Indonesia and Malaysia. The gharial crocodile, unlike its closest relative, the Gangetic gharial, only partly consumes fish, shrimp and small vertebrates. Despite the narrow snout, the main diet of the predator consists of pythons and others, monitor lizards, monkeys, wild pigs, deer and otters.