Narts and megaliths of the Caucasus. Caucasian dolmens: mysterious ancient megaliths that excite the minds of modern archaeologists Findings from “Treasures”

In the Caucasus Mountains, somewhere between the cities of Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Novorossiysk and Sochi, there are hundreds of megalithic monuments, which are called dolmens. The age of all these megalithic dolmens dates back to approximately 10,000 - 25,000 years, and what they were intended for is currently debated by both Russian and Western archaeologists.

There is no single point of view regarding dolmens in the Caucasus - some archaeologists believe that the age of these megalithic structures is actually from 4000 to 6000 years. Thousands of prehistoric megalithic monuments are known throughout the world, but those located on the territory of the former Soviet Union (including the Caucasus) are little known in the West.

Dolmens are mainly located in the Western Caucasus (in Russia and Abkhazia) on both sides mountain range, covering an area of approximately 12,000 square kilometers. Caucasian dolmens are a unique type of prehistoric architecture - structures created from perfectly fitted cyclopean stone blocks. For example, there are stones in the shape of a bull “G”, which were used on the corners of dolmens, or stones in the shape of a perfect circle.

Although such “shards of an ancient era” are generally unknown in Western Europe, these Russian megaliths are no less significant for science than the megaliths discovered in Europe - both in terms of age and in terms of the quality of architecture. And the most amazing thing is that their origin is still unknown. Scientists note that despite the diversity of Caucasian stone structures, they show striking similarities with megaliths from different parts of Europe and Asia (Iberian Peninsula, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Holland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Israel and India).

A number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain such similarities, as well as guesses about the purpose of the construction of megaliths, but for now all this remains a mystery. On this moment In the Western Caucasus, approximately 3,000 such megalithic monuments are known, but new megaliths continue to be found constantly. At the same time, unfortunately, many of the Caucasian monoliths are in an extremely neglected state and will be completely lost if they are not protected from vandals and natural destruction.

Most of the megaliths, dolmens and stone labyrinths that are found in the Caucasus Mountains (but they are little studied) look like rectangular structures made of stone slabs or carved into the rocks with round holes as an entrance. However, not all dolmens look like this. In fact, you can find very diverse examples of architecture here: multi-story stone buildings, square, trapezoidal, rectangular and round.

What is noteworthy is that in all such buildings there is a hole on the façade leading inside. Most often it is round, but occasionally square ones are found. Also often stone “plugs” are found in dolmens, which were used to close the entrance hole. Sometimes such stone plugs have a phallic shape. Inside the dolmen there is most often a round platform onto which light falls through a round hole. Scientists believe that some kind of rituals may have been carried out at such sites. Such a site was surrounded by large stone walls, sometimes more than a meter high.

It was in this area that archaeologists found Bronze and Iron Age pottery that helped date these burials, as well as human remains, bronze tools and jewelry made from silver, gold and semi-precious stones. Typically, the repertoire of decorations for such graves is not particularly diverse. The most common types of carvings found on stone blocks are vertical and horizontal zigzags, triangles and concentric circles.

One of the most interesting megalithic complexes is a group of three dolmens, which is located on a hill above the Zhane River on the Black Sea coast in the Krasnodar region near Gelendzhik, Russia. This area has perhaps the largest concentration of all types of megalithic objects, including settlements and dolmens.

A.S.
Chief specialist in historical and cultural heritage of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Sochi" national park» Markov D.N.

Abridged version.

The research and study of megaliths of the Caucasus has a long history. The type of megaliths most described by scientific works are those of the Western Caucasus. Of course, the presence of burial chambers and the grave goods found in them simplifies the dating process of many dolmen monuments of the Bronze Age. The situation is much more complicated with other types of megalithic structures - menhirs, cromlechs and similar structures. Nevertheless, the fact of their presence is obvious and, based on the totality of the material, allows us to determine the approximate time frame of their occurrence. A common feature of megalithic structures is their undeniable connection with places of sacred worship. However, we know of other types of megaliths in Europe. These are seids. Among the prehistoric monuments of northern Europe (menhirs, petroglyphs and labyrinths), seids remain the least known and studied.

Over the past few years, Sochi employees national park megaliths similar to those of northern Europe were discovered. If one of the hypotheses of the origin of seids as a consequence of glacier melting could somehow explain their occurrence in the northern regions, then on the southern slopes of the Caucasus it is inappropriate. In the Volchie Vorota tract and on the ridge of the mountain in the Lazarevsky district of the city of Sochi, two types of seids were discovered. I would immediately like to point out that the stones from which the seids are formed consist of local sandstone, but have different geological morphologies and the factor of their random natural formation is extremely doubtful.

On the ridge of Mount Vinogradnaya there is a seid, which is a block weighing more than ten tons and located on a flat multi-ton stone (Fig. 1.1). Seid is located on the watershed of the ridge and is highest point in this section of the mountain. What is very important is that near it there are large stones with holes of artificial origin (hole stones). Below it, a hundred meters and further, there are groups of famous dolmens of the Grape Gorge adjacent to the valley of the Tsuskvadzh River - one of the most dolmen-rich areas of Greater Sochi. Many seids of this kind have been recorded and described in Karelia (Fig. 1.2).

Fig.1.1 Seid on Mount Vinogradnaya

Fig. 1.2 Karelian seid

Interesting are the seids from the Volch'i Vorota tract, which is also an area with a large concentration of dolmens. Seid No. 1 in the Wolf Gate tract (Fig. 2.1) is an ellipsoidal boulder weighing about three tons, which is located on four small support stones. The entire structure, in turn, rests on a protruding rectangular block, rising more than one meter above the ground. Similar structures were noted in Karelia on the Kuzova archipelago (Fig. 2.2).

Fig. 2.1 Seid No. 1 in the Wolf Gate tract

Fig.2.2 Stone additions on the Bodies

Seid No. 2 in the Wolf Gate tract (Fig. 3.1) is a pyramidal block weighing also more than three tons, which is supported by large stones of a different geological morphology. The base is a sandstone rock outcrop. The back of the seid also rests against a rocky ledge, which ensured its safety and stability. In appearance it is similar to the cult stone on Mount Vottovaara in Karelia (Fig. 3.2), where a large boulder rests on three small stones, the same, in turn, lie on another large boulder.

Fig. 3.1 Seid No. 2 in the Wolf Gate tract

Fig. 3.2 Seid on Mount Vottovaara

Thus, comparing the characteristics of the seids of Sochi and Karelia, one can note their obvious similarity. However, when mentioning the Karelian seids, it is necessary to note the following: “despite the fact that their ethnographic research began in the 19th century, the number of scientific works devoted to the topic of seids can be listed on the fingers of one hand. A seid is a large (sometimes very large) boulder placed on small stone stands; sometimes one or several smaller stones stacked in a pyramid are placed on top of the large boulder. In the European part of the Russian North, there are thousands of seids - their distribution area is from the northern shores of Lakes Ladoga and Onega to the Barents Sea and corresponds to the area of residence of the Sami in historically foreseeable times. There are hundreds of seids in the central and northern Norway, they are found in the mountains of Sweden and the taiga of Finland."

Republican Center for State Protection of Objects cultural heritage The Republic of Karelia, based on the opinion of the majority of experts, concludes “that medieval stone structures in the White Sea region are the work of a sedentary population engaged in marine fishing, i.e. Pomors It is not excluded that the Pomors borrowed the traditions of building stone structures from the earlier hunting and fishing population of this territory of Karelia.” According to the republican center, three main places of accumulation of seids are known and “all of them are included in the lists of cultural heritage sites of Karelia as complexes of ancient Sami sanctuaries, for which these monuments were previously examined by archaeological specialists and appropriate conclusions were prepared.”

Seids, as a material expression of the ancient beliefs of the Sami, were equally widespread among the Sami in Russia and abroad. Seid was usually the object of veneration for the entire village and, apparently, was associated with the veneration of the ancestors.

Thus, research by ethnographers and archaeologists confirms that seids in northern latitudes are places of worship – places of worship of ancestors and spirits.

Having compared the northern and Sochi seids, one can draw clear conclusions that both are located in places of worship, but unlike Karelia, no archaeological excavations have been carried out near the Sochi megaliths, which could confirm their undeniable man-made origin. The paucity of structures of this kind in the Caucasus is easily explained by the high seismicity of our region, in contrast to the Kola Peninsula.

It should be noted that some of the seids are structurally similar to the simplest dolmens in Europe. And it is possible that seids, in their essence, may be the predecessors of the idea of dolmens.

Of course, the time period for the creation of the seids of Karelia differs from the period of creation of the dolmens of the Caucasus, but the social organization of the tribes that built the dolmens and the medieval Sami is not much different.

An obvious fact of the man-made nature of Sochi seids is a seid with a processed base, discovered by Sochi local historian Vladimir Vladimirovich Snytko (Fig. 4)

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The cycle of tales about the people who once lived in the Northern and Northwestern Caucasus constitutes the epic about the Narts. The plot lines of individual tales are often intertwined and sometimes even broken off. The Narts believed that all sorts of fairy-tale creatures lived around them: giants, gnomes, inhabitants of the underwater kingdom and dragons.

The main characters in all legends are heroic and brave people, the Narts. The Nart epic can also be considered from the point of view of understanding the culture of the megaliths, as well as their estimated time of origin. Undoubtedly, there once was a people who developed a wonderful technology for processing stone. And of course, he could not disappear without a trace; something had to remain in the memory of descendants in the form of myths, fairy tales or just mentions.

It is impossible to answer with complete confidence the question of who the Narts were. In the storylines of the legends, it is easy to draw parallels with both Russian and Georgian fairy tales, and with Greek mythology.
There are entire scientific works on the analysis of deities and celestial beings proving some connection between the Nart epic and the Scythians, as well as with Indo-Aryan and ancient Iranian mythology.

What is the reason for these differences of opinion? Probably the whole point is that the population living in the Northern and Northwestern Caucasus has different origins. For example, the Abkhaz and Adyghe languages are related to the ancient Hutt language, and the Ossetians trace their origins to the Alans. This means that the fact is confirmed that the bearers and keepers of the Nart epic were peoples different both in historical and geographical paths and in linguistic development.

Proof is also the fact that the tales, covering a wide spectrum of human life and having many intersecting and completely separate plots, have common features, for example, the word “nart” (nyart) appears everywhere, as well as the name of one of the main or even central female figures Satanai (Satan, Sataney, Shatana), etc. This suggests that most of the plots are of North Caucasian origin.

Of course, there were some borrowings, copying of plots and plot reflections here. But not a single epic source can exist without this. Changes of religions are reflected here, which naturally bring their own plots and heroes.

How are megaliths connected with the Nart Epic? Everything is very simple: the Adyghe peoples believed that the construction of dolmens was the merit of certain dwarfs - isp (spoo).
Legend says that the Caucasus was once inhabited by a tribe of short people - dwarfs. They lived on the inaccessible peaks of mountains and ridges and were engaged in cattle breeding. Their favorite means of transportation was hares, which the Ispas rode on horseback. Since then, there has been a belief that the legs of these long-eared animals are still tangled with little men, so they cannot run like other animals.
The Isps were distinguished by their sharp minds and incredible strength, they developed crafts and skillfully worked with metals. The main qualities of the representatives of this people were their independence and love of freedom.

Next to them, but in the valleys and gorges, lived evil giants - inyzhi, who were not particularly intelligent and occupied a lower level of development. Their body was covered with long and thick hair. Giants lived in caves.
These evil monsters were enslaved by the brave and strong isps and forced to work for themselves. Inyzhi were engaged in the construction of houses in which dwarfs lived and which we now call dolmens.

Perhaps the Isps would have existed to this day, but some kind of catastrophe of universal significance occurred, and both peoples disappeared from the face of the earth. The few surviving humans moved deep underground and rarely came to the surface. Only sometimes at night the sledges could meet their leader - a little old man with a long gray beard, proudly riding along the ridges on a rooster.

If in Adygea, according to the local population, the Isps were exclusively engaged in the construction of dolmens, then in Abkhazia they believe that small houses, which have long since disappeared, and atsanguars are also the work of their hands.
Atsanguars are hedges made of stones on the tops of ridges that have survived to this day. Fences were built in a variety of shapes and were sometimes divided into several parts adjacent to each other.

Most often, atsanguars are found in the territory from the level of Tuapse to Abkhazia.
Of course, there is also a legend telling about the joys and sorrows of the Atsans, or Tsaniys - the same dwarfs, but mentioned in the Abkhazian Nart epic. According to it, the Atsanguars are not only the remaining sections of the fences behind which the Atsans kept their cattle, but also the remains of their dwellings and fortresses. Researchers claim that their construction was completed approximately one and a half thousand years BC, however, there is some disagreement regarding the exact dating, since the remains of ancient fences, as a rule, were constantly joined by new ones, and it is also difficult to separate the ruins of old fences and modern ones extensions to them, which were repeatedly used and reconstructed over many centuries.

Amazing and labor-intensive work on collecting scraps, parts and legends of the Nart epic was done by the Abkhaz researcher and local historian Sh. D. Inal-Apoi, he also compiled a coherent myth about the dwarfs - the Atsans.

Once upon a time, there was a dwarf people. This happened either simultaneously with the sledges, or a little earlier. The Atsans lived in houses and fenced their territories with stone walls. They were distinguished by their freedom-loving character and strength and did not recognize anyone above them, including God. The Atsans were at a fairly high level of development - they learned everything themselves and helped the Narts in some ways. Then the little men became proud and began to scold and tease God in every possible way. And he didn’t know what to do with them. And so God sent his son (nephew) to the Atsans so that he would find out the weak points of the rebellious people. The dwarfs raised and educated the boy, and God learned the secret of their invulnerability.

As a result, a universal catastrophe occurred and all the Atsans died either from a great fire, or from a flood, or from a sudden cold snap. A few people escaped and settled somewhere underground. They are still trying to get out, but all their attempts end in failure.
As a result of research, it turned out that the Narts had their own folk hero, whose mother belonged to the Atsan people.

It should also be noted that there is a legend in the Nart epic that is very reminiscent of the Greek myth about the Titan Prometheus and Hercules, his liberator. However, this is not surprising, since all sorts of variants of this legend are present among almost all Caucasian peoples.

In the Nart epic, instead of Prometheus, the elder of the Narts Nasren-Zhache appears (among the Abkhazians - Abrskil), who enters into a fight with the celestials. For his insolence, God chained him to the mountain. And another hero, Peterez (Batraz), saved him and brought fire to the Narts. According to some versions of this legend, the liberator is the son of dwarfs and Narts.

The Georgian folk hero-god-fighter Amirani successfully plays the role of Prometheus, chained to a rock, in the Georgian epic. And this is an excellent clue for determining the exact dating, since traces of the image of the hero can be seen in archaeological finds (Trialeti Cup, Kazbek treasure, belt from Mtskheta) dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. This means that the Caucasian megaliths were created no earlier than this millennium, since, according to legends, a small people lived before and, partially, simultaneously with the Narts.

Where did the sledges disappear and how did this happen? There are two opinions on this matter. Some believe that the Narts left voluntarily, others that their disappearance occurred as a result of a grandiose catastrophe and is nothing more than God’s punishment.
In one of the Adyghe legends, the reason for the disappearance of the Narts is a small, inconspicuous man (petsy). Because of him, the Narts decided to leave their land, and the land went to the Adygs. But before leaving, the Narts asked the god Tha to do something that would remind people of them. God fulfilled their request by creating a crop like corn.

Who was this inconspicuous little man? His role was played by modern man. He was very different from the Narts and was not a superhero. This indicates that if the Isp-Atsans existed, they were practically no different from modern people.
It becomes clear that epic works in which dwarfs (the creators of megaliths) are mentioned are common in the areas where megaliths are located - in Adygea (Cherkessia) and Abkhazia. Another interesting fact is that in the Nart epic there is no mention of dolmens at all, with the exception of the Adyghe legend about the ispas, which, by the way, stands out a little in some aspects.

The construction of dolmens is in no way connected with the burial methods mentioned in the epic. The literature that has survived to this day does not say anything about the fact that the art of stone processing and the choice of rock were used for any specific needs. It cannot be said that a structure such as Psynako-1 is intended for religious rituals and places for games.

However, the study showed that at one time the dolmens were quite visited. This is also proven by the fact that their stone plugs, ground very precisely to the hole, were greatly worn out, as if they had been used frequently. The plug of the dolmen under the mound with a gallery (Psynako-1) was supported by a stone; without it, it would simply fall out of the hole. The underground passage to the dolmen has a constant cross-section, which is approximately 0.5 m in diameter. In order to penetrate the underground dolmen, it was necessary to crawl about 10 m along the gallery (dromos). The latter fact suggests that dolmens were used as a structure for various rituals.

One thing can be said with absolute certainty: ancient civilization, which served as the basis for the beginning of the accumulation of a series of legends about the sledges, is in no way connected with dolmens. The study of individual events and famous names proves that Caucasian culture was of no small importance in the formation of the epic. It existed before the final delimitation of languages and had a significant influence on the development of the Caucasian peoples. Archaeological finds, associated with the plot of Amirani (Georgia), Abrskhila (Abkhazia), Amir (Dagestan) or Nasren (Adygea), indicate that dolmens were built already in the 3rd millennium BC. Later dates for their construction do not have sufficient justification and can be refuted.

We suggest you dream up a little. If you look carefully, with the exception of information from the Abkhaz legend about the origin of Tsvitsva, the Narts are in no way connected with the dwarves throughout all their many adventures. Some individual tales about encounters with underground gnomes somehow do not fit in with dwarfs - inhabitants of peaks and ridges. Even in the legend about Tsvitsva itself, the Atsans are not characterized in any way: they are neither good nor bad, neither helpers nor enemies, neither masters nor subordinates. That is, they do not carry a cosmic-natural load like fairy-tale creatures, which necessarily contain a certain moral idea. It is clear that this point greatly distinguishes the characters of the legend both from other creatures of the Caucasian epic - inyzhas (ainizhas), devas, underwater donbettirs, celestial beings and dragons, and from the dwarf gnomes of the northern epic that exist underground.

This legend could not have come from the peoples of another area, since it tells about a specific type of buildings - dolmens and atsanguars. It turns out that here we can talk about elements of information about the once really existing people of megalith builders.
It would be useful to once again recall the main points of the myth, while somewhat distracting from the details.

Once upon a time, short people lived, including on the tops of the ridges. They had more opportunities or were able to develop new technology, which was inaccessible to the Nart storytellers. These people did not wage wars with anyone, they created megalithic structures. Dramatic climate change led to their extinction. The legend also contains the motif of independence from God, which is generally inherent in the Abkhaz-Adyghe-Abaza version of the Nart epic. In many episodes there is virtually no mention of God.

Independence from God is especially characteristic of versions of the Nart epic in the areas where dolmen buildings are located. To make it more clear, we can recall that, unlike, for example, Greek mythology, the heroes of the Narts of the megalithic region do not expect help and support from the gods. They treat them as equals. This suggests that either this option was quite ancient, or it was influenced by another nation, a culture with a slightly different way of seeing and thinking.

At one time on Black Sea coast There were enough colonies for the epic to come under Hellenic influence, and Christianity and Islam also took place. Undoubtedly, this was reflected in the epic, but to a lesser extent than in other places.
We can also recall that there is a certain peculiarity in the construction technique of some dolmens, which allows us to talk about a different logic of megalith builders in general.

How would they now build a modular house, for example, from stone bricks or blocks? They must have first tried to level all the surfaces of the block modules, and only then began to assemble the structure.
But among the dolmens there are stone blocks that are ground along a curved surface along several edges at once. That is, the blocks were adjusted during assembly and in several places at once. And the objections that it is inconvenient to do work this way will be unconvincing. Megalith builders thought otherwise, despite the fact that the level of technology allowed them to make straight surfaces.
It is worth saying that the fitting of huge stone blocks along a curved surface in several planes at once is found in all megalithic regions of the world, including Mexico and South America.

Echoes of another culture with different thinking, which most likely affected not only construction techniques, naturally caused some contradictions in the attitude of the Narts to the gods or among those who retold these stories. Over time, some details were erased, events were forgotten, and only the logic of actions remained. That is why the narrator ranked such people among the God-fighters. However, no one can vouch for the authenticity of this, since it is possible that all these are echoes of distant and formidable events.

So, what are these people of megalith builders themselves? The sizes of dolmens are very small, then for what purpose were they built? It remains a mystery. Most likely, this is how stories about small, unsightly people appeared.
There remains one more unclear point, namely the disappearance of the megalith builders. Several natural disasters occurred at that time.

The first of these disasters is the eruption of the Santorini volcano on Crete. As a result, the highly developed culture of the island was wiped off the face of the earth in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Then we can assume that the main role was played by secondary effects, for example, heavy smoke in the atmosphere, which could cause a temporary cooling in almost all corners of the globe.

The second disaster is the breakthrough of the Sea of Marmara. A long time ago, the Black Sea was a fresh lake, the level of which was 150-200 meters lower than now. Sea of Azov did not exist, and the Kuban and Don flowed into the lake, apparently, by one river. Various studies carried out by scientists have shown the date of the time when the disaster occurred. This is 5600 BC.

Most likely, the current bottom of the Black Sea was once the cradle of modern civilization. This is also confirmed by the fact that there are no complete dolmens near the seashore, and if such are found, they are, as a rule, either very large (Dzhugba, Volkonka), or under burial mounds or enclosed in a tholos (Arkhipo-Osipovka, Novorossiysk).

It is quite possible that the destructive effect of water, as well as weather disasters caused by a relatively rapid increase in the area of the sea (lake) surface, affected this. The Dardanelles could not have collapsed on their own; most likely there was something else here, probably an earthquake.

It is impossible to say with complete certainty which disaster—the first or the second—had an impact on the course of events. In any case, you can be sure that the disaster occurred and was reflected in the epic. Over the centuries, some details may have been forgotten, but human imagination helpfully drew new ones. Thus, over the rather long period of existence of the myth, the information most likely underwent some changes.

According to Abkhazian legend, the sea level was higher than now. Then, if we take the myth literally, the lifetime of the megalith builders must be pushed back even further, to the Ice Age - the 7th millennium BC. Then the effect of natural disasters is understandable: new rivers and lakes were formed, the deflection of the earth’s crust changed. Some doubts may arise, because practically no myth has existed for several millennia. The longest existence of oral history does not exceed 2000 years.

Why do legends exist so little? There are some factors at play here, namely:
- movement of people to other territories;
- people become dependent on a stronger culture and, as a consequence, assimilation;
- complete destruction of the nation.
As centuries passed, it became clear that it was simply impossible to completely oust, let alone subjugate, any Caucasian people. Every valley is a natural fortress, and the Caucasian peoples are born warriors.

And since the entire Caucasian coast (from Gelendzhik to Abkhazia) consists of deep valleys, the ridges of which go into the sea, we can say that here there are all the prerequisites for the epic to last for a very long time and reflect all the information about the events taking place for many centuries.

Reading time 4:23

There are about 9,000 dolmens in the world. These unique ancient structures are scattered all over the world: Spain, France, England, they are in Portugal, India, Malta, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, North Korea, Bulgaria and other places. It is believed that the famous Stonehenge also refers to dolmens. These stone structures are credited with magical powers - it is believed that when communicating with them, a person receives sacred knowledge and discovers unusual abilities in himself.

Dolmens are stone structures, megaliths. The name “dolmen” comes from the combination of two words in the Breton language, “toal” - “table” and “men” - “stone”, which literally translates as “stone table”. There is also another interpretation of the word “dolmen” - “changing share”. The age of Caucasian dolmens is approximately 4-6 thousand years. Presumably in 4-2 millennia BC. there was an unknown civilization from which these megalithic structures came down to us.

The dolmens of the Caucasus are located on the coastal strip, which stretches from Novorossiysk to Abkhazia for 400 km. The width of this strip goes into the mountains for 75 km, almost to Maykop. Dolmens usually stand in groups and occupy convenient and fairly flat areas along watershed hills, on the flat tops of mountain spurs. They stand along river basins, facing the open space with a portal - mainly to the south, east, or in an intermediate direction - between south and east.

In the middle of the twentieth century, a special group of archaeological scientists was created to study the dolmens under the leadership of L.I. Lavrov (under the auspices of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences). By 1960, he compiled a catalog of 1139 dolmens North Caucasus. In the second half of the twentieth century great job The systematization of dolmens was carried out by a group of scientists led by V.I. Morkovin, student and follower of L.I. Lavrova. In his monograph “Dolmens of the Western Caucasus”, V.I. Markovin determined the distribution of dolmens throughout the Caucasus region, studied them in detail and described them based on the study of archival materials and the results of expeditions of 2308 dolmens.

Sochi scientist V.M. Kondryakov devoted many years to the study and systematization of dolmens. He superimposed the location of the dolmens on a geological map of the area, and it turned out that all the dolmens were located above the fault line of the earth's crust. It is on these lines that a colossal force of tension arises and accumulates. This is essentially the case anomalous zones with different energy emission streams.

L.I. Lavrov proposed a classification of dolmens that is still used today.

Tiled - was built from 6 multi-ton slabs - one foundation or heel stone, two side slabs, a portal slab, a back slab and a floor slab (according to V.I. Markovin, 92% of all dolmens are tiled).
Composite - made up of several large blocks.
Semi-monolithic or trough-shaped dolmen - hollowed out entirely in a rock block and covered with a slab on top.
Monolithic - completely carved into the rock through a hole.

The holes of the dolmens were closed with stone plugs - phallic-shaped bushings weighing up to 150 kg. Now such traffic jams are stored in museums of the Krasnodar region.

There are many theories regarding dolmens, both scientific and alternative. They often contradict each other and do not reveal the mysterious origin of these ancient structures. There are opinions that dolmens are space portals, burial places ancient nobility, weather stations, ancient observatories, teleportation points and even weapons.

The hypothesis put forward by archaeologists that the stone structures are burial grounds of local nobility was refuted by the archaeologists themselves. Burials were actually discovered in some of them, but it turned out that they were all much older than the dolmens themselves.

Numerous studies have shown that Dolmens, like the pyramids of Egypt and Stonehenge and other megaliths of England, generate high-frequency vibrations and electromagnetic waves. Their activity increases at sunrise and sunset, and also intensifies during the turning points of the year - the spring and autumn equinoxes. What is the reason for these phenomena in megaliths? The fact is that dolmens were built from quartz sandstone. Quartz crystals have the property of direct and reverse piezoelectric effects. Quartz operates over a huge range of frequencies, creating acoustic and electrical waves.

Self-excitation of quartz crystals in megaliths occurs due to the constant propagation of acoustic waves and electrical discharges on Earth. They are formed from deformation of the earth's crust caused by tectonic activity, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tidal influences of the Sun, Moon and other planets. It should be taken into account that dolmens were built on faults in the earth’s crust and in these places strong energy flows are observed. Quartz crystals are excited throughout the massive dolmen slab, generating very high frequencies.

The dolmen chamber itself is a resonator. Thanks to the parallel plates, a standing wave is created in the dolmen, like in a tuning fork. If a tuning fork is brought close to a source of chaotic noise, it begins to sound, generating a certain frequency. Likewise, the dolmen chamber enhances underground vibrations. Inside such a chamber, vibrations are created, emitted through the hole, or a plasmoid body is formed.

It is quite possible that dolmens, connected by vibrations among themselves, form a single system and influence nature, weather and vital biological processes.

A very interesting and one-of-a-kind dolmen was found in a mound on the banks of the Psynako River in the Tuapse region, near the village of Anastasievka. The place where it stands was used for ritual activities as early as the third millennium BC and was a sanctuary. A stone corridor approaches the dolmen, blocked in several places by large slabs. Scientists suggest that it contains an imitation of the firmament. Here the patterns of the solstice were studied and observations of the moon were carried out. It's kind of ancient observatory. There are four other similar megalithic structures in the world. One in Ireland, another in Denmark, a third in Portugal and a fourth in Spain. All dolmen buildings have one thing in common: they face the sunny or bright side. This indicates that the dolmen builders worshiped the Sun.

Megalithic structures are often located in the center of circles and spirals, usually made of menhirs or stones placed correctly around the circumference. There are complexes with one or several rings around the megalith. Some experts see in this ring environment certain landmarks located along the circumference, with the help of which it is convenient to study astronomical observations, located in the center of the megalith. Some researchers see in the circles some kind of wave generators that amplify and transmit energy from the megalith. Some researchers give this fact some mystical and ritual overtones.

On Mount Nexis near Gelendzhik there are two dolmens, famous for their unique designs and easily accessible to tourists. The open surface of the mountain slope with rare low trees and alpine-looking meadows gives a special flavor. Thanks to this, not only do the dolmens themselves look picturesque, not obscured by thickets of trees, but also create excellent conditions for observing unforgettable views of the surrounding area. One of the dolmens has a tiled structure with a unique joining of massive slabs and unusual, complex and rarely seen designs of areas where the slabs are joined. People called this dolmen “Sunny”. Indeed, the surface of the front slab is covered with a yellowish coating of some kind of microvegetation. Therefore, under the rays of the sun, especially in summer, the dolmen appears yellowish in photographs. There is a belief that this dolmen is a carrier of solar energy and is capable of restoring human vitality. The power of the “Sunny” dolmen activates spiritual energy and releases creative inner potential, promotes rejuvenation of the body, slows down the aging process, and fills the human soul with youthful energy.

No matter how many contradictory legends there are around dolmens, the fact that they have enormous energy is noted by many who have been near them. They say that many who were near them experienced dizziness, weakness, or, conversely, suddenly appeared energy and lightness. Now many seminars and excursions to the Dolmens of the Caucasus are being organized. People are promised an extraordinary mystical experience and the fulfillment of their deepest desires. Many tourists go to the Dolmens on their own; they set up tents in the mountains, some of them even sleep inside the stone giants.

It is important to remember that it is not worth intruding on dolmens without permission, climbing inside, and especially living in them. Places of power must be treated with respect.

Megaliths of the Caucasus.
Dolmens are mainly located in the Western Caucasus (Russia and Abkhazia) on both sides of the mountain range, covering an area of approximately 12,000 square kilometers. Caucasian dolmens are a unique type of prehistoric architecture - structures created from perfectly fitted cyclopean stone blocks. For example, there are stones in the shape of a bull “G”, which were used on the corners of dolmens, or stones in the shape of a perfect circle.

A number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain such similarities, as well as guesses about the purpose of the construction of megaliths, but for now all this remains a mystery. At the moment, approximately 3,000 such megalithic monuments are known in the Western Caucasus, but new megaliths continue to be found constantly. At the same time, unfortunately, many of the Caucasian monoliths are in an extremely neglected state and will be completely lost if they are not protected from vandals and natural destruction.

Narts and megaliths of the Caucasus. Caucasian dolmens: mysterious ancient megaliths that excite the minds of modern archaeologists Findings from “Treasures”

Narts and megaliths of the Caucasus. Caucasian dolmens: mysterious ancient megaliths that excite the minds of modern archaeologists Findings from “Treasures”

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