Mountains up to 1000 meters. What types of mountains are there? The highest mountains in the world

What is absolute and relative height?

Absolute height – the height of a geographical object relative to sea level.

Relative height is the elevation of one point on the earth's surface above another.

Where are mountains formed?

Mountains are formed at the junction of two lithospheric plates, where layers of rocks are crushed into folds.

Locate the Andes Mountains on a map and determine their extent from north to south.

The length of the Andes is 9000 km.

What is the height of Chomolungma? Find the Caucasus Mountains on the map and name the height of Elbrus.

The height of Chomolungma is 8848 m. The height of Elbrus is 5642 m.

What external processes operate on the land surface?

Processes of physical, chemical and biological weathering operate on the land surface.

Questions and tasks

1. What is the difference between mountains and plains?

Mountains and plains differ in absolute heights and variations in heights. Mountains are characterized by high absolute heights and their sharp changes, i.e. mountain ranges alternate with intermountain depressions. Plains are characterized by a relatively flat surface with low absolute heights.

2. How do mountains differ in height? Give examples of mountains of different heights.

Based on absolute height, mountains are divided into three groups: low - below 1000 m (Middle Urals), medium - from 1000 to 2000 m (Carpathians) and high - above 2000 m (Himalayas).

3. How do plains differ in height? Give examples of plains of different heights.

Plains with a height of 0 to 200 m above sea level are called lowlands (Caspian lowland, Amazonian lowland), from 200 to 500 m (East European Plain) are called uplands, and above 500 m are called plateaus (Central Siberian Plateau).

4. How do mountains change over time?

Vertical movements of the earth's crust raise the ridges upward, and external processes tend to destroy them. The mountains are gradually decreasing, the slopes are becoming flatter, and the river valleys are expanding. High mountains turn first into low ones, then into a plain.

5. Using physical maps of the world and Russia in the atlas, find, show and name the lowlands, hills and plateaus located on the Eurasian continent and on the territory of our country. Using the altitude scale, determine the highest altitude characteristic of the Central Siberian Plateau.

Lowlands of Eurasia - Caspian, Black Sea, Pechora, West Siberian, Turanian, Indo-Gangetic.

Hills - Valdai, Central Russian, Volyn-Podolsk, Volga, Smolensk-Moscow.

Plateau – Central Siberian, Deccan.

The highest point of the Central Siberian Plateau is Mount Kamen - 1800 m.

6. Using the physical map of Russia, determine which mountains surround the East European Plain. Which ones are high, and which ones are medium and low?

In the northwestern part it is limited by the mountains of Scandinavia, in the southwestern part by the Sudetes and other mountains of central Europe, in the southeastern part by the Caucasus, and in the east by the Urals. The Caucasus is high mountains. The Sudetes are low mountains. Ural - middle mountains.

7. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, determine which continent is the most mountainous and which is the flattest?

Eurasia is the most mountainous continent. Australia is the flattest continent.

Mountains occupy about 24% of all land. The most mountains are in Asia - 64%, the least in Africa - 3%. 10% of the world's population lives in the mountains. And it is in the mountains that most rivers on our planet originate.

Characteristics of mountains

According to their geographical location, mountains are united into various communities that should be distinguished.

. Mountain belts- the largest formations, often stretching across several continents. For example, the Alpine-Himalayan belt passes through Europe and Asia or the Andean-Cordilleran belt, stretching through North and South America.
. Mountain system- groups of mountains and ranges similar in structure and age. For example, the Ural Mountains.

. Mountain ranges- a group of mountains stretched in a line (Sangre de Cristo in the USA).

. Mountain groups- also a group of mountains, but not stretched out in a line, but simply located nearby. For example, the Bear Pau Mountains in Montana.

. Single mountains- unrelated to others, often of volcanic origin (Table Mountain in South Africa).

Natural mountain areas

Natural zones in the mountains are arranged in layers and change depending on the height. At the foothills there is most often a zone of meadows (in the highlands) and forests (in the middle and low mountains). The higher you go, the harsher the climate becomes.

The change of zones is influenced by climate, altitude, mountain topography and their geographical location. For example, the continental mountains do not have a belt of forests. From the base to the summit, the natural areas vary from deserts to grasslands.

Types of mountains

There are several classifications of mountains according to various criteria: structure, shape, origin, age, geographical location. Let's look at the most basic types:

1. By age old and young mountains are distinguished.

Old are called mountain systems whose age is estimated at hundreds of millions of years. Internal processes in them have calmed down, but external processes (wind, water) continue to destroy, gradually comparing them with the plains. The old mountains include the Ural, Scandinavian, and Khibiny mountains (on the Kola Peninsula).

2. Height There are low mountains, middle mountains and high mountains.

Low mountains (up to 800 m) - with rounded or flat tops and gentle slopes. There are many rivers in such mountains. Examples: Northern Urals, Khibiny Mountains, spurs of the Tien Shan.

Average mountains (800-3000 m). They are characterized by a change in landscape depending on the height. These are the Polar Urals, the Appalachians, the mountains of the Far East.

High mountains (over 3000 m). These are mostly young mountains with steep slopes and sharp peaks. Natural areas change from forests to icy deserts. Examples: Pamirs, Caucasus, Andes, Himalayas, Alps, Rocky Mountains.

3. By origin There are volcanic (Fujiyama), tectonic (Altai mountains) and denudation, or erosion (Vilyuisky, Ilimsky).

4. According to the shape of the top mountains can be peak-shaped (Communism Peak, Kazbek), plateau-shaped and table-shaped (Amba in Ethiopia or Monument Valley in the USA), domed (Ayu-Dag, Mashuk).

Climate in the mountains

The mountain climate has a number of characteristic features that appear with altitude.

Decrease in temperature - the higher it is, the colder it is. It is no coincidence that the peaks of the highest mountains are covered with glaciers.

Atmospheric pressure decreases. For example, at the top of Everest the pressure is two times lower than at sea level. This is why water boils faster in the mountains - at 86-90ºC.

The intensity of solar radiation increases. In the mountains, sunlight contains more ultraviolet radiation.

The amount of precipitation is increasing.

High mountain ranges trap precipitation and influence the movement of cyclones. Therefore, the climate on different slopes of the same mountain may differ. On the windward side there is a lot of moisture and sun, on the leeward side it is always dry and cool. A striking example is the Alps, where on one side of the slopes there are subtropics, and on the other, a temperate climate prevails.

The highest mountains in the world

(Click on the picture to enlarge the diagram in full size)

There are seven highest peaks in the world that all climbers dream of conquering. Those who succeed become honorary members of the Seven Peaks Club. These are mountains such as:

. Chomolungma, or Everest (8848 m). Located on the border of Nepal and Tibet. Belongs to the Himalaya mountain system. It has the shape of a triangular pyramid. The first conquest of the mountain took place in 1953.

. Aconcagua(6962 m). It is the highest mountain in the southern hemisphere, located in Argentina. Belongs to the Andes mountain system. The first ascent took place in 1897.

. McKinley- the highest peak in North America (6168 m). Located in Alaska. First conquered in 1913. It was considered the highest point in Russia until Alaska was sold to America.

. Kilimanjaro- the highest point in Africa (5891.8 m). Located in Tanzania. First conquered in 1889. This is the only mountain where all types of Earth's belts are represented.

. Elbrus- the highest peak in Europe and Russia (5642 m). Located in the Caucasus. The first ascent took place in 1829.

. Vinson Massif- the highest mountain in Antarctica (4897 m). Part of the Ellsworth Mountains system. First conquered in 1966.

. Mont Blanc- the highest point in Europe (many attribute Elbrus to Asia). Height - 4810 m. Located on the border of France and Italy, it belongs to the Alps mountain system. The first ascent in 1786, and a century later, in 1886, Theodore Roosevelt conquered the top of Mont Blanc.

. Pyramid of Carstens- the highest mountain in Australia and Oceania (4884 m). Located on the island of New Guinea. The first conquest was in 1962.

Today, it is the Khibiny Mountains, located on the Kola Peninsula belonging to the Russian Federation, that are considered the lowest mountain range in the country with the highest point in Mount Yudychmuvchorr, leaving behind such mountain regions as the Ural, Sayan, Caucasus and Altai.

So the maximum height of this mountain range only slightly exceeds 1200 meters above sea level, which automatically makes the Khibiny the lowest mountains in Russia. As for the Urals, it is mentioned when answering the question of which mountains are the lowest, for the simple reason that it is also famous for one of the lowest mountain systems in the Russian Federation. Thus, the height of the lowest mountain of this longest chain, which has exceeded two thousand kilometers in length, is only 423 meters above sea level (Mount Moreiz, Pai Khoi), while its highest peak (Mount Narodnaya, Subpolar Urals) reaches 1895 meters . That is why the Urals can easily compete with the Khibiny Mountains as the lowest mountain system in the country.

At the same time, scientists attribute the “dwarfism” of the Ural Mountains to their ancient age, believing that it was the inexorable processes of destruction that made them so. And such an assumption is completely justified, because the Ural mountain system was formed back in the Paleozoic period (the formation began in the Devonian, while its completion occurred in the Triassic), when widespread mountain building took place. It is noteworthy that this mountain range has an impressive length, but at the same time cannot boast of a large width, which at its maximum barely reaches 150 kilometers. Nevertheless, this mountain system has a huge amount of minerals, among which one can highlight such valuable minerals and metals as malachite, jasper, beryl, quartz, copper, pyrite, topaz, etc. But it was the Ural malachite that was used to decorate such sights of the Russian Federations like the Hermitage and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior on Spilled Blood.

At the same time, the Khibiny Mountains do not have such an impressive reserve of natural resources, representing a massif consisting of plateau-like peaks, snowfields and glaciers. Moreover, the area of ​​this system is almost twice the area of ​​the Ural Mountains, occupying 1,300 square kilometers, despite the fact that the mountain range in the Urals covers a total of 781 square kilometers. The peaks of the Khibiny remain snow-capped for a long period of time, which usually lasts from October until the early to mid-summer season. This feature is due to the rather harsh climate that persists in the middle of the massif, so the Khibiny Mountains are often exposed to cyclones and sudden pressure changes, as a result of which in their open areas wind speeds can reach as much as fifty meters per second.

However, this mountain system also has one significant advantage - the nature is of wondrous beauty, because from August to September, when the Khibiny summer begins, you can admire such a miracle of nature as the northern lights. On average, the polar night in these plateau-like mountains lasts up to 42 days, while the polar day has a slightly longer duration, estimated at 50 days. In the summer, the temperature in the mountains rarely drops below ten degrees, although this factor has the opposite effect, which is expressed in high humidity and frequent precipitation. Thus, up to 1600 millimeters of precipitation falls on the plateau alone, while the valleys receive half that amount - up to 700 millimeters. At the same time, the Khibiny winter cannot be called dry, because even during this period snow or freezing rain continues to fall in the mountains, which tends to spread evenly over the entire surface. As for the Sayan Mountains, we are talking about two mountain systems at once - Western and Eastern Sayan, which cross not only the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but also the northern regions of neighboring Mongolia.

The total length of these two mountain ranges does not exceed 1,650 kilometers, while their height varies from two to almost three and a half thousand meters above sea level. As for the highest point of these third lowest mountains in Russia, it is Mount Munku-Sardyk (3 kilometers 491 meters), which is located in the Eastern Sayan.

Classification of mountains by height – low (height up to 1000 m) Khibiny (Russia, Kola Peninsula) Classification of mountains by height –
low (height up to 1000 m)
Khibiny
(Russia, Kola Peninsula)

Great Dividing Range (Australia)

Classification of mountains by height - medium (height 1000-2000 m) Ural

Classification of mountains by heightmedium (height 1000-2000 m)
Ural

Classification of mountains by height - high (over 2000 m)

Classification of mountains by height: high (over 2000 m)
Andes (South America)

Caucasus (Russia)

Mount Elbrus is the highest point
Caucasus and Russia

Himalayas
Chomolungma city - the highest
Himalaya mountain

Cordillera

Altai (Russia)

The Ural Mountains are a mountain system between
Eastern European and Western Siberian
plains. The length of the Ural Mountains is more than 2000
km, width from 40 to 150 km.
In ancient sources, the Ural Mountains
are called Riphean or
Hyperborean mountains. Russians
the pioneers called it Stone.
The name Ural comes from the Mansi "ur" (mountain).
The Ural Mountains were formed in the late
Paleozoic in an era of intense
mountain building (Hercynian folding).

Mount Narodnaya is the highest peak (1895 m) of the Urals. Discovered by geologist A.N. Aleshkov in 1927, the mountain itself does not stand out in anything other than its height.

Mount Narodnaya - highest peak
(1895 m) Ural. Discovered by geologist A.
N. Aleshkov in 1927
The mountain itself is nothing but its height,
does not stand out from others
its mountains of the Subpolar Urals.
Characterized by the presence of carrs and
circuses, in the depths
which the lakes lie. Available
glaciers and snowfields.

M o r a e r m a k rock massif (mountain), located in the Kungur region, Perm region. The Sylva River flows at the foot. The rock is composed mainly

Mountain
Ermak
rock massif (mountain), located in Kungur
district, Perm region
The Sylva River flows at its foot.
The rock is composed mainly of limestones. At Ermak's
three peaks, Ermak, Ermachikha, Ermachenok, all of them
have different heights. There is a cave in the mountain.
The legend says that in ancient times Ermak
Timofeevich spent the winter in this cave and allegedly
hid a treasure there.
Ermak stone is very popular
a place for tourists.

The Maryin Utes rock is located in the Uinsky district of the Perm Territory on the Iren River

VETLAN The Vetlan stone is a rocky outcrop on the Vishera River, near the city of Krasnovishersk in the Perm region. Since 1981 it is a protected landscape

Vetlan
Vetlan Stone – rocky outcrops on the Vishera River,
near the city of Krasnovishersk in the Perm region.
Since 1981 it has been a protected landscape
regional significance.
The stone is almost vertical
wall stretching along the Vishera River at 1750
meters. The height of the rocks reaches 100 meters.
In the area of ​​the Vetlan stone grows a large
number of different plants, 15 of which
are listed in the Red Book.

TULYMSKY KAMEN Tulymsky Stone is the highest point of the Perm region, located in the river basin. Vishers. Length 35 km. Height up to 1377 m.

Tulymsky
stone
The Tulym stone is the highest point
Perm region, located in the river basin.
Vishers. Length 35 km. Height up to 1377 m.
It is composed of conglomerates and sandstones.
The top is flattened, with rocky
remnants.

Volchikha Volchikha is the highest mountain in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg (height 526m). The mountain is located near the cities of Pervouralsk and Revda. Scalise

Wolf
Volchikha, the highest mountain nearby
Yekaterinburg (height 526m). The mountain is located
near the city of Pervouralsk and the city of Revda. Rocky
The peak of Volchikha rises above the forest.
Towards Revda and Pervouarlsk, in
calm weather, valley at the foot of the mountain
clearly visible.
Volchikhinskoe is also clearly visible
reservoir and bends of the Chusovaya River. Also
you can see the peak of Belaya (527m)

Goals:

• Introduce students to the concept of “mountains” and their main types.
• Continue to develop the ability to work with maps, paintings and other sources of geographic information.
• To develop social competencies: love for nature, respect for it.

Equipment: physical map of the world, pictures of mountains, poems about mountains, recording of V. Vysotsky’s songs about mountains, fragment of the film “Vertical”, presentation, screen, projector, laptop.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Methods:

• partially search,
• explanatory and illustrative.

During the classes

In the last lesson, we finished studying one of the sections of physical geography - “Geographical map”.

Today we are moving on to the next section – “Earth Relief”.

Write down the topic of the lesson - “Relief of the Earth. Mountains". (slide number 1)

In elementary school, you studied the subject “The World Around You” and came across the concept of “relief”. Remember, please – what is relief?

The guys answer: “relief is all the unevenness of the earth’s surface.” (slide number 2) Write this definition in your notebook.

A remember please, what are the main 2 landforms you know?

The guys answer - mountains and plains.

Absolutely right.

Write in your notebook: (slide number 3)

So our lesson today is dedicated specifically to the Mountains. For each person, mountains appear differently, but for everyone they are a subject of admiration.

Watch carefully the video fragment from the feature film “Vertical”, listen to the song that sounds in the film, think about it-why am I showing you this fragment, with what phrases does the author convey his attitude towards the mountains? (slide number 4)

Here's what the guys should answer: (slide number 5)

Below you will not find 10% of such miracles

The heart is ready to run from the chest to the top

The whole world is in the palm of your hand, you are happy and silent, and you are only a little jealous of those whose peaks are still ahead

Sometimes rock climbers and peak conquerors are asked why they are so drawn to the mountains, because even in summer it’s 20-30 degrees on the peaks?

To which they answer: “Go yourself at least once, then you’ll understand.”

It’s hard not to agree with the statement “Mountains are the decoration of the Earth; as soon as you “remove” the mountains in your mind’s eye for a minute, the Earth will appear dull and meager, as if its formal attire has been torn off.”

The purpose of our lesson

• get acquainted with the concept of “mountains”
• learn the main types of mountains
• find out what significance mountains have

So, let's start in order.

Let's write down 2 definitions of mountains that you need to know well.

Mountains are large areas of land that rise high above sea level and where there are sharp fluctuations in elevation.

Mountains are a convex shape of the earth's surface with a well-defined peak, slope and base. (slide number 6)

Who can make a drawing of a mountain and label all its parts? The student goes out and draws.

(slide number 7)

What other relief form does the drawing resemble? - The guys answer that it’s up the hill.

What is the difference between a mountain and a hill? – (slide number 8)

Do you think it is possible to find out the height of mountains from a map? - The guys answer that yes, it is possible. But as? – according to the height scale and height marks. Let's open the map of the hemispheres. Tell me, looking at it, what conclusion can be drawn about the height of the mountains? – The heights of the mountains are different.

Let's look at the types of mountains by height. Write in the middle of the page

Classification of mountains by height (slide No. 9, 10)

Name the highest mountains in the world.

Himalayas

Caucasus – show them on the map! Who can?

Which peak is the highest in the world? – Everest = Chomolungma = “mother of the gods” = 8848 m. Write it down in your notebook. Look at the photo. (slide number 11)

What is the highest peak in Russia? - Elbrus = “high mountain”, “sparkling, brilliant”, “iron” = 5642 m. Record and look at the photo. (slide number 12)

What mountains is this peak in? Who will show? - in the Caucasus.

You and I also live in the mountains. Who can show you on the map? What type of height would you classify them as? – medium and low. Let's write it down in a notebook. What other examples can you give? – Scandinavian – low. Crimean - average. Who will show?

Many poems are dedicated to mountains. (slide number 13)

Lermontov writes:

In the distance I saw through the fog
In the snow that burns like a diamond
Gray-haired, unshakable, Caucasus
And it was in my heart
Easy, don't know why
Radkevich writes:
In every pine tree recognized by the heart
Tell me gray Ural
Where, in what heroic forge
Have you forged your nature?

Tell me, guys, who is right - Lermontov or Radkevich? They both call the mountains gray -1 in their poems. – Caucasus. 2. -Ural. Who is right?

The guys reason and come to the conclusion that the Urals are older.

What does this mean? - That mountains differ not only in height, but also in age. Let's write it down

Classification of mountains by age (slide No. 14,15)

Let's look at the difference between old and young mountains. Open the textbook - fig. 35-36 pp. 54-55. Let's answer the questions in the table that you have on your tables by looking at these pictures.

Mountains are rarely solitary. They form mountainous countries. Let's write down the definition

“Mountain countries – this is an alternation of mountains and intermountain depressions (valleys).” (slide number 16)

(slide number 17)

“Deep, narrow valleys with steep slopes - canyons, gorges” (slide number 18)

Lermontov – “Crowded and stuffy”
In a wild gorge
The sun is not shining
The sky is barely visible” (slide No. 19)

What is the difference between a canyon and a gorge? – the bottom of the gorge is wider. Although we don’t use the term canyon in Russia, we call everything gorges. And in the USA - a canyon.

We have become acquainted with the concept of “mountains”, their types, let’s look at them - what is the meaning of mountains? And we'll write it down. (slide number 20)

• Mining
• Ski resorts
• Construction of hydroelectric power stations on mountain rivers
• Sheep pasture
• Source of inspiration for poets, artists
• Sacred territories (slide no. 21-24)

So, today we learned a lot of new things about the mountains. What conclusions can be drawn about the topic of the lesson?

Mountains are the main landform

Mountains are varied

Mountains are important

• Tell me, what are “mountains”?
• What are the heights of mountains, give examples, show on the map?
• Which ones by age?

Grades for the lesson…..

Write down S/P - (slide No. 25)

• learn notes.
• apply to s/c mountains. Signed as in the atlas. The list is with the platoon commander.
• be able to show mountains on a map.

I would like to finish our lesson with one more song by Vysotsky. Now it seems to me that you will perceive it differently.