The world's largest solar-powered ship. The first Russian solar-powered catamaran arrived in Cheboksary Solar-powered catamaran
The Turanor PlanetSolar catamaran is the largest solar-powered ship in the world. The vessel owes its existence to the Swiss Rafael Domyan, who conceived this project and began to implement it in the spring of 2004. As planned, the catamaran was supposed to show the possibility of using alternative energy sources and call for a reduction in the burning of hydrocarbons.
The Turanor PlanetSolar catamaran was designed by LOMOcean Design, built at the Knierim Yachtbau shipyard in Kiel (Germany) and successfully launched on March 31, 2010. The cost of the project was 26 million dollars.
The Turanor PlanetSolar, 31 meters long and 15 meters wide, uses 537 square meters of solar panels to power its engines, which recharge lithium-ion batteries. The energy conversion rate of photovoltaic cells is 18.8 percent. In cloudy weather, the area of solar panels is increased by retractable modules. Powered by solar panels "Turanor PlanetSolar" is environmentally friendly and silent.
In September 2010, the world's largest solar-powered vessel began its round-the-world journey from Monaco and completed it here, in the port of Hercule.
The energy obtained in an environmentally friendly way was enough to cross the entire globe. The ship has visited cities such as Miami, Cancun, Brisbane, Singapore, Hong Kong and Abu Dhabi.
Throughout the journey, the ship was managed by a team of 4 people, but it can easily accommodate up to 40 people. During the passage of the Gulf of Aden, the team was reinforced by a military unit to protect against a pirate attack.
The voyage was completed 584 days after sailing. The voyage was unique in that no one has yet been able to circumnavigate the world on a ship using only solar energy.
The main characteristics of "Turanor PlanetSolar":
Displacement, t: 89;
Overall dimensions, m: length - 31; width - 15; height - 6.30; draft - 1.55;
Area of solar modules, m2: 537;
Panel efficiency, %: 18.8;
Installed power of panels, kW: 93.5 (127.0 hp);
Maximum engine power, kW: 120;
Average engine consumption, kW: 20 (26.8 hp);
Average speed: 5 knots (9.25 km/h)
Speed, knots: maximum - 14 (26 km / h), cruising - 7.5 (13.9 km / h);
Autonomy of navigation: in clear sunny weather unlimited
Crew, people: 4;
Capacity, people: 40
The Austrian shipyard SILENT-YACHTS has begun construction of the first three 24-meter solar-powered ocean-class SILENT 79 catamarans based in Italy. Marotte. Project design according to the concept of the founder and CEO of SILENT-YACHTS Michael Köchler(Michael Köhler) Marco Casali(Marco Casali) of Too Design, naval architecture designed by Enrique Castilla(Enrique Castilla) from Insenaval. SILENT 79 will be the flagship of the shipyard's model range.
SILENT 79 can be called a new step in the evolution of the company's past models. In particular, in the design of the catamaran, a lot refers to its older, but much smaller brother SILENT 55.
“Solar panels need a large surface area. We were faced with the task of freeing up as much space for this as possible, but at the same time maintaining harmony in the silhouette of the catamaran. I think we succeeded. I tried to create an interesting Italian design: sophisticated and noble. This yacht looks good, and at the same time it is practical,” says Marco Casali.
The hull of the catamaran will be cast and built using the vacuum infusion method. This will lighten the fiberglass sandwich and improve its sound and heat insulation qualities.
The exterior design of the SILENT 79 emphasizes straight lines and large windows. On the one hand, glazing will allow you to enjoy a panoramic view of the sea from the salon, on the other hand, it will reduce the need for additional artificial lighting. In the cockpit on the stern of the main deck, in addition to the standard seating area, there will be a bar. But the bow of the main deck is reserved for the beach club.
The layout of the cabins on each catamaran will differ from one another at the request of their owners. In the standard layout, the width of the cabin will be almost 11 meters. Inside there will be a galley, a recreation area and a dining area. On the lower deck, four to six guest cabins and two crew cabins for two or three people each are expected. But already on the first of the boats under construction, the layout has been changed so that two cabins in the stern of the vessel will become the owner's apartment with a spacious living room, office and sauna.
The decoration of all cabins of the "green" catamaran will, of course, be made of materials that are recyclable. The authors of the project promise a minimalistic, ergonomic and at the same time luxurious interior design.
Solar panels will occupy the roof over the saloon and cockpit. In addition, they will be located on the roof of the unglazed captain's bridge, which is shaped like a sports car spoiler. A total of 70 high-performance panels will be installed on SILENT 79, capable of generating voltages up to 25 kV with the most advanced charge controllers such as MPPT (“maximum power point tracking”, “tracking the maximum charge level”). Lithium batteries, similar to those used by Tesla, will allow you not to stop at night. 15 kVA voltage inverters will provide electricity for the domestic needs of the crew and guests of the yacht.
The ship has a generator, but it is expected that its use will be needed only in extreme cases to recharge the batteries, when it is necessary to go at high speed for a long time or it was cloudy for several days. The SILENT 79 does not need a generator to cook or operate the air conditioner while parked.
In absolute silence, absolutely without the use of additional fuel, a catamaran at a speed of 6-7 knots will be able to cover up to 100 nautical miles per day. The maximum speed that he will be able to develop will be 20 knots.
The vessel will be powered by a pair of electric motors of 50 kW each in the standard "cruising" modification or 250 kW each in the E-Power version. In addition to being quiet and emission-free, they also feature low vibration levels. However, at the request of the owners, SILENT 79 can also be a hybrid with two 220 hp diesel engines. With.
In a non-hybrid version, the SILENT 79's power system will be as simple as possible and will require virtually no maintenance, which will allow the catamaran to be used in autonomous navigation. This will significantly reduce its cost compared to diesel counterparts. The base price of SILENT 79 is 3.4 million euros.
Since the catamaran does not need an engine room, it boasts the largest tender garage in its class. There is enough space for a boat 4.5 meters long, an amphibious vehicle and a gyrocopter on floats.
Two of the three catamarans under construction have already found their owners. The first launch of the SILENT 79 is scheduled for 2020.
It seems that the "golden age" for lovers of water travel has come. And in general for all those who like to spend their holidays or just free time on the water. And this time has come thanks to such a rapidly developing industry as solar energy. New technologies have made it possible to obtain high-performance photoconverters, small but powerful electric motors, compact but high-capacity batteries. And then boats, boats, yachts appeared, powered by electricity, which is provided by solar panels.
One of the first solar-powered yachts was launched, which its creators - Italian students Marco Ferrari and Alberto Franchi - called "Helios". This yacht had sails made from 2500 flexible polycrystalline silicon batteries. The total area of these batteries is a little over 2000 square meters. And they generate more than 350 kilowatts of power.
In the engine room there is a battery group charged from these solar panels. A low-noise marching electric motor runs on batteries, which rotates the propeller. Since the sails with solar panels can be folded for a long time due to bad weather and will not charge the batteries, the yacht has a diesel generator that is used in cloudy and inclement weather.
The appearance of the solar yacht "Helios" stimulated the creation of new vessels. And the emergence of new light and durable materials gave scope to the imagination of designers and shipbuilders. Not only large yachts with solar energy were launched into the water, but also small pleasure boats, boats for individual use. And this entire fleet can rightly be called "solar", because it was the sun that gave the energy that rotated the propellers of these ships.
Yacht MS Turanor PlanetSolar
Founded in 2008, the Swiss company PlanetSolar SA, wanting to demonstrate the possibilities of solar energy to the whole world, designed a solar-powered yacht. At the shipyard in Kiel, the German company Knierim Yachtbau, according to a Swiss project, built this yacht, which was called "Turanor PlanetSolar". According to the idea of the creators, the ship was supposed to travel around the world using only and exclusively solar energy.
Yacht "Turanor PlanetSolar" went on a trip around the world.
The yacht was a catamaran, between the floats of which the main body of the yacht was located. The upper deck was covered with solar panels, and in addition to the panels fixed on the deck, blocks of sliding panels were added, which were extended along the port and starboard sides.
The total area of helium panels is 537 square meters. The panels have a total power of just under 120 kilowatts and charge lithium-ion batteries. The capacity of the batteries is such that the movement of the vessel is ensured for five days without recharging. From these batteries, located in the side floats, four marching electric motors are powered.
In the open sea
The yacht is 31 meters long and 15 meters wide. Height ─ 7.5 meters. Displacement ─ about 60 tons. Capacity - up to 50 passengers. Maximum speed ─ up to 15 knots (approximately 25 km/h). The yacht develops this speed thanks to two propellers made of carbon composite materials.
Cutting. Remote Control
Another interesting engineering solution is that the diameter of each screw is two meters. This is significantly more than the propellers installed on ships of this class. But such a large diameter of the screws made it possible to immerse them only by half. Thus, a twofold task was solved - ensuring the forward movement and quick maneuvering of the catamaran without a conventional rudder.
Off the coast of France. The propellers of the yacht are clearly visible.
A crew of five was recruited for the round-the-world trip, headed by Rafael Domyan. Starting in Monaco on September 27, 2010 and having traveled more than 60,000 kilometers, having made calls at the ports of 28 countries, on May 6, 2012, after 585 days, the MS Turanor PlanetSolar yacht returned to the starting point - to the port of Hercule of Monaco.
At present, the solar catamaran is used as a scientific vessel, although it can be successfully converted into an excellent cruising yacht.
Another Swiss company Solarwave, not wanting to be left behind by PlanetSolar SA, decided to create its own "green" yacht. Moreover, this ship, according to the plan of the developers, will have to be mass-produced and intended for cruise trips. Nedship, a Turkish shipyard, was chosen as a partner. And in 2015, the pilot copy of the cruise yacht was launched. They called it "Solarwave 62" ("Solar Wave 62").
The vessel is a catamaran, the length of which is 18.6 meters. The body is made of composite carbon material. The middle part of the roof, which consists of solar panels based on monocrystalline silicon, can be lifted, allowing the sun's rays to pass onto the deck. The total power of these batteries is 15 kilowatts. But at the request of the customer, the roof area can be increased, and accordingly, the power of solar panels will be increased, which charge the battery pack with a total capacity of 100 kilowatt-hours.
Yacht on the coast. The roof is folded.
The propellers are driven by two electric motors with a peak power of 62 kW. These engines can propel the yacht to a top speed of 13 knots. Under such a load, the batteries can be quickly discharged, so this mode of operation is recommended only in emergency cases.
In the open sea
In normal conditions, the ship moves at a cruising speed of 7 knots, which guarantees maximum cruising range without recharging. The speed, of course, is low, but this yacht is not racing, but cruising.
Salon and helm station
The vessel has a six-meter boathouse for small water scooters, boats, sun terraces at the bow and stern, a stateroom with an elegant setting, a galley, an owner's suite, as well as three to six cabins for guests and crew. The cost of such a yacht is 2.0 - 2.5 million euros.
Boat "Aqua Watt 500 Solar"
The German company Aqua Watt GmbH is known for producing boats, yachts, and electric boats. The latest innovation that the company introduced to the market was a solar-powered boat. This boat was named "Aqua Watt 500 Solar". Unlike all previous vessels of the company, this boat runs entirely on solar energy. Initially, it was intended for caretakers and rangers of nature reserves, where the environment is very strictly monitored, and where the use of any vehicles with harmful emissions is prohibited.
Boat "Aqua Watt 500 Solar"
This boat does not need specially equipped berths and mooring places. Small draft allows you to pull it ashore, and if this is not possible, then it is enough to anchor or moor to a buoy. The boat is available in two versions - with an engine of 1600 watts and with an engine of 800 watts. With a 1600 watt engine, the boat can reach speeds of up to 6 knots.
With an 800 watt engine at full power, the boat has a speed of 4.7 knots, at half power - 4 knots. In constant sunlight at 5.5 knots, the power reserve is 6 hours. At a speed of 4 knots, this time increases to 10 hours. At night, the battery reserve is enough for 4 hours at a speed of 5 knots and for 6 hours at a speed of 4 hours. At a speed of 2 - 2.5 knots, the movement time is not limited.
The hull of the boat is made of polyester three-layer fiberglass. Solar panels with a capacity of 1600 watts are made on the basis of single-crystal silicon. Lithium-ion batteries with a capacity of 210 Ah. Underwater engine with stepless electronic control, 1600/800 watts. The boat is 5.5 meters long and 1.84 meters wide. Draft ─ 0.4 meters. Weight ─ 480 - 550 kilograms. Capacity - 4 people.
Now on the water surface of lakes, rivers, seas, you can see a lot of elegant, with fantastic lines of boats, yachts, boats, gleaming with blue solar panels. No engine noise, no exhaust fumes. And this is very important for minimizing the man-made impact on nature.
In our city. A unique environmentally friendly solar-powered catamaran travels along the route St. Petersburg - Veliky Novgorod - Moscow - Astrakhan, and on July 22 it moored in Cheboksary.
The expedition is part of the Engineering Contests and Competitions project of the Marinet roadmap of the National Technology Initiative. Planned to pass 5,000 km along the rivers of Russia and visit 20 regions. Along the way, the catamaran makes stops at large settlements, for local residents conduct tours of the ship and even offer a ride on it. And in some cities, including Cheboksary, the members of the expedition organize scientific and technical festival "Ekovolna" for children.
Our republic is directly related to the creation of a catamaran. Novocheboksarsky plant "Hevel" as a partner of the program provided solar modules free of charge. They cover the roof of the ship. Total battery power - 9 kW. The catamaran was under construction in St. Petersburg in 2017 from July to November. From there May 20 the ship set sail, and on September 1, the expedition will end in Astrakhan.
Director of the ANO "National Center for Engineering Competitions and Competitions", leader of the expedition "Ekovolna" Evgeny Kazanov said that for the fifth year in Russia the competitions "Solar Regatta" are held:
“In 2014, we first started building solar-powered boats, and then we had 10 Russian teams, now we have more than 40. Previously, we only had single boats for racing for several hours, and this is our first experience - a manned vessel that can move for several months".
By the way, in Cheboksary at the House of Children and Youth Creativity built a small one-person solar-powered boat, it's called "Yorik" and also participates in the Solar Regatta program.
At cost, the catamaran cost less than 200 thousand euros - about 14 million rubles.
For comparison, the cost of a solar-powered catamaran, which is produced in Europe, is more than 1 million euros, and they plan to sell it in general for 1 million 800 thousand euros.
Expedition task– to show people that renewable energy sources are not the future, but the present. solar modules are the main source of nutrition for two electric motors. The course of the catamaran at night and during periods of low solar insolation provide lithium-ion batteries of the Novosibirsk plant "Liotech" with a total power of 70 kW.
The catamaran develops speed 10-12 km/h, almost like a bicycle, which is normal in displacement mode. This consumes energy 3 kWh. Speed can be increased up to 15-17 km/h, but then the load will increase three times - up to 9 kW / h. The ship is designed so that 10-12 km/h is most energy efficient mode. When the catamaran was conceived, it was expected that electricity would be supplied in the amount of approximately 3-4 kW / h.
In practice, it turned out that there is more reserve in the batteries, in fact, you can spend 6-7 kW / h. Thus, the creators - the National Center for Engineering Competitions and Competitions - plan to redesign the ship and make the speed a little higher.
On the other hand, the crew is ready for long rains and bad weather. That is, in cloudy weather, 30 kWh per day is produced, in good weather - 60-70.Solar panels accumulate electricity from 3 am to 10 pm. But when the sun is just rising or already setting, they produce less - 500 watts or 1 kW, and the most energy occurs during the day - from about 10 am to 4 pm. Record - 10.5 kW produced energy per hour.
The vessel is small-sized (11.6 meters in length), on board during the movement may be up to 12 people. On a catamaran four double cabins where are placed eight people. There is another crew member on the ship - Delta rat, and, as the members of the expedition joke, if she has not yet escaped, then the journey is going well so far.
The catamaran is designed in such a way that the system itself regulates energy consumption and even redistributes it, if necessary, for example, to turn on the kettle or the engine. Energy reserve in batteries when fully charged enough for 24 hours of travel without stopping and recharging.
Evgeny Kazanov said that three universities are participating in this expedition: MGIMO(Department of Nature Management) - together with them, water and climate research is carried out for the project "Floating University"; Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov– they take water samples, check them in an express laboratory, and then preserve them and send them to Moscow; St. Petersburg Polytechnic– together with them, a study of the arrival of solar insolation and electricity and the consumption of efficiency are carried out. Also, guys from Moscow travel with them. Water transport academies: they do practice here, learn to moor, lock, change in two weeks.
Fresh water is the most valuable resource in Russia, all people are made up of water. By polluting water, we pollute ourselves, because one way or another we consume fresh water. And if you've been paying attention, the water in the ports is black because internal combustion engines throw all the waste into the water. In many countries of the world, on those lakes that they want to save, internal combustion engines have been banned and only electric motors are allowed. We are a little behind in this area, but there is a tendency to preserve protected water bodies and switch to a more careful use of water resources. Still, our country is in second place in the world in terms of fresh water reserves.
With the same power on gasoline and on our engine, we have higher efficiency, higher speed. Solar panels are the future. In Europe, a decision has already been made and a convention has been adopted that by 2050 the use of internal combustion engines in water, air and road transport will be prohibited. Also, for example, Japan is switching to hydrogen energy, they are abandoning nuclear energy, because the atom is dangerous, and it is irrelevant to burn oil. Even Mendeleev said that getting energy from oil is tantamount to how to heat the stove with banknotes. Oil is a very useful resource, you can make a lot of things useful to a person from it, and when you burn it, you actually smoke the sky. Now we have 6 kW of electricity, and in order to get them from oil, you need to spend a liter of gasoline and pollute the atmosphere.
The catamaran will stay in Cheboksary two more days- today and tomorrow. Then the ship will head to Zelenodolsk, and the next big stop July 28 in Kazan.
German engineers have built the world's largest ship called Planet Solar Turanor, which runs on solar panels and is environmentally friendly and silent.
Fourteen months and 68,000 working hours after the ship was laid down in early 2009, the Knierim shipyard in Kiel launched the PlanetSolar Turanor, . On March 31, 2010, the most spectacular and innovative project in the history of shipbuilding was completed. The giant catamaran "Tûranor PlanetSolar" after the consecration was released into the Kiel fjords. After several test trips, the Tûranor PlanetSolar was presented to the general public at the beginning of May 2010 in connection with the 821st anniversary of the port of Hamburg.
At this point, wings with additional photovoltaic models were still missing; in conclusion, they were installed and tested during the voyage from the North to the Mediterranean Sea to the port of Monaco. From there Tûranor PlanetSolar launched on 27 September 2010 on a circumnavigation. The international crew of the catamaran consists of six people, among them the Swiss designer Rafael Domjan.
In a circumnavigation that ended just over a year ago, the solar-powered 100% marine vessel PlanetSolar Turanor set several world records. These records include the cruising distance record and the crossing speed record. Atlantic Ocean solar powered ship. Now, the PlanetSolar vessel, which by the way is the world's largest solar-powered vessel, has set a new record, beating one of its own records set back in 2010.
The PlanetSolar catamaran went to sea on April 25, 2013 from the port of Las Palmas, Spain, taking part in a scientific oceanographic expedition. After 22 days, 12 hours and 32 minutes, the ship, having traveled a total of 5310 kilometers, reached the island of St. Martin in the French West Indies on May 18, 2013.
Two electric motors powered by photovoltaic cells, with a total area of 537 square meters, allowed the vessel, 31 meters long and 15 meters wide, to move at an average speed of 5.3 knots, although the maximum speed that the PlanetSolar Turanor can reach is about 14 knots.
It should be noted that in the ideal case, the ship could have crossed the Atlantic Ocean even faster, but the crew did not navigate the ship along the shortest and most direct route, being forced to change course, avoiding areas with strong winds, high sea surface waves and other adverse meteorological conditions. Due to the forced changes in the course of the PlanetSolar vessel, the total distance traveled increased by approximately seven percent.
Despite all the difficulties and troubles, the PlanetSolar Turanor managed to break its own official world record, reducing the time it took to cross the Atlantic Ocean by 4 days, 6 hours and 39 minutes. “It is difficult and not very correct to compare both cases of the PlanetSolar vessel crossing the Atlantic Ocean, because they were carried out in different time years under various environmental conditions of the marine environment,” says Captain Gerard d’Aboville (Gerard d’Aboville), “But the lessons learned during the circumnavigation of the world did not go unnoticed. They allowed us to modernize all the main components of the vessel, in particular the propulsion system, which greatly increased the capabilities of the vessel and its characteristics.”
The state-of-the-art vehicle, a vessel with a hull made entirely of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, was built by Knierim Yachtbau GmbH in Kiel. Knierim Tooling made the mold for the ship's hull using a five-axis milling machine with tenth of a millimeter precision. With a length of 31 meters, a width of 15 meters and a height of 6.1 meters, the huge catamaran is by far the largest solar-powered vessel ever built in the world.
The designer of the vessel, New Zealander Craig Lumes from Lomocean Design, created a catamaran model based on the Wavepiercer principle (“piercer” of waves). This means that both floats of the catamaran, when the sea is rough, cut the waves, and do not climb them. The testers from Germanische Lloyd (GL) gave their permission for this. The main hull of the catamaran lies above the surface of the water, giving the Tûranor PlanetSolar a trimaran appearance. In order to give the “wave piercer” the necessary rigidity, strength and reduce its weight, which is important for the economical operation of the drive, the designer did not compromise when choosing materials. All parts of the structure of the 95-ton vessel are made of a composite material - plastic, reinforced with carbon fiber.
“20.6 tons of carbon fiber, 11.5 tons of foam and 23 tons of epoxy and hardener were used. This is not an easy task even for our employees,” says Steffen Müller, Managing Director of Knierim. The main body shell is a sandwich with a 4 mm carbon fiber cover layer (biaxial and unidirectional) and a core of 50 mm Airex C70.130 high density PVC foam. Such a ratio of the thickness of the outer and inner layers, together with a high-strength core, gives the structural details the necessary strength and lightness.
The €14 million project was initiated and sponsored by entrepreneur Immo Ströher from Darmstetter, who owns the Swiss investment company Rivendell, which invests mainly in renewable energy and clean technology projects. Including the Berlin-based solar cell manufacturer Solon AG. This company supplied solar collectors for the Tûranor PlanetSolar catamaran. About 537 square meters of the ship's surface is covered by 825 modules containing about 38,000 solar panels. Enough for a maximum power of 127 hp. in terms of horsepower.
In order for the ship to meet the high standards set and to glorify its developers as pioneers in the development of solar energy, innovations in both design and materials were used. Tûranor PlanetSolar is equipped with high-performance lithium-ion batteries from Gaia Akkumulatorenwerke GmbH in Nordhausen, which have never been produced in this size before. Six storage units accumulate energy of 1.1 megawatt-hours and weigh as much as 11 tons. Car batteries of the same capacity would weigh about 77 tons.
Batteries power four electric motors, two for each drive shaft. The latter develop a maximum power of 2 x 10 and 2 x 60 kW, sufficient for a speed of about 7 knots (approximately 13 km / h at a rated power of 20 kW). The outstanding power output should be noted here: the efficiency is 92 percent. Two carbon fiber propellers manufactured by Voith Turbo Advanced Propeller Technologies GmbH & Co. KG from Rostock, half out of the water, they are twice the size of ordinary propellers and rotate very slowly. A rudder is not needed on the open sea, as the vessel is controlled by adjustable propellers and the speed of rotation of two propellers.
A special method was applied to fix the solar cells on the surface of 537 m². Since the ship's hull must be flexible in order to be able to flex with load, such as rough seas, photovoltaic panels must be installed so that this hull capability is maintained and the panels are not damaged. Therefore, the photovoltaic modules were glued on PVC sandwich panels laminated on both sides during the production process at the manufacturer's factory.
To install the FG-modules, we decided to use Sika glue, Knierim has a lot of experience with it.
Surfaces have been pre-treated. Adhesive strength has been tested by the technical department of Sika's K&D Industry division.
Surface pretreatment
- Sanding with Scotch Brite veryfine/ K 100;
- Cleaning and activation of a surface coated with a 2-component acrylic varnish with an activator from Sika;
- According to the results of the adhesive test, additional application of the primer can be waived.
After a time for the solvent to evaporate, a white one-component polyurethane adhesive Sikaflex-292 was applied to the deck with directional rollers to bond the sandwich-mounted photovoltaic modules.
On a surface of 537m², it took half a ton of PU glue. Sikaflex-292, developed specifically for the marine industry, cures in wet conditions, has excellent adhesive properties, high mechanical load capacity and meets all International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements.
The cockpit glazing by GL Yachtverglasung, Halstenbeck was also made using a polyurethane system from Sika. The installation of curved mineral glass windows required special care. Glass must comply with all regulations and standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and Classification Boards regarding its scope. The adhesive layer on the glass bonding surface must be protected from UV radiation. This is provided by the screen printed edge. The glass surface was pre-treated as described above and then primed with Sika Primer-206 G+P.
Designed for offshore applications, Sikaflex-296 is a flexible, heavy-duty, tolerance-levelling PU-based 1K adhesive that dries in humid air. It meets all International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements. Sikaflex-296 is suitable for primary glazing and repair work on all types of mineral glass in shipbuilding.
