What is the name of the city founded by Peter 1. The city will be founded here. Sestroretsk, Leningrad Region

The city is located at the mouth of the river. Neva, on Hare Island, May 16, 1703 by Peter I - after a series of victories in the Northern War with Sweden (1700-1721) for access to the Baltic Sea. “From now on, we will threaten the Swede. Here the city will be founded To spite the arrogant neighbor. Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe” (Pushkin).

"From here we will threaten the Swedes"

“After the capture of Kanets, a military council was sent, whether to fix the trench or another place it is more convenient to look for (it is small, far from the sea and the place is not much strong from nature, in which it is supposed to look for a new place), and in a few days a convenient place was found for that - the island, which was called Lust-Elant, where on the 16th day of the Maya the fortress was founded and named St. Petersburg, where part of the army was left ... ".

IMPERIAL CAPITAL

On May 1, 1703, Russian troops during the fighting of the Northern War took the Swedish fortress Nyenschanz (at the confluence of the Okhta River into the Neva). The military council headed by decided that this fortress was not suitable for further strengthening: Nienschanz "is not much strong by nature," as the king himself said. In addition, Nienschanz was quite far from the sea, and the Swedes had the opportunity to gain a foothold on one of the islands of the Neva delta. The Russians would then still be cut off from the sea.

Having independently examined the islands of the delta, Peter found exactly what he needed: Hare Island, located at the fork of the Neva into two branches, not far from the sea. From all sides, the island was washed by water, which would have become a natural barrier in the event of its assault. From the island it was possible to keep enemy ships at gunpoint, from wherever they entered the Neva.

On May 16 (27), 1703, on the day of the Holy Trinity, a fortress was laid on the island. This day is considered the day of foundation of St. Petersburg. But the fortress got its name only on June 29, when, on Peter's day, the church of Saints Peter and Paul was laid here. Peter called the new fortress "St. Petersburg", the same name was given to the city emerging around Hare Island. The Apostle Peter, according to Christian tradition, was the keeper of the keys to paradise, and this also seemed symbolic to the Russian Tsar: the city, bearing the name of his heavenly patron, was to become the key to the Baltic Sea. Only a few years later, the fortress began to be called Peter and Paul - after the name of its main cathedral.

The plan of the future fortress was drawn by Peter himself. It was necessary to build fortifications very quickly in order to be in time for a short summer. Indeed, by the autumn of 1703 the fortress was “roughly finished”. In the early years, its walls were poured out of the ground to speed up, while the construction of stone fortifications began three years later - in 1706.

Immediately after the laying of the fortress on the banks of the Neva, a wooden house for Peter was cut down in three days. The king wanted his new dwelling to look like the Dutch buildings he loved, so the walls of the wooden house were painted with oil paint to look like brick. Peter lived in this house for a short time and only in the summer, but in memory of the founder of St. Petersburg, Peter's house has been preserved to this day.

The new city began to grow next to the fortress on the neighboring Berezovy Island, this island was even called City Island (now it is the Petrograd side). Already in November 1703, the first temple of the city was opened here - in memory of the fact that the fortress was founded on the day of the Holy Trinity, it was also called Trinity. Rebuilt a few years later in stone, the Trinity Cathedral was for some time the main temple of the capital. It was here that in 1721 Peter I took the title of emperor.

NEW CAPITAL

"And before the younger capital
Faded old Moscow
As before a new queen
Porphyritic widow."

A.S. Pushkin. Bronze Horseman

"THE HERE TO BE"

Petersburg was founded as a result of a thoughtful plan of Peter I and many people around him. At the end of April 1703, the tsar, looking for a place for a future fortress, carefully examined the coast of the Neva. He explored the territory not alone, but accompanied by various specialists. The foundation of fortresses at that time required reconnaissance on the ground, analysis of drawings, depth measurements, discussion of many technical issues with fortifiers, gunners and sailors. Feofan Prokopovich wrote in his “History of Emperor Peter the Great” that the tsar, “sitting on water ships, from the Kantsov fort along the Neva River, take care of its islands even to the sea mouth diligently began to argue, not without advice and other skillful people in this matter (people )". We know that at that time there were two fortifiers in Peter's retinue: the French general engineer Joseph Gaspard Lambert de Guérin and the German engineer V. A. Kirshenshein. The first one made drawings of the Noteburg-Schlisselburg fortress being restored after the storming of 1702, while the second one made the first two plans of the fortress on the Neva island. Until his death in 1705, Kirshenshein led the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The role of Lambert, the successor of the school of the great French engineer Vauban, is also great. It is no coincidence that in the fall of 1703 Lambert received the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called as an award. Peter I was never generous in awarding the highest and only order of Russia of that era. Perhaps this is how he especially noted the merits of the general engineer in founding a fortress on the island. In addition, after the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696, the king himself gained extensive experience in fortification. After all, then he had to choose a place for the foundation of Taganrog, as well as the fortress of St. Peter at the mouth of the Don for a long time. It is no coincidence that one of the working drawings of the fortress on Hare Island was made, as historians suggest, by the hand of the king.

On the night of May 6-7, another memorable event took place. Thirty boats with guardsmen under the command of Peter I and Menshikov attacked the Swedish ships - shnyava and boat - standing at the mouth of the Neva and boarded them. Not only Menshikov, but also the Russian autocrat himself took part in the fleeting hand-to-hand fight. For this feat, the sovereign was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

PETERSBURG - "CITY ON BONES"?

Until now, the idea of ​​St. Petersburg, built on the bones of its first builders, is stable. Does this myth correspond to reality? The answer to this question is related to the solution of a number of problems. What categories of the population were involved in the construction of the city in the first ten years? What was the real number of the first builders, and how many of them died at this construction site? What were the main causes of morbidity and what sickened the workers? Of particular interest is the position of the authorities regarding morbidity and mortality in the Neva Delta: did they look at it indifferently or did they take any measures? ..

O.G. Ageeva, considering Petrovsky Petersburg through the prism of the Russian public consciousness of the early 18th century, dwells in detail on the issue of interest to us. For the first time in historiography, the author goes against the generally accepted opinion and claims that there was no large mortality in St. Petersburg. The researcher deduces his calculations on general mortality in St. Petersburg from a document for 1716, according to which 27 out of 3262 working people died at the construction of the future Nevsky Prospekt, which is 0.74 percent. Based on this percentage, O.G. Ageeva calculates that annually the St. Petersburg construction site carried away about 150 people, which for 1703-1715. was about two thousand people. Thus, the author comes to the conclusion that the figures reported by foreigners are overestimated by 50-100 times, and this phenomenon is nothing more than rumors, a myth, reflecting the reaction of the population "to the discomfort of St. Petersburg life"

BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

The foundation of the new capital on the western border of the state was not only the embodiment of the plans and ideals of the founder, but also determined the entire future fate of the city in the historical and political reality of Russia, and in its cultural and state mythology. Starting from this era, such opposite characteristics as ancient/new, historical/mythological, received features of concentric/eccentric, native/foreign opposition. Behind this opposition was the antithesis of two indigenous state-cultural models.

"East" and "West" in the cultural geography of Russia invariably act as rich symbols based on geographical reality, but in fact imperatively dominating it. Characteristically, in Russian literature, geography becomes one of the dominant artistic means of expression. Thus, for example, in Dostoevsky's work, the development of the author's main ideas naturally leads to the expansion of geographical space. In the work of the young Dostoevsky, Petersburg, as it were, embraces the entire artistic space and, accordingly, acquires the right to represent Russia. In the final work - "The Brothers Karamazov" - Petersburg embodies rather the disease of Russia, its "fears and horrors" (Gogol's expression), - accordingly, "recovery" is conceived as Russia's overcoming of the Petersburg beginning in itself. Dostoevsky's work begins as a natural development of the Petersburg myth and is no less connected with the "Petersburg space" than Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman".

RETURN

ON THE RETURN TO THE CITY OF LENINGRAD ITS HISTORICAL

NAMES ST. PETERSBURG

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decides:

Return to the city of Leningrad its historical name - the city

St. Petersburg.

First Deputy Chairman

Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR

R.I.KHASBULATOV

Literature:

Related materials:

Peter I

The personality of Peter the Great stands apart in the history of Russia, since neither among his contemporaries, nor among his successors and descendants was there a person who could make such profound changes in the state, so infiltrate the historical memory of the Russian people, becoming at the same time semi-legendary, but the most striking her page. As a result of Peter's activities, Russia became an empire and took its place among the leading European powers.

3 Comments

Zemtsov Anton Vyacheslavovich/ CEO zemant.com | Member of the RVIO

It wasn't a fight to get out. Baltic Sea, but the conquest from the Swedes and the liberation of the ancestral lands of northwestern Russia, lost as a result of the Time of Troubles and because of the atrocities with the extravagance of Ivan the Terrible.
This land has always been ours, even when Rurik was invited to Veliky Novgorod in 862. It was and is Novgorod land.

Valuev Anton Vadimovich

March 14, 1730, during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna, the coat of arms of St. Petersburg was approved by decree of the Governing Senate. It is believed that the coat of arms of the Vatican, the City of St. Peter, served as its prototype. The prototype of the coat of arms appeared in 1712. The historical coat of arms of St. Petersburg was subsequently confirmed in 1780, supplemented in 1857 and already in our time re-adopted in 1991, in connection with the return of its historical name to the city.

Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

On May 27 St. Petersburg will celebrate its 311th anniversary. Born by the genius of Peter, St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad - St. Petersburg, the cultural capital of Russia, has always played an important role in the history of our Motherland. A unique life, a difficult fate, an unbending will form a special character, the soul of our city. Petersburg is a city - a warrior, a city - a worker, a city - a scientist. Here the past, present and future are inseparably combined. To live in Petersburg and to be worthy of its glorious deeds and traditions is a great honor for every person and citizen. Happy holiday, happy birthday, beloved city!

Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

From December 14 to December 16, 2015, St. Petersburg hosted the next, IV International Cultural Forum, created on the initiative of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture and the Government of St. Petersburg. The forum was solemnly opened by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. In his speech, the President outlined the main priorities of our country in the field of culture, science and education, creativity in general - in the context of modern challenges to these foundations of every civilized society from international organized crime and terrorism. The main idea of ​​the message addressed to Russia and the world was that World culture and its monuments should be under special international protection, and any encroachment on historical and cultural monuments should be considered as a particularly serious crime. Many figures of Russian and world culture took part in the work of the Forum, among them the head of UNESCO Irina Bokova. As a result of the forum, numerous important decisions and projects on the development of the cultural policy of Russia were reached, the Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky Prize was awarded, and the initiative to hold the International Delphic Games in St. Petersburg in 2016 was approved. In addition, on December 16, during the final plenary session of the Forum in St. Petersburg in the Atrium of the General Staff Building of the State Hermitage, the first version of the Declaration on the Protection of Culture in the Zones of Armed Conflicts was presented. Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation Vladimir Rostislavovich Medinsky was named the main newsmaker of Russian culture.

One of the most beautiful and majestic Russian cities, St. Petersburg, began 310 years ago. It was on this day, May 27 (according to the old calendar - May 16), 1703, that Peter the Great decided to start building the Peter and Paul Fortress.

The question of the need to create a defensive fortification, the main task of which was to protect the Russian lands from the encroachments of the Swedes, is long overdue. The constant rivalry between the two powers for access to the Baltic, accompanied by military operations of 1700-1721 (Northern War), required urgent measures, because the old fortress of Nienschanz (Schlotburg) could no longer provide reliable protection. For the construction of a new defensive structure, an island was chosen with a length of seven hundred and fifty meters and a width of about four hundred, which the Finns called Hare (Yenisaari), and the Swedes called Merry (Lust-Eiland). From this territory, all approaches from the Gulf of Finland to the Neva were best viewed.
It was the Peter and Paul Fortress that became the starting point for the construction of the first Russian port on the Baltic coast. On the day of the Holy Trinity in 1703, the construction of the original wooden and earthen defensive structure began, the drawings for the construction of which were drawn up personally by Peter I. He entrusted the management of the work to his first assistant A. Menshikov. The fortress was created in accordance with the rules of the Western European bastion system adopted at that time: the outlines of the structure repeated the shape of the island on which the construction was carried out, and well-fortified protruding bastions were located along the edges of the elongated hexagon. Engineering management of the construction of the fortress in 1703-1705 and subsequent improvements was carried out by military engineer Kirshtein from Saxony.

All six bastions were named by Peter in honor of his associates, who not only oversaw the construction, but also participated in its financial support: Menshikov, Trubetskoy, Naryshkin, Golovkin and Zotov. Also, one of the bastions was named Sovereign, in honor of Peter the Great himself. The fortress was originally called St. Petersburg, but even then some residents called it Peter and Paul, after the name of the Cathedral of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, which was being built on the territory of the new citadel. This name became official only in 1917. Status cathedral, rebuilt later and also renamed Petropavlovsk, received only in 1731. It is also known to contemporaries as the tomb of all the emperors of the Romanov dynasty. It is within its walls that the remains of Russian sovereigns are kept, starting from Peter the Great and ending with Nicholas II. When, at the beginning of the 20th century, there were not enough places for the burial of members of the Romanov dynasty, it was decided to build the church of St. Prince Alexander Nevsky next to the temple, which became the grand ducal burial vault.

Between themselves, the bastions of the fortress were connected by high curtains or walls, called Petrovskaya, Vasilyevskaya, Nevsky, Kronverkskaya, Ekaterininskaya and Nikolskaya. In addition, for sorties into the enemy’s camp, if he manages to settle down near the walls of the fortress, saps and grades (underground passages) with passages (patterns) in the walls were equipped and carefully disguised. In each of the walls, except for the Catherine, there were gates of the same name, but the main ones were always considered the Petrovsky gates, intended for entering the city. Barracks were made inside the Catherine Curtain, as well as special casemates in which they were stored. The history of the Nikolskaya Curtain, which got its name due to the fact that it was facing the church of St. Nicholas, is interesting. In the 18th century, an expedition to separate gold from silver was located here, and employees of the commandant's department also lived. Today, the left side of the Nikolskaya Curtain belongs to the Mint.

In 1704-1705, triangular ravelins from the earth were rebuilt for additional strengthening from the sea. Peter named one of them in honor of his father Alekseevsky, and the second in honor of his brother Ioannovsky. Then, in 1705-1709, the fortress was also fortified from the land side, having built a kronverk - an earthen rampart in the shape of a crown. Also in 1705, a pentagonal earthen cavalier was built to enable upper fire on the enemy. Looking ahead, it is worth noting that in 1850 all earthworks were demolished, and a building was built on the site of the kronverk, in which all Russian military relics were stored and stored: banners, awards and various types of weapons.

According to historical data, the Frenchman Lambert, a specialist in the construction of forts hired by him, was engaged in mathematical calculations during the construction according to the drawings of the sovereign. By October 1703, the construction of the earthen fortification was completed by the forces of soldiers, captured Swedes, as well as peasants sent to the construction of each province, by October 1703, but the flood that occurred soon showed the fragility of the structure, part of which was simply washed away with water. Therefore, there was an urgent need to dress the fortress in stone. This work was started in 1706 by the architect Trezzini and the engineer-general Lambert de Guerin, who replaced the chief engineer of the project, Kirshtein, who had left Russia. From 1727 until the completion of the main alterations in 1740, military engineer Christopher Munnich led all the reconstruction work in the fortress. Officially, the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress was completed in 1740.

In 1707, the main Petrovsky Gates underwent a thorough reconstruction, the wooden gates were replaced with a stone arch with an upper tier made of wood, on which a statue of the Apostle Peter was installed. Then, in 1717, all wooden elements were finally replaced with stone ones, and a plot bas-relief and a lead double-headed eagle appeared on the facade. From 1731 to 1740, there were significant changes in the appearance of the Peter and Paul Fortress. First, stone ravelins were erected, then dams (botardo) were built, enclosing ditches that isolated the ravelins from the main part of the island. The cavalier, named after Empress Anna, was also rebuilt in stone. The following significant transformations were already carried out during the reign of Catherine II. From 1779 to 1786, the facade of the fortress from the south was faced with granite slabs, the Neva Gates were rebuilt, which were decorated with a portico.

Active improvement and change in the layout of the fortress was observed during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna. First, in 1748, the building of the Main Guardhouse was built, which was reorganized only in 1906, and then in 1749, the Engineering House appeared on the territory of the fortress. In 1743-1746, the main building of the Commandant's House was built of stone, intended for the residence of the commandant of the Peter and Paul Fortress and family members, as well as for his office. It was in the Commandant's House, built between the cathedral and the Naryshkin Bastion, that the verdict on the Decembrists was announced in 1826.

Together with the fortress, the first church in St. Petersburg underwent significant changes, which, during the period from 1712 to 1733, on the orders of Peter the Great, was built of stone to replace the former wooden Peter and Paul Cathedral. However, the spire of the multi-tiered bell tower of the temple, which is one of the tallest buildings in the architecture of St. Petersburg, was still made of wood. A weather vane, made in the form of a soaring angel, installed at the very end, as well as a clock with chimes located in the upper part, gave the building an emphatically secular look, which was inherent in all the art of the Petrine period.

The appearance of the fortress and the cathedral, as its central and main part, also changed under the influence of natural disasters. So on the last day of April 1756, lightning struck the spire, which caught fire and collapsed down. As a result, the roof, dome and spire of the temple were completely destroyed. The bell tower was restored only ten years later, and it was possible to recreate the wooden spire “exactly as it was before” only by 1780. In 1830, the local roofer P. Telushkin, without scaffolding, with the help of only one rope, managed to climb to the very top of the spire and strengthened the damaged weather vane on it. Almost a century later, in 1857-1858, according to the project of architect Konstantin Ton, the spire was finally replaced with a metal one, made according to the system of engineer D.I. Zhuravsky, who additionally increased the height of the bell tower to one hundred and twenty-two and a half meters. More than eight kilograms of pure gold were spent on the gilding of the entire structure, together with the figure of an Angel.

A new era in the formation of the architectural ensemble of the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress began in 1761 with the start of the construction of the Botanical House, made in the style of early classicism. This building was intended to store one of the first ships of the Russian fleet, an old boat of Peter the Great, on which he studied maritime business in his youth. In 1799, the construction of the Mint began, a number of buildings that introduced new dominants into the layout of the fortress. In 1801, according to the project of Alexander Brieskorn, the Artillery storehouse was erected. Initially, a fortress team of artillerymen was placed in it. After the abolition of a number of artillery batteries, the arsenal was first located in the Fire Station (in 1865), and after that - an arena for military exercises in inclement and cold times (since 1887). At the same time, a warehouse of things belonging to the emergency reserve of the Cadre battalion of the Life Guards of the Reserve Infantry Regiment was arranged here. During the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, a stone three-story building of the Arsenal was built on the site of Kronverk, which appeared to be a more powerful and modern defensive structure compared to the previous bastions. These measures were taken before the Crimean War, during which the ships of the states of England and France hostile to Russia were in the Gulf of Finland.

Posterna of the Peter and Paul Fortress

Until the beginning of the 20th century, many buildings of various purposes were erected on the territory of the citadel: from “food stores” to the premises where the archives of the Military Ministry were located (from 1892 to the 1900s). And the final design of the appearance of the Peter and Paul Fortress, familiar to our contemporaries, took place at the beginning of the last century, when the building of the Main Guardhouse was rebuilt in 1906-1907. Under Nicholas II, all the northern curtains and bastions were plastered and painted “under granite”. Initially, the island was connected to the main part of the city by three bridges, but the Nikolsky bridge built in 1820 and the Kronverk bridge in 1853 were demolished at the beginning of the 20th century. Only the Ioannovsky bridge remained, which has been located in the place familiar to Petersburgers since 1736.

Thus, built according to the plan as a defensive structure, the Peter and Paul Fortress quickly turned into one of the main places of the great Russian city, but not a single shot was fired from its walls. But it was here that all the most interesting events took place, from church and city holidays to magnificent fireworks in honor of the victories of the Russian army. Under Peter I, a solemn opening of the Neva was held annually on Hare Island. All the townspeople were looking forward to this event, because navigation during the icebreaker period was prohibited, and there were no permanent bridges across the waters of the Neva almost until the middle of the 19th century. The celebration of the Epiphany of the Lord was no less magnificent, when, to the sound of bells on January 6, the townspeople gathered in front of the fortress to witness the illumination of the Neva waters. A temporary chapel was erected right on the ice, and a cruciform Jordan made its way near it. Members of the royal family always took part in the christening ceremony.

Another unforgettable holiday was also traditional, called the Mid-Pentecost Day, celebrated on the twenty-fifth day after Orthodox Easter. On this day, all the clergy of the city gathered on the pier near the Peter and Paul Cathedral in order to make a procession around the fortress, carrying in front of them the miraculous icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands, which belonged to Peter the Great himself. In addition, on this day, prayers were performed on each of the bastions, and a water blessing ceremony was held near the Neva Gate.

Having lost its dominant importance in 1770 due to the inaccessibility of the temple during the icebreaker, the Peter and Paul Cathedral was transferred to the Ministry of the Imperial Court, and from 1883 it actually became the imperial court temple, in which memorial services and funerals of the dead were held on the established days members of the royal house. Even before the completion of construction, the cathedral became a necropolis for the children of Peter, who died in infancy. Until 1909, when an official decision was made to bury only crowned persons in the cathedral, almost all representatives of the Romanov dynasty were buried here. The only exceptions were Peter II, who was buried in Moscow, and John VI, who was buried in Shlisselburg.

From 1715, magnificent funeral ceremonies began to be held during the burial. On such days, the entire cathedral was dressed in mourning attire, for the creation of which the best Russian sculptors, artists and architects were involved, and the movement of the procession of carrying out the body was accompanied by the incessant ringing of bells and cannon fire from the walls of the fortress. An interesting fact is that since 1915, for more than seventy years, there were no burials in the Peter and Paul Cathedral, but on May 29, 1992, the Great Russian Prince Vladimir Kirillovich, who is the great-grandson of Alexander II, was buried in the Tomb. Then, in March 1995, the remains of his parents were also transported here. In July 1998, the remains of the last Russian tsar and his family members found near Yekaterinburg were buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

In addition to various numerous functions, the Peter and Paul Fortress from the very first days of its existence played the role of a military garrison. Starting from June 22, 1703, and until October 1, 1926, the history of this stronghold is inextricably linked with the history of the military units stationed in it. Own garrison first appeared here in October 1703, immediately after the wood and earth fortifications were erected and the first guns were installed. And during the first years of the Northern War, the fortress was a permanent stronghold of the military formations defending the Neva delta. But only at the beginning of the 19th century, the independent structure of the Peter and Paul garrison was determined, which until then had been only a part of the St. Petersburg military formation with one common commandant. It was based on one company of fortress artillery, numbering one hundred and sixty-eight people, armed with forty-five guns, a significant proportion of which was intended only for salute firing. There was one disabled team, which included military personnel who were not fit for field service due to illness or injury. They, as a rule, carried out guard duty, guarded the cathedral, gates and premises for prisoners. There was also an engineering team, whose duties included organizing and carrying out all construction and repair work on the territory of the fortress. But in 1920, the need for the existence of the garrison disappeared, and its structure was irretrievably abolished.

Almost until the beginning of the 20th century, the Peter and Paul Fortress was considered in fact the main political prison of Russia, due to which it was called the "Russian Bastille". The first "honorary" prisoners of the citadel in February 1718 were Tsarevich Alexei and other persons arrested in his case. Later, in the 18th century, it was here that all the famous freethinkers, participants in palace intrigues and coups were kept: A.P. Volynsky, P.I. Eropkin, the so-called "Princess Tarakanova", B.Kh. Minikh, A.N. Radishchev, T.B. Kostyushko and Yu.U. Nemtsevich, as well as the founder of the Chabad movement, Rabbi Shneur-Zalman. Paul I imprisoned several prominent military leaders in the fortress: A.P. Ermolov, M.I. Platov and P.V. Chichagov. Under Nicholas I, the Decembrists awaited their verdict here. And in the 19th century, F.M. Dostoevsky, M.A. Bakunin, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.N. Miklukho-Maclay and K.M. Stanyukovich.

In 1760, for prisoners who were previously kept in casemates, the Prisoner's House was built, later replaced by the Secret House (in 1797). From 1870 to 1872, a prison was built in the Trubetskoy Bastion, which later became a "shelter" for participants in all Russian national liberation movements: populists, socialist-revolutionaries and social democrats. Among the prisoners of this formidable prison were also A.M. Gorky and Lenin's elder brother, A.I. Ulyanov. After October 1917, members of the tsarist and later the Provisional governments, as well as all citizens and politicians who were dissatisfied and rebelled against Soviet power, were imprisoned in the Trubetskoy Bastion. Here, in 1921, all the surviving and captured participants in the rebellion in Kronstadt ended up.

In 1917, during the October Revolution, the field headquarters of the Bolsheviks was located in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and its guns fired at the Winter Palace. On November 8, 1925, the Leningrad Council decided to wipe out the entire stronghold from the face of the earth, and build a stadium in its place. Fortunately, this decision was soon canceled and museums were organized in some buildings of the fortress. During the Great Patriotic War, anti-aircraft guns were installed on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The spire of the cathedral was covered with a camouflage net. During the war years, not a single shell hit the cathedral, but the walls of the fortress themselves were badly damaged. From 1950 to the 1980s, a complete restoration of all monuments, walls, buildings and territories of the Peter and Paul Fortress was carried out. The original decoration of the cathedral was restored. On December 25, 1975, on the day of the 150th anniversary of the Decembrist uprising, a granite obelisk was erected at the place of execution of the main participants in the events. During the years of stagnation, protests of writers and artists took place near the walls of the fortress. After one of them, a commemorative inscription appeared on the wall of the Sovereign's bastion: "You crucify freedom, but the human soul has no fetters." In 1991, a monument to Peter the Great was erected on the square right in front of the guardhouse, and soon, in 1993, the fortress became a historical and cultural reserve.

Every year on the day of its founding, May 27, the Peter and Paul Fortress becomes the center of the City Day celebrations held in the Northern capital of Russia. And the daily cannon shot fired at noon from the walls of the Naryshkin Bastion has rightfully become one of the main symbols of St. Petersburg.

Information sources:
http://palmernw.ru/mir-piter/petropavlovskaya/petropavlovskaya.html
http://walkspb.ru/zd/petrop_kr.html
http://family-history.ru/material/history/place/place_27.html
http://www.e-reading-lib.org/bookreader.php/90373/Balyazin_-_Taiiny_doma_Romanovyh.html

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Ideologically, the reformer Peter I presented the time of his reign as a starting point, as the beginning of beginnings for Russia. The cities he mapped were supposed to mark expanding borders. new country- Russian Empire. The pathos of novelty, originality, the creation of a rationally organized space out of chaos, the triumph of the victory of the power of reason over the natural elements reaches highest point in the symbolic meaning of the new imperial capital

Taganrog

The very idea of ​​moving the capital of the state to a young and impetuous - to match itself - city owned Peter long before the founding of St. Petersburg. Initially, for this purpose, the tsar looked after a cape on the Azov coast with the Turkic name "Tagan-Rogu", which meant "lighthouse". Founded by decree of Peter the Great in 1698, the fortress city of Taganrog became the first naval base of the Russian fleet, the first Russian port and the first city with planned regular development. Ironically, in 1710, after the defeat in the Turkish war, Peter had to, fulfilling the demand of the winners, himself give the order to destroy the city. However, by this time, the city-planning ambitions of the king received new opportunities for implementation.

Petrokrepost (Shlisselburg)

The key to the long-awaited assertion of the Russian status on the Baltic coast was the first major victory of the Peter the Great flotilla in the Northern War: “This nut was very cruel, however, thank God, it was happily gnawed” - this is how Peter described the capture of the ancient Russian fortress Oreshek on October 11, 1702, ninety years until then in the hands of the Swedes. From this moment, the city begins to exist, which the tsar called Shlisselburg - “the key city”.

St. Petersburg

The metaphor of the key in the hand of St. Peter, the key to paradise, is clearly read in the central symbol on the coat of arms of St. Petersburg - the anchor. Russia is not just firmly entrenched on the swampy banks of the Neva; its new capital, having enlisted the support of its heavenly patron, immediately began to claim the symbolic status of the "eternal city" - the new Rome.
The new structure of the royal palace is also connected with the new idea of ​​a rationally constructed political power, based both on military exploits and philosophical reflections: the Grand Palace (a symbolic place of public service), the Menagerie (a place of hunting, military prowess), the Hermitage (a place of philosophical privacy).

Peterhof

The first architectural representation of the ideal of a regular state was Peterhof. Its palace and park ensemble illustrated the transition from the Byzantine model of sacred and symbolic space (the palace-"Jerusalem") to the Western European (Roman) concept of the sovereignty of a strong state power.

Petrozavodsk

Peter was well aware that in order to be convincing, the manifestation of foreign policy victories needs the support of industry, primarily the military. Even during the reign of Peter's father, iron in Russia was mainly "Svean" - it was imported from Sweden. With the beginning of the Northern War, on the personal instructions of the tsar, the construction of their own "iron factories" began: Petrozavodsk, which grew out of factory settlements, in the north and Lipetsk in the south. The largest centers for the production of iron and steel, cannons and anchors - both cities owe their birth to Peter's decree, both are artisans of the same age as royal Petersburg

In 1702, at the confluence of the Lipovka River with the Voronezh River, the founder of the city, Peter I, ordered to lay factories for the smelting of cast iron, steel, and the manufacture of cannons. The choice of the place where the city was founded was influenced by the proximity of iron ore deposits. Thanks to the source of mineral waters and the most beautiful southern landscapes, Lipetsk became the first Russian resort - its development was also the initiative of Peter. Lipetsk water is similar in composition to the mineral waters of the famous German resorts - Liebenstein and Termont. The springs are still preserved, their condition is perfect. They are located in the Lower Park, which in itself is a pearl, because its age is more than 200 years.

Just as St. Petersburg opened a “window to Europe” for Russia, Biysk became a “window to Asia” – the only city founded by Peter beyond the Urals, on the trade routes to Mongolia and China. On February 29, 1708, Peter I signed a decree on the construction of a fortress at the source of the Ob River. The fortress was supposed to participate in the defense of the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire.

Everyone who has visited St. Petersburg at least once evokes delight and pride in what they see. Someone once said: "Petersburgers are lucky - they live in museums." And when you get to the very heart of St. Petersburg - the old city, you understand and perceive this phrase in its full sense. Here, each house is created in its own unique style, paved granite sidewalks and pavements, numerous bridges over rivers and canals, the fence of the Summer and Mikhailovsky gardens, temples and churches - all this causes delight, and the realization that this was created by our ancestors is pride. I propose today to visit St. Petersburg. For those who were there, it will be a “repetition of material”. For those who haven't been - study. And for those who live there, perhaps, in a sense, a discovery.

Before you go wandering through the streets and avenues, as always, let's take a short digression into history.

Historical Notes

The history of the land on which the city of St. Petersburg is now located dates back to about 12 thousand years ago, it was at this time that the first settlements of the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples appeared here, after the glacier descended. From the middle of the 8th century, the banks of the Neva began to be settled by Eastern Slavs, and already at the beginning of the 9th century, the developed lands became part of the Old Slavic state, in part of the territory belonging to Veliky Novgorod. Almost from the beginning of the 13th century, this territory was in a constant state of war with the Swedes, and in 1617 the lands along the Neva River became part of the Swedish Ingermanland. However, already during the Northern War, the valley near the Neva River was recaptured and these lands became part of the Russian Empire. On May 16 (27), 1703, the great Russian Emperor Peter I laid the "first stone" of the city of St. Petersburg (from the German city of St. Peter), as well as the original (Dutch) form of the official name Sankt Pieter Burch. It would be more accurate to say, the first fortress, on Hare Island, which would later be called Peter and Paul.

For the first decade, the main part of the city was the City Island (now Petrogradsky), there were many office buildings, Gostiny Dvor, craft workshops, military units and the Trinity Church. Since 1705, “the left bank of the Neva began to be rebuilt, the Admiralty Shipyard (the first industrial enterprise) appeared here, later summer palace Peter I with the Summer Garden and the Winter Palace of Peter. In 1712, Peter I proclaimed St. Petersburg the capital of the Russian Empire. After that, the city began to actively grow and develop, large-scale construction is underway, including the suburban palaces of Yekaterinhof, Peterhof and Oranienbaum. In 1725, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1728 the first newspaper called "St. Petersburg Vedomosti" began to appear. Since 1762, the city has been “dressed” in granite, the city has been rebuilt by the best architects, creating masterpiece structures, bridges and buildings that we still admire to this day. In August 1914, St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd, on March 5, 1918, the city was deprived of the title of capital, in 1924, on January 26, the city became Leningrad, and only in 1991, the historical name of St. Petersburg was returned to the city.

The legacy of the great

"Old" Petersburg is a story in pictures. Here, almost every house and building is an architectural monument, but even if it is not, then in any case it is a masterpiece of architecture. Let's take a walk along Nevsky Prospekt - the main street of St. Petersburg.

Nevsky Prospekt is one of the radial highways that stretches from the Admiralty to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, by the way, it was this attraction that gave the name to the street. The widest place, in the Gostiny Dvor area, is 60 meters, near the Moika, the avenue narrows to 25 meters. The avenue crosses three waterways - the Moika River, through which the so-called Green Bridge is thrown, the Griboedov Canal, the banks of which connect the Kazansky Bridge and the Fontanka River through the Anichkov Bridge (we will definitely stop on it a little later). Oddly enough, but the avenue does not go directly to the Neva anywhere. In general, Nevsky concentrated all the great things that connect our memories of the trip to the Northern capital. One way or another, in the area of ​​​​Nevsky Prospekt and the streets and numerous streets that cross it, many attractions have accumulated.

Kazan Cathedral. In the very center of the city there is an Orthodox cathedral church - the Kazan Cathedral, the majestic facades of which proudly rise above the Nevsky on one side and the Griboyedov Canal on the other. The height of the building is 71.5 meters. The first mention of the place on which the majestic temple is located today dates back to 1710, this year a wooden chapel is being built here, later a church appears in its place, the stone temple was founded in 1733, according to the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Initially, the church was called "Christmas", the author of the project was the famous architect of that time M. Zemtsov, a little later the icon of the Kazan Mother of God was transported here from the Trinity Cathedral, and gradually the Church of the Nativity began to be called Kazan. By the end of the 18th century, a decision was made to build a new temple, as a result of which Paul I announced a competition for the best project in 1799, the project of Andrei Voronikhin, the former serf count A.S., received approval. Strogonov. It was Count Stroganov who became responsible for the construction of the monumental structure; in 1811, the construction was completed. It is noteworthy that only Russian architects and builders took part in the creation of one of the majestic buildings of the capital of Peter the Great. A grandiose colonnade of 96 thirteen-meter columns, bronze sculptures of Alexander Nevsky, St. Andrew the First-Called, John the Baptist and Prince Vladimir, crowning the cathedral, the largest bell weighing 4 tons, the luxury of interior decoration - a truly masterpiece building that deserves attention.

Savior on Spilled Blood. Literally turning the corner, you will see another majestic building - the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood. The multicolored domes rise 81 meters above the Griboyedov Canal. The temple is a museum, it was erected on the very spot where the tsar-liberator Alexander II was mortally wounded, inside the temple there is a part of the cobblestone pavement on which the king's blood was shed. The construction of the temple was completed in 1907. In the 20s, the temple even served as a vegetable store, during the blockade there was a mortuary, in the post-war period the building was given to the Maly Theater for storage, and only in 1968 the State Inspectorate for the Protection of Monuments took the temple under its "guardianship", currently one of the most beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg has been restored and belongs to the list of architectural monuments.

Tasha Tashireva
for women's magazine site

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Peter I was the founding father of which cities? and got the best answer

Answer from Olga Kislyunina[guru]
The favorite brainchild of Peter the Great is St. Petersburg.
The city was founded on May 16 (27), 1703 by the first Russian emperor, and at that time Tsar Peter I. This event took place on Hare Island, in the presence of Peter I.
On the same day, the Peter and Paul Fortress and the wooden church of the supreme apostles Peter and Paul were laid.
On May 24, the construction of the first city building, the house of Peter I, began, and was soon completed.

Peter the Great founded more than a hundred settlements.
1. Lipetsk
Historians are still arguing about the date of the founding of Lipetsk. The official version claims that this city, known for its mineral water factories, is a kind of “twinned city” of St. Petersburg, since both cities were founded by Peter the Great.
The city was founded by Peter the Great and began its history in 1703, when, at the direction of Peter, the construction of ironworks began on the Lipovka River.
2.Petrodvorets (until 1944 - Peterhof),
3. Petrokrepost (until 1944 - Shlisselburg)
4. Taganrog July 27, 1696
Here in 1698 Peter the Great founded the first Russian port in the Azov-Black Sea Basin.
At one time, Peter even suggested moving the capital of the country here. But the fate of the city was decided by the unsuccessful war for Russia with Turkey. Under an agreement with the Turks in 1712, Taganrog was destroyed.
5.g. Petrovsk is an old merchant town, founded by decree of Peter the Great in 1698, who, according to legend, visited here in 1707.
The architectural appearance and historical flavor of the city are given by the church built more than 100 years ago in the name of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God, the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, the Ustinov estate, the building of the hospital, railway station, fire station, city administration, which to this day are in good condition and are protected by law as architectural monuments of the 19th century.
6. Petrozavodsk was founded on September 9, 1703 as Petrovskaya Sloboda.
Not far from Petrozavodsk is the oldest Russian resort " Martial waters", founded by decree of Peter I in 1721 in honor of the end of the Northern War, where the church of the Apostle Peter, built according to the design of the king, and, of course, the mineral water springs themselves have been preserved. Currently, this is a modern balneological sanatorium.
7. Biysk was founded in 1709 by the Decree of Peter the Great, was part of the Biysko-Kuznetsk Cossack line, guarding the southern borders of Russia.
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8.Novosibirsk
At the beginning of the 18th century, under Peter the Great, the development of both banks of the Ob began. Here, by decree of the sovereign, servicemen founded the village of Krivoshchekovo in 1701. This event can be considered the conception (foundation) of the future city, and Peter - its founder.
9. Shooting
The city was founded in 1707 by Peter the Great and began with the Travel Palace and the Church of the Transfiguration. The palace miraculously survived to this day, but the temple was destroyed during the Second World War.
Until 1917, several more churches were erected on the territory of the seaside resort town, including the most beautiful St. Nicholas Chapel, which stands on the shore sea ​​bay and meets everyone arriving in Strelna along the Gulf of Finland. The chapel, consecrated over a hundred years ago, is still active today.
10. Lodeynoye Pole - a city founded by Peter the Great in 1702

Answer from Irina[guru]
St. Petersburg 16 (27) May 1703.
Peterhof (Petrodvorets). The history of Peterhof begins a little later than the history of St. Petersburg: in 1705, on September 13, Peter the Great ordered to anchor against the manor in the south of the Gulf of Finland. This place was chosen as a transit point between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt, at the same time a pier was laid. Peter liked the place, and in 1709 the construction of palaces began - Monplaisir, Marley and the Hermitage. After a brilliant victory over the Swedish fleet at Gangut in 1714, it was decided to turn Petrodvorets into an architectural monument, a magnificent symbol of the victorious actions of the Russian fleet in the struggle for access to the sea.
City of Omsk, one of the largest cities in Russia. It was founded by decree of Peter I as a fortress at the confluence of the Om and Irtysh rivers in 1716, and since 1782, by decree of Catherine the Great, it was approved as a city.
Lipetsk. It was Peter I who founded the city. In 1702, at the confluence of the Lipovka River with the Voronezh River, he ordered the construction of factories for the smelting of iron, steel, and the manufacture of cannons. The choice of the place where the city was founded was influenced by the proximity of iron ore deposits. Thanks to the source of mineral waters and the most beautiful southern landscapes, the Lipetsk resorts were a favorite vacation spot for the St. Petersburg aristocracy. Yes, yes, Lipetsk, it turns out, is the first Russian resort. It was founded in 1703 by Peter himself. The springs are still preserved, their condition is perfect.
Petrozavodsk was founded on August 29, 1703 by decree of Peter I, but the territories of today's city began to be settled about 8000 years ago. The first ancient settlements began to appear in today's places Sands, Straw, Sainavolok, Devil's Stul, the historical center of the city. In the 16th century, the Shuya churchyard appeared on the territory of the city and its environs, in which the settlements of Sulazhgora (now the microdistrict of the city of Sulazhgora), Salminsky (now the microdistrict of the city of Solomennoe), Shuya, Uzheselga and others were formed. On August 29, 1703, Y. Vlasov and an associate of Peter I A. D. Menshikov founded a cannon factory, which was called the same as the settlement that arose around the factory - Shuisky. Since 1712, the plant and the settlement received a new name - Petrovsky. Already in 1714, "Petrovskaya Sloboda" became the administrative center of the military-factory district of the Olonets district. On March 21, 1777, Catherine II renamed the settlement of Petrovsky Plants into the city of Petrozavodsk.
Taganrog. The city was founded in 1698 by Peter the Great and became the first Russian naval base. Under an agreement with the Turks in 1712, Taganrog was destroyed.
Yekaterinburg was founded in 1723 by the greatest monarch of Russia, Peter the Great, and named after his wife.
The city of Petrovsk in the Saratov region was founded by order of Peter the Great in 1698.
Biysk was founded by the Decree of Peter the Great on February 28, 1708.
Boguchar. Founded in 1704 by order of Emperor Peter I, the county settlement Boguchar, in 1777 by order of Empress Catherine II was renamed into a city.
Kronstadt was founded by Peter I on a small island-shoal to the south of Kotlin Island as Fort Kronshlot, which blocked the main fairway leading to the mouth of the Neva, where the new capital of the empire, St. Petersburg, was being built for a potential enemy. On May 7, 1704, the fortifications, which included two batteries on the island of Kotlin, went into operation (the date of the founding of Kronstadt).
In 1723, a fortress was laid on Kotlin and given the name Kronstadt. Peter considered Kronstadt part of the capital.
Oranienburg - In 1703, Peter I, passing through the estate of A. Menshikov, the village of Slobodskoye, founded the fortress of Oranienburg in it. The name turned first into Raninbur