The Black Sea: where it is located, which countries it washes. Which countries have access to the Black Sea? States with access to the Black Sea

The southern territory of Ukraine has access to the Black and Azov Seas, which has a positive effect on the development of its economy and industry. The total coastline is almost 2 thousand km, where a significant part of the mineral and natural resources is concentrated.

Access to the seas plays an important role in the development of the country's transport, recreational, strategic and fishing industries.

Black Sea

(Odessa commercial port)

It is considered an inland sea in the Atlantic Ocean. The Black Sea occupies 422 thousand km 2. It is connected through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to the Mediterranean Sea. And with the help of the Kerch Strait, the sea has a connection with Azov. The following countries have access to the Black Sea: Georgia and Ukraine, the Russian Federation and Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria. The total length of the sea coast is no less than 4,090 km, of which 1,560 km falls on the territory of Ukraine. There are many gas and oil reserves in the Black Sea.

(The most secluded island Zmeiny)

The island belonging to Ukraine is Zmeiny. It is located in the Kiliya district of the Odessa region. The main bays are Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Dzharylgatsky, Karkinitsky.

On the territory of Ukraine the coastal zone is smoothed. Although beyond the borders of Ukrainian territories the shores are more rocky and steep. The shores are practically unbroken. The rivers Dnieper, Dniester, Danube, and Southern Bug flow into the Black Sea. The maximum depth recorded in the Black Sea is 2,245 m, the average depth is 1,271 m.

The organic matter of the Black Sea is located only in the surface spheres of water, since the deep layers (about 100-200 m) are practically not saturated with oxygen. Hydrogen sulfide predominates at depths. The waters of the sea are home to about 2,000 species of fauna, as well as 660 species of vegetation.

Located on the territory of the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Azov is considered an inland sea in the Atlantic basin. In Ukraine, the southwestern part is washed by sea waters. It occupies a relatively small area - 39 thousand km 2, the depth is approximately 4-10 m, and the deepest places reach 15 m. The sea stretches from northeast to southwest for 360 km. The Sea of ​​Azov connects with the Black Kerch Strait.

(Biryuchy Island with a spit)

Estuaries and bays spread along the sea: Berdyansky, Belosaraysky and Obytochny bays in the north-west, the Utlyutsky estuary, which is separated from the sea by the spit Biryuchiy Island. The Sivash Bay or Rotten Sea in the west of Azov is shallow (a meter deep), which is disconnected by the Arabat Spit. The uniqueness of the waters of Sivash is that it has a high level of salt - 250 ppm. Salt mining takes place here.

(The Urzufe River flows into the Sea of ​​Azov)

The volumes of the Sea of ​​Azov are replenished by the waters of the Don, Kuban, Mius, Kalmius rivers, which saturate the sea with useful components and fresh water. It is in these places that organic life is most developed. Deposits of oil, iron ore and gas have been found on the shelf of the Azov Sea. The ecology of Azov today does not have a positive enough picture. Due to water pollution and decreasing water levels, many species of fish and animals are dying out. Today there are only 79 species of fish here.

This small country is located in southeastern Europe. In the east, Moldova has a border with Ukraine, and Romania adjoins it in the west. The state is located between the Dniester and Prut rivers. Moldova currently does not have direct access to the sea. The area of ​​the state is almost 34 thousand square meters. km.

The country's topography is quite complex: it is a hilly plain, dissected by river valleys. The average height above sea level is about one and a half hundred meters. The maximum height is just above 400 meters (Mount Balanesti). Moldova boasts deposits of gypsum, limestone, sand, and gravel. There are not very significant gas and oil deposits on the territory of the republic.

The proximity of the sea largely determines the climate of Moldova: there are mild winters and long and hot summers. During the observation period, the maximum temperature once exceeded 42 degrees Celsius. The average annual precipitation usually does not exceed 500 mm.

The territory of the country includes a rather narrow strip on the left bank of the Dniester in its lower and middle reaches (the so-called Transnistria). But Moldova lost actual control over this territory back in the 90s of the last century. The country has always gravitated towards the Black Sea and its adjacent regions. To some extent, the problem of access to the sea coast is eliminated by the presence of access to the Danube River.

Access to the sea for Moldova

In March 2009, the country's first seaport was opened on the basis of the Giurgiulesti port complex. The first sea route was the line to Istanbul, along which the passenger ship “Princess Helena” set off.

Thus, Moldova, through the Danube River, has access to the sea and can establish direct communication with all coastal countries of the Black Sea region. The opening of the new port immediately changed the country's image on the international stage and its geopolitical status. Now, with reservations, Moldova can be considered a maritime power.

At the same time, the republic’s leadership developed a plan to create and maintain a highway that would connect the new sea gates with other regions of the country.

Work on the construction of the port complex began in 2005. The project was created with the support of investors from Azerbaijan and Belgium. An oil terminal was built on the territory of the complex, the construction costs of which exceeded $30 million. The construction of trade and grain terminals is also planned.

Which countries have access to the Black Sea map

What is a geographic map

A geographic map is an image of the Earth's surface with a plotted coordinate grid and symbols, the proportions of which directly depend on the scale. A geography map is a landmark by which you can identify the location of an array, object, or place of residence of a person. These are indispensable assistants for geologists, tourists, pilots and military personnel, whose professions are directly related to travel and trips over long distances.

Types of cards

Geographic maps can be roughly divided into 4 types:

• in terms of territory coverage and these are maps of continents and countries;
• by purpose and these are tourist, educational, road, navigation, scientific and reference, technical, tourist maps;
• content - thematic, general geographical, general political maps;
• by scale – small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale maps.

Each of the maps is dedicated to a particular topic, thematically reflecting islands, seas, vegetation, settlements, weather, soils, taking into account the coverage of the territory. A map can only represent countries, continents or individual states plotted on a certain scale. Taking into account how much a particular territory has been reduced, the scale of the map is 1x1000.1500, which means a decrease in distance by 20,000 times. Of course, it’s easy to guess that the larger the scale, the more detailed the map is drawn. And yet, individual parts of the earth's surface on the map are distorted, unlike a globe, which is capable of conveying the appearance of the surface without changes. The Earth is spherical and distortions occur, such as: area, angles, length of objects.

The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. The unrecognized state entity of Abkhazia is located on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea.
A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete (with the exception of a number of anaerobic bacteria) absence of life at depths above 150-200 m due to the saturation of the deep layers of water with hydrogen sulfide.

The shores of the Black Sea are slightly indented and mainly in its northern part. The only large peninsula is Crimean. The largest bays are: Yagorlytsky, Tendrovsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia in Ukraine, Varna and Burgas in Bulgaria, Sinop and Samsun - on the southern shores of the sea. In the north and northwest, estuaries overflow at the confluence of rivers. The total length of the coastline is 3400 km.

Bays of the northern part of the Black Sea A number of sections of the sea coast have their own names: the southern coast of Crimea in Ukraine, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in Russia, the Rumelian coast and the Anatolian coast in Turkey. In the west and north-west the banks are low-lying, steep in places; in Crimea - mostly lowland, with the exception of the southern mountainous shores. On the eastern and southern shores, the spurs of the Caucasus and Pontic mountains come close to the sea.

There are almost no islands in the Black Sea. The largest are Berezan and Zmeiny (both with an area of ​​less than 1 km²).

The following largest rivers flow into the Black Sea: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, as well as smaller Mzymta, Rioni, Kodori, Inguri (in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashley-Irmak, Sakarya (in the south), Southern Bug ( in the north) .

The Black Sea is the world's largest meromictic (with unmixed water levels) body of water. The upper layer of water (mixolimnion), lying down to a depth of 150 m, is cooler, less dense and less saline, saturated with oxygen, separated from the lower, warmer, saltier and dense layer saturated with hydrogen sulfide (monimolimnion) by a chemocline (the boundary layer between aerobic and anaerobic zones).

There is no single generally accepted explanation for the origin of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. There is an opinion that hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea is formed mainly as a result of the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, pronounced stratification of water and weak vertical exchange. There is also a theory that hydrogen sulfide was formed as a result of the decomposition of freshwater animals that died during the penetration of salty Mediterranean waters during the formation of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles.

Some studies in recent years suggest that the Black Sea is a gigantic reservoir of not only hydrogen sulfide, but also methane, most likely also released during the activity of microorganisms, as well as from the bottom of the sea.

Catherine II, who proclaimed herself the successor of the works of Peter the Great, who achieved success in resolving the Baltic issue, achieved major successes in advancing Russia to the Black Sea. In this matter, the Russian government faced strong opposition from France and Austria, which, during Russia’s hostilities with the Bar Confederation, dragged Turkey into the war. For Russia, a war on two fronts was quite burdensome, but at the same time, good experience had been accumulated in the previous Seven Years' War, and therefore Catherine II was confident in the victory of the Russian army. At the very beginning of the war, she wrote to Count Ivan Saltykov: “This is not the first time for Russia to defeat enemies.”

At the military council in St. Petersburg, the Danube principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia - were chosen as the main direction of military action, the army of Chief General Peter Rumyantsev fought there, and in 1770 they decided to strike at the Ottoman vassal, the Crimean Khanate. The army of Chief General Prince Vasily Dolgorukov fought here; it captured the peninsula very quickly, in just 16 days. After such a rapid conquest, in the town of Karasubazar (now Belogorsk), on November 1, 1772, an agreement was signed, according to which Crimea came under the protectorate of the Russian Empire.

A package of proposals was sent to Porto, including: the independence of Crimea and freedom of navigation of Russian ships in the Black Sea, the independence of Wallachia and Moldova, as well as the transfer to Russia of one of the islands in the Aegean Sea, because During the Archipelago expedition of the Russian fleet, the liberated population of a number of Greek islands accepted Russian citizenship. But since Austria opposed these conditions and proposed its own plan for dividing Turkish possessions, it was necessary to look for other options. At the negotiations in Focsani and Bucharest, it was not possible to reach agreements on all points; Turkey was against the transfer of Kerch to Russia, so only the power of Russian weapons made the Sultan more accommodating.

The victories of Mikhail Kamensky at Bazardzhik, Ivan Saltykov at Turtukai and especially Alexander Suvorov and Kamensky at Kozluzhda and the blockade of Shumla, where the Grand Vizier’s headquarters was located, forced the Turks to accept the Russian conditions. The agreement was signed on July 10 (21), 1774 “in the camp near the village of Kuchuk-Kainardzhi” (now the Bulgarian village of Kaynardzhi).

According to the agreement, the previously conquered fortresses of Azov and Kinburn remained with Russia, the fortresses on the Crimean coast of Kerch and Yenikale, as well as the steppes between the Bug and the Dnieper, also passed to it. The Black and Marmara Seas were declared free for Russian merchant ships, which increased the possibilities of trade with Western European countries. Kabarda came into the possession of Russia. Georgia was freed from the shameful tribute of young men and women sent to Turkey. The treaty was of great importance for the peoples of Moldavia and Wallachia, who found themselves under Russian protectorate.

By inserting into the text of the treaty Turkey’s obligation to provide “firm protection to the Christian law and its churches,” Russia received the right with the prospect of speaking on behalf of the Christian populations of Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia enslaved by Muslims, which increased its importance in the international arena. Finally, Turkey had to pay Russia 4.5 million rubles for military costs.

The conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi Treaty, which ended a difficult six-year war, was a great success for the Russian army, operating under the command of Pyotr Rumyantsev (which is why this war is also called the Rumyantsev war) and a major success for Russian diplomacy. The historian Elena Druzhinina, in confirmation of the significance of the treaty of 1774, points to the Treaty of Teschen in 1779, “concluded under the dictation of Russian diplomacy and consolidating the influence of Russia in the German Empire. Another evidence of the increased authority of the Russian state was the declaration of “armed neutrality” of February 28, 1780.” The main tasks set by the government of Catherine II were completed, and all conditions were created for the annexation of Crimea to Russia.