Prechistenka 32 1 building 8 history of the house. Moscow Saint-Germain. Gorgeous Prechistenka. Profitable house Kostyakova
House number 32 on Prechistenka street.
Here in 1868 - 1918. the private gymnasium of L.I. Polivanov was located, where, for example, V.S. Solovyov and A. Bely, and in the 1920s. – State Academy of Artistic Sciences (GAKhN), where A. G. Gabrichevsky, V. P. Zubov, A. F. Losev, P. S. Popov, A. A. Sidorov, B. A. Fokht, G. G. Shpet. In particular, A. F. Losev became a full member of the State Academy of Artistic Sciences (GAKhN) from 1923 to 1929, being listed in the specialty "aesthetics". Since 1924, Alexei Fedorovich has been in charge of the musical-psychological commission. Here he develops and reads reports on the history of aesthetic teachings, the psychology of artistic creativity, the philosophy of art, music theory and others. At the same time he is a professor at the Musical Conservatory and at the 2nd University ( former courses Guerrier). In addition, Losev is in the service of the HYMNE (State Institute of Musical Science).
In Moscow, by 1921, a unique situation had developed that made it possible to create - by the forces of practicing artists, specialists in various humanitarian disciplines, representatives of the natural sciences, psychologists and philosophers - such a “hybrid” institution as the Academy of Artistic Sciences (GAKhN). The Academy was supposed to oversee all issues related to art and occupy a central place in the system of art institutes both in Moscow and Leningrad. Its main mission was to develop a general synthetic art history. Here is what the Literary Encyclopedia in 11 volumes, Moscow, 1929-1939 wrote about the State Academy of Arts: “The State Academy of Arts is “the highest scientific institution, which aims at a comprehensive study of all types of arts and artistic culture.”
The Academy arose in 1921 in Moscow from a small scientific commission of specialists and over the course of several years grew into a scientific institute with a number of departments and sections, laboratories and classrooms, with a large library on art history (100,000 volumes), with a scientific and demonstrative department etc. The main task of the Academy was to synthesize art history sciences in three main directions: sociological, psychophysical and philosophical, by means of an analytical study of individual arts. To accomplish this task, the Academy was divided into three corresponding categories, which were intersected by sections according to the types of arts (musical, visual, theatrical, decorative, literary). In addition, the Academy had: a psychophysical laboratory, a choreographic laboratory, photo and film rooms, an office for studying the revolutionary art of the West with a collection of literature and works of art, an office for modern Russian literature, a number of associations (for example, the association of artists of revolutionary Russia - AHRR, the association modern music, associations for the study of the work of Blok, Dostoevsky, as well as a commission for the study of primitive art and a number of other auxiliary institutions. The State Academy of Arts brought together many figures - specialists, of various views and directions. This was strongly reflected in her scientific work, while the desire to rapprochement with modernity in scientific research and practical activities and the involvement of the young generation of scientists in the art criticism work.The Academy was in close contact with musical, artistic, theatrical and literary organizations; There are several hundred artists. At the Academy there was a society of young art historians, which united graduate students of the Academy and art universities.
The second task that was assigned to the Academy, in addition to its purely scientific activities, is to be an expert advisory body on art issues. The Academy carried out a preliminary development of issues of great importance in the discussion of curricula in art universities. The Academy played a particularly important role in organizing Soviet art performances abroad: art exhibitions in Venice, Monza Milano, Dresden, Paris and other cities, which were very successful and attracted the attention of the Western world to the art of Soviet Russia, and, in addition, created the Academy fame in Europe. In 1926, the Academy organized an exhibition of Western revolutionary art in Moscow, sending out invitations to art organizations and individual artists in Europe and America who were sympathetic to Soviet Russia. The call of the Academy met with a warm response, and more than 3,000 exhibits arrived in Moscow, among them one could see the absolutely exceptional collection of Steinlein, delivered by the heirs of the late revolutionary artist, publications donated by various publishing houses, letters, portraits, autographs and complete collections of works sent to by almost all left-wing writers in Europe and America. Some artists gained fame after this exhibition.
Photo by Ancora / fotki.yandex.ru
Prechistenka Street is one of the oldest Moscow streets. In addition, this is also one of the most beautiful and luxurious streets of the capital, keeping memories of famous aristocrats, richest businessmen and great writers and poets who inhabited it at different times. Perhaps, on no other street in Moscow you can find such a number of solemn and elegant manor houses and luxurious tenement houses as on Prechistenka. No wonder that this street and its surroundings are often compared with the fashionable suburb of Paris - Saint-Germain. Here, each house is the crown of creation, and the name of its owner is a separate page of the encyclopedia.
The history of Prechistenka is closely intertwined with the history of Russia, the history of Moscow. In the 16th century, on the site of modern Prechistenka Street, there was a road to the Novodevichy Convent. The monastery was built in 1524 in honor of the liberation of Smolensk from the Polish invasion. From the end of the 16th century, urban buildings began to appear along the road, and the resulting street began to be called Chertolskaya after a stream flowing nearby, called Chertoroi by the locals. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich decided that such a name, associated with devils, was not appropriate for the street leading to the Novodevichy Convent, the abode of the Most Pure Mother of God. In 1658, the street was renamed Prechistenskaya by royal order, and the Chertolsky gates of the city, which existed at its beginning, were renamed Prechistensky. Over time, the name of the street in colloquial speech was reduced to the pronunciation "Prechistenka", and later the abbreviated name was approved and officially. At the end of the 17th century, Prechistenka Street became especially popular among Moscow nobles. Mansions belonging to the aristocratic families of the Lopukhins, Golitsyns, Dolgoruky, Vsevolzhsky, Eropkin and many others appear on it. The best architects of that time worked on the construction of luxurious noble mansions, sometimes creating real palaces. Since the second half of the 19th century, Moscow merchants have chosen Prechistenka, and merchant families of the Konshins, Morozovs, Rudakovs, and Pegovs appeared among the homeowners. The merchants, who had grown rich in production and trade, did not want to lag behind the aristocracy in their desire to live beautifully, and the former manor estates on Prechistenka are often rebuilt by new owners with even greater pomp and pomp. Luxurious tenement houses were later erected here, intended for renting out to wealthy tenants.
During its history, the street changed its name several times, we have already mentioned some of these changes, but these are far from all transformations. In 1921, the street was renamed in honor of P.A. Kropotkin, a famous anarchist revolutionary, he was born in a house located in one of the Prechistensky alleys - Shtatny. Until 1994, Prechistenka was called Kropotkinskaya Street. In 1994, the historical name was returned to her.
Well, let's go for a walk along this most interesting street in Moscow.
White and Red chambers (Prechistenka, 1, 1/2).
An idea of the architecture of the earliest period of the existence of Prechistenka Street can be obtained thanks to the relatively recently restored White and Red Chambers, located at Prechistenka No. 1 and No. 1/2.
White Chambers of Prince B.I. Prozorovsky
The "White Chambers" belonged to Prince B.I. Prozorovsky, who was in charge of the Arms Order; they were built back in 1685 as the main house of his estate.
The three-storey L-shaped house has a passage arch leading to its front yard. The type of house refers to buildings "on the cellars", that is, its lower floor is a basement partially buried in the ground, given over to household needs. The upper floors are the master's and dining rooms. Interestingly, the chambers were built not in the depths of the manor plot, but along the street; such an arrangement of the main house is a rarity for Moscow architecture of the late 17th - early 18th centuries.
The uniqueness of this building also lies in the fact that it has generally survived to our times. The fact is that at the end of the 19th century, when the walls were being dismantled white city, many old buildings were also removed, most of the boyar towers have not survived to this day, but, thanks to the miraculously surviving "White Chambers", we have an idea about them.
The "White Chambers" were restored in 1995, now they house Exhibition Complex Department of cultural heritage of the city of Moscow.
Red chambers of the boyar B.G. Yushkov
Around the same time, at the end of the 17th century, the “Red Chambers” were built, which first belonged to the boyar B.G. Yushkov and the former main house of his estate, and later - the steward of the Imperial Court N.E. Golovin. Then this building passed into the possession of Golovin's son-in-law - M.M. Golitsyn, General-Admiral of the Russian Navy, who was later appointed Governor of Astrakhan. Perhaps it was in this house that Golitsyn's son, A.M. Golitsyn, the future Vice-Chancellor of Catherine II, was born. From the middle of the 18th century, the "Red Chambers" passed to the Lopukhin family, P. Lopukhin, one of the active members of the Decembrists' movement, lived here. After the Patriotic War of 1812, the owners of the building were mainly representatives of the merchant class.
The "Red Chambers" were built in the Moscow baroque style, the main facade of the building was exquisitely and richly decorated. Originally a three-story building (the top floor was subsequently lost during rebuilding) was located on the very high point relief, towered over the district and, together with the White Chambers, for a long time was the dominant feature of the architectural ensemble of Prechistenka. The building of the "Red Chambers" faced Ostozhenka with its end, and the main facade, richly decorated, was turned towards the Chertolsky Gates of the White City. According to the tradition of pre-Petrine architecture, the lower floor of the chambers was given over to household needs, and on the upper two floors there was a vast chamber for receiving guests and the master's quarters. It was possible to get to the second floor of the building both by an internal staircase from the lower and upper floors, and immediately from the street, from a separate red porch, located at the northern end of the house (for some reason, this porch was not restored during the restoration).
In the 1820s, on the spit of Ostozhenka and Prechistenka, a two-story stone building with benches on the lower floor was erected, which for a long time blocked the Red Chambers. In 1972, the building, already pretty dilapidated by that time, was demolished in connection with preparations for the official visit to Moscow of US President Richard Nixon, along with him, the Red Chambers and White Chambers, modified almost beyond recognition by multiple cultural layers and looked like absolutely ordinary buildings by the 70s of the XX century. Fortunately, the architects were able to identify the architectural and historical value of both buildings in time, and the chambers managed to avoid the deplorable fate of destruction.
Pharmacy Vorbricher (Prechistenka, 6).
Pharmacy Andrey Fedorovich Forbricher
Opposite the White Chambers, at 6 Prechistenka, there is a mansion built at the end of the 18th century. The building was repeatedly rebuilt by the owners, so it is difficult to say how it looked originally, while the current appearance of the decor is attributed to the second half of the 19th century. The facade of the building is decorated with Corinthian pilasters, which seem to divide the building into five equal parts. The central arched window is decorated with stucco decoration depicting garlands of fruits and flowers. The first floor of the building has rather large display windows - the project of the building was developed taking into account the prospect of placing trade enterprises in the house. Now the building has been renovated to preserve the appearance it acquired in the 1870s.
In 1873, he bought the building and on the second floor it was equipped with a pharmacy by Andrey Fedorovich Forbricher, a pharmacist from the famous Vorbricher dynasty, who was included in the nobility in 1882. There is an opinion that Andrey Fedorovich Forbricher is none other than Heinrich Forbricher himself, the founder of the dynasty of pharmacists Forbricher, Master of Pharmacy, a pharmacist at the Imperial Moscow Theaters on his own, who changed his name in order to become more akin to Russian culture.
The pharmacy still operates in this building.
City estate Surovshchikov (Prechistenka, 5).
Outbuilding of the city estate of V.V. Surovshchikova
From the wooden manor of the XVIII century, built for Princess Saltykova-Golovkina, there was only an outbuilding and a couple of outbuildings. After the princess, the estate was owned by the merchant V.V. Surovshchikov. The surviving manor wing was rebuilt in 1857, it was expanded, a second floor was added, and a small outbuilding turned into a pretty mansion with stucco decoration and a cast-iron balcony above the entrance. In the depths of the site, which was previously part of the property, two two-story houses have also been preserved, which previously served as the side parts of the back building of the estate. Also, a small square remained from the city estate of the merchant Surovshchikov.
In the 1920s, Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, the first commissar of the Kremlin, chairman of the aggressive Union of Militant Atheists, who was engaged in the extermination of religion - opium for the people, and initiated the destruction of temples, lodged in this house among other residents. Yaroslavsky is the author of the atheistic book "The Bible for Believers and Unbelievers", as well as "Essays on the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks"
The estate of the Rzhevsky-Orlovs-Philip (Prechistenka, 10).
Manor of Mikhail Fedorovich Orlov
At the corner of Prechistenka Street and Chertolsky Lane, there is a mansion built in the middle of the 18th century; it is based on vaulted chambers with cellars erected in the 17th century. This house has a very interesting history.
Built in the 18th century, the mansion at various times belonged to the Rzhevsky, Likhachev, Odoevsky families. In 1839, the house was purchased by the famous general, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Mikhail Fedorovich Orlov, it was his signature that stood under the act of capitulation of Paris in 1814. The brave general was the descendants of Grigory Orlov, a favorite of Catherine II, he was one of the founders of the "Order of Russian Knights", which gave rise to secret communities of future Decembrists, in whose ranks Mikhail Orlov himself turned out to be. In 1823, he was removed from his position as head of a division in Chisinau for the political propaganda of the Decembrist V. Raevsky, which he allowed in military units subordinate to him. Later, he was completely dismissed and subjected to investigation in the case of the Decembrists and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Orlov was saved from exile in Siberia only by the intercession of his brother A.F. Orlov, who led the investigation into the case of the December uprising and petitioned the emperor about the fate of his brother. Thanks to this patronage, Mikhail Orlov was able to return from exile to the village to Moscow in 1831, although he was already deprived of any opportunity to conduct political activities. In the mansion at 10 Prechistenka, he lived from 1839 to 1842 with his wife Ekaterina Nikolaevna, daughter of General N.N. Raevsky.
The Orlovs were friends with A.S. Pushkin. Even in Chisinau, Mikhail Orlov was connected with the poet on friendly terms, they saw almost every day, and until now, among literary critics, disputes about which of the two women was Pushkin's “southern love” - Maria Volkonskaya or Orlova's wife Ekaterina . Be that as it may, Pushkin captured the features of Ekaterina Nikolaevna in the image of Marina Mnishek in the poem “Boris Godunov”, and the poet dedicated the poem “Alas! Why does she shine with a momentary, tender beauty? ”, And he spoke of her as an “extraordinary woman”.
In 1842, Mikhail Orlov died, he was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, and his house on Prechistenka passed to other owners.
In the 1880s, part of the former Oryol household was occupied by furnished rooms intended for rent to guests, one of them was hired by the artist Isaac Levitan, who had just graduated from the Moscow School of Painting. The room with a partition, in which he was located, served him both as a dwelling and a workshop. There is evidence that A.P. Chekhov visited him in this house, with whom they were friends, having met back in the 1870s, being students.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the owner of the house was a French haberdasher, famous collector of porcelain and painting M.Philippe. In March 1915, for his son Walter, Philip hires a home teacher, who becomes none other than the young Boris Pasternak.
After the revolution of 1917, various public organizations were housed in the mansion, in particular, the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, many of whose members were destroyed as a result of Stalin's repressions. Today, the house of the Rzhevsky-Likhachev-Philip has been carefully restored, and the appearance of the early twentieth century has been returned to it.
Khrushchev-Seleznev Estate / A.S. Pushkin (Prechistenka, 12).
Khrushchev-Seleznev Estate
The old noble estate at Prechistenka, 12, which is commonly called the Khrushchev-Seleznev estate, was formed in the second half of the 18th century, burned down during a fire in 1812 and was rebuilt. Since then, the manor house has almost completely retained its appearance acquired in the first third of the 19th century. Before the war with Napoleon in 1812, the famous families of princes owned the house: the Zinovievs, the Meshcherskys, the Vasilchikovs.
Before the Patriotic War of 1812, this estate belonged to Prince Fyodor Sergeevich Baryatinsky, an active statesman during the reign of Catherine II, who, through his direct participation in the coup of 1762 and allegedly even the murder of Peter III, contributed to the accession to the throne of Catherine the Great. Being subsequently close to the empress, he made a brilliant career at court, reaching the rank of chief marshal. Under Paul I, he was expelled from St. Petersburg and probably lived on his estates, including in Moscow, on Prechistenka, becoming one of the typical representatives of the rich non-serving nobility and nobles who left the court and lived out their lives, indulging in secular life: traveling , balls, visits.
Immediately after the death of Fyodor Sergeevich in 1814, his heiress, for a not very significant amount, cedes the estate to a retired guard ensign, a wealthy landowner Alexander Petrovich Khrushchev, a close friend of Fyodor Sergeevich. The amount of the transaction was small, since the estate was badly damaged in the fire of 1812, and only the stone basement of the main house and charred outbuildings remained from it.
Alexander Petrovich Khrushchev belonged to an old noble family. During the Patriotic War of 1812, he fought as part of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, in 1814 he retired and surprisingly soon got rich, which caused numerous gossip in society. It was said that he made a fortune on farming, which was considered indecent for a nobleman. He was the owner of estates in the Tambov, Penza and Moscow provinces.
Immediately after buying the ashes of the Baryatinsky estate, Khrushchev started building a new house on the surviving basement of the old one, and in 1816 Muscovites were able to see an empire-style mansion of incredible beauty on Prechistenka. The new house, also built in wood, is smaller in area than the previous one, so wide terraces turned out on the stone plinth, which received beautiful forged fences and became an original feature of the house. The house is small, but it is so elegant, picturesque and solemn at the same time that it looks like a miniature palace. The two facades of the house overlooking Prechistenka and Khrushchevsky Lane are decorated with porticos that differ from each other in architecture. The one that overlooks Prechistenka is especially good, it is made in monumental forms, decorated with six slender columns of the Ionic order, visually separating high arched window openings from each other, with an excellent stucco frieze of plant themes and medallions. From the side of the main facade, the house is built on a mezzanine with a balcony. The side façade, more intimate, is punctuated by a portico, which includes 8 paired columns, behind which a relief panel is placed on the wall. In general, in the design of the house, the uniqueness of the composition is combined with typical Empire details honed to perfection, numerous decorative elements are designed in strict stylistic unity.
Khrushchev-Seleznev estate. front facade
The authorship of the project of the Khrushchev house was the subject of numerous disputes for a long time, it was assumed that the author of this magnificent mansion was the famous architect Domenico Gilardi, later it turned out that the student of Giovanni Gilardi and Francesco Camporesi worked on the project - Afanasy Grigoriev, a talented architect, a former serf who received his freedom in 22 years old and worked on the reconstruction of many Moscow buildings after 1812, together with Domenico Gilardi.
After the death of A.P. Khrushchev in 1842, his heirs sell the estate to honorary citizen Alexei Fedorovich Rudakov, a Verkhovazhsky merchant, a wealthy tea merchant, who decided to move to Moscow for permanent residence and transfer to his white-stone trading company. Thus, this manor house did not remain aloof from social changes, which A.S. wrote about in the 1830s. Pushkin: "The merchant class is getting richer and begins to settle in the chambers abandoned by the nobility."
In the 1860s, the estate passed into the possession of retired staff captain Dmitry Stepanovich Seleznev, a nobleman. But such a return of the estate to the noble hands was already an unusual phenomenon for that time. Another rare phenomenon in the fate of the Khrushchev-Seleznev estate is that, with all the numerous owners, the house was preserved almost unchanged - in the one in which it was restored by Khrushchev. Unless the Seleznevs placed on the pediment an image of their coat of arms, which still adorns the building. All the other repairs carried out repeatedly did not affect the appearance of the house - a rare case, happy for this magnificent mansion. Apparently, the exceptional artistic value of the house was so undeniable that no one even thought of changing something in such a harmonious ensemble. Well, and, probably, the high culture of the owners of the house played a certain role.
D.S. Seleznev was a very rich man, before the reform of serfdom, he owned 9 thousand souls of serfs, and the Seleznev family coat of arms was included in the "General Armorial of the Noble Families of the Russian Empire."
In 1906, the daughter of the owner of the house decided to perpetuate the memory of her parents and donated the estate to the Moscow nobility to house the children's school-orphanage named after Anna Alexandrovna and Dmitry Stepanovich Seleznev, which was located here before the 1917 revolution. After the October Revolution, the building of the estate passed from one institution to another, which was just not there: the Toy Museum, and the Literary Museum, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Institute of Oriental Studies, and many others. In 1957, the Moscow authorities decided to create a museum of A.S. Pushkin, and in 1961 the museum was placed here, in the manor house on Prechistenka, 12, restored specially for this purpose. features of the construction of the Pushkin era, in addition, A.S. Pushkin probably visited the mansions of his relatives and acquaintances on Prechistenka, perhaps he visited this house number 12 as well. The museum halls today recreate the atmosphere of the Pushkin era, the exposition tells about the life and work of the poet, there is an extensive collection of books, paintings, applied art of the 19th century, manuscripts, pieces of furniture.
Profitable house E.A. Kostyakova / Central Energy Customs (Prechistenka, 9).
Central Energy Customs
Literary associations with Prechistenka arise not only in connection with the Khrushchev-Seleznev mansion. Many events of Mikhail Bulgakov's famous story "Heart of a Dog" are connected with this street. For example, Professor Preobrazhensky meets the dog Sharik for the first time and treats him to Krakow sausage near the house number 9. Now there is the Central Energy Customs. And during the events described in Bulgakov's story, the Tsentrokhoz store was located, from which Professor Preobrazhensky left before meeting the frozen and hungry dog Sharik, who was watching him from the opposite side of the street.
The building in which the Central Energy Customs is now located is the apartment building of E.A. Kostyakova, built in 1910, presumably according to the design of the architect N. I. Zherikhov (in some sources the name of the architect G. A. Gelrikh appears). The neoclassical building at the level of the second floor is decorated with a number of sculptural panels on antique themes. The artist Boris Shaposhnikov, a friend of Mikhail Bulgakov, once lived here, to whom the writer often visited and thanks to whose person he probably decided to mention this house in his work.
Manor A.I. Konshina / House of Scientists (Prechistenka, 16).
The House of Scientists on the territory of the estate of A.I. Konshina. Entrance gate and modern building
The property, which now houses the building with the address Prechistenka Street, 16 with the House of Scientists located in it, belonged to Ivan Petrovich Arkharov in the late 18th - early 19th centuries, who served as Moscow military governor in 1796-1797. In addition to his appointment to this position, Paul I granted him a thousand souls of peasants and this mansion on Prechistenka. Ivan Petrovich lived in a donated estate as a real gentleman. Every day at least 40 people dined in the Arkharovs' house, and on Sundays luxurious balls were given, gathering the best Moscow society. The estate was even visited by Emperor Alexander I, who had a great respect for Ivan Petrovich's wife Ekaterina Alexandrovna, nee Rimskaya-Korsakova.
In 1818, the Arkharovs' house, badly damaged in the Napoleonic fire, was bought by Prince Ivan Alexandrovich Naryshkin, chamberlain and chief ceremonial master at the court of Alexander I. Presumably, the Naryshkins restored the estate and moved into it in 1829 after the resignation of Ivan Alexandrovich. Under the Naryshkins, the life of the estate was organized in much the same way as under the previous owners: the same receptions, the same balls, well, except that the atmosphere became even more luxurious and refined, because the Naryshkins were higher in rank than the Arkharovs.
Ivan Alexandrovich Naryshkin was the uncle of Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova, and when A.S. Pushkin married Natalya on February 18, 1831, and was the appointed father of the bride. Of course, the acquired relationship obliged A.S. Pushkin to make visits to the homes of his wife's relatives, so Pushkin and Goncharova sometimes visited the Naryshkins at the estate on Prechistenka.
From the Naryshkins, the house passed into the ownership of their relatives Musin-Pushkin. It is interesting that the nephew of Ivan Aleksandrovich Naryshkin, Mikhail Mikhailovich Naryshkin, a former Decembrist, sentenced to hard labor and exile for participating in the uprising, illegally visited here, in this house on Prechistenka, at the Musin-Pushkins. And on one of these visits, M.M. Naryshkin was visited by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, who at that time was working on the second volume of Dead Souls and was interested in this regard in the activities of the Decembrists.
Subsequently, the estate changed two more noble owners - the Gagarins and the Trubetskoys - before being owned by representatives of the merchant class - the Serpukhov merchants Konshins in 1865. In this sense, the estate at Prechistenka, 16 was no exception, and, like many estates in Moscow, after the abolition of serfdom, it passed from the ruined nobles to the “new Russians” of the 19th century - wealthy industrialists and entrepreneurs.
Ivan Nikolaevich Konshin, who acquired the estate from the Trubetskoys, was a hereditary merchant, inherited from his parents the Staraya Myza paper-weaving and cotton-printing factory and about a million rubles, which he, skillfully conducting commercial affairs, increased tenfold by the end of his life, and in 1882 even received, together with his brothers, the title of nobility for the merits of their family "in the field of domestic industry for two hundred years." Konshina's spouses had no children, therefore, after the death of Ivan Nikolaevich in 1898, the entire ten millionth fortune and the factory remain in the hands of Konshin's widow Alexandra Ivanovna, who at that moment was already 65 years old. Realizing her inability to continue doing commercial business, Alexandra Ivanovna liquidates her husband's enterprise and sells the factory to his brothers. She herself continues to live in seclusion in the estate on Prechistenka, surrounded by only a couple of people closest to her and actively manifests herself only in charity. In 1908-1910, Alexandra Ivanovna, already at the rather advanced age of 77, suddenly started a large-scale restructuring of the estate. It is difficult to say what prompted the lonely elderly woman to start rebuilding the house of her estate, and even spending a huge amount of money on this project. According to contemporaries, the Konshin family lawyer A.F. Deryuzhinsky, a confidant of Alexandra Ivanovna, once during a walk drew attention to a dangerous-sized crack in the wall of the Konshins' house from the side of Dead (Prechistensky) lane, about the appearance of which he was not slow to inform the owner of the house. Allegedly, this served as a decisive reason to demolish the old mansion and build a new house-palace in its place, which would now befit the noble status of the owner. Deryuzhinsky hires a familiar architect, Anatoly Ottovich Gunst, to rebuild the building.
Gunst took up construction on a large scale, not constraining himself in the means. He designed and implemented the project of a real palace ensemble. Thanks to the idea of a talented architect and the almost unlimited financial possibilities of the customer, in 1910 a building appeared in Moscow that rightfully took one of the leading places among the most luxurious buildings of the early 20th century. The architect tactfully preserved the harmonious dimensions of the previous mansion, building a new house, as requested by the customer, according to the demolished plan. He paid close attention to the decor of the building and especially its interiors. He placed the accents in the building, placing a large attic above the cornice in the center and small ones on the sides, and evenly divided the extended facade with flat pilasters of the Ionic order, all this was done in the best traditions of neoclassicism. And in the frames of the windows, small fancy decorative stucco molding, a bas-relief panel on one of the walls of the house, features of eclecticism can be traced. The front facade of the house overlooks the garden, enclosed from the side of Prechistenka by a high stone fence with graceful arched niches, balustrades and flowerpots rising from above. The massive pylons of the entrance gate are decorated with sculptures of lions.
Manor A.I. Konshina
The interiors of the building were truly luxurious, in the creation of which the architect proved himself to be a great master. Particularly beautiful were the Winter Garden with a skylight and a glass bay window, the White and Blue Halls: here are Italian marble, and stone sculptures, and French bronze decorations, and rich stucco ceilings, and fancy chandeliers, and expensive parquets. The bathroom was also furnished with chic, all plumbing was brought straight from England. The house did not lag behind in technical terms, it was literally “stuffed” with all kinds of modern technology: plumbing, sewerage, various devices, there was even a special system of exhaust vacuum cleaners in the house that worked through the ventilation openings. All this amazing beauty and technical innovations brought a sense of celebration to the last years of the pious widow's life.
But, unfortunately, it did not take long to enjoy the magnificent palace of Konshina. 4 years after the completion of its construction, she died. The palace was inherited by the relatives of Ivan Nikolaevich Konshin, who at the beginning of 1916 sold the Prechistensky estate for 400 thousand rubles to Alexei Ivanovich Putilov, a large businessman and banker, who was the chairman of the board of the Russian-Asiatic Bank and was also a member of the leadership of fifty other reputable joint-stock enterprises and firms. But the new owner was not lucky enough to live in a magnificent estate for long - the October Revolution broke out, and all the banker's property, including the palace on Prechistenka, was confiscated.
In 1922, the House of Scientists was located in the Konshina Palace. The initiative of its creation belongs to Maxim Gorky. He allegedly explained to Lenin that the Moscow scientific community simply needed such a club. And the location for the House of Scientists was chosen precisely on Prechistenka in connection with the large number of educational institutions, scientific institutes, libraries, and museums located nearby. Scientists were "sheltered" no less than in Konshina's palace, here all the necessary conditions were created for them and a favorable environment for communication between workers of science, technology and art and for their relaxation. Needless to say, the communication and recreation of Soviet scientists did not positively affect the state of the once luxurious palace, of course, most of the magnificent interior decoration of the house was lost and damaged irretrievably and hopelessly. And it is impossible to speak about the addition of an additional building in the constructivist style to the building of the palace in 1932 except with regret - it simply disfigured the manor ensemble. Moreover, even if we discard the issue of aesthetics, historical and architectural value, it is not at all clear why this new building was needed at all, even functionally, because the estate was quite large without it and was quite capable of satisfying any needs of the House of Scientists both at that time and now. .
Lopukhin-Stanitsky Estate / Museum of L.N. Tolstoy (Prechistenka, 11).
Manor of Lopukhins-Stanitskys
As a striking architectural example of the Moscow Empire style, one should pay attention to the Lopukhin-Stanitsky estate, built in 1817-1822 by the architect A.G. Grigoriev. The estate consists of a plastered wooden main house built on a white stone plinth, stretching along the red line of the street, an outbuilding along the line of Lopukhinsky Lane, outbuildings inside the courtyard and a stone fence of the site with an entrance gate. The main building of the estate is very elegant, the monumentality of forms in it is in harmony with the chamber scale of the building, everything in it is very proportional and natural. The street facade of the house is decorated with a light six-column Ionic portico, in its depth, behind the columns, on the facade one can see a relief multi-figured stucco frieze, the triangular tympanum of the pediment is decorated with a noble coat of arms. The building of the estate has almost completely retained its original appearance and is a unique example of building post-fire Moscow.
Lopukhin-Stanitsky estate. Portico
Since 1920, the Leo Tolstoy Museum has been located in the Lopukhin-Stanitsky estate. Here is the main literary exposition, which tells about the work and life of the great writer. The museum houses the archives of the Russian educational publishing house Posrednik, founded on the initiative of Lev Nikolaevich, a collection of photographs taken by Sofya Andreevna, Tolstoy's wife, and, most importantly, Tolstoy's manuscript fund, numbering more than two million pages of the writer's manuscripts. Looking here, you can see with your own eyes Tolstoy's personal belongings, his letters, original manuscripts of "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" and many other works of the writer.
Monument to L.N. Tolstoy on Prechistenka
In 1972, a monument to L.N. Tolstoy, the author of which is the famous sculptor S.D. Merkulov. This monument was moved here from the park on Devichye Pole. Granite Tolstoy stands among the trees, his head thoughtfully bowed and his hands tucked into his belt, supporting his wide, flowing shirt. The look of him, an old man wise by worldly experience, is deeply thoughtful and sad.
House of Isadora Duncan (Prechistenka, 20).
House of Isadora Duncan
Among the buildings with which the fates of many famous people are connected, it is worth mentioning the mansion at Prechistenka, 20. It was built at the end of the 18th century, possibly according to the design of the famous architect Matvey Kazakov. In the middle of the 19th century, the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, the conqueror of the Caucasus, General Alexei Petrovich Yermolov, lived in it, and at the beginning of the 20th century, millionaire Alexei Konstantinovich Ushkov settled in the mansion, who owned the large tea company Gubkin and Kuznetsov, which had representative offices not only in Russia, but also in all the famous tea markets of the world: in London, in India, in China, on the islands of Ceylon and Java.
A.K. Ushkov, along with his relatives, patronized the Moscow Philharmonic and the Bolshoi Theater, the industrialist's involvement in charitable activities helped him get acquainted with the prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Theater Alexandra Mikhailovna Balashova, who later became his wife. For his beautiful wife, Ushkov ordered the restructuring of his mansion on Prechistenka and equipped it with a special rehearsal dance hall for her.
The year 1917 was a surprise for the family of a merchant and a ballerina, and the first 4 years after the revolution were not the easiest in their biography, they were saved from persecution, persecution and complete confiscation of property only by Balashova's involvement in the world of high art and her close acquaintance with Boris Krasin, appointed to the post of manager of the Musical Department of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR. Alexandra Balashova continued to perform at the Bolshoi Theater and in 1922 even took part in the theater's Paris tour. Probably, just these tours gave Ushkov and Balashova the understanding that it is not necessary to put up with the new state of affairs in Russia, they brought some confidence in their future in exile and the necessary connections. And in the same 1922, under the guise of traveling along the Volga, the couple left Russia forever. In Paris, they settled on the Rue de la Pompe, and Alexandra Mikhailovna continued her ballet career already on the stage of the Grand Opera.
Already in France, Balashova became aware that her mansion on Prechistenka with a mirrored rehearsal room was given over to the dance school of the famous “sandal” Isadora Duncan who arrived in Russia. Ironically, it so happened that the house on Rue de la Pompe, in which Ushkov and Balashova settled upon their arrival in Paris, previously belonged to Isadora Duncan. So two great dancers unwittingly exchanged mansions. Duncan, subsequently learning of the exchange, laughed and called it a "quadrille".
House of Isadora Duncan. Decor elements
Isadora Duncan is an American innovative dancer, considered the founder of free dance. Being a professional ballerina, she created a radically new direction in dance, abandoning classical dance costumes, she danced barefoot, dressed in a Greek chiton, which pretty much shocked the audience. Traveling the world and performing, she gradually gained fame and continued with inspiration and creative enthusiasm to search for that dance "which could become a divine reflection of the human spirit through the movements of the body." Constant creative research and experiments, a special gift to express one's emotional state and spiritual freedom through movements, an amazing intuitive feeling for music, naturalness, beauty and plasticity of performance helped Isadora Duncan find her dance and make it the subject of delight for huge halls. She also gave several concerts in Russia in 1904-1905 and 1913. And in 1921 she received an official invitation from the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky to open his own dance school in Moscow. Lunacharsky, who lured the world-famous “divine sandal” to Russia, did not skimp on promises, one of the promises of the people's commissar was permission to dance in ... the Cathedral of Christ the Savior! They say that Duncan longed to dance there, because the usual theatrical premises did not give such scope for the realization of her creative impulses and ideas. And in what other country, if not in Russia, where such cardinal changes are taking place, is it possible to look for new forms in art and in life!? In addition, Duncan really dreamed of opening her own dance school for girls for a long time. And in Russia they promised to provide her with “a thousand children and a wonderful imperial palace in Livadia, in the Crimea. Believing the numerous promises of the Soviet authorities, Isadora arrived in the country of "vodka and black bread." Here some disappointment awaited her: much of what was promised was never fulfilled, the great dancer did not have a chance to show her “pagan art” in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, she had to perform “only” at the Bolshoi Theater, she was not destined to see the Livadia Palace of Nicholas II . Isadora was allocated a smaller “palace” for the creation of a school and personal residence - a luxurious mansion on Prechistenka.
In Moscow, Isadora Duncan met the Russian poet Sergei Yesenin, and their sudden outbreak of love turned into the marriage of these two most talented personalities. Duncan and Yesenin lived together in a mansion on Prechistenka. It was here that Yesenin created his "Confession of a Hooligan" and many other works. But the union of the eccentric dancer and the young poet did not last long, already in 1924 their marriage, which had turned into a whirlwind of scandals, alcohol intoxication and misunderstanding, was terminated. In the same year, Isadora leaves Russia and goes to France to take her mind off the emotional upheavals associated with parting with Yesenin and her fading career, take care of her real estate and resolve issues of a shaken financial situation. Already in Europe, she receives news of Yesenin's suicide. Tragically and absurdly ends the life of Isadora herself. September 14, 1927 in Nice, after a new dance just created in the studio, inspired, in high spirits, she gets into a Bugatti 35 sports car, exclaiming “Farewell, friends! I'm going to glory! ”, And after a minute she is strangled by her own scarf, caught on the axle of the car.
In the Duncan Studio School, the children, having learned about the death of their great mentor, on the day of her funeral danced Bach's Aria, and it seemed that Isadora Duncan herself was dancing among the children's figures in her flowing tunic, again telling people about her spiritualized and tragic life. …
House N.I. Mindovsky / Embassy of Austria (Prechistensky per., 6).
House N.I. Mindovsky
In 1905-1906, at the corner of Starokonyushenny and Prechistensky lanes, architect Nikita Gerasimovich Lazarev built for Nikolai Ivanovich Mindovsky, one of the heirs of the well-known dynasty of textile manufacturers Mindovsky, director of the board of the Volga Manufactory Partnership. This house can rightly be called the best in the work of the architect. The mansion is the finest example of Moscow neoclassicism. The two wings of the building, stretching along the lanes, are united by a spectacular angular domed rotunda, surrounded by unusual squat and powerful paired Doric columns. The street facades are decorated with large columned porticos with enlarged entablature, decorated with exquisite stucco friezes with mythological Greek scenes, corner palmettes on the roof and lion mascarons. The composition and style of the building vividly express the principles of neoclassicism, the restless silhouette of the mansion, the somewhat exaggerated and even distorted proportions of the classic elements betray the hand of the master, who worked in the modern era, when there was already some kind of denial of the harmony of the classics. Some art historians do not quite benevolently notice in the architecture of this house that the features of the Moscow Empire style are brought literally to the grotesque. Be that as it may, it is simply pointless to deny the character of this mansion, its individuality and unique beauty, it is magnificent, regardless of whether its individual features are positively or negatively perceived.
After the revolution of 1917, Mindovsky's mansion in Prechistensky Lane was transferred to the archives of the Red Army and the military-scientific archive, and in 1927 it was bought by the Austrian embassy. After the annexation of Austria to Germany in 1938, the mansion began to be used as a guest house of the German Embassy. In August 1939, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop stayed in this house when he came to Moscow to discuss a non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. And there is information, although not confirmed, that if the Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact itself was signed in the Kremlin, then in order to avoid publicity, the secret agreement to it was discussed and signed here, in the former Mindovsky mansion. Another no less famous guest visited this mansion in October 1944 - British Prime Minister Winston Churchill stayed here when he came to Moscow to negotiate with Stalin. In 1955, when the independence of Austria was restored, the Austrian embassy was again located in the Mindovsky mansion, which is located in it to this day.
Mansion M.F. Yakunchikova (Prechistensky lane, 10).
Mansion M.F. Yakunchikova
The owner of the land, on which houses No. 6, 8 and 10 are now located on Prechistensky Lane, in the 18th century was Prince I.A. Gagarin, however, his vast estate, spread out on this site, like many houses of that time, was badly damaged in the fire of 1812 and has not survived to our time. In 1899, Gagarin's property was acquired by the newly formed Moscow Trade and Construction Society for the construction of three private houses on this site. The activities of this building society are extremely important and indicative of the nature of the development of Moscow at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The purpose of the society was the construction with the involvement of young talented architects of luxurious turnkey mansions with their subsequent resale to wealthy people. The development of the property acquired by the company in Prechistensky Lane was conceived by the organizers as a kind of exhibition of "exemplary" villas in the new style, the mansions built here were original exhibits demonstrating the possibilities of the Art Nouveau style, and they were made in completely different, dissimilar directions modern.
The author of the house project at 10 Prechistensky (Dead) Lane was the architect William Walcott, a native of Odessa, who came from a Scottish-Russian family. This building of the architect is the first example of a Moscow villa in the style of "pure" Art Nouveau. The house is made in a rational, slightly prim style of Scottish Art Nouveau. Walcott built this building, inspired by the work of the famous Glasgow architect Charles Mackintosh. Mackintosh's works were distinguished by their simplicity of form, extensive glazing and almost complete absence of decor, and in this house built by Walcott, these same features can be traced: rectangular strict outlines, trapezoidal, not very protruding bay windows, large windows with thin bindings, a flat roof. The only feature, nevertheless, introduced by the Russian character, the love of self-expression through external showiness, is a slightly more diverse decoration: forged lattices of balconies and fences, brackets supporting the roof, miniature stucco rosettes, green-brown majolica panels with a floral pattern, successfully harmonizing with a soft yellow-orange color of the facing brick of the walls, and Valcott's visiting card - a female head framed by luxurious, intricately curly curls - the nymph Lorelei. The tops of the pylons of the entrance gate, lined with green ceramics and crowned with sculptures of female heads, also stand out in the decor.
Mansion M.F. Yakunchikova. entrance gate
The first owner of the house built by Walcott, even before the completion of construction, was the niece of Savva Mamontov, Maria Fedorovna Yakunchikova, the wife of Vladimir Vasilyevich Yakunchikov, the owner of brick factories and a textile factory. Maria Feodorovna took an active part in the activities of the Abramtsevo art workshops of Savva Mamontov, and the memorable relief ceramic decor of the house in Prechistensky Lane was introduced into the design of the house at her suggestion and made according to her own sketches in the ceramic workshop in Abramtsevo.
After the revolution, when the property, factories and workshops of the Mamontovs and Yakunchikovs were nationalized, Maria Fedorovna emigrated to Europe, her mansion in Prechistensky Lane housed first the Khamovnichesky district committee of the Komsomol, then the library named after. N.K. Krupskaya. In the second half of the 20th century, the embassy of Zaire was located in the mansion. The building is currently under renovation.
House-workshop of V.I. Mukhina (Prechistensky, 5a).
House-workshop of sculptor Vera Mukhina
A two-story house with a glass roof and a wall lurks in a green courtyard in Prechistensky Lane. This is the house-workshop of the famous sculptor Vera Ignatievna Mukhina. This workshop with an apartment was given to her in 1947. According to the descriptions, on the plank floor in the large hall flooded with light, there was a turning circle, reminiscent of a theatrical one, only smaller in size, and almost under the very ceiling there was a balcony, from where it was convenient for the master to examine his creations. Now the building gives the impression of being abandoned, the glass wall is almost completely hidden behind overgrown trees, and, unfortunately, the internal structure of the workshop cannot be seen from the street. But fantasy draws pictures of the past of this house, imbued with an atmosphere conducive to solitude and the creative process.
Mukhina did not always have such an excellent workshop. Until 1947, Vera Ignatievna lived and worked in Gagarinsky lane, and then not far from the Red Gate, where she occupied a room on the second floor of the building, where she had to constantly lift stones and clay. It was there, in seemingly not very convenient conditions for sculpting, that the work that glorified Mukhina all over the world was born - the sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Woman", which has become so firmly entrenched in our minds as a symbol of communist ideology and the Soviet era. In fact, Vera Mukhina herself was not too “convenient” for such a project, her biography did not particularly fit into the generally accepted framework of the Soviet system, so the rise of her career and recognition was, if you think about it, an amazing fact.
Vera Mukhina was born in 1889 in Riga into a wealthy merchant family. After the death of her mother, she spent her childhood and youth in Feodosia. At the end of his life, Vera's father began to be haunted by commercial failures, and he almost went bankrupt, however, the family, in which they had never before boasted of prosperity and always led the most modest way of life for the merchants, almost did not feel this. Vera began to draw early, and her father, who himself was a little interested in painting, noticed the girl’s abilities in time and contributed to their development: he forced them to copy Aivazovsky’s paintings, and constantly hired teachers. After the death of her father, Vera and her sister Maria came under the care of rich uncles and moved first to Kursk and then to Moscow, where Vera began to study painting in the studios of famous landscape painters K. F. Yuon and I. I. Mashkov, and also attended the workshop of a sculptor self-taught Nina Sinitsina. The Mukhina sisters in Moscow led a lifestyle generally accepted among the industrial merchants, who were already closely related to the nobility: they went out, danced at balls, took care of the outfits, flirted with the officers; the girls moved in the highest Moscow merchant society, were familiar with the Ryabushinskys, Morozovs. But neither dresses, nor coquetry, nor trips brought Vera such pleasure and did not occupy her thoughts as much as creativity, and she is more and more removed from the comforts of the world and plunges into art.
In 1912, Vera received a severe injury that left a scar on her face, and relatives, in order for the girl to unwind and recover from this incident, sent her abroad, where she continued her studies. In Paris, she attended the "Academy de la Grande Chaumière", studied in the sculpture class with the famous French muralist E. A. Bourdelle. It was this experience that determined the main line in her work: she turned to monumental sculpture. In 1914 she traveled to Italy, studying painting and sculpture of the Renaissance. She returned to Moscow in the summer of 1914, just before the start of the First World War. Together with her cousin, after graduating from nursing courses, Vera got a job as a nurse in hospitals and did this until 1918. At the same time, she continued to work on her sculptural works in her own workshop in Gagarinsky Lane, tried herself as a theater artist, graphic artist, and designer. While working in a hospital, Vera met her future husband, doctor Alexei Zubkov, and their wedding took place in 1918.
After the revolution, Vera Mukhina returned to her work interrupted by the changes in the country, and became interested in creating projects for monuments. In sculpture, she was attracted by powerful, plastically voluminous, constructive figures, expressing the power and strength of nature with their forms, her works were permeated with symbolism and romantic pathos. They say that her work "Peasant Woman" on international exhibition in Venice in 1934 so impressed Mussolini that he even bought a copy of it and put it on the terrace of his villa on the seashore. Such a recognition by a well-known foreign leader did not prevent the Soviet authorities from taking up arms against Vera's husband Alexei Zubkov and exiling him in 1930 to Voronezh, where Vera Ignatievna followed him. They were able to return from exile only thanks to Maxim Gorky, who highly appreciated Vera's talent and helped smooth out the conflict between her family and the authorities.
Of course, the main creation of Mukhina was the large-scale sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Girl" - a 25-meter statue weighing 75 tons, intended for the Soviet pavilion at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1937. The ideological idea of the statue belonged to the architect Boris Iofan, who designed the Soviet pavilion for the Paris exhibition, according to this plan, the exhibition pavilion was supposed to act as a kind of pedestal for the monumental statue "Worker and Collective Farm Woman", and Vera Mukhina won the competition for the design of this statue. And now - success, fame, money, a workshop-cottage in Abramtsevo provided for work! Interestingly, the prototype of the depicted worker and collective farmer was the ancient "tyrant-fighters" Nesiota and Critias with swords in their hands. At first, the statue of Mukhina depicted a naked girl and a young man, but then they decided to “dress” them and generally remade them more than once, the already always wary attitude towards Mukhina fully affected, endless complaints and denunciations flew “upstairs”, in their absurdity sometimes reaching curiosities. For example, once, when the statue was already being assembled at a factory in Moscow, information was received by the appropriate authorities that the profile of enemy No. Stalin himself came to the plant at night to make sure of this. The statue was illuminated with searchlights and headlights, but the enemy's face did not appear, and the leader of all peoples left in a couple of minutes without salty slurping. And the statue "Worker and Collective Farm Woman" after some time in giant boxes went to Paris, where it made a splash, and its author - Vera Mukhina - overnight became a world celebrity. After the exhibition, France was literally littered with various souvenirs depicting sculpture - inkwells, powder boxes, postcards, handkerchiefs. The Europeans even considered buying the statue from the Soviets. But the “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” was destined to return to their homeland and decorate the entrance to the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), where it is still located.
Using the example of Vera Mukhina, we can see how thorny the path of a great artist who had his own convictions and knew how to defend them was in the Soviet period, how difficult his relationship with the authorities, who perceived art only as a tool for political agitation, was. Vera Mukhina was sincerely fascinated by the ideals of equality, labor, and health offered by communism, but in her life and work it is impossible to find approval of the violence and despotism unleashed by the authorities under the pretext of achieving these ideals.
Profitable house of the heirs of N. P. Tsirkunov (Chisty per., 10).
Profitable house of the heirs of N.P. Tsirkunova
In the apartment building of the heirs of N.P. Tsirkunov in the twenties of the twentieth century, the writer Boris Zhitkov lived, the author of well-known stories for children, published in children's newspapers and magazines "Pioneer", "New Robinson", "Young Naturalist", etc. But, in addition to this fact, the building is famous for its peculiar design facade, it was built in 1908-1909 according to the project of the architect V.S. Maslennikov. The facade is asymmetrical and multi-layered, it is divided into three parts, each of the parts of the facade has its own style, its own architectural theme. The left side of the façade is made in the manner of northern modernism, it is stylized as a tower, on the walls of which there is an imitation of masonry, and the windows of the third floor have characteristic bevels in the upper part. The middle part, decorated with Corinthian pilasters and an ornamental stucco frieze and lined with snow-white ceramic tiles, is rather made in the style of classicism. The far right wing resembles the façade of an Art Nouveau mansion with two towers, one of which is crowned with an unusual helmet-shaped dome worn by Russian bogatyrs.
It is worth mentioning the biography of the architect of this building. Vitaly Semenovich Maslennikov was born in 1882 into a large family of a zemstvo teacher. From the age of 15, Vitaly gave lessons, worked as a draftsman. Later he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture and graduated in 1907 with a silver medal. Vitaly Semenovich was an active participant in the events of the 1905 revolution. Since 1908, after graduating from college, he worked as an assistant to the local architect; according to Maslennikov’s designs, several tenement houses in the Art Nouveau style were erected in Moscow, including the one that we now see in front of us. In 1909, Maslennikov went to Paris, where he studied architecture with Professor Cormonne, in 1913 he also visited several European countries, expanding his professional knowledge. After the revolution of 1917, in the 1920s, Maslennikova, together with his brother Boris Maslennikov, a famous Russian aviator who founded the first aviation school "Eagle" on Khodynka in 1911 and was recognized in 1923 as a "harmful social element", was exiled to Omsk. In 1932, the architect was transferred to Novosibirsk, to Sibmetallotrest, where he worked under supervision at the construction of the Sibkombain plant. In the same 1932, Vitaly Maslennikov became a teacher at the Siberian Construction Institute. Among the works of the architect, one can include his joint work on such well-known buildings in Novosibirsk as the House of Science and Culture and the so-called 100-apartment residential building on Krasny Prospekt, the project of which received the grand prix of the exhibition of arts and technology in Paris. The fate of Maslennikov's brother Boris, an aviator, was even more tragic: after being expelled from Moscow, he first worked as an instructor at Sibaviahim, then as head of the Dalstroy special laboratory, and in 1939 was convicted "for espionage in favor of Germany and anti-Soviet agitation" and sent to 8 years to Norilnag for corrective labor. The life of the Maslennikov brothers is perhaps one of the many examples of how talented people passionate about their profession, often completely innocent, were subjected to repression in the Soviet period.
Manor A.D. Ofrosimova / Residence of the Patriarch (Chisty Lane, 5).
Manor A.D. Ofrosimova
The mansion, which has long been known in Moscow as Ofrosimova's estate, was built back in the 18th century for its first owner, Captain Artemy Alekseevich Obukhov, by whose name Chisty Lane was called Obukhovsky or Obukhov before the revolution. This plot near Prechistenka passed to the noble family of the Ofrosimovs in 1796. In particular, since 1805, the owner of the estate was Major General, Chief Krieg Commissar Pavel Afanasyevich Ofrosimov, and after his death in 1817, his widow Anastasia Dmitrievna Ofrosimova, a well-known person in Moscow secular society, was repeatedly mentioned in the memoirs of her contemporaries.
Anastasia Dmitrievna was famous in the capital's beau monde for her intelligence, frankness, determination, tough character and waywardness, she was extremely popular in society. Ofrosimova was afraid not only of her own husband, whom, as she admitted not without pride, she had kidnapped from her father's house and brought to the crown, but also of many high-society persons - she could tell everyone everything she thought, listened to her opinion, craved her superior good will. According to P.A. Vyazemsky “For a long time in the old years, Ofrosimova was a governor in Moscow, she had strength and power in Moscow society,” and M.I. her face was stern, swarthy, with black eyes; in a word, the type under which children usually imagine a sorceress. There were many stories and anecdotes about Ofrosimova in Moscow and St. Petersburg. This colorful personality was immortalized in their works by two classics of Russian literature: in the comedy "Woe from Wit" Griboyedov brought her under the name of the old woman Khlestova, Famusov's sister-in-law, and L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" - Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, boldly scolding Pierre Bezukhov and Prince Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova, who frustrated her plan to run away with Anatole Kuragin. And although in these two works the authors represent the heroines, whose prototypes were Ofrosimova, in completely different ways - one emphasizes the negative eccentricity, arrogance and even ugliness in her, and the other evaluates her independence and soundness of thinking - in both heroines of these works of art the whole of Moscow unmistakably recognized A.D. Ofrosimov.
After the fire of Moscow in 1812, the Ofrosimovs' manor house was rebuilt by the architect F.K. Sokolov, who completed the project of the estate according to the plan typical for Storomoskovsky noble dwellings: the main house, located in the depths of the site, and two outbuildings on the sides of it. The estate was built in wood, all its buildings were built on mezzanines and decorated with porticos from the side of the street - Ionic at the main house and Tuscan at the outbuildings. In 1847, the main house was expanded by adding side brick risalits. After the reconstruction of the estate in 1878, the facade of the main building received the somewhat dry architectural design that exists today with eclectic elements, at the same time the internal redevelopment of the building was carried out and the interiors were changed, a glass lantern was arranged above the internal staircase leading to the mezzanine. In 1897, a forged fence with massive pylons and two entrance gates stretched along the lane line.
Manor A.D. Ofrosimova
In 1899, Maria Ivanovna Protopopova became the owner of the estate. According to the tradition of merchant families of that time, the household was registered in her name, although in fact it was acquired by her husband, a major Moscow businessman, banker and generous philanthropist Stepan Alekseevich Protopopov.
When the owners of the Protopopovs' estate, the left wing was rebuilt into a comfortable stone mansion, rented out to wealthy tenants. The Protopopovs themselves occupied the main manor house, and their daughter occupied the right wooden outbuilding. On the pediment of the facade of the main house, a magnificent monogram "MP" appeared, made up of the initials of the owner of the estate - Maria Protopopova.
In 1918, the estate was confiscated and used for housing and institutions. After the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Soviets and Germany in 1922, the estate in Obukhov Lane, then renamed Chisty, was given over to the residence of the German ambassador in Moscow. Interestingly, the last German ambassador who lived here was Count Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, known for telling the representatives of the Soviet authorities on May 5, 1941 the exact date of the Nazi Germany attack on the USSR, and a few years later he joined the German anti-Hitler opposition and was executed fascists in 1944.
With the outbreak of World War II, the former estate of Ofrosimova and the former residence of the German ambassador were subjected to thorough searches, sealed and empty until 1943, until it was transferred to the Moscow Patriarchate. Today, this estate houses the working residence of the patriarch, which, along with the residence in the Danilov Monastery and the Patriarch's chambers in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, is the representative office of Patriarch Kirill in Moscow. Now the monogram "MP" on the facade of the estate can rightly be read as "Moscow Patriarchate".
Prechistensky fire station and police station (Chisty per., 2/22).
Prechistensky fire station
Near the house where Isadora Duncan lived, at Prechistenka, 22, there was a fire station from the 19th century. The building in which it was located was built in 1764 according to the project of the architect Matvey Kazakov and originally belonged to Princess Khovanskaya, after 1812 it became the property of the relatives of the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General A.P. Yermolov, who lived in the neighboring 20th building. At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, the house was built on and acquired a classicist style, the facade of the building in the center was decorated with a monumental risalit, decorated with slender Corinthian half-columns and pilasters, resting on a rusticated arched plinth, the unraveled cornice of the risalit was in plastic harmony with alternating pairs of half-columns and pilasters.
In 1835, the mansion was bought by the treasury to accommodate the Moscow fire station, which was transferred from Volkhonka in connection with the start of construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior there. In addition to the fire station, the building also housed a police squad.
In the early 1840s, the fire station building was extended with an addition that doubled the length of its façade. In the new attached part, the technique of repeating the leading element of the old part of the building was used in the design, the same risalit was built here, symmetrical to the existing one with respect to the new center of the building, this gave the house a greater scale and representativeness. Also, a wooden fire tower was built above the center of the building (its construction was completed in 1843), which was a slender round tiered tower with an annular colonnade. Thanks to the high tower, the house of the fire station has acquired a leading role in the urban ensemble. The sentries surveyed the city from the watchtower and, in case of detection of signs of a fire, gave an alarm signal, and immediately a team of firefighters rushed in wagon trains or on a road to the scene.
Prechistensky fire station and police station. Snapshot from the 1900s
It is worth noting that the best horses have always been at the disposal of the Moscow fire departments. Moreover, each part kept horses of a certain color, for example, Tverskaya - yellow-piebald, Taganskaya - roan, and Arbatskaya - bay. To maintain an excellent "transport fund" of fire departments, there was even a custom to seize horses from street "reckless drivers" without a court order and give them to the use of firefighters. In addition, of course, the horses were carefully looked after. In the 60s of the XIX century, the Moscow police chief Ogarev personally came to the fire departments and, using his snow-white handkerchief, checked whether the horses were well cleaned. The first fire truck appeared in the Prechistensky fire station in 1908. It had a sliding staircase on top, however, it did not rise higher than the third floor, which is not enough by modern standards, but for that time such an innovation was simply a miracle. Leaving to extinguish the fire at the same time as the carts drawn by horses, the car almost immediately seriously outstripped them and arrived first, so the fireman and the fireman, the paramedic and some of the most desperate daredevil firefighters always left in the fire truck on alarm.
In 1915, to expand the fire station, an additional building was built along Chisty Lane, which repeated the design of the main facade along Prechistenka. The fire tower was dismantled in 1930 "as unnecessary."
Mosaic in the courtyard of the fire department on Prechistenka
Today, the building on Prechistenka 22 houses the Main Fire Department for the city of Moscow, and here, as they say, all Moscow telephone calls to 01 converge.
Estate of Denis Davydov (Prechistenka, 17/10).
Prechistensky Palace of Denis Davydov
Initially, this luxurious manor house in the Empire style belonged (since 1770) to the Bibikov nobles, one of whom, General-General Alexander Ilyich Bibikov, was the commander-in-chief of the troops to suppress the peasant uprising Emelyan Pugachev. A strong-willed and experienced military leader who strictly followed the instructions of Alexander Suvorov, he organized the matter in such a way that in a short time the hordes of rebels were forced to flee from Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg and Yekaterinburg, which they occupied. And later they managed to capture and execute Pugachev himself. By the way, the future owner of the Bibikov estate on Prechistenka, chief police chief of the Moscow police, Nikolai Petrovich Arkharov, also took part in the work on the investigation in this exceptional case.
Nikolai Petrovich Arkharov was a very interesting person. He earned himself the fame of a legendary detective, whose talent was heard even abroad, for example, the head of the Paris police was so in awe of Arkharov's abilities that he even sent him a laudatory letter once, in which he expressed his sincere respect. The surname "Arkharov" trembled the criminal community of Russia. Until now, the people use the expression “Arkharovtsy”, which is applied today to hooligans, robbers and desperate people in general, but few people know that this expression came from Nikolai Petrovich Arkharov with his rigid system of harsh and decisive measures to suppress crime and subordinate to him police regiment that kept the whole city in fear. Arkharov possessed exceptional analytical skills and powers of observation: with one glance at the suspect, he could accurately determine whether he was guilty or not. St. Petersburg was also aware of his amazing ability to quickly and accurately solve crimes, Catherine II herself turned to the Moscow chief police officer for help when one day her beloved icon of the Tolga Mother of God disappeared from the house church of the Winter Palace. Arkharov found the icon the very next day. Another time, Nikolai Petrovich, without leaving Moscow, uncovered the theft of silver items committed in St. Petersburg, he figured out that the criminals hid the silver in the most unpredictable place - in the basement next to the house of the capital chief of police - where no one would have lost it. did not search.
Nikolai Arkharov made a brilliant career as an official, not stopping at the post of chief police chief of Moscow. Subsequently, he was in the role first of the Moscow governor, and then of St. Petersburg.
By the way, next to Nikolai Petrovich, on the same Prechistenka, his brother Ivan Petrovich lived, in whose former palace the House of Scientists is now located, which we already mentioned earlier.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the estate on Prechistenka again passed to the Bibikovs. It is acquired by General G.P. Bibikov, who was reputed to be a great lover of music and arranged luxurious balls and concerts in it, gathering all the Moscow nobility and the largest representatives of Russian bohemia. For example, Alexander Pushkin and Natalya Goncharova, Count Fyodor Tolstoy (an American, as he was called), Prince Pyotr Vyazemsky and many others visited here. General Bibikov willingly introduced his serfs to art, for example, the famous Russian pianist, composer and conductor Daniil Nikitovich Kashin was none other than the serf musician Danilka from the Bibikov estate.
During the Moscow fire of 1812, the estate was seriously damaged, and Nikolai Petrovich undertakes to rebuild it. It was as a result of the restructuring undertaken by him that the mansion was built on with a mezzanine, included in the complex composition of the main entrance, and stucco decorations appeared on the sides of the facade of the building.
In 1835, Lieutenant General Denis Vasilyevich Davydov bought the house from Bibikov. This glorious hussar, partisan and poet was a native Muscovite, he was born in Moscow and spent his childhood and adolescence. His father, a wealthy landowner, foreman, who served under the command of Alexander Suvorov, Vasily Denisovich Davydov, owned a large house with a garden right here on Prechistenka (the house has not been preserved). Probably, precisely because his childhood passed here, Denis Davydov was drawn to Prechistenka, his own housing was always located on this street or nearby. After acquiring the estate, Denis Davydov, as was customary then in high society, started a doorman, valet and other servants in the mansion. In a letter to his friend Alexander Pushkin, he proudly reported that he now had "a huge stone house in Moscow, window to window with a fire station."
Everything, it seems, was systematically moving towards the fact that the dashing warrior, who retired, finally began to lead a measured life of a pensioner who deserved peace. However, it did not work for Davydov to become an honorary landlord, because it turned out that between the art of guerrilla combat and the ability to competently manage real estate, there are “huge distances,” as Griboedov’s Colonel Skalozub said. A year after the purchase of the estate, Denis Davydov was literally exhausted by the endless problems of maintaining and maintaining a huge household. It became clear to Davydov that he was no longer able to maintain such a gigantic mansion. In addition, the neighborhood with the fire department and the police turned out to be not at all a joy. From the tower of the fire station, the cries of the orderly and the ringing of the tocsin sounded every now and then, along the cobblestones of the pavement, under the cries and teams of the firemen, fire wagons rumbled endlessly, hurrying on alarm or on exercises, the police also did not lag behind in their zeal. What kind of peace is there!? It is not surprising that already in 1836 Davydov decided to sell the estate. To his friend Senator A.A. Bashilov, he composes a playful petition with a request to buy his estate on Prechistenka as the residence of the chief police chief of the city (especially since one had already lived in it before) “only” for 100 thousand rubles:
Nevertheless, in 1837, Davydov's estate on Prechistenka finally found its new owner, was sold, and Denis Vasilyevich moved to his estate in the Simbirsk province and since then has been in Moscow only on short visits.
Later, the former estate of Denis Davydov repeatedly changed owners. Here lived the famous Moscow doctor Illarion Ivanovich Dubrovo, an intern at the Moscow military hospital, who gave his life saving one of the patients. Anton Chekhov, admiring the act of Dubrovo, made him the prototype of his character - Dr. Osip Dymov from the story "The Jumper".
Before the revolution, the famous women's gymnasium of Sofia Aleksandrovna Arsenyeva was located in the estate. At the same time, the no less famous men's gymnasium of Lev Ivanovich Polivanov was located in the Okhotnikovs' estate at 32 Prechistenka. Both educational institutions were respected and popular, and if parents sent their sons to the Polivanov gymnasium, then their daughters almost always studied with Arsenyeva, and vice versa.
In Soviet times, the mansion of the Davydov estate was occupied by officials of the district committee of the Communist Party. Today, the building houses some solid commercial organization.
Profitable house S.F. Kulagina / House from the "Heart of a Dog" (Prechistenka, 24).
House of Professor Preobrazhensky, or Kalabukhov House
Profitable house S.F. Kulagina is now known more as the house from the story "Heart of a Dog", it was in it that the main events of this wonderful work took place. The building was built in 1904. Architect - S.F. Kulagin. The owner of the house is Pavlovskaya Ekaterina Sergeevna. At the beginning of the 20th century, the uncle of the writer M. Bulgakov, the famous gynecologist N.M. Pokrovsky, lived in this house, he served as the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky. In the story "Heart of a Dog" this house appears as the house of Professor Preobrazhensky, or "Kalabukhov House". Here, in this house, the newly appeared citizen Sharikov claimed the rightful "16 square arshins" of the professor's apartment.
Profitable house of I. P. Isakov (Prechistenka, 28).
Profitable house I.P. Isakov
House number 28 on Prechistenka Street was built in 1904-1906 in the Art Nouveau style by one of the largest architects of the new architectural trend, Lev Kekushev. The house was built as a profitable, intended for wealthy tenants. Immediately after the completion of construction, the building was acquired by the St. Petersburg merchant I.P. Isakov.
Isakov's profitable house on Prechistenka, along with Mindovsky's mansion on Povarskaya, can be attributed to the most striking examples of Moscow Art Nouveau. This house at first sight causes many pleasant impressions. It is very conspicuous against the background of other mansions located on Prechistenka and characterizes the transition from the world of "noble nests", built in the traditional manner of classicism for that era, to the world of mansions and profitable houses of industrial and financial "oligarchs" of the late XIX - early XX centuries. , which are already being built in the new fashion trends of pampered languid and whimsical modern.
Profitable house I.P. Isakov. Decor elements
A distinctive feature of the architecture of the house can be called the asymmetry of the building plan, due to the configuration of the site: the back of the building, overlooking the courtyard, has 6 floors, and the front, overlooking the street, has 5. Of course, the decor of the building, made at a high artistic level, also stands out. There is a huge number of both small and large decoration elements: graceful drawings of bindings of various shapes and sizes of windows, light and airy openwork forging of balcony lattices, bay windows protruding along the edges of the building, a large dormer window in the center, under the bend of a strongly protruding cornice, stucco lace mesh frieze of the upper floor, sculptural images of two female figures with a torch and a book in their hands - allegories of knowledge and enlightenment. The decor of the house is distributed in such a way that it becomes richer with each floor, reaching a peak at the top. By the way, the original wavy shape of the cornice was also emphasized by a statue that has not survived to our time, standing on the roof. In decorating the building, the architect used the main techniques of Art Nouveau, combining them with neo-baroque decor, which is typical for the French version of Art Nouveau - Art Nouveau.
Palace of the Dolgorukovs (Prechistenka, 19).
Dolgorukov Palace on Prechistenka
The Dolgoruky (Dolgorukiy) Palace can be called one of the most beautiful buildings in Moscow of the classicism era. Its construction began in 1788, the famous architect Matvey Kazakov was building this luxurious mansion for the owner of the estate - a prominent military and political figure under Catherine II, general-in-chief and senator M.N. Krechetnikov. And since 1795, the princes Dolgorukovs acquired the mansion and owned it for more than half a century.
In 1863, the Dolgoruky mansion was rented by the Alexander-Mariinsky School for Girls, based on the funds of the wife of General P.A. Chertov, commandant of Paris in 1814, cavalry lady V.E. Devil's and subsequently transformed into the Alexander-Mariinsky Institute for Noble Maidens.
In 1868 the estate was purchased by V.E. Chertovoy and became the full property of the Institute.
After the revolution of 1917, the buildings of the former estate of the Dolgorukovs were occupied by numerous institutions of the Military Department. By the period of perestroika, the Dolgorukov Palace, given over to state organizations, fell into a fairly neglected state. Only in 1998, the architectural ensemble "Dom Dolgorukov" - "Alexander-Mariinsky Institute" was finally restored under the leadership of the President of the Russian Academy of Arts Zurab Tsereteli. In 2001, the Exhibition Complex of the Zurab Tsereteli Art Gallery was opened in it.
House I.A. Morozova / Russian Academy of Arts (Prechistenka, 21).
House-gallery of I.A. Morozova
The famous philanthropist and collector, a representative of the dynasty of Russian industrialists Ivan Morozov acquired the estate at Prechistenka, 21 at the end of the 19th century. Having moved from Tver, where he was engaged in family business, to Moscow, he bought the old noble estate on Prechistenka from the widow of his uncle David Abramovich Morozov and gradually begins to join secular life and the world of fine art, which will soon become Ivan Morozov's main passion in life. Meanwhile, he does not leave without attention both business and social work. Interest in art arose from Ivan Abramovich, most likely under the influence of his brother Mikhail and his entourage, which consisted mainly of actors, writers, and artists. Following his brother, Ivan joins the collecting of paintings. His passion for painting begins with the paintings of Russian landscape painters and gradually, in the course of the formation of his own taste, passes to Western European authors, in particular, to French artists. He decides to place the growing collection in his mansion on Prechistenka, for which in 1905 he begins the restructuring of the entire building, hiring the then fashionable architect Lev Kekushev for these works, who, at the request of the customer, turns the rooms of the mansion into spacious exhibition halls. Since that time, Ivan Morozov's passion for collecting art has acquired definiteness and direction, and with even greater enthusiasm he begins to systematically replenish his collection. According to contemporaries, the flow of paintings sent from Europe to the mansion on Prechistenka was truly fantastic in terms of its volume. After 1914, the Morozov collection of paintings consisted of more than 250 works of the latest French fine art. Morozov was the owner of a whole series of paintings by Van Gogh, the best works of Renoir, about two dozen paintings by Cezanne. The work of Russian masters in the Morozov collection was represented by more than a hundred works by Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Vrubel, Valentin Serov, Konstantin Korovin, Boris Kustodiev and other artists. Ivan Abramovich spends colossal sums on his hobby, he could afford such luxury and scale thanks to the income brought by the Morozov manufactory in Tver. Morozov was remembered by the Western community of collectors, collectors and connoisseurs of painting as "a Russian who does not bargain."
Ivan Morozov planned to bequeath his enthusiastically replenished collection to the state. The revolution somewhat corrected these plans. The Tver manufactory of the Morozovs was nationalized, the mansion on Prechistenka and the collection of paintings from Ivan Abramovich were simply confiscated. The gallery organized by him in his own house is renamed the "2nd Museum of New Western Painting", and he himself, now the former owner of this treasury of fine arts, is appointed, as if in mockery, deputy curator of his own collection. For several months he holds this position, leading visitors around the museum, and lives with his family in three rooms allocated to them on the ground floor of their former manor house. In the spring of 1919, Morozov and his family emigrated from Russia to Europe. In 1921, Ivan Abramovich dies of acute heart failure.
His collection has been preserved, although it has undergone a series of perturbations, as a result of which some truly priceless paintings were sold to Western collectors, and some were almost completely destroyed. Now the canvases collected by Morozov are included in the funds of the Hermitage and the Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin. His house on Prechistenka today houses the Russian Academy of Arts.
Manor P.Ya. Okhotnikova (Prechistenka, 32).
Manor P.Ya. Okhotnikova
The so-called Okhotnikov's estate, built on the verge of the 18th-19th centuries, then, after the fire of 1812, reconstructed. Initially, this place was the wooden manor of the Talyzins. In 1808, the officer and nobleman Pavel Yakovlevich Okhotnikov, who wished to move to live in Moscow, purchased the estate from the wife of Lieutenant General Talyzin and even began to rebuild it, but, probably, fortunately, he did not do much. Fortunately, because in 1812 there was a general fire in Moscow, which did not spare the houses on Prechistenka, including the estate acquired by Okhotnikov.
In 1816, Okhotnikov decided to restore the burnt-out estate and rebuild it already in stone. As a result of his decision, a large three-story house was built, the main facade of which stretched along the street for more than 70 meters. According to some reports, the famous architect F.K. Sokolov was the author of the project for the new manor house, although this is not known for certain, because documents that have survived to this day only say that the builder of the house was a certain peasant Leshkin, with whom Okhotnikov signed a contract for construction work. Despite the solid length of the house, it is successfully divided into parts from the point of view of composition with the allocation of the central eight-column portico of the Doric order, taken out to the second floor of the building by placing its columns on the pylons of the first floor and ending with a beautiful pediment. The design of the columns of the portico stands out in particular: flutes - vertical grooves on the trunks of the columns - reach only half of their height, while the top of the columns is left smooth. This interpretation of the columns is unusual for Moscow architecture and has no analogues. And in general, the building, taking into account the excellent proportions of the facade and unusual interiors, can be attributed to the most interesting buildings of late Moscow classicism.
After the death of Pavel Yakovlevich Okhotnikov in 1841, the estate passed from the property of his heirs. However, the abolition of serfdom in 1861 did not allow Okhotnikov's relatives to live on their former scale, they were no longer able to maintain such a large house and were forced to rent it out, and later sell it altogether.
In 1879, the estate passed into the possession of the merchants Pegov. They owned it until 1915, when the estate was bought from them by a wealthy timber merchant V.I. Firsanov. But not the owners glorified this house, but the tenants. In 1868, the private men's gymnasium of the outstanding teacher L.I. Polivanov was located in the rented estate, and many famous people became its graduates. For example, it was completed by the sons of Tolstoy L.N. and Ostrovsky A.N., famous future poets Valery Bryusov, Konstantin Balmont and Andrei Bely, philosopher Vladimir Solovyov and many other famous people. Before the revolution, this gymnasium was considered the best male gymnasium in Moscow. Now in the building of the former gymnasium there are children's schools: art and music.
If you go into the courtyard of the Okhotnikov estate, you can unexpectedly find yourself in an amazing, truly old Moscow space that has nothing to do with the noisy life of a modern metropolis.
Manor P.Ya. Okhotnikov. Backyard
The courtyard is enclosed by two exceptionally picturesque semicircular two-story buildings, forming the so-called circumference, their upper floors are built in wood, and the lower ones are open arcades on white stone columns. These are the former stables of the estate. The wide openings of the arches in the lower floor are needed just to get inside the sledges and carriages. A nondescript two-story house nestled between the stables, in which it is now almost impossible to recognize the former house church of the estate. Such small churches on the territory of their estates were often built for themselves by wealthy citizens.
Manor of the Samsonov-Golubevs (Prechistenka, 35).
Manor of the Samsonov-Golubevs
The wooden house of the Samsonov-Golubev estate was built in 1813-1817. This is one of the few surviving wooden buildings of old Moscow. The house is built on a stone foundation - a semi-basement - and carefully plastered, so you can’t immediately say that the mansion is wooden. The decoration of the mansion is a magnificent stucco molding and six slender Corinthian columns that support a stucco ornamental frieze under the pediment of the building. The ensemble of the manor house is complemented by a stone wing on the left, built in 1836, and an entrance gate, the right wing of the manor, unfortunately, has been lost.
Profitable house of A.K. Giraud. (Prechistenka, 39/22).
Profitable house of A.K. Giraud
Profitable house, owned by A. K. Giro, built in 1892-1913. Andrei Klavdievich Zhiraud, the son of a merchant of French origin, famous throughout Moscow, Claudius Osipovich Zhiraud, the founder of one of the largest silk factories in Russia, followed in his father's footsteps, like his other two brothers, and was also a textile manufacturer, co-owner of his father's silk factory in Khamovniki, nationalized after the revolution and called the "Red Rose".
The profitable house on Prechistenka was built in two stages. The first stage - along Prechistenka - was built according to the project of the architect A.A. Ostrogradsky in 1892, the second stage - along Zubovsky Boulevard - according to the project of I.S. Kuznetsov in 1913. The facade of the house overlooking Prechistenka is eclectically decorated with stucco and sculptures. The sculptural composition of the aedicula above the entrance to the building stands out especially: under its pediment, leaning on the arched vault, two warriors lie - Hercules and Odysseus.
Profitable house of A.K. Giraud. Decor element - aedicula above the entrance
Profitable house of A.K. Giraud. Hercules and Odysseus
At the end of the 19th century, Mikhail Vrubel rented an apartment with Giraud, who worked here on his painting The Swan Princess, one of his most epic creations, as well as on the no less famous bright-eyed Pan. Rimsky-Korsakov often visited Vrubel in this house, working on Moscow productions of the operas The Tale of Tsar Saltan and The Tsar's Bride, the main roles in which were intended for the singer Nadezhda Zabela, Vrubel's wife.
Big changes await Prechistenka: landscaping has begun here under the My Street program. Sidewalks will become more spacious, in the square near the monument to V.I. Surikov will be planted more trees, a garden will be created in the yard of the endocrinological dispensary, and near the art school named after V.A. Serov will break a flower garden. Navigation plates with information about ancient estates will be mounted in the pavement.
The road to the monastery and the prestigious area
In the 16th century, the future Prechistenka was part of the road from the Kremlin to the Novodevichy Convent. But then the street was called Chertolskaya - from the Chertolye stream (Chertory, Chertorie), which flowed in this area. Moreover, it began at the Borovitsky Gates of the Kremlin and only at the beginning of the 19th century was divided into two parts - Prechistenka and Lenivka (Volkhonka).
Urban development along the street began to take shape in the last third of the 16th century, after Ivan the Terrible included this territory in the oprichnina. Prechistenka received its modern name in 1658 by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. He often traveled to the Novodevichy Convent and decided that Chertolskaya was an inappropriate name for the street leading to the monastery. The Quietest ordered to rename the street in honor of the icon of the Most Pure Mother of God of Smolensk, which was kept in the monastery.
Over time, Prechistenka became popular with the nobility. Here, for example, the courtyards of the Vsevolozhskys, Lopukhins and Khrushchevs were located. The names of these eminent homeowners are preserved in the names of lanes adjacent to Prechistenka.
The street was badly damaged by fire in 1812. “There are barely five houses on Prechistenka,” a contemporary wrote after the departure of the French. But the nobles quickly restored their possessions. In the writer Mikhail Zagoskin we find the following assessment of the renovated street: "... Beautiful Prechistenskaya street, in which several huge stone houses would not have spoiled the Palace Embankment of St. Petersburg ...".
In 1921, the street was renamed again, this time to Kropotkinskaya - in honor of the famous anarchist revolutionary. The previous name - Prechistenka - was returned in 1994.
Pearls of Prechistenka
white chambers
At the beginning of the street are the White Chambers of the late 17th century. Initially, the owner of the house was Prince Prozorovsky, who was in charge of the Arms Order. In the 18th century, the chambers were rebuilt twice. At the end of the 19th century, a tavern was opened in them. Later, the building was adapted for a cinema, and then - for a residential building. In 1972, US President Richard Nixon was supposed to come to Moscow. Thorough preparations were made for this visit: in the center of Moscow, many dilapidated buildings were demolished. The White Chambers were also almost leveled to the ground, but the architects-restorers intervened just in time. Under all the superstructures, they found an ancient foundation and defended the building. Soon the reconstruction of the architectural monument began, which lasted until 1995.
18th century manor
House 8, located opposite the White Chambers, is an 18th-century city estate. But at the heart of the building are the chambers of an earlier period. In the middle of the 18th century, Lieutenant General Yakov Protasov, a participant in the Seven Years' War, became the owner of the site. He completed the chambers, giving the building a U-shape. In 1794 the estate passed to Princess Volkonskaya. Then the house changed several more owners, the last of which were the Istomins. They redesigned the main façade according to the design of architect Konstantin Busse.
Profitable house Kostyakova
The five-story building at the corner of Prechistenka and Vsevolozhsky Lane was built in 1910. It is made in the neoclassical style and is decorated with sculptural panels on antique themes at the level of the second floor. The owner of the house, a well-known philanthropist merchant Evdokia Kostyakova, used it as a profitable one. The pianist and composer Alexander Goldenweiser lived here, who visited the composers Sergei Taneyev and Sergei Rachmaninov. And a frequent guest of another tenant - the artist Boris Shaposhnikov was Mikhail Bulgakov.
By the way, it was near house 9 that the protagonist of The Heart of a Dog, Professor Preobrazhensky, saw Sharik. During the events described in the story, on the lower floor of the building there was a store of Tsentrokhoz, from which Philip Philipovich came out before he met a chilled hungry dog. Now building 9 houses the Central Energy Customs.
House of General Orlov
House 10 is based on vaulted chambers from the end of the 17th century. Pilasters and a plinth made of white stone appeared in the 18th century. The building acquired its present appearance in the second half of the 19th century. The platbands, door frames and the balcony of the second floor were made in the spirit of classical eclecticism, capitals, a Corinthian order pilaster and an openwork lattice over the roof eaves were added.
In 1834–1842, the Decembrist Mikhail Orlov was the owner of the estate. After his death, some of the rooms began to be rented out. One of the guests was the artist Isaac Levitan. He used the room both as a dwelling and as a workshop. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a frequent guest of Levitan. At the beginning of the 20th century, a major collector of paintings and porcelain, haberdasher Moritz Philipp, became the owner of the house. The tutor of his son Walter was Boris Pasternak. The writer moved to house 10 in 1915, but did not live here for long. On May 28, 1915, the pogroms of shops and houses belonging to the Germans began. Apparently, Philip was also mistaken for a German citizen: his house was seriously damaged. Pasternak wrote that he had lost books and manuscripts during the pogrom. After these events, Moritz Philipp and his family rented an apartment in Sheremetevsky (now Romanov) Lane, Boris Pasternak moved with them. After 1917, the mansion was occupied by various public organizations.
Khrushchev-Seleznev Estate
At number 12 on Prechistenka is one of the most beautiful houses in Moscow - the Khrushchev-Seleznev estate. The ensemble, designed by the architect Afanasy Grigoriev, is an excellent example of Empire residential development. The basement, residential outbuilding and old chambers of the beginning of the 18th century, which survived the fire of 1812, became the basis for the estate. In 1814, the remnants of the ruined estate were purchased by retired ensign Alexander Khrushchev and began to rebuild the building. A few years later, on the site of the burnt house, a mansion flaunted, surrounded by numerous outbuildings and a small garden.
In the mid-1840s, the tea merchants Rudakovs bought the estate, and in 1860 it passed to the retired staff captain Dmitry Seleznev. At the beginning of the 20th century, his daughter gave the house to the Moscow nobility to set up a children's orphanage school. Since 1961, the museum of A.S. Pushkin.
Profitable house Rekka
The six-story tenement house at the corner of Prechistenka and Lopukhinsky Lane was built by order of the banker and businessman Yakov Rekka. The author of the project was the architect Gustav Gelrich. The corner of the building was accentuated with a semicircular bay window. Above it was a tower with a clock, decorated with bas-reliefs and sculptures. The building dominated the surrounding two- and three-story buildings. The house was considered elite: it had elevators, sewerage, plumbing and bathrooms. In 1911, renting an apartment here cost 1,200 - 3,000 rubles a year.
Two apartments on the top floor were occupied by Alexander Faberge, a relative of the famous jeweler. He was a legal adviser to the Faberge firm. During the revolution, Alexander hastily left Russia, leaving all his property behind. Both apartments were converted into communal apartments. They housed Moscow artists, in particular members of the Jack of Diamonds group. The new tenants were sure that the apartment could be hidden jewelry left by the previous owner. According to some reports, one of the caches of silver was actually discovered during the renovation of the house in the 1980s. Then the seventh technical floor appeared near the building, and the corner tower entered the superstructure and actually ceased to exist. In 2011, the house underwent a major renovation.
Yermolov's house
At the heart of the house at number 20 on Prechistenka is a mansion of the late 18th century. It was built for the famous doctor Christian Loder, known for his unusual method of treating ailments. He "walked" his patients in the fresh air, played music and gave them mineral water from crystal glasses. For this, both the doctor and his patients were called "loafers."
A fire in 1812 destroyed the building, and after the war, a two-story mansion appeared in its place with a strict classical facade characteristic of Moscow buildings. The mistress of the house during this period was Countess Orlova. Every Muscovite knew about the fool "Matryoshka" who lived in the Orlovs' house. In the warm season, rouged and dressed in old countess dresses, she sat by the garden railing, talking to passers-by and blowing kisses to them.
In 1851, the house passed to the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Alexei Yermolov. After him, the estate belonged to the manufacturer Vladimir Konshin, and since 1900 - to the entrepreneur and millionaire Alexei Ushkov, who owned a large tea company with representative offices around the world.
From 1921-1924, the building housed Isadora Duncan's choreographic studio. She not only worked, but also lived in an old mansion. Here, after marrying a dancer, Sergei Yesenin settled.
House of Prince Dolgorukov
The property at the corner of Prechistenka and Sechenovsky pereulok has a complex shape, since its formation took place over a long period of time, it united smaller plots. The house of Prince Andrei Dolgorukov at number 19 was built in the 1780s. Initially, the central part of the building, crowned with a belvedere with a dome (burnt down in 1812), was connected to the side wings by column galleries on the arcades. This was a unique architectural solution for Moscow. Subsequently, through arches were laid. In the 1860s, the house was occupied by the Alexander-Mariinsky Women's School, founded by General Chertova. In 1921, part of the Military Academy of the Red Army moved into the building. Now the mansion houses the Zurab Tsereteli Art Gallery.
Gymnasium Polivanova
The estate at 32/1 Prechistenka was rebuilt after a fire in 1812. It turned out to be a very impressive building, almost a palace. The street facade of the main house was decorated with an eight-column portico. Arched passages led into the courtyard. Outbuildings, stables, a carriage house and a house church are located on the territory. When Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" was staged at the Maly Theater, the interiors of this estate were taken as a model when creating the scenery. Cornet Pavel Okhotnikov owned the house of the guard.
In 1879, the house passed to hereditary honorary citizens merchants Pegov. They remained the owners until 1915. In 1882, the building was rented for the Polivanov gymnasium.
“In the seventies of the last century, two outstanding teachers of that time - Sofya Alexandrovna Arsenyeva and Lev Ivanovich Polivanov, established two gymnasiums in Moscow, in the Prechistenka area: Arsenyevskaya and Polivanovskaya. The connection between these schools was the closest; if the sons studied with Polivanov, the daughters were given to Arsenyeva. In most cases, the teaching was common, almost all the students knew each other, and, starting from the sixth grade, youthful romances arose between them. There were cases of forwarding notes in the coat pockets of the mathematician A.A. Ignatov, who, moving from lesson to lesson, did not suspect that he was playing the role of a carrier pigeon. (From the memoirs of T.A. Aksakova)
Many famous people graduated from the Polivanov Gymnasium, among them Vladimir Solovyov, Valery Bryusov, Andrei Bely, Maximilian Voloshin, Alexander Golovin and Alexander Alekhin. The sons of Leo Tolstoy studied here. Contemporaries said that he came to the gymnasium and argued with teachers about Russian literature.
In 1915, the house passed to the wealthy businesswoman Vera Firsanova. In 1921, the State Academy of Artistic Sciences was located in the old manor. Now the building is occupied by children's art school No. 1 and children's music school No. 11 named after V. I. Muradeli. Polivanov's evenings are held here on Prechistenka.
This estate on Prechistenka was rebuilt, or rather, rebuilt in the classical style shortly after the fire of 1812, on the site of the burnt old estate of the Talyzins. All new buildings were made of stone. The main T-shaped house, which stands along the red line of Prechistenka, was built from 1817 to 1820; According to some information, the author of the project is the famous architect FK Sokolov, one of those who restored Moscow. The manor for the new owner, guard cornet Pavel Yakovlevich Okhotnikov, turned out to be majestic, almost a palace. The street facade of the main house was decorated with an eight-column portico placed on a plinth and crowned with a stuccoed pediment. Arched passages on the sides of the house into the courtyard, outbuildings, palace services in the courtyard (stables, carriage house), house church ... Suffice it to say that when Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" was staged at the Maly Theater, and it was the interiors of the house along Prechistenka that formed the basis of the scenery created by the famous Yevgeny Lansere.
In 1879, the estate passed to hereditary honorary citizens merchants Pegov. They owned it until 1915 (according to some sources, until the revolution). And in 1882, this building was rented for the Polivanov gymnasium, established in 1868.
“In the seventies of the last century, two outstanding teachers of that time - Sofya Aleksandrovna Arsenyeva and Lev Ivanovich Polivanov - established two gymnasiums in Moscow in the Prechistenka area: Arsenyevskaya and Polivanovskaya. The connection between these schools was the closest; if the sons studied with Polivanov, the daughters were given to Arsenyeva. Teaching was in most cases common, almost all students knew each other and, starting from the 6th grade, youthful romances arose between them. There were cases of forwarding notes in the coat pockets of the mathematician A.A. Ignatov, who, moving from lesson to lesson, did not suspect that he was playing the role of a carrier pigeon. (From the memoirs of T.A. Aksakova).
Lev Ivanovich Polivanov founded the men's gymnasium together with colleagues from the 4th gymnasium, where he taught Russian literature, at the age of 30. At 37, he retired and devoted himself entirely to the gymnasium. By the way, the teachers of this particular gymnasium became famous for their new curricula, it was here that teachers worked for 20 or more years. The tuition fee was high: according to the memoirs of a former pupil V.K. Ikov, 180 rubles a year in the lower grades, 250 in the older ones (against 50 rubles in state institutions). Naturally, the children of eminent and wealthy parents, mostly of the nobility, studied at a private gymnasium. But, having received an enviable education, the children of wealthy parents did not turn into thoughtless playboys. On the contrary, the graduates of the Polivanov Gymnasium were known all over Russia and - even - all over the world!
The gymnasium occupied the main, three-story building. Due to the educational institution located in the mansion, the premises of the second floor, where the classes were located, were rescheduled. At the same time, an openwork cast-iron staircase was built in, which adorned the main entrance. The lower floor was occupied by a dressing room, office and utility rooms and classrooms. On the second floor there was Polivanov's apartment, the main classrooms, a two-height recreational hall with marble columns, behind which gymnastic equipment and a teacher's room were placed. On the third floor there were dormitories, a dining room for boarders and two study rooms, where students of grades 1-3 studied. During the big break, they were all taken down to the common room, where they spent time under the supervision of the senior warden. Each lesson lasted 50 minutes, then a ten-minute break, and at 12 o'clock a big, hour-long break was announced. There was no compulsory uniform in the gymnasium, and there was no need to “make” a prayer in the common hall. How Polivanov managed to allow such liberties is not clear.
Many famous people came out of the walls of the Polivanovskaya gymnasium, among them writers, philosophers and poets - Vladimir Solovyov, Valery Bryusov, (who devoted a whole chapter of his memoirs to the gymnasium), artist Alexander Golovin, world chess champion Alexander Alekhin. Leo Tolstoy also sent his sons to study here. They said that he came to the gymnasium and argued in the corridors with teachers about Russian literature.
After the death of Lev Ivanovich Polivanov in 1899, the educational institution was headed by his son, Ivan Lvovich.
In 1915, the house was transferred to the wealthy timber merchant V.I. Firsanova. With her, it was rebuilt according to the project of the architect A.I. Tamanyan, who remodels the interiors of the second floor and facades. Arched passages to the courtyard were laid even earlier - somewhere at the end of the 19th century. A concert hall (former recreational) is being built again: a stage in the form of a Greek portico, caryatids between the windows of the second floor (the paintings are by artists A.E. Yakovlev and V.I. Shukhaev). The stone fence, of which half of the gate is now preserved, was also erected by Tamanyan.
In 1921, the State Academy of Artistic Sciences (GAKhN) was located in the old manor. And since the end of 1924, the building on Prechistenka has already been quite firmly associated with the name of Mikhail Bulgakov.
Mikhail Afanasyevich was familiar with many employees of the State Academy of Arts, which became a kind of last stronghold of the Russian intelligentsia. Philologist Nikolai Lyamin (head of the theoretical poetics office), philosopher and literary critic Pavel Popov, historian Alexander Gabrichevsky, artist of the Jack of Diamonds group Boris Shaposhnikov, to whom St. other famous people.
Very interesting are two exceptionally picturesque semicircular, two-story buildings, the upper floors of which are wooden, and the bottom is an open arcade on white stone columns in the courtyard. These are former stables built on in the 1930s and adapted for housing.
In 1963 the main house was restored. It was supposed to house an art book store and an art salon. Now the house on Prechistenka houses the Children's Art School No. 1 and the Children's Music School No. 11 named after. IN AND. Muradeli. The school hosts Polivanov's Evenings on Prechistenka.
This estate on Prechistenka was rebuilt, or rather, rebuilt in the classical style shortly after the fire of 1812, on the site of the burnt old estate of the Talyzins. All new buildings were made of stone. The main T-shaped house, which stands along the red line of Prechistenka, was built from 1817 to 1820; According to some information, the author of the project is the famous architect FK Sokolov, one of those who restored Moscow. The manor for the new owner, guard cornet Pavel Yakovlevich Okhotnikov, turned out to be majestic, almost a palace. The street facade of the main house was decorated with an eight-column portico placed on a plinth and crowned with a stuccoed pediment. Arched passages on the sides of the house into the courtyard, outbuildings, palace services in the courtyard (stables, carriage house), house church ... Suffice it to say that when Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" was staged at the Maly Theater, and it was the interiors of the house along Prechistenka that formed the basis of the scenery created by the famous Yevgeny Lansere.
In 1879, the estate passed to hereditary honorary citizens merchants Pegov. They owned it until 1915 (according to some sources, until the revolution). And in 1882, this building was rented for the Polivanov gymnasium, established in 1868.
“In the seventies of the last century, two outstanding teachers of that time - Sofya Aleksandrovna Arsenyeva and Lev Ivanovich Polivanov - established two gymnasiums in Moscow in the Prechistenka area: Arsenyevskaya and Polivanovskaya. The connection between these schools was the closest; if the sons studied with Polivanov, the daughters were given to Arsenyeva. Teaching was in most cases common, almost all students knew each other and, starting from the 6th grade, youthful romances arose between them. There were cases of forwarding notes in the coat pockets of the mathematician A.A. Ignatov, who, moving from lesson to lesson, did not suspect that he was playing the role of a carrier pigeon. (From the memoirs of T.A. Aksakova).
Lev Ivanovich Polivanov founded the men's gymnasium together with colleagues from the 4th gymnasium, where he taught Russian literature, at the age of 30. At 37, he retired and devoted himself entirely to the gymnasium. By the way, the teachers of this particular gymnasium became famous for their new curricula, it was here that teachers worked for 20 or more years. The tuition fee was high: according to the memoirs of a former pupil V.K. Ikov, 180 rubles a year in the lower grades, 250 in the older ones (against 50 rubles in state institutions). Naturally, the children of eminent and wealthy parents, mostly of the nobility, studied at a private gymnasium. But, having received an enviable education, the children of wealthy parents did not turn into thoughtless playboys. On the contrary, the graduates of the Polivanov Gymnasium were known all over Russia and - even - all over the world!
The gymnasium occupied the main, three-story building. Due to the educational institution located in the mansion, the premises of the second floor, where the classes were located, were rescheduled. At the same time, an openwork cast-iron staircase was built in, which adorned the main entrance. The lower floor was occupied by a dressing room, office and utility rooms and classrooms. On the second floor there was Polivanov's apartment, the main classrooms, a two-height recreational hall with marble columns, behind which gymnastic equipment and a teacher's room were placed. On the third floor there were dormitories, a dining room for boarders and two study rooms, where students of grades 1-3 studied. During the big break, they were all taken down to the common room, where they spent time under the supervision of the senior warden. Each lesson lasted 50 minutes, then a ten-minute break, and at 12 o'clock a big, hour-long break was announced. There was no compulsory uniform in the gymnasium, and there was no need to “make” a prayer in the common hall. How Polivanov managed to allow such liberties is not clear.
Many famous people came out of the walls of the Polivanovskaya gymnasium, among them writers, philosophers and poets - Vladimir Solovyov, Valery Bryusov, (who devoted a whole chapter of his memoirs to the gymnasium), artist Alexander Golovin, world chess champion Alexander Alekhin. Leo Tolstoy also sent his sons to study here. They said that he came to the gymnasium and argued in the corridors with teachers about Russian literature.
After the death of Lev Ivanovich Polivanov in 1899, the educational institution was headed by his son, Ivan Lvovich.
In 1915, the house was transferred to the wealthy timber merchant V.I. Firsanova. With her, it was rebuilt according to the project of the architect A.I. Tamanyan, who remodels the interiors of the second floor and facades. Arched passages to the courtyard were laid even earlier - somewhere at the end of the 19th century. A concert hall (former recreational) is being built again: a stage in the form of a Greek portico, caryatids between the windows of the second floor (the paintings are by artists A.E. Yakovlev and V.I. Shukhaev). The stone fence, of which half of the gate is now preserved, was also erected by Tamanyan.
In 1921, the State Academy of Artistic Sciences (GAKhN) was located in the old manor. And since the end of 1924, the building on Prechistenka has already been quite firmly associated with the name of Mikhail Bulgakov.
Mikhail Afanasyevich was familiar with many employees of the State Academy of Arts, which became a kind of last stronghold of the Russian intelligentsia. Philologist Nikolai Lyamin (head of the theoretical poetics office), philosopher and literary critic Pavel Popov, historian Alexander Gabrichevsky, artist of the Jack of Diamonds group Boris Shaposhnikov, to whom St. other famous people.
Very interesting are two exceptionally picturesque semicircular, two-story buildings, the upper floors of which are wooden, and the bottom is an open arcade on white stone columns in the courtyard. These are former stables built on in the 1930s and adapted for housing.
In 1963 the main house was restored. It was supposed to house an art book store and an art salon. Now the house on Prechistenka houses the Children's Art School No. 1 and the Children's Music School No. 11 named after. IN AND. Muradeli. The school hosts Polivanov's Evenings on Prechistenka.