GARDARIKS. Rus' IS A COUNTRY OF CITIES

*Gardariki - (country of cities) the former European name of Northern Rus' with the capital Staraya Ladoga - the predecessor of Novgorod.
*Gardar, or Gardariki, is the name of Ancient Rus' in general, and not its cities.
*The ancient Scandinavians called Kievan Rus Gardarika - “Country of Cities”. And for some reason, the German Bishop Thietmar of Merzerburg counted about 400 churches alone in Kyiv during the time of St. Vladimir.
*The country of cities - Gardarika - was the name of Ancient Rus' in the Scandinavian sagas of the 9th century. The most ancient cities of the northwest were the shield of our land. To this day they are witnesses of fame, wealth, greatness and spiritual power.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, says: Gardariki (Isl. Garðaríki, Garðaveldi, Swedish Gårdarike) is the ancient Scandinavian name of the Old Russian state, known to the Vikings in the Middle Ages. The term translates as “country of cities.” Peter Dikman wrote in one of the Gothic stories: “Golmogardia and Gordoriki, the region lying between Lake Ladoga and Peipus (Chudskoe) lakes, in which the main city is Oldengoburg.”
The toponym Gardariki first appears in a geographical work of the last quarter of the 12th century. It was also reflected in the collections of royal sagas recorded in the first third of the 13th century. According to F. A. Brown, the Garðaríki form is the creation of the Icelanders who wrote down the sagas (starting from the end of the 12th century). Until this time (in the X-XII centuries) throughout the Scandinavian Peninsula, the form Garđar was used to designate Rus'. This is how Rus' is represented in skaldic verses of the 9th-12th centuries, as well as in runic inscriptions on stones.
In Scandinavian sources of the 14th century, the principalities of Gardariki are called Holmgard, Canugard, and Palteskja.
The Slavic chronicle of Helmold contains the following description: “The Danes also call Rus' Ostrogard for the reason that, being located in the east, it abounds in all blessings. It is also called Hunigard, because the Huns first lived in these places... ...The main city of it is Hue.”

Lands of Gardariki-Rus - Varangians. Kolbyagi. Rus. Slavs. Merya. Bulgars. Khazars.
Gardariki is a country of many cities... Indeed, there were many cities in Rus'. Here are just the most important of them: Kyiv, Novgorod, Belozersk, Murom, Polotsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Pskov, Chernigov, Uglich, Bryansk, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kursk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Moscow, Kostroma, Pereslavl, Tver. It was in them that beavers, beavers, trappers, tar smokers, lykoders and other “industrialists”.
Monuments of ancient Russian literature have preserved relatively few local names, which inseparably include the word "city" - Novgorod (Novgorod the Great and Novgorod "in the land of Rustei", i.e. Novgorod Seversky), Vyshgorod, Zvenigorod, Belgorod - but it is implied with any name such as Pereyaslavl, Vsevolozh, Glebl, Volodymer (Vladimir Volynsky), i.e. the city of Pereyaslav, Vsevolod, Gleb, etc.

All free people of Gardariki were in one way or another involved in trade relations. Some produced goods in the form of hemp, flax, linen fabrics, others were engaged in beekeeping, others hunted fur-bearing animals, fourths grew bread, fifths smelted ore, sixths made necessary products from wood in the form of kitchen utensils and tableware, as well as chests, tubs and barrels in which honey was transported. And merchants lived or visited everywhere, buying goods for sale. There were no lands in Gardarik-Rus that were not covered by trade relations.

The Byzantines provide the earliest idea of ​​how trade was conducted in Rus'. Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus at the beginning of the tenth century describes the routine of the life of a Russian merchant in this way.
With the first cold weather, as soon as it became possible to travel across the rugged Russian expanses on a sleigh, the trading people left the cities and rushed into the outback. There, in places specially adapted for “guests” - churchyards - they bought everything that the villagers had mined and produced during the year: hemp, wax, honey, furs, iron products, woolen cloth and linen, ropes, canvas, hops, lard and beef fat, sheepskins and hides. Even walrus tusks. In good years there is also grain.
“From the Greeks” they brought wine, silk, art objects - icons and jewelry, fruits and glassware to Rus'. However, despite the importance of trade with their southern neighbor, the Russians did not neglect other countries. From the countries of the East they brought spices, precious stones, silk and satin fabrics, weapons of the famous Damascus steel and horses. Some of these goods settled in Rus', some were sent further west through the largest trading center in Northern Europe - Novgorod. In response, Europeans supplied Rus' with fabrics, needles, weapons, glassware, wine, salt, beer and metals - iron, copper, tin, lead.

Large merchant ships and boats, adapted for transporting goods, sailed along the rivers and seas. Large ships reached the shores of many countries, and merchants could purchase goods in bulk directly at the place of their manufacture, thereby saving money on price differences.

In addition to the fact that Rus' was called Gardarika, a country of many cities, it is equally important to remember that it is also Garda Rica - a country surrounded by the Serpentine Wall. It was a reliable shield against raids by nomads from the south in the form of a colossal protective rampart, which went down in history as the Serpentine Val.

The structure of the shaft consisted of hundreds of layers. The core of the structure is a palisade made of mature oak, with a diameter of up to 49 cm. Inside the shafts there was a wooden structure that gave stability, strengthened the earthen embankment and gave the shaft the necessary height and steepness. The logs were placed in log houses and covered with earth, and wooden walls also stood directly on the ramparts themselves. The total height of the defensive structures reached in some places up to 12 meters. Scientists have calculated that the construction of just one kilometer of shaft alone would require at least 3 thousand cubic meters of wood.

Archaeologists have concluded that the ramparts were created over the course of a millennium. Kyiv researcher A.S. Bugai repeatedly removed coals from the base of the shafts that had fallen there during the construction period. The results of the analyzes showed that the age of the finds is very significant and is determined (for different samples taken from different shafts) from 2100 to 1200 years! In other words, the ramparts examined by A.S. Bugai were built in the period from the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD, that is, long before the emergence of Kievan Rus... The Serpentine Ramparts are huge structures, the total length of which is several times greater than the Troyan Shafts .

Novgorod, which arose on the river, becomes the northern capital of Gardariki-Rus. Volkhov, near Lake Ilmen. This city is the main trading center of the northern part of Rus'. From here began the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. Like all cities of Rus', Novgorod had a fortress. The Novgorod Kremlin is a typical fortification for storing merchant goods, to protect the population in case of enemy raids and other needs.

Kievan Rus arose on the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” on the lands of the East Slavic tribes - the Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichi, Polyans, then covering the Drevlyans, Dregovichs, Polochans,
Radimichi, Northerners, Vyatichi.
The chronicle legend considers the founders of Kyiv to be the rulers of the Polyan tribe - the brothers Kiya, Shchek and Khoriv. According to archaeological excavations carried out in Kyiv in the 19th-20th centuries, already in the middle of the 1st millennium AD. e. there was a settlement on the site of Kyiv. Arab writers of the 10th century (al-Istarhi, Ibn Khordadbeh, Ibn-Haukal) later speak of Cuyaba as a large city. Ibn Haukal wrote: “The king lives in a city called Cuyaba, which is larger than Bolgar... The Rus constantly trade with the Khozar and Rum (Byzantium).”

From Hyperborea, Gardariki-Rus inherited a lot of secret Knowledge that was used by the Magi. They helped merchants and the entire population live a full, interesting life. So Ancient Rus' had its own secret calendar, which was used by many residents. Guselnik singers moved across all lands, bringing news to the people about what was happening in Rus' and abroad.

From the mouths of the Magi, Kalika travelers, storytellers and epic writers, the people knew about the ancient cities of the Northern Land, like Arkaim, and built their cities in the form of circles, including a fortified settlement and adjacent economic sites, a burial ground and a number of unfortified villages.

Since ancient times, Russians loved to wash in baths. Each family had its own bathhouse. There were also public baths for citizens and visitors. They knew how to and loved various entertainments. Free, cheerful, good-natured, they loved jokes and witty words.
Ancient Russian baths Entertainment of Russians

Our ancestors were never indifferent to beauty. For their beloved children there were the most affectionate, most significant names, taken from ancient sources about the Goddesses and Gods they worshiped, names of spiritual significance. Svetozar (slav.) - illuminating with light, Svyatoslav - sanctified by glory, Yaroslav (slav.) - shining with glory, Mikhail<Михей>- like God, Ilya - the fortress of the Lord, Vladimir (Slavic) - to rule the world, Anna - mercy, Grace, Lyudmila (Slavic) - dear to people, Olga (Scand.) - saint, Rada (Old Russian) - joyful, Lada (peace, well-being).

No matter what people from other countries call ancient Rus', no matter how they attribute alien traits to it, or no matter how they attract it to their history, Rus' remains Russia - the direct heir of Hyperborea, Ruskolani! And the Russian people are direct descendants of the Hyperboreans, Aryan-Russians, who have absorbed the best traits of their ancestors - pride, honor, dignity, readiness for heroism, gullibility, responsiveness, tolerance, and, most importantly, spirituality.

THE LEGEND OF GARDARIK.

Epics and legends about the Russian land are most closely connected with another equally famous legend about the country of Gardarik. This is how it was customary in the Scandinavian countries to call the Russian land.
Gardarika (Islamic Garðaríka or Garðavelda, Swedish Gårdarike) is the ancient Scandinavian name of the Old Russian state, known to the Vikings in the Middle Ages. The term was originally translated without significant reason as “country of cities,” meaning Novgorod land. Since the mid-20th century, Western historical scholarship has formed the opinion that the toponym meant a chain of Old Scandinavian fortresses from Lyubitsa and Ladoga along the Volkhov River.
The word is formed according to the model X+ríki (state, country), which served to designate the state. The toponym is based on the root garđ- (related to the Indo-European gard-), meaning 1) “fence, fence, fortification”, 2) “yard, enclosed space”, 3) “yard, possession, farm (in Iceland), house ( in Norway)" . Here “city” means “fortress, fortification.” The relationship between the Scandinavian “gard” and the Old Russian “city, city” played an important role in the formation of the toponym Gardariki.
The toponym Gardarika first appears in a geographical work of the last quarter of the 12th century. It was also reflected in the collections of royal sagas recorded in the first third of the 13th century. According to F. A. Brown, the Garðaríki form is the creation of the Icelanders who wrote down the sagas (starting from the end of the 12th century). Until this time (in the X-XII centuries) throughout the Scandinavian Peninsula, the form Garđar was used to designate Rus'. This is how Rus' is represented in the skald.
Judging by the above encyclopedic interpretations of the concept of Gardarik, then we are dealing with a very flattering epithet of ancient Rus', which was bestowed on it by the Scandinavian Vikings. And if we take into account the fact that in Western Europe it is very difficult to find a more or less significant city that would not have been attacked by the Vikings, then this epithet takes on an absolutely fantastic coloring. It turns out that for these “sea kings”, well known from Portugal to Byzantium, only one state could be called a country of cities, as if all the others were countries of villages and villages.
Trying to somehow explain this passage, many researchers blindly declare that “There were a lot of cities in ancient Kievan Rus. That is why Western European chronicles call it Gardarika, or the country of cities. In the written sources that have reached us from the 9th-10th centuries, at least 24 Russian cities are mentioned, but scientists believe that there were much more of them.” (newciv.relarn.ru/work/2-09/All of all/str_18.htm)
Of course, 24 cities for medieval Europe is not a small figure, but if it is extrapolated to the vastness of the Russian Plain, it will inevitably turn into a mockery of reality. To call Kievan Rus a country of cities means not knowing anything specific about it. However, the same cannot be said about the Vikings. Throughout their history, they were the most painful “ulcer” for all the peoples of the ecumene, with the exception of Rus'. Moreover, Ancient Rus' directly or indirectly owed many of its military-political successes to the Vikings and Varangians, who from ancient times served in the princely squads. Moreover, they sacredly treasured their Russian ancestry, which went back in time immemorial to the shores of the Father Don. And perhaps for this reason, they have always been the most faithful helpers in maintaining peace and tranquility in this holy land of the Gods.
Whatever it was, the name Gardarik in relation to Rus' was used by the Vikings, not at all because of the abundance of large and small cities subject to Kyiv, but for slightly different reasons. In order to deal with them, we need to go back to the times of the Russian Kaganate, when by the beginning of the 9th century, the banks of the Don and Donets were literally dotted with majestic white-stone castles. Not a single country in the world knew at that time such a construction boom when such a building would be built in a relatively short period of time. great amount fortresses, cities and castles, the construction of each of which required tens of thousands of cubic meters of building materials. And all this against the backdrop of the unbridled development of production relations based on the highest technologies of the time, among which we should highlight not only the most unique technologies of pottery production, but mainly achievements in the field of metallurgy. According to legend, the famous Damascus swords were actually produced in numerous metallurgical centers of the Russian land. In any case, in Damascus no one really knew the secret of their production, but during excavations of Don cities, blanks for their production are often found. Sometimes in huge quantities.
No less impressive are the successes in the field of agriculture, where the industry of viticulture deserves special mention. All this, along with active trade and military power, contributed to the fact that the Don dews had not only silk clothes, inaccessible to very wealthy people of other states, but also prestigious housing, often made of baked bricks and under tiled roofs. At the Kobyakovskoe settlement, fragments of these dwellings could be observed at the beginning of the 20th century. As for fortresses and castles, they were usually built from snow-white chalk blocks, less often from limestone, sandstone, mud and baked bricks. The height of the fortress walls sometimes exceeded 10 meters, and the height of the towers 15. Constant improvement of construction technologies led to the emergence of real masterpieces of fortification art, such as the famous Right Bank Tsimlyansky Castle.

Right Bank Tsimlyansk Fortress. Reconstruction based on excavations and plan of 1743
Watercolor by Oleg Fedorov.

From the stone blocks of which Starocherkassk was subsequently rebuilt. However, the mysterious Semikarakor fortress should be considered the height of construction ambitions.
“In works on archeology, the Semikarakorsk fortress was rarely mentioned due to an opinion that came from nowhere about its complete destruction during plowing already in the 20th century. As for historians, including foreign ones, they do not mention it at all in their numerous reconstructions of the history of the Kaganate. It is possible that most of them simply did not know and do not know about its existence.
Excavations of 1971-1974, begun with a great risk of finding nothing but pitiful ruins, led to the discovery of perhaps the best preserved fortress of the Kaganate in the steppe zone. Built according to the “square within a square” system, it consisted of the fortress itself measuring 215 x 200 m and a citadel of 85 x 80 m located inside. But what was surprising was not so much the size as the building material: mud brick, and of extremely high quality. Its format is specific: 25 x 25 x 5 cm. The fortress walls have been preserved to a height of up to a meter, and the donjon built into one of the walls is up to two meters (!). With a wall thickness of about 2 m, their height could reach 5-6 m. Initially, it was assumed that buildings made of mud bricks should also be expected inside the fortress, but as work continued, it turned out that there was a continuous array of ruined buildings made of baked bricks. That is why the assumption arose that the fortress was intended for the kagans: after all, only they had the privilege of living in brick buildings, as medieval historiographers wrote about.
A fortress and citadel with a total length of six-meter walls of almost a kilometer is the “calling card” of the Kaganate, which had the strength and means to build such a large scale. You can calculate the amount of work performed. At least 2 million pieces of mud brick were used for the walls of the fortress and citadel (according to other estimates, at least 3.5 million pieces - A.L.). In addition, at least several tens (taking into account the shell of the walls, several hundred thousand pieces - A.L.) thousand bricks were fired for the construction of buildings inside the citadel. One of the most labor-intensive processes was digging clay for bricks and bringing in sand. The total volume of the fortress walls was about 9 thousand cubic meters. Adding the tower on the northern wall, the donjon, gate structures and probable losses during transportation and during production, we get about 10 (20! - A.L.) thousand cubic meters of finished bricks along with the binder mortar. It was this mass of clay and sand that had to be mined, delivered and processed. But to this we must add the delivery of hundreds of tons of water for the solution. The big problem was to protect the prepared bricks from rain, for which, most likely, reed coverings were used. Let's add some reeds. Let's add the maintenance of horses and bulls necessary for mixing the solution. During the drying process, the bricks had to be turned over several times to ensure uniform evaporation of moisture in order to avoid deformation and cracks. Finally, firing required the construction of furnaces and the preparation of fuel. So, in the conditions of the Don climate, when winter frosts did not allow brick molding, all this work took at least two years.
This example shows that the construction of a fortress requires not only production skills, but, no less important, the ability to organize the whole thing. Accordingly, the fortress should be perceived not only as an archaeological monument of fortification, but as a monument of construction. Maybe mainly in the latter capacity.
Excavations at Semikarakorskaya ended in 1974 and have not been resumed since then, and what was excavated was covered with earth, in other words, buried. The reason is the same as on Mayatskaya. Continuing excavations of the Semkarakor fortress without conservation means losing it. Walls left in the open air will quickly collapse. Developing methods for preserving mud bricks requires lengthy and expensive experiments. But preserved walls should also be covered in pavilions. You shouldn’t even think about the state funding this work.
Fortunately, today the fortress itself and the surrounding territory have not yet awakened the appetite of potential landowners. However, one should not delude oneself, since this prosperity could end at any moment: after all, there is not even a Protective Obligation for the unique monument.” (Flerov)
From all of the above, we can conclude that in the early Middle Ages, on the banks of the Don and Donets, there was located the country of cities - Gardarika. It would be more accurate to say a country of fortresses and castles, as follows from the literal translation of this Scandinavian term. All that remains is to confirm our assumption with written sources. As the first witness, we will use the Book of Veles, which says that Ruskolan had 300 strong cities. Approximately the same number, based on archaeological data, is given in the book by E. Galkina, “Secrets of the Russian Kaganate”. However, this figure is not the limit. The so-called “Bavarian geographer” gives us absolutely fantastic results.
Bavarian Geographer (or East Frankish table of tribes) - a list of peoples and tribes, mainly of Slavic origin, inhabiting the areas east of the Frankish state in the 9th century.
The document on two sheets was discovered in 1722 in the Bavarian State Library (Munich), where it is currently kept. This is a note at the end of a manuscript containing a treatise on geometry by Boethius. The Bavarian Duke acquired it in 1571 along with the archives of the antiquarian Hermann Schedel (1410-1485). It was introduced into scientific circulation by the French ambassador in Munich, Count du Bua, who published a translation of the monument into French in the mid-18th century. The name “Bavarian Geographer” was given to the document by the Polish writer and scientist Jan Potocki in 1796. This name is associated with the location of the find; in origin, the monument is most likely associated not with Bavaria, but with Swabia (see below). In Russian historiography, “The Bavarian Geographer” was first used by N. M. Karamzin (translated by du Bua).
The peculiarity of this geographical treatise is that the peoples and states closest to the author have a maximum of several dozen cities.
(list taken from Peter Zolin)

(3) Linones (Linaa) - a people who have 7 cities.
(4-6) Not far from them sit those called Bethenici, Smeldingon and Morizani, who have 11 cities.
(7) Next to them sit those who are called Hehfeldi (Hevellers; Gavolians) and who have 8 cities.
(8) Next to them lies a region called Sorbi; There are numerous people in the region, with 50 cities.
(9) Next to them are those who are called Talamins (Talaminzi, Dolemnitsy; Dolenchane) and who have 13 cities.
(10) Beheimare (Bohemians - Czechs), who have 15 cities.
(11) Mararii (Moravians) have 40 cities.
(12) The Vulgars (Uulgarii, Bulgarians, Hungarians?) - a huge region and a large people - have only 5 cities, since the majority of the people live outside them, and therefore have no need for cities.
(13) There is a people called Merehanos; he has 30 cities. They point opposite the Bulgarians, on the other side of the Danube.

However, as you move east, the order of numbers constantly grows, and after the Dniester it acquires simply unimaginable proportions.

(18) Glopeani, who have 400 or slightly more cities.
(19) The Zuireani have 325 cities.
(20) Buzhans (Busani) have 231 cities.
(21) Sittici - an area in which there are countless people and fortified cities.
(22) Stadici, in which there are 516 cities and countless people.
(23) Sebbirozi has 90 cities.
(24) Unlitsy (Unlizi, streets?) - a large people, 418 cities.
(25) The Neriuani have 78 cities.
(26) The Attorozi have 148 cities, and are the most unbridled people.
(27) Eptaradici has 243 cities.
(28) The Uuilerozii have 180 cities.
(29) Zabrozi has 212 cities.
(30) Znetalici has 74 cities.
(31) The Aturezani have 104 cities.
(32) Chozirozi has 250 cities.
(33) Lendizi has 98 cities.
(34) Thafnezi has 257 cities.
(35) The Zeriuani, who alone have a kingdom and from whom all the tribes of the Slavs, as they claim, descend and descend (most likely the northerners: P.Z.).
“What our beloved officialdom does not like is the mention of dozens and hundreds of early medieval cities (of course, fortifications with surrounding villages, graveyards) among the Slavic peoples in the middle of the 9th century. And even on the lands around Rus'...
The relations between these local entities were clearly a process of internal diplomacy of peoples during the period when, as Christianization progressed, Great Scythia turned into Great Rus'. And the history of many medieval cities of Rus', often descended from early medieval and ancient settlements, is noted by the source quite objectively. Therefore, the source did not attract much attention for a long time. Thousands of cities in Rus' and in the surrounding area by the middle of the 9th century. Just think about it?!" (Peter Zolin)
You can think about it. It's hard to believe. However, as we have seen more than once, any myth carries at least a grain of the real state of affairs. And they are such that despite the fantastic number of cities located and adjacent to the Russian Kaganate (literally the Russian Empire), there is no doubt about their significant superiority in relation to the countries of Western Europe. In fact, we have before us direct written evidence of what exactly the inhabitants of Western Europe meant when they called Rus' a country of cities (fortresses and castles).
Ruskolan…
Let us remember that “The Bavarian Geographer” describes events that took place long before Kievan Rus with its 24 cities. In addition, it is especially worth noting the fact that in the ethnonyms of the peoples of Gardariki the root rozi (dew) is very often found, which directly indicates that we are dealing with the Russian land. Along with this, it is noteworthy that the remark that “Zeriuani (northerners), who alone have a kingdom and from whom all the tribes of the Slavs, as they claim, descend and descend,” fully confirms our assumption that the originally political the center of the Russian land was in the land of the northerners, from where Donets began to be called Seversky, and where we see the largest concentration of cities and settlements of the Saltovo-Mayak archaeological culture, corresponding to the Russian Kaganate and the epic Russian land.
It seems that we managed to uncover the secret of the legendary Gardarika, the myths and legends about which actually turned out to be very close to the reality that took place in the early Middle Ages, on the territory of the Russian land.

LEGEND OF RURIK.

Legends, myths, there were stories, how different they are. In what an unimaginable way time and space are refracted in them. How the characters and destinies of the prototypes of mythical heroes change beyond recognition. How elusive the hints are. What a fantastic allegory. What a Gordian knot a seemingly simple plot is tied into.
Many years ago, I happened to hear not a myth, not a legend, but something like a saying that “Prince Rurik was from the Don Cossacks” and, like Stenka Razin, he rampaged on the Black Sea, and on the Caspian Sea, until he was invited to the Novgorod table.
However, a great many sayings like this can be cited. It’s just not possible to find a grain of truth in them. After all, they are not talking about mythical characters, but about historical figures, whose fate is quite well reflected in written sources. And although many Russian historians do their best to present Rurik as a semi-mythical hero, in fact he is an absolutely real person, about whom no less written evidence has been preserved than about his descendants.

If we generalize and average all the available data, then in the person of Rurik we get an outstanding representative of the Obodrit people, among whom were the legendary “Slavic sea robbers”, from the tribe of the Vagrs, the Varangians of the Russian chronicles. The state of the Western Obodrites in the early Middle Ages was called Vandalia or Slovenia. Both toponyms go back to the Ilmen Slovenes, who, around the 6th-7th centuries AD. settled the Baltic coast between the Elbe (Laba) and the Rhine. The fact that this was so, and not otherwise, is eloquently evidenced by archaeological data, which does not see a fundamental difference in the material cultures of the Slovenes and the Obodrites (Mecklenburg and Novgorod).
However, in the VIII-IX centuries. lands of Slovenia began to come under increasing pressure from the Frankish state. In the first half of the 9th century, this pressure ended with the occupation of a significant part of Slovenia, including the family estates of the Rurik family, which predetermined his future fate as one of the most prominent representatives of the “Slavic sea robbers”, the Varangian Varangians.
By the time he was called to reign in the land of Slovenia, Ilmen, he was already one of the most famous personalities of Western Europe, having gained fame in great victories in the territories of Germany, Denmark, England, France, Portugal, Spain, etc. his indestructible flotillas were seen by the inhabitants of Hamburg and Hodeby, Paris and Orleans, London and Lisbon, Seville and La Coruña. All this clearly indicates that the saying that Rurik was a Don Cossack was born out of boredom. Although..?! It depends on how you look.
Leo Tolstoy said that the Cossacks created Russia, putting only the visible part into these words Russian history. But if we appreciate the part that is still hidden from us, then this statement will become prophetic. And if so, then we have a real prospect in searching for threads connecting Rurik with the Don and the Cossacks.
Firstly, I would like to return to the ancient Russian chronicles and legends in which the process of movement of the ancient ancestors of the Slavs is clearly traced, from the shores of the Don and the Black Sea to the north to the lands of Ilmen, under the leadership of Sloven and Rus. Subsequently, one of the descendants of Sloven, named Vandal, conquered all Western countries and installed his subjects there to rule. Studying this vector of development of migration processes in the first centuries of our era, it is not difficult to verify that the shores of the Baltic were inhabited by people from the southern Russian steppes, which was directly reflected in the Scandinavian sagas. As for the Vagr and Vikings, they, being essentially the military class of their peoples, are as close as possible to the Cossacks not only in origin, but also in social status and behavior. It is not without reason that G. Vernadsky argued that the movement of the Vikings (sea kings), and with them the Vagr (Slavic sea robbers), originated on the Don, which indicates a direct genetic connection between the Cossacks and the Vagr. And if this is so, then Rurik, with some reservations, can easily be classified as a Cossack family. It is curious that the appearance of his grandson exactly matched the appearance of the Sich Cossacks.
Secondly, and this is very important, the Vagr of Rurik came to the Slovenian lands, under the name Rus, which automatically put a sign of identity between them and the inhabitants of the Russian land in the Don region. Belonging to Rus' ensured the legitimacy of Rurik’s rule and the legitimacy of his claims not only to Ladoga, but also to Kyiv, which, after the destruction of the Russian land, received the title of “mother of Russian cities.”
Thirdly, we see a very trusting relationship between Rurik and the Prophetic Oleg, who symbolized the remnants of the elite of the Russian Kaganate. These relations were so close that Rurik could easily leave Novgorod for several years and go to the encouragement of Stargorod to resolve controversial issues in his western possessions. At the same time, trusting Oleg, also raising his son.
Fourthly, we know that Rurik had direct family ties with the Slovenian elite, to which his grandfather Gostomysl belonged. In this regard, the study of V. Varenik is interesting, who convincingly showed the presence of strong ethnic and cultural ties between the Novgorodians and the Don Cossacks.
Fifthly, in the Arab tradition, in particular in al-Haraki, in his book “The Limit of Comprehension regarding the Division of the Heavenly Spheres,” Meotida is called the Varangian Sea. Other authors, in particular al-Masudi, identify the Varangian Sea - the Baltic - with Meotida, which most eloquently indicates the presence of strong ties between Maeotis and the Baltic.
We could list for a long time the threads connecting Rurik with the Don and the Cossacks, right down to the legends about his ancestry from the Roman Caesars, among whom was the Don Cossack ataman Odoacer, and about his kinship with Lithuania (Lithuanians), who came from the Don shores, and for many centuries they kept the name of Rus', and their princes, long before those of Moscow, were called princes of “All Rus'”. But it seems already clear that by calling Rurik a Cossack, we will sin little before the truth. Or maybe we won’t sin, but call the realities of that time by their real names. The only thing that we apparently won’t be able to do is tie Rurik’s deeds and exploits to the Don shores. Although there are some clues in this direction.

(based on materials from the unpublished book “There Were Myths of Don Antiquity”)

Once upon a time, the Norman Scandinavians, having arrived in ancient Rus', called it Gardarika - “the country of cities.” There were much more of them than in the homeland of the Normans - in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. The Normans also saw the then lands of Western Europe, standing on the former territories of the Roman Empire - French, German and Italian lands. They were familiar with the Byzantine (East Roman) Empire. But for some reason the Scandinavians did not call the kingdom-states there a “country of cities”, giving this honor to the ancient Rus. What struck the stern Vikings who had seen a lot?

More than a thousand years ago, our ancestors created a special type of city: a “fabric” city, consisting of estates. A type of city that is organic and comfortable to live in.

If we carry out the planned urban planning revolution, then Russia (no longer the Russian Federation!) will become the new Gardarika. The country has thousands of new city-polises, settlements of the future, which are built, as Krupnov and his associates dream, on the principles of local urbanization. But only now family estates are available to every hardworking and hardworking person, and not just to the oligarch, rich man or pop diva, as in today's Erefia. Creativity flourishes in new policies. They become the focus of scientific research and experimental industrial work, completely new agricultural technology and unprecedented centers of education.

Our noopolis cities are energetically independent. Some of them are powered by wind power plants that look like tall pipes. Some relied on heat engines. Some preferred small ones nuclear installations. Some cities have built hydrogen energy stations and solar panels, improved with the help of nanotech. Or maybe they combine installations of different types. Somewhere, home electrical installations assembled from biorhodopsin batteries are considered the latest fashion. There are no problems with heating either: it is provided by inexpensive electricity or by Zaboronsky’s autonomous gas generators-heaters, which run on wood logs. Therefore, in our world we do not depend on oil magnates, Gazprom or monopolistic power plants.

Life here is free from the dominance of thieving and stupid “android” officials who stifled life and creativity in Moscow and other megacities. Here is a paradise for creators from the New Reality. The inhabitants of New Gardarika have developed self-government and build their own lives - they do not need any Luzhkovs or his pack of prefects. Life itself requires developed self-government systems - because only they are suitable for network systems with decentralized energy, super communications, new transport and production based on future technologies. Bureaucrats are not allowed here. They are a foreign body in our Gardarika.

Disregarding the selfish interests of old corporations, citizens of the policies of Supernova Russia choose the newest technologies, which provide the fastest and most inexpensive solution to problems. Can we provide ourselves with electricity for several million rubles? Let's build a tower installation. Someone can treat cancer in a matter of weeks, and does not need expensive Western medicines costing 3-5 thousand dollars a pack? Come to us, since you are being oppressed in the old cities? Have you invented an airship that will replace columns of trucks and a squadron of helicopters? Do it in our system: several policies and enterprises will cooperate for this, creating a “virtual corporation.” You know how to create modern water supply and water treatment systems, and they are trying to destroy the old housing and communal services monopolies, fearing for their profits? Welcome to us, to Gardarika. We will take your systems, making their creator a respected and wealthy person.

In our policies, we don’t give a damn about the old monopolies in the field of communications and telecommunications: we use wireless ultra-wideband communications and Korobeinikov communications.

In Supernova Russia - Gardarik, there is no need to build so many large power plants, spending mind-boggling resources and heaps of money on it. After all, the specific current consumption has decreased. Our policies have acquired decentralized sources of kilowatt-hours. Our new houses no longer absorb as much heat as the current panel boxes. Energy costs in the housing and communal services sector have fallen. And the new industry turned out to be much more economical than the current one. She, of course, needs large stations - but now they are needed three times less than in the USSR with the same production volumes (there is no need to even talk about Russian Federation indicators).

Well, if we add together the effects of all the innovations, what will be embodied in the New Gardarika? Its citizens will be able to live as richly and freely as anyone has ever lived before. We will beat the Americans, the Europeans, and the Japanese here. And why? After all, in Neogardarik we will not have to spend millions of man-years and tens of billions of “cu” every year to feed the industrial Moloch. To produce for it tens of millions of tons of oil and hundreds of billions of cubic meters of gas, mountains of coal and millions of tons of steel. After all, our life support systems and homes consume much less resources than today. We use more energy from the sun, wind and flowing water. Mineral resources are saved by our nuclear mini-installations. In many cases, metal was replaced by basalt cloth and heavy-duty ceramics. Well, the new industry is breaking all records in terms of efficiency and resource conservation. Everything here is fundamentally simple.

As a result, we have freed up oceans of resources, human labor, time and money. We have generated super incomes: both in resource and monetary terms. Now we can invest it in the best school in the world. Our children will be able to read by the age of three, and complete the secondary education program by the age of fourteen. And then they get super education, which develops their abilities. Moreover, in combination with classes in new palestras: athletic schools. At the end we get a downright ancient Hellenic ideal. A developed person both mentally and physically. Possessing incredible vitality and indestructible health.

We will leave the old cities. Because there is no future for our people in them. They are our graves. Released resources New Russia will direct it to grandiose health development programs, construction of transport development corridors, scientific research and space missions. Each of these areas will generate a powerful stream of new scientific discoveries and previously unheard of technologies. That is why the power, wealth and development of Russia will increase from five-year period to five-year period. And so on - right up to unprecedented breakthroughs that will give us superpower: to mastering the energy of thermonuclear energy, using the earth’s magnetic field, creating “superintelligent man” and thinking human communities, to building installations for the production of finished things through the recombination of atoms. And so on - until the exploration of the Moon, Mars, the satellites of Jupiter, and the depths of the ocean.

By saving those resources that today are mediocrely consumed by imperfect multi-storey housing, outdated housing and communal services and energy systems, and monstrously expensive construction, we will create an innovative Armed Forces. We will reliably ensure the security of the country. And there will be nothing to fear from the American space challenge.

This is the mission of the Development Dictatorship that we dream of. She must start a new “Manhattan” project - not to create another Superbomb, but in the field of estate urbanization.

And many components of such a New Reality already exist today, in the Russian Federation itself. Thanks to titanic people like Popov. They live and fight next to us. There are still many of them. Both they and we are people of the new Reality.

CLAY MAG

“Look, now I’ll cut glass with it,” says an elderly, imposing-looking man, picking up a piece of strange dense material that resembles a shard from an antique vase. He runs it across the bottle, leaving a deep furrow in the green glass.

Do you know what this is? Skeleton, new material. It is 1.9 times stronger than natural diamond. The skeleton is a specially processed carbon...

This is how Russian architect Vladimir Popov imagines a skeleton. Inexpensive material of the future that can be done anywhere. Ultra-lightweight and ultra-durable. I am amazed at what I saw. Popov rings the bells hanging from the ceiling of the room. They are ceramic - but they sound like metal. And their strength is wow! Great! When I was at school in 1983, I saw a series of reports by Vladimir Tsvetov about the Japanese economic and high-tech miracle. One day he showed a car engine that the Japanese made from heavy-duty ceramics. And now Maxim Kalashnikov sees something similar - but in the Russian version.

Popov is an amazing and obsessed person. Great innovator. Born General Designer. If we manage to build a civilization of the future in Russia, then Popov will become one of its most outstanding creators. With the help of ceramic materials developed by him “with his comrades” it is possible to make a complete revolution in the construction of residential buildings. They can be assembled from light and durable parts, inside of which there are channels - cavities for thermal insulation. Assembling on a frame is like using a construction set. And ecosphere manor houses for one family. And - if desired - apartment buildings. Moreover, their durability will be fantastic, and the price will be ridiculously low. And all because there is a complete abandonment of reinforced concrete. What is it made from? Made from extremely expensive cement. But clay for ceramic construction is available anywhere on the planet. In any place in Russia, Africa, America, Asia... Popov’s technologies make it possible to produce durable ceramic structures quite cheaply almost everywhere. Having such technologies, it is possible to turn the cities of indigenous Great Russia - Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Myshkin, Novgorod and Pskov - into toys. And what can be customized in the Far East, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin!

Imagine a magical city of houses. Single-family estate houses. Decorated with platbands, pleasing to the eye with tiled roofs. They stand among gardens and green groves. The air is clean and transparent. The Russian river flows its leisurely waters. Among the groups of houses rise tall, thick towers six meters in diameter, similar to factory chimneys. But not a wisp of smoke comes out of them. These are wind power plants. Air is constantly moving inside them, thrust is created - and it rotates the horizontal turbines located in the towers. Houses receive electricity and heat without consuming a single gram of coal, not a drop of fuel oil, not a crumb of uranium, etc. cubic meter of gas. Eternal communications are laid to the houses - pipes made of basalt fiber. They can serve for many centuries without replacement or repair. Free electricity powers carbon heating elements in bright and airy homes - keeping them warm in winter. And in summer it is pleasantly cool there. Sewage and waste products are purified and processed in special facilities using bacteria...

Popov and his associates were able to invent a technology for grinding clay (and other materials) to particles one to three microns in size, and not 1-3 millimeters, as in a brick factory. A unique electric motor with permanent magnets came in handy, which provides a rotation speed of 28-30 thousand revolutions per minute with minimal electricity consumption. With the help of such motors, unique mills are made. The substance can be crushed to a fraction of fifty angstroms, a thousand times less than a millimeter. A unique permanent magnet motor with two rotors that rotate in opposite directions was made in 1993. It became the basis for miracle mills. They also made a wonderful gearless circular saw from it, which cuts materials with two disks rotating towards each other. I watch footage of an educational film. The saw cuts everything like a knife through butter. Here it is - in comparison with an ordinary “grinder”. Lord, how slow the latter is - compared to the unit of the “priests”! Moreover, the cut appears as if polished. There are no gearboxes - there is no loss of power, as in conventional technologies, when a five-kilowatt motor loses half its power in the gearbox - in order to increase the rotation speed. And even more. There are no brushes or windings in such a Russian electric motor. It works with a maintenance-free service life guarantee of ten years.

By combining such technologies, we reduce operating costs to almost zero,” says the architect. - Imagine: you don’t have to renovate your house every ten years. There is no need to relay pipes every three years. There is no need to change electric motors every three to four months. In industry, such engines would reduce energy consumption by four to five times. Each of our technologies leads to solving strategic problems of the state.

Thanks to such engines, people can build themselves a “porcelain house” from local materials. Nothing needs to be transported from afar or imported. Need cladding? Here it is - ceramic. There are no analogues to it anywhere in the world. It can be given a strength grade of 2 thousand. Or maybe 150-200. At the same time, it does not burn, perfectly insulates heat and does not allow sound to pass through. It does not crumble like any other foam rubber. Energy consumption for ceramic structures is half that for brick production.

Ultra-high-speed mills are two coaxial disks spinning at incredible speed towards each other. Any material is poured between them: clay, sawdust, grain. The material itself accelerates to an unimaginable speed and its particles begin to crush each other. And the speed is about 50-60 thousand revolutions per minute for each disk. The discs are made of skeleton and therefore do not wear out on their own.

Ultra-high-speed mills make it possible to make first-class earthenware from any Russian clay. We don't need Europe anymore. Do at least building structures - at least plumbing. You can make healthy clay textured floors without any chemicals. Heated - because warm air can be blown through the capillaries inside them. In a house with such floors, walk barefoot all day - you won’t catch a cold. Take baths in a real pool. Heating carbon tapes with a thin coating will provide you with heat with minimal electricity costs.

Skeleton itself can rightfully be considered a material with a huge future. It is electrically conductive, surpassing copper in this indicator and approaching silver. It expands slightly when heated. From skeleton, according to Popov, it is possible to make almost eternal bearings. Today, when we have lost Soviet powder metallurgy, which provided excellent metal for bearings, when the Russian Federation depends on imports, skeleton becomes a salvation for the bearing industry.

Popov and his friends do not use any chemical processes in principle.

Here he is showing visitors his ceramic blocks. He hits them with an iron rod.

- Clay is my favorite building material. It was used thousands of years ago, and will be used in the distant future,” says the architect. - No production of solid bricks for dull masonry! Thanks to our technologies, thanks to the achieved strength of ceramics, we make shaped structures with a hollowness of up to 90 percent. That is, during construction we can replace ten bricks with one of our ceramic blocks, which in weight is equal to only one and a half bricks. See what savings! We press our material and vitrify it. He's dry. We assemble a house from 10 and 20 brick blocks. We don't need mortars or concretes. Ceramic blocks have an ideal shape, fitting tightly to one another...

Ceramics, Popov claims, makes it possible to build beautiful houses with figured decorations. The wretchedness and simplicity of the current construction, which lead to the impoverishment of thinking and the withering away of the sense of beauty, are destroyed. A ceramic house has beautiful arches, platbands, windows and window sills. “Spending on beauty cannot be unnecessary. Our ancestors lived in beauty - and we should live the same way! Our world should be based on knowledge, love and beauty,” our “clay magician” likes to repeat. He shows mosaic blocks of joyful colors for cladding houses. They have a strength grade of 700 and 900 units. The technology for their production was ready back in the late 1980s. But to this day it remains unknown in the country.

At the same time, all the elements of the “porcelain house” are extremely durable: the foundation blocks, the cladding, and the “bricks” themselves. Houses made of this material are absolutely waterproof and do not freeze.

An ecological cleaning system has been thought out. Our counterpart demonstrates a porous material. It is populated with a certain culture of bacteria and placed in a container with a volume of two to three cubic meters. The wastewater from the estate goes there, and microorganisms clean it within 24 hours. Then the water can be used for your pool, for local irrigation, and even - with further purification - as drinking water. The services of huge centralized systems - city "Vodokanals" - are not needed. If such technology is applied in today's large cities, the size of treatment facilities can be reduced by an order of magnitude.

We have learned to recycle everything,” Popov smiles. - For us there is no concept of “waste”. One of our smart guys has developed a technology for road construction from waste. Sandy loams, loams, sands, slags and ashes that lie with us in billions of tons, acidic and alkaline drains - everything goes into use. And the result is a material that does not lose its strength over the years, but increases in strength. The road surface is placed on a special substrate - reinforced flexible mesh made of basalt and glass fiber. They do not rot, do not rust, and are not subject to induced currents. That’s why such roads don’t care about the harsh Russian climate.

We have accumulated so much technology that even three lifetimes are not enough to implement it,” the architect smiles with slight sadness.

NOOSPHERIC WIZARD

- Everything that you have seen, taken together, creates the main technology - the technology of a healthy life in your home! - Vladimir Popov convinces.
In fact, he and his comrades are creating technologies for noospheric urbanization. Everything for the construction of healthy, harmonious settlements of tomorrow. Those who are called upon to save Russian civilization from death in a metropolitan dead end. Those who will breathe new life into Russia.
In his house you will not find hot water pipes or radiators. Everything is based on thermal tapes and pipes, on carbon elements hidden behind pictures on the walls

We have a unit that I dream of implementing. We called it a “thermal transformer.” This turboexpander will strategically change the technology of life in any home, says the architect. - Many centuries ago, our ancestors placed a small stove in the basement of the tower or in the basement of the church and, at its expense, heated the entire tower or temple. Hot air from the stove through a system of capillaries heated the entire space. We, based on our high-speed engines, made a device with a very unusual turbine and heat exchanger. We take air from the street, run it through this unit - and from a kilowatt of power of our machine we get two kilowatts of cold with temperatures down to minus forty degrees and three kilowatts of heat - with temperatures up to one hundred and fifty. Here you have it right away: both a refrigerator and heating. And the dimensions of the unit are two hundred millimeters in diameter and half a meter in length. Let's try to compare it with a foreign household air conditioner... Our system does not produce any condensation. In the summer, you can put it outside at one end and cool the house. In winter - on the contrary, to heat. And you no longer need a refrigerator in the house...

Ceramics is not the only miracle material. “Popovtsy” also deal with wood. In their opinion, today it is simply criminal to export raw, unprocessed timber from the country. They also create things from wood that amazement knows no bounds.

First, the wood needs to be dried. But what are conventional drying units? They dehydrate wood for a long time, with enormous energy consumption. Our noospheric wizards managed to build their own dryer: a cylinder with a diameter of 3.2 meters and a length of seven meters. It is dug vertically into the ground. The safety and convenience of the process and savings on thermal insulation are immediately ensured. The unit uses the same “thermal transformer”. The dryer is two-chamber, with a “cycle transfer”: freezing - heating. The unit itself has interesting properties: per kilowatt of its power there are 280 cubic meters of air exchange per hour. Thanks to this, the wood dries not from the outside, but from the inside: moisture is sucked out of the capillaries of the wood. It decreases in volume by a maximum of fifteen percent - but comes out of the drying unit as dry, dense, high-quality material. There are no microcracks in it: after all, unlike conventional drying, the escaping moisture does not tear the wood from the inside. Strength increases by 50-80 percent.

The process is waste-free: after all, it is not finished boards and beams that are loaded into the unit, but a tree trunk and butt. And only then the treated wood is sawn, for example, into boards. How? Yes, all with the same ultra-high-speed double-disc saws that produce polished cuts and a minimum of sawdust. This results in significant savings on cutting, sanding and jointing of wood. Few wastes are ground in a supermill, producing highly homogeneous material. Then make particle boards: super-dense, non-wetting, durable. (Popovtsy’s chipboard is 80 percent stronger than regular ones).

Today, a European-made drying chamber with a volume of twenty cubic meters requires 350-400 kilowatts of installed power for heating alone, and the “priest’s thing” requires only 25 kW. If in the first drying lasts from seven to thirty days, then in our “miracle” it lasts no more than one day. You understand what savings are achieved, how much construction costs are reduced. You can build on a huge scale using wood. Especially where we need to create growth centers: in Siberia and the Far East.

And here is a fiber made of silica. An excellent substitute for glass wool, which is dangerous for human lungs. White fluffy fabric. An excellent heat insulator and finishing material. Consumers in Europe and the United States buy thousands of cubic meters of it from the priests, but not in the Russian Federation. Popov's son lined the kiln with silica cloth. It seems like only a two-centimeter layer - but what an effect! Inside the oven there is a heat of 1100 degrees, but on its surface it is only fifty. Finish Popov's ceramic houses with this material (a layer of just a centimeter) - and they will not be afraid of fifty-degree frosts.

And what about the fabrics made of basalt and glass fiber that Popov shows? A huge range of such has been created. Finishing materials, any types of nets for construction - instead of rusting metal chain-link. Lightweight, flexible and durable. What about glass and basalt fiber pipes? The “priests” learned to make them with a diameter of up to 3.6 meters. Pipes are made for a specific task. You need a sewer pipe with relatively low strength - please. A pipe under high pressure is needed (for pumping gas, oil, even antifreeze!) - and it will be made by winding more layers of fiber and providing it with a durable lining. And no rust or corrosion! Such pipes last practically forever. Unlike plastic ones, they have no internal stresses. With the help of such pipes, future settlements of Russian civilization will receive sewerage, water supply and “threads” for oil and gas workers, which will be able to work for decades without any repairs. Like the water pipes of the ancient Romans. We won’t have to waste millions of tons of expensive steel and a lot of human labor on all this.

What about carbon fiber materials (CFM)? They are amazing heaters. Cheap and safe, do not require large amounts of electricity due to very high heat transfer. With their help, you can make economical devices for heating ceramic and wooden houses. And they are powered from the “pipes” of wind power plants. And away with Chubais and his generating and distribution companies! Huge amounts of money are freed up for building a new life. We save them in order to spend them on having and raising children, on science and creativity.

The priests even make heating elements for shoes - in the form of an insole for a soldier’s boot, heated by a finger-type battery. And here is a cord ten meters long. Consumes 150 watts of energy, heating up to 80 degrees. You can wrap it around any open pipe, connect it to a low-voltage source - and not be afraid that the object will freeze.

The technologies of the “priests” make it possible to make rubber, the production of which does not require a single gram of soot. What is soot? To get a ton of it, you need to burn ten tons of oil. And the rubber of the Popovites uses a natural mineral instead of soot (which is the secret of the creators).

And here is the now despised plaster. Or rather, gypsum fiber,” continues Popov, holding white U-shaped structures in his hands. - Also an excellent heat insulator. But we know how to make material from gypsum with the strength of “grade six hundred”. It is stronger than many types of concrete, not to mention brick. Giving any color to such material is not a problem for us. The surface of the structures, as you can see, is almost polished. The finishing elements are the most magnificent: stucco molding, cornices, window sills. These are walls that can be washed: instead of the unfortunate Italian tiles. And there are billions of tons of this gypsum in the country...

I am responsible for my creative teams. I have been working with many people for decades. We don't need profit. We need people to build production using our technology, and that we have a service agreement with them for the maintenance and development of the same technology. We don't need Mercedes and dachas in the Canary Islands. Another thing is more important: the opportunity to “create” something new, immediately test it, and put it into practice. Without breaking the technology, without destroying the production line...

In the films that the architect’s friends provided me with, I even saw a glider equipped with high-speed electric motors with permanent magnets. Here it is, a step towards man’s long-standing dream: a clean electric plane. Popov dreams of building life in Russia in a completely new way. Or, rather, on primordial, forgotten principles, but now - with the help of the latest technologies. He dreams of building life in new settlements on the principles of the old Russian zemstvo - with people caring about their region, with the improvement of life in it, with a system of consumer cooperatives.

What is this essentially? Noospheric civilization. One where healthy and strong, smart and creative people will live. The one where children's laughter will sound, where families will have at least three offspring. Images of city-states, garden cities amidst magnificent nature appear before your eyes. You can breathe deeply here. Here you literally drink the heady air of freedom. Freedom from the power of monster corporations with their smoky factories and power plants.

Why pay two or three thousand dollars per square meter of a new building! With monthly fees for primitive housing and communal services! A miracle can be created here and now, in a matter of days and weeks, from the raw materials that lie under your feet. To hell with the costs of billions of dollars and euros for the purchase of all imports: we will make our own - not just the same, but much better! Something that no one else on the planet can do. And then we look down on the inhabitants of Western countries: oh, you live in houses with cardboard walls? Oh well...

Don't believe anyone who says that the country cannot completely solve the housing problem in just ten years! All technologies for this have already been created and are being successfully used.

MONOPOLY ATTACKER: CREATOR OF “BLITZ HOUSES”

Today we already have plenty to choose from. Let's take a person about whom I happened to write in my books. Sergei Sibiryakov lives in the Russian Federation, who believes that every working person in Russia should buy a house for his family. This means that a three-story cottage should cost no more than a passenger car. Fantastic? No. The development of modern technologies makes it possible to reduce prices not only for computers, but also for consumer real estate.

In the early 2000s, Sibiryakov left the civil service (and he managed to be a general of the tax police) and, together with his comrades, tried to bring to the market a prefabricated, foundationless house C08. Assembled in just eight hours from ready-made “layered” panels on a metal frame, it was supposed to go on sale for $150 per square meter. Sergei even joined the “Unity” party (the current “Edrossia”) and tried to put forward, as an item in its program, the large-scale construction of “lightning-fast” houses. According to him, the program promised an explosive effect. Mortgages could develop rapidly: after all, ordinary people on the security of their city apartments; could get money to build two or three cottages outside the city. And it would be easier to repay the loan: after all, C08 is built not in a few months, but in a matter of hours. The interest just doesn’t have time to accrue in such a time.
By 2006, his team had created a new generation of prefabricated houses, where metal parts were reduced to a minimum... This is a house with a minimum area of ​​140 square meters of living space. This time - not without a foundation: six concrete blocks play its role. But the highlight of the development is that the metal in the frame of the new house has been replaced with laminated veneer lumber.

“Six thousand rubles per square meter is the selling price, which includes external and internal finishing, installation of the house and installed communications,” Sergei Sibiryakov told me in the spring of 2006. - We moved away from using a large amount of metal in order to reduce the cost of the design without losing quality...

The saving material was unsorted timber, from which thick laminated veneer lumber is made. The production of such can be installed anywhere, spending 500 thousand dollars on it. The production of timber takes just two months and requires ten workers. It supplies lightning home builders with framing components, jambs, doors and windows. And even furniture. Complete freedom from monopolists and the influence of external factors is gained. And there is a surplus of low-grade timber in the Russian Federation today. The laminated veneer lumber technology makes it possible to make 9-meter thick (25 by 25 cm) beams from waste wood. They are simply glued together and pressed from one and a half meter bars. Thanks to the use of advanced technologies, assembling a house (instead of one work shift in 2002) now takes only three hours. In fact, a “net technology” that has no analogues was born (from the English set - set, set, circle of people connected by common interests).

What is the essence of technology? Instead of an expensive foundation, concrete blocks buried in the ground are used. The house itself (depending on the modification) consists of 17-20 large sandwich panels. The panel itself is layered, consisting of two layers of formwork (CBF or impregnated plywood), between which there is insulation. Which? There are fifty types of them on the market. In general, sandwiches are prepared according to the customer’s wishes. Already at the factory, plumbing fixtures and all sorts of built-in units are attached to the inside of the panels - even plasma TV screens. On site, a team of assemblers attaches the panels to the timber frame. The method of high-quality joining of panels at joints is the company’s “know-how”. It's all about the special adhesive composition.

All parts of the structure are delivered to the assembly site either in a forty-foot sea container (if the “transport distance” is more than a thousand kilometers), or in two trailers, where all the parts are inserted into special cassettes. This is the essence of the most technologically advanced “set method”.

Next there will be a set method, a set house, a set meter, a set repair,” Sergei told me. - We are moving away from all European standards and European renovations. In the production of houses, we are as close as possible to Ford's conveyor technology. There will also be a set standard for the new housing policy: at least 25 square meters of space per person...

According to Sibiryakov, he and his comrades are ready to launch mass production of new types of houses in the regions, using the space of bankrupt enterprises. Within four months, production can be established. Preparation - three months. On the fourth - 200 houses from the assembly line. By the fifth - already three hundred. And then - up to a thousand or two monthly. Per year - up to 15 thousand houses on one small site. And they can be organized almost anywhere.

But will it be possible to introduce new technology into the current reality of the Russian Federation? There is hope. The situation at the top is clearly changing. In 2006, the pro-presidential United Russia party announced that it was betting on cottage construction in the suburbs. And the president said that he would strictly demand from governors to increase the volume of housing construction. They say, if you want to stay in office, ensure the growth of square meters commissioned, and at affordable prices. And how to do it? After all, in cities it is often impossible to increase the volume of cheap construction. We first have to demolish old and dilapidated houses and resettle their inhabitants. It is clear that in such conditions the price per unit area of ​​new housing turns out to be prohibitive. In addition, during the years of dominance of all sorts of liberals in the country, many house-building plants, cement and reinforced concrete products plants perished. Whether you like it or not, promises will have to be fulfilled by resorting to new technologies. Sibiryakov is counting on this.

Today he has no problems meeting with one governor or another. The fame of the new house-building technology has already spread throughout Rus'. Sergei Anatolyevich is also a member of all conceivable commissions for the implementation of “national projects” announced by the Kremlin. It's just not much use. Everything, for now, goes into words. At the level of governors and top officials there is delight and words of support. But everything gets stuck, as if in a swamp, as soon as the matter descends to the level of second-party performers. Any deputies. Those who actually distribute contracts and plots of land. Those who have a construction complex at hand. They are in this business. They don’t need cheap pre-fabricated housing.

Until recently, I believed that it was impossible to break through such a wall,” our interlocutor continues. - For five years we fought against the barrier of officials and bribe takers. Leave everything as it is, and all national projects will perish in this quagmire. Until the president and his inner circle in the capital push through the decisions made with cannon-punching force, until the governors take the plans under personal control, until they are removed for the fact that they talk in their mouths and don’t actually build, there will be no sense.

Therefore, I no longer communicate with top officials. It is much more useful to negotiate with advisers to people in power and businessmen close to them. They are spinning in the system. If we interest them, they will then go to the governors. So, we are working with three heads of regions in the Volga region.

On the other hand, there is another reserve - working with consumer cooperatives of those who have received a plot of land and want to build a country house using the security of their city apartment...

Smart people understand: for mortgages to really work, we need cheap and fast construction technologies. This means that the old construction giants will have to deal with a fast and energetic competitor...

It took Sibiryakov a year to open the first production facility for three hundred houses a year. (This happened in May 2007). And if you count from the first samples of the blitz house - it’s been like that for seven years. Oh, how many malicious hootings there were in Internet forums during this time! “Well, where are your houses for a few megabucks?”, “This is another utopia, Sibiryakov will not succeed!” And Sibiryakov, in spite of everything, achieved his goal. Alas, in the current Russian Federation, for every one person who does the work, ten of those who stand nearby do not do a damn thing, but only croak maliciously.

The ice has broken. And, in addition to ceramic houses, we can potentially cover the country with prefabricated Sibiryakov mansions.
But that's not all...

ALTERNATIVE HOUSING CODE IS THE KEY TO RUSSIA'S REVIVAL! The Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Declaration of Human Rights, states that every person has the right to housing. It’s just not specified what kind of housing this is - a homeless man’s hut or an oligarch’s villa. For example, the new housing code reduced the sanitary standard for living space from 12 m2 to 6 m2. Moreover, these 6 m2 can be anywhere: either in a shabby hostel or in an overcrowded communal apartment. So what should 21st century housing be like in Russia, the richest country in the world, and located in a cold climate zone? What objective norms and standards should we be guided by so that the constitution, declaration of human rights, recommendations of the WHO (World Health Organization) would not be an empty phrase and the exterminating sanitary norm of the new housing code of 6 m2?

Such norms and standards have long been calculated by hygienists in relation to the climate conditions of Russia. They amount to 20 m! residential and 10 auxiliary (kitchen, bathroom, etc.) totaling 30 m2 per person. A separate apartment, or a 3 (or more) room apartment with a total area of ​​90-150 m2 per family, and if the family is large, then several apartments, based on the approved standard. In suburban and rural areas, this is a detached house with similar living space. This standard should be considered a socially sanitary minimum. It stems from the need to eliminate or reduce to safe level mortality, the spread of dangerous diseases, a decrease in a person’s immune status, caused by overcrowding, threatening the stability and security of society as a whole.

Former manager of presidential affairs P.P. Borodin responsibly stated from the TV screen that the Russian Federation has enough resources for every family to have a house of 1000 m2. And he's absolutely right. In order to provide all citizens of the Russian Federation with a socially sanitary minimum, it is necessary to build 25-30 million 3-room apartments or houses in the suburbs and rural areas of the same size within 4-5 years.

The cost of such housing is $10,000 per apartment or individual house of a similar standard. There is no need to confuse real estate value and cost. The real estate price includes speculation, kickbacks, roofs, etc. Since socially sanitary minimum housing will not be sold, but provided, its cost will be equal to the cost of construction - $10,000 for a 3-room apartment or a similar individual house. The costs of this social program will amount to 250-300 billion dollars.

The Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation significantly exceeds the mentioned amount. To build the planned housing, it is necessary to spend 60-70 billion dollars every year. There are about 15 thousand construction companies and organizations in the Russian Federation. Even a small construction company is capable of disbursing 4-5 million dollars a year. Large companies spend 3-5 million dollars in a few days. And this will not be a waste of the stabilization fund, but will be its reservation in the most reliable form - in the form of an investment in real estate. This will not cause a surge in inflation, since the money from the stabilization fund will not enter the market in its entirety, since there will be no sales, but distribution. Thus, not only the housing problem will be solved, but also the demographic problem, which is limited by the lack of adequate housing for young families, will be reduced. In addition, this will be an impetus for the development of industry and the country as a whole.

GREBNEV DOME HOUSES

“Is a person a yolk to live in the sphere? Are you a brick to live in a cube?”

These words, written on the Griffin company stand, made me stop. It happened in April 2007, at the exhibition “High Technologies of the 21st Century”. This is how the author of this book became acquainted with Grebnev’s noospheric architecture.

His house designs capture the imagination. Imagine the buildings, as if straight from the pages of the novels of the great Efremov. Each estate looks like a small town made of light, light-looking domes. They are connected by galleries and wide terraces, similar to hanging gardens Semiramis. The domes have wide windows, flooding the interior of the home with natural light. The tops of some domes are transparent.
V.N. Grebnev, who came up with the concept and technology for the construction of noospheric houses, claims: a hemisphere is the most natural shape in the world. Such houses organically fit into nature and live in harmony with it. This is not a house made of right angles, which is forced to resist everything: winds, rains, snow. Right angles are not inherent in living things. Man himself consists not of angles, but of roundness.

“...The strength of the sphere is ensured by the uniform distribution of loads on all points of the surface. It works brilliantly in compression and deflection. These are axioms.

Vitaly Grebnev has already built one egg house in Saltykovka near Moscow

A sphere is the best shape for a house under wind and snow loads. A sphere has the largest volume with the smallest surface area. Material consumption, labor intensity and time for creating a sphere are minimal. Since the sphere is made seamless, heat loss is minimized; The heating system of the house is minimal. Everything needed to make spheres is based on 2-3 machines. There is no need to repair the roof, because it does not leak. The issue of ventilation is an opening and a hermetically sealed hole at the top of the sphere.

The sphere house is cheap to operate: there is no need to repair facades, ceilings, attics, or paint facades and roofs.
Due to the lightness and strength of the spheres, it is advisable to construct them in seismically hazardous areas.

No special foundation blocks are needed; the volume is “pulled out” in one piece from the freezing depth (different technologies for different soils).

A solidly constructed sphere is much more difficult to destroy by explosions; even if punched in one or several places, it does not lose its constructive capabilities and does not fold.

It is convenient to construct spheres in hard-to-reach places: mountain recreation centers, geological exploration bases, and residential villages in the North. All equipment is delivered to inaccessible places by helicopter.

The use of spherical compositions gives new shapes in such objects as swimming pools, greenhouses, baths, greenhouses, kiosks, parking lots, pavilions, shops, cafes, video rooms, fitness centers, offices, gyms, boarding houses, children's camps, etc.
It is possible to create spherical multi-tiered urban structures using minimal areas for foundations, developing spatial compositions above the routes.

Cable-stayed structures will fit well into spherical ensembles: spatial transitions, large cantilever extensions of balconies and platforms, inclusion of the earth's landscape and water surface.

In terms of plan, spatial volumes of any shape can be made. In one of the areas, it is advisable to leave areas with living plant turf and flowers, on which you can walk barefoot even in winter, restoring your energy.

By debugging the technologies for manufacturing spheres of various sizes at the construction site, we will create cheap - that is, the way nature should have it - and always new construction. Where the architect is the one who builds his own house.

Such construction will make a person’s home not as “precious,” labor- and material-intensive as it is today. Accordingly, it will form in him a greater degree of freedom, mobility and independence in his consciousness...”

This is what Grebnev says on his website." To build his houses of the future, he created a special material: polystyrene concrete with a specific gravity of 300-400 kg/m3. In fact, polystyrene concrete is ultra-light concrete with a cement binder and expanded polystyrene filler. Since September 1999 . Grebnevsky building material was introduced into GOST (R51263-99).

So, the outside of the domes is covered with plaster with reinforced additives and treated with water-repellent compounds. The inside is puttied, and then painted or upholstered with something. The foundation consists of a sand cushion, ASG (300-400 mm thick), waterproofing, reinforced concrete rings of various diameters 250 mm thick, a polystyrene concrete cushion 200 mm thick - as insulation. The very top of the dome is made transparent, covered with sheets of cellular polycarbonate or triplex with ventilation holes.

As the developers of domed houses say, polystyrene concrete is the first material currently acceptable for this technology. But they are also looking for other, new types of building materials. Grebnev’s team was interested, for example, in technologies based on foamed silica, such as Ecolit and Silpor. Their creators met with the architect. The prospects are very tempting, although for now these materials are more expensive than polystyrene concrete. But experiments on these technologies have already begun.

“We have technologies aimed at constructing construction volumes in 2-5 days, depending on the purpose,” writes V.N. Grebnev. “The time has long come to change the attitude towards construction. Whether using our technologies or others, we must build differently: faster, easier and cheaper. In tune with nature and the world. We have taken the first steps in this direction...”

Already today we, the reader, can build a thousand new cities in the country. Garden cities. Cities of family estates. Noopolis. Let the skeptics grumble: they say, high-rise buildings are cheaper, individual houses are ruinous because, they say, they will have to be supplied with electricity from remote stations, and much larger sewer and water supply systems will have to be built for them. Lord, we don’t need all this in our noopolis! We have decentralized energy, individual systems for water purification, and disposal of dirty wastewater and waste. And we don’t want to live in multi-storey boxes or cramped apartments.

BETWEEN TWO WORLDS

Before you, readers, are essays about people from Tomorrow. This is whose power the Development Dictatorship is capable of using for the lightning-fast revival of Russia. They are the ones behind the magical “door in the wall.”

It is very difficult for us to live in the current world, reader. We are like travelers between two realities.
The Popovs, Sibiryakovs, Grebenevs, Novoselovs, Bazievs and other geniuses live in the same reality. In this “world behind the door” people can do almost anything. There are no barriers to high creativity here. There is everything here to lift Russia to the heights of world power in just a few years, providing it with mountains of wealth and bins full of bread.

Local residents are capable of making ceramic houses and miraculous power plants. They have amazing organizational technologies that can do away with bureaucracy and turn communities of citizens into creative teams that work miracles of efficiency and ingenuity. They combine people and computers in the same “brain trusts.” They design light space planes and build ekranoplanes. Are experiencing solar panels that work even at night. They make airships with some extra effort. They invent and make various devices and additives that greatly reduce fuel consumption in engines, power plant furnaces, and ship engines. Someone manages to create drugs that treat cancer, but this is done clandestinely, so as not to end up in prison. Someone knows how to influence plants with electromagnetic fields in such a way that their yield increases significantly. Someone knows how to teach children as well as anyone in the world, producing geniuses. And someone is already controlling the weather from ground-based low-power installations.

And so on, reader friend. If the Motherland calls these people, if it sets tasks for them, they will move mountains. In just a few years, People of the New Reality can transform a country that was dying and despised by the entire developed world just yesterday. Most of these people are Slavs. Great Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. But in this cohort there are Jews, Georgians, and Armenians. In a word, participants in that Red Russian-Soviet project.

Thanks to the People of the New Reality (LPR), we can spend not four or two trillion dollars to save the country, but much less. The regime intends to pump half a trillion dollars into the energy sector alone. Half of this amount would be enough for us to build a “venture Russia” and completely transform the country in just five to seven years. We are able to compress development cycles, gaining many years. In the 2010s, we will be able not to catch up with the West, but to jump over it. But here’s the catch: none of the LPRs known to us is involved in Putin’s national projects.

We regularly visit this “world-behind-the-door” - literally, in a parallel Reality. Every trip there, every meeting with brave Russian-Russian creators instills hope in the soul. It ignites in us a fiery faith in the great future of our country. That we will survive, increase in number, become stronger - and regain much of what we have lost. Or maybe more. But immediately anxiety creeps into the heart: this Reality is poor. There are no crazy billions and millions here. And millions of unhappy Russians, muzzled by poverty and the eternal race for a piece of bread, know almost nothing about our “world behind the door.” They don’t talk about him on TV or in newspapers. Moreover, they always strive to silence him, to crush him.

A step - and we return to another reality. The one that the vast majority of those living in the vast expanses of the lost USSR consider to be the only one. In it, striped flags fly over government buildings, and black limousines drive through the streets. Raw materials oligarchs and High State Officials rule the roost here. Here everyone is crazy about Profit, Low Inflation, they are eager to join the WTO, they idolize oil derricks and pipelines.

Lord, how difficult it is to return to this Country of Fools. How sickening it is to see the lean haris of officials and priests, to watch the senseless swarming of glamorous creatures and empty-headed pop singers. We feel like we are in an incorrect, distorted reality, where those around us can quite seriously call the naked king clothed, scientifically justifying the need to remove the tonsils through the anus. Where potential clients of prisons and mental hospitals are revered as the “salt of the earth” and the “Russian elite”. The country of Gazpromia under the tricolor banner and the mutant eagle is a revived theater of the absurd.

Here, respectable guys in suits, putting on smart faces, decide - how to organize Russia? They calculate how many tens and hundreds of billions of “conventional units” must be spent on new cement plants and monster oil refineries. How much gas and oil to produce beyond what is currently available in order to use the proceeds to purchase yesterday’s equipment and technologies from the West. How to build more stupid, unhealthy and uneconomical reinforced concrete boxes, stuffing more millions of unfortunate people into them - and they call it an “affordable housing program”. Respectable guys, wrinkling their brows, hourly tell us that we Russians - backward, absurd, incapable of anything - should be content with the role of a raw material appendage to successful peoples. These “androids”, sitting under white-blue-red banners and golden double-headed eagles, annually bury countless billions in repairing asphalt roads and relaying iron pipes, knocking out money to burn millions of tons of valuable hydrocarbons in the boilers of outdated boiler houses.

When you see this “elite”, your fists clench with rage. It seems that “Russian” officials and oligarchs are frozen in their ideas in the times of half a century ago. Lord, just a third of the funds that these idiots are going to spend senselessly and stupidly would be enough for us, the people of Parallel Reality, to make Russia a blooming garden! There is nothing surprising. Let’s take any “android” that has settled down next to an oil and gas “pipe” or sat down in the “high Office-Where-The-State-Budget is Divided”. A clear image of a great future burns in our heads. But they don't have it. Instead, there is only a liberal mess and an all-consuming desire to fill one’s personal pocket. Android is much richer than us, the People of the Future. He has many luxury cars and houses, he has a huge fortune, a private jet and a herd of long-legged "chicks". But, compared to us, mentally he is a nonentity. He reads almost nothing, content with the information that flocks of gray assistants and assistants prepare for him. In his struggle for money and power, he has no time to find out what is being done in scientific laboratories here and abroad. He does not know about the revolutions going on in the world in energy, electronics, and house building. At best, fragmentary, mosaic information reaches him. We know about all this. We know how to look into Tomorrow and come up with something completely new. And we have a complete picture of the world in our heads.

The LPR could completely put an end to this idiocy. But we, the People of the New Reality, are cut off from power and money. They belong to the “androids”, to the caste of the ruling dullness. Those who sit on an oil and gas pipeline and don’t want to do a damn thing. Year after year, hundreds of thousands of our fellow citizens die under their rule.

Our task is to change the situation. Transform into a Development Dictatorship.

We need to unite, seek and support each other. And become a force.

For us, people of Development, people of the New Reality, living in the Russian Federation is terribly painful. But we live and fight. And we are making plans for the great future of the country.

Do you know what we will do once we are in power?

Because People of the New Reality can potentially do almost anything.

Today, the LPR is dangerous for the “elite” of the Russian Federation, because their inventions threaten to take away their profits and influence, and send to the scrapheap many bureaucratic-oligarchic clans that live off old, costly technologies. It is the People of the New Reality who will bear the main burden of saving the country and turning it into a center of an unprecedented civilization.

But here’s the problem: for the most part, such miracle people were forged in the Soviet era. Soviet science and education, industry and the enormous tasks that the country was solving at that time. Now the organic system “science-education-production” is torn and severely destroyed - like a DNA chain under the influence of hard radioactive radiation. Now very few LPRs are born. Much less than in the Soviet Union! The supply of New Reality People is limited. They are getting older and older, many of them are passing away. Too few young people are replacing them: the bad reality of the Russian Federation is having an effect. And therefore the time allotted to us for a breakthrough is limited to just a few years. Any further - it will be too late. Losses in human capital and technology will become irreversible...

Supernova reality No. 2 2007

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The northern Russian lands were first called “Gardarika”, like a chain of fortresses along the Volkhov River, starting with Lyubsha and Staraya Ladoga (Alðeigja), cities located on the Upper Volga and other lands. In the Scandinavian sagas, Veliky Novgorod (Holmgarðr) is considered as the capital of "Gardariki", just as it is the old capital of Rus' in the ancient Russian chronicles. Over time, the Varangians began to call the whole of Rus', along with Kiev and other cities of southern Rus', the name “Gardariki”.

Etymology

The word is formed according to the model X+ríki (state, country), which served to designate the state. The toponym is based on the root garð-(related to Indo-European gard-), meaning 1) “fence, fence, fortification”, 2) “yard, enclosed space”, 3) “yard, possession, farm (in Iceland), house (in Norway)” Here “city” in the sense of “fortress” , fortified settlement." The relationship between the Scandinavian “gard” and the Old Russian “city, city” played an important role in the formation of the toponym Gardariki.

Chronology

Gardariki- a chronologically later name, which gradually replaced the original toponym in written sources Garðar(not to be confused with Garðr- shortened form of the designation of Constantinople, or Miklagarir), used since the 10th century.

Toponym Gardariki first found in a geographical work of the last quarter of the 12th century. It was also reflected in the collections of royal sagas dating back to the first third of the 13th century, for the first time in the “Hervør Saga” in the story of the legendary Danish kings of the 7th century. According to F. A. Brown, the form Garðaríki is the creation of the Icelanders who wrote down the sagas (starting from the end of the 12th century). Until this time (in the X-XII centuries) throughout the Scandinavian Peninsula, the form was used to designate Rus' Garðar. This is how Rus' is represented in skaldic verses of the 9th-12th centuries, as well as in runic inscriptions on stones.

In Scandinavian sources of the 14th century, the principalities Gardariki called Holmgard ( Holmgarðr), Canugard ( Kœnugarðr) and Palteschia ( Pallteskja) as well as Aldeigjuborg, Smaleskja, Súrsdalar, Móramar and Ráðstofa.

Legendary kings Gardariki

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Vernadsky G.V. Ancient Rus'. - Tver-M.: LEAN AGRAF, 1996. - 448 p.
• Jackson T.N. About the name of Rus' Garðar // Scando-Slavica. - 1984. - T. 30. - P. 133-143.
• Jackson T.N. Austr í Görđum: Old Russian place names in Old Scandinavian sources. - M.: Languages ​​of Slavic cultures, 2001. - 208 p.
• Kleiber B. Zu einigen Ortsnamen aus Gardarike // Scando-Slavica. - 1957. - T. 3. - P. 215-223.

View this template Gardariki Volkhov-Volga trade route Dvina - Dnieper trade route Other places

View this template Chronological and political division Geographical and ethnographic division Stages of development Wars with nomads Etymology and vocabulary Associated ethnonyms Identities on an all-Russian basis

Excerpt characterizing Gardariki

“So it’s me...” the little girl whispered in delight. - Oh, how wonderful! It's really me...
Her thin fingers began to glow brightly, and the “second” Stella began to slowly melt, smoothly flowing through the same fingers into the “real” Stella standing next to me. Her body began to become denser, but not in the same way that a physical body would become denser, but as if it began to glow much more densely, filling with some kind of unearthly radiance.
Suddenly I felt someone’s presence behind me - it was again our friend, Athenais.
“Forgive me, bright child, but you will not come for your “imprint” very soon... You still have a very long time to wait,” she looked more attentively into my eyes. - Or maybe you won’t come at all...
– How do you mean “I won’t come”?!.. – I was scared. – If everyone comes, then I will come too!
- Don't know. For some reason your destiny is closed to me. I can't answer you, I'm sorry...
I was very upset, but, trying my best not to show this to Athenais, I asked as calmly as possible:
– What kind of “fingerprint” is this?
- Oh, everyone, when they die, comes back for him. When your soul ends its “languishing” in another earthly body, at the moment when it says goodbye to it, it flies to its real Home, and, as it were, “announces” its return... And then, it leaves this “ seal". But after this, she must again return back to dense earth in order to say goodbye forever to who she was... and a year later, having said “the last goodbye”, leave from there... And then, this free soul comes here to merge with the part of himself left behind and find peace, awaiting a new journey to the “old world”...
I didn’t understand then what Athenais was talking about, it just sounded very beautiful...
And only now, after many, many years (having long ago absorbed with my “hungry” soul the knowledge of my amazing husband, Nikolai), looking through my funny past today for this book, I remembered Athenais with a smile, and, of course, I realized that , what she called the “imprint,” was simply an energy surge that happens to each of us at the moment of our death, and reaches exactly the level to which the deceased person was able to reach with his development. And what Athenais called then “farewell” to “who she was” was nothing more than the final separation of all existing “bodies” of the essence from her dead physical body, so that she would now have the opportunity to finally leave, and there , on her “floor”, to merge with her missing piece, the level of development of which she, for one reason or another, did not manage to “reach” while living on earth. And this departure took place exactly a year later.
But I understand all this now, and then it was still very far away, and I had to be content with my still very childish understanding of everything that was happening to me, and my sometimes erroneous and sometimes correct guesses...
– Do entities on other “floors” also have the same “imprints”? – the inquisitive Stella asked interestedly.
“Yes, of course they do, but they are different,” Athenais answered calmly. – And not on all “floors” they are as pleasant as here... Especially on one...
- Oh, I know! This is probably the “bottom” one! Oh, you should definitely go and see it! This is so interesting! – Stella chirped contentedly again.
It was simply amazing how quickly and easily she forgot everything that had frightened or surprised her just a minute ago, and again cheerfully strived to learn something new and unknown to her.
- Farewell, young maidens... It's time for me to leave. May your happiness be eternal...” Athenais said in a solemn voice.
And again she smoothly waved her “winged” hand, as if showing us the way, and the already familiar, shining golden path immediately ran in front of us...
And the wondrous woman-bird again quietly floated in her airy fairy-tale boat, again ready to meet and guide new, “searching for themselves” travelers, patiently serving some kind of special vow, incomprehensible to us...
- Well? Where shall we go, “young maiden”?.. – I asked my little friend, smiling.
- Why did she call us that? – Stella asked thoughtfully. “Do you think that’s what they said where she once lived?”
– I don’t know... It was probably a very long time ago, but for some reason she remembers it.
- All! Let’s move on!.. – suddenly, as if waking up, the little girl exclaimed.
This time we did not follow the path so helpfully offered to us, but decided to move “our own way,” exploring the world on our own, which, as it turned out, we had quite a bit of.
We moved towards a transparent, golden-glowing, horizontal “tunnel”, of which there were a great many here, and along which entities were constantly moving smoothly back and forth.
– What is this, like an earthly train? – I asked, laughing at the funny comparison.
“No, it’s not that simple...” Stella answered. – I was in it, it’s like a “time train”, if you want to call it that...
– But there’s no time here, is there? – I was surprised.
– That’s right, but these are different habitats of entities... Those who died thousands of years ago, and those who came just now. My grandmother showed this to me. That's where I found Harold... Do you want to see?