There are two main types: military and civil. Structures of the first type are used to perform various strategic tasks, mainly for defense or, conversely, the destruction of military facilities. Within this family, a complex grid is formed, consisting of a complex system of subgroups. Civil liners are passenger and cargo, the main types of aircraft are discussed in more detail below.

It is worth noting that there are many groups according to various characteristics and it is impossible to single out a single most common one. So, there are the following classifications of aircraft: according to the aerodynamic configuration, according to the tail, according to the number and type of wings, and so on.

It is impossible to consider all classifications within the framework of one article. Moreover, a huge amount of literature is devoted to a detailed description of the classifications and types of aircraft. Therefore, here we will consider the most common division.

Perhaps it is worth starting with the technique used for strategic purposes, since there are more types in this category. Basically, such aircraft can be seen at parades dedicated to the Great Victory Day, in films or in museums.

Bombers

The main task that bombers must perform is to defeat ground targets from the air. For this, bombs and rockets are used. The list of the most famous bombers includes Su-24, Su-34, XB-70 Valkyrie, Boeing B-17.

The first aircraft of this type can be called "Ilya Muromets", created in 1913 by designer Igor Sikorsky. Directly under the bomber, it was converted during the First World War.

Fighters

These aircraft are used to destroy air targets. However, despite such a sonorous and rather aggressive name, fighters belong to the class of defense equipment, and as a rule, these aircraft are not used separately for the offensive. It is curious that at first the fighter pilot had to shoot at the enemy from a revolver while driving the ship, which later gave way to a machine gun. During the Second World War, fighters were actively used, for example, LaGG-3, MiG-3, Yak-1. German pilots flew Bf. 109, Bf. 110 and Fw 190.

Fighter-bombers

A universal technique that combines the qualities of the two aircraft described above. Their main advantage is that they can fire at ground targets without cover. They combine three most important features: lightness, maneuverability and sufficient weapons for a firefight. Among the most common examples are the MiG-27, Su-17, F-15E Strike Eagle, SEPECAT Jaguar.

Fighter-bomber Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

Interceptors

This is a subspecies of fighters worthy of a separate class. The primary task of such aircraft is the destruction of enemy bombers. They differ from fighters by the presence of radar equipment in addition to rapid-fire guns. The well-known Soviet models include Su-9, Su-15, Yak-28, MiG-25 and others.

Stormtroopers

Aircraft from this category were designed for air support of ground forces during combat. The secondary task is the defeat of sea and ground targets. Perhaps the most famous name for ground attack aircraft designed in the Soviet Union is the Il-2. Interestingly, this particular model is the most mass-produced in history: a total of 36,183 units of this technique.

Aircraft of civil aviation

Today, air transport is one of the most popular means of transportation. In the modern world, there are so many pieces of passenger vehicles that every 3 seconds, somewhere on the globe, one passenger liner. Below is the most common classification of aircraft.

Passenger wide-body double-deck aircraft Airbus A380

Widebody

Such aircraft are large in size, they are designed for flights over medium and long distances (some models overcome routes up to 11,000 km long). The length of the hull can reach 70 meters, and the width of the cabin allows you to accommodate 7-10 seats in a row. Aircraft such as the Boeing 747 and A380 have two decks. Due to the high cost, aircraft from this group are at the disposal of a relatively small number of airlines.

Narrow-body

This is the largest group, liners from which are used, as a rule, for routes of short or medium length. The fuselage diameter most often does not exceed 4 meters. The most famous aircraft from this category is the Boeing 737, more precisely, 10 types of aircraft belonging to the Boeing 737 family.

Regional and local

The former include small aircraft that carry up to 100 passengers over distances not exceeding 2-3 thousand km. Notably, both turboprop and jet engines can be used. Examples of aircraft from this group include ERJ, ATR, Dash-8 and SAAB.

Local aircraft cover at a time routes no more than 1000 km long, a maximum of 20 seats are provided in the cabin. The most famous manufacturers of this equipment are Cessna and Beechcraft.

In contact with

In accordance with the code of the International Aviation Federation, aircraft are divided into classes, for example:

Class BUT- free balloons;

Class AT- airships;

Class FROM- aircraft, helicopters, seaplanes, etc.;

Class S- space models.

In addition, the class FROM divided into four groups, depending on the power plant. Also, all civil aircraft are grouped into classes depending on their takeoff weight:

Class one - 75 t and more;

Second class - 30-75 t;

Class three - 10-30 t;

Class four - up to 10 t.

Classification by types of aircraft.

Aircraft - an aircraft maintained in the atmosphere due to its interaction with air, which is different from interaction with air reflected from the earth's surface.

An airplane is a heavier-than-air aircraft for flights in the atmosphere with the help of a power plant that creates thrust and a fixed wing, on which an aerodynamic lift force is formed when moving in the air.

Aircraft can be classified in many ways, but they are interconnected and form a single system of aircraft, which is in constant motion under the influence of many market factors.

Depending on the nature of operation, civil aviation aircraft can be classified into:

1) general aviation aircraft (GA);

2) commercial aviation aircraft.

Aircraft that are in regular operation, that is, in the field of activity of commercial airlines that carry passengers and cargo on a schedule, are classified as commercial aviation. The use of an aircraft for personal or business purposes classifies it as a general aviation aircraft.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the popularity of general purpose aircraft, as they are able to perform tasks that are unusual for commercial aviation - transportation of small cargoes, agricultural work, patrolling, pilot training, aviation sports, tourism, etc., and also significantly save time for users . The latter is achieved due to the ability to fly outside the schedule, the ability to use small airfields for takeoff and landing, and the user does not waste time on issuing and registering air tickets and has the ability to choose a direct route to the destination. As a rule, GA aircraft are aircraft with a takeoff weight of up to 8,6 m. However, it is also possible to use a larger aircraft.

Depending on the purpose, two main groups of aircraft can be distinguished, regardless of the operating conditions - multi-purpose and specialized aircraft.

Multi-purpose aircraft are designed to solve a wide range of tasks. This is achieved by refitting and refitting the aircraft for a specific mission with little or no design changes. Depending on the ability to take off and land not only on airfields with artificial surface, but also to use the water surface for these purposes, multi-purpose aircraft can be ground-based and amphibious.

Specialized aircraft, focused on the performance of any one task.

The classification of aircraft is possible depending on the characteristics of the aerodynamic configuration, which is understood as a certain system of bearing surfaces of the aircraft. In the system of bearing surfaces there are main surfaces - wings, which create the main part of the aerodynamic lift force, and auxiliary surfaces - plumage, designed to stabilize the aircraft and control its flight. There are the following types of aerodynamic schemes, in accordance with Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10 - Aircraft aerodynamic schemes

Aircraft, according to individual features of the aerodynamic scheme, are classified primarily by the design characteristics of the wing, in accordance with Figure 2.11.

It is also possible to classify aircraft according to the fuselage scheme - depending on the type of power elements, depending on the design characteristics of the chassis - which are distinguished by the location of the landing gear, by the power plant - depending on the type of engine, the number of engines and their location.

Figure 2.11 - Structural characteristics of an aircraft wing

Of particular importance for civil aviation is the classification of aircraft depending on their flight range, in accordance with Figure 2.12:

Short-haul (main airlines) aircraft, with a flight range of - 1000-2500 km;

Medium-haul aircraft, with a flight range of - 2500-6000 km;

Long-range main aircraft, with a flight range of over 6000 km.

Figure 2.12 - Classification of aircraft
depending on range zones

Military aircraft are aircraft used for military front-line or combat missions, respectively, designed for high power without regard to economy, in contrast to civil aviation aircraft.

From military aircraft, first of all, a high rate of climb is required, as well as high speed, altitude and flight range. For the operational conduct of air warfare, long-range bomber aircraft and missile carriers are used to destroy military installations. Tanker aircraft, which have only fuel on board, have the ability to refuel combat aircraft directly in flight. Military aircraft include long-range reconnaissance aircraft with long range, altitude and airspeed. Tactical military aircraft include fighter (or fighter) aircraft, fighter-bombers, light bombers, and tactical reconnaissance aircraft. Modern military aircraft are often designed as multipurpose, i.e. they are intended for combat use as attack aircraft, fighter-interceptors and reconnaissance aircraft.

1) Fighter aircraft (fighters)

A fighter aircraft is a very fast one- or two-seat combat aircraft for destroying (search) enemy combat aircraft, unmanned missiles, etc. All modern fighters, as a drive, are equipped with one or two air-jet engines. The speed exceeds the sound speed and is currently about 3,500 km/h, the rate of climb near the ground is over 200 m/s, and the maximum operating altitude is up to 30,000 m. .7 cm) and ballistic, radio-controlled or homing air-to-air missiles. In addition, for the most part, fighter planes have extensive electronic equipment such as radar, recognition device, etc.

Heavy fighter aircraft or fighter-bombers combine the flight power and flight qualities of fighters - high combat speed and rate of climb, high maximum flight altitude, good maneuverability - and the qualities of light and medium bombers - long flight range, good armament, high payload, extensive electronic and radar equipment. In their combat capabilities, they are highly versatile. Their intended purpose, among other things, includes actions to intercept and assault ground targets, search for submarines, support formations of ships and ground combat operations, combat use as an escort fighter or reconnaissance aircraft. Armament and equipment correspond to the tasks assigned. Radar installations are standard; armament consists, as a rule, of large-caliber guns and missiles (air-to-air or air-to-ground), as well as bombs and torpedoes as bomber weapons. Since there is no free space in the fuselage of these military aircraft, bombs, rockets and additional fuel tanks are suspended under and at the ends of the wings. The speed indicators of heavy bombers are between Mach 0.2 and 2, the maximum flight altitude is from 15,000 to 20,000 m, and the flight range is from 1,500 to 4,500 km.

Previously, there were special night fighters that were used specifically for combat operations at night, as they were equipped with devices for blind flight. Most modern fighter planes are all-weather, i.e. they can make sorties in bad weather conditions, as well as at night. Also, often all-weather fighter aircraft are called heavy fighters, since they are in most cases two-seat and equipped with two engines.

The essence of effective air defense is to “intercept” an incoming enemy and prevent him from completing his combat mission, and therefore destroy him. This requires fighter aircraft with good takeoff power, high speeds, high maximum flight altitude and good weapons, namely fighter-interceptors. First of all, they are deployed in close proximity to the border of industrial centers and other protected objects.

The use of high-speed and high-flying combat aircraft (bombers) with a jet engine significantly increased the requirements for rate of climb, speed and maximum height of fighter-interceptors. The following power characteristics follow from this: the maximum speed is from 2000 to 2500 km / h, the flight range is 2000-3500 km. Such indicators require, with an average takeoff weight of 7 to 12 tons, the use of engines with a thrust of 3000 to 5000 kgf, whose power can be increased by another 50% due to additional fuel combustion. For short-term acceleration, especially when climbing, additional rocket propulsion systems can serve.

2) Bomber planes (bombers)

Fighter aircraft are primarily used to solve defensive tasks, while for bombers, offensive operations are put in the foreground. A bomber is a large, heavy military aircraft with multiple turbojet engines (jet turbines or turboprops). On short runways or when overburdened, bombers are often equipped with auxiliary launch rockets.

Bombers are tasked with quickly and at high altitudes to attack distant targets with bursting charges in the form of bombs. Due to the great danger of approaching a target in an enemy area, more and more bombers are being upgraded to missile carriers, which launch missiles at a great distance from the target and remotely control it until it is hit, while the bomber itself is outside the area controlled by enemy forces. The take-off weight of modern bombers reaches 230 tons, and the total thrust is over 50,000 kgf, or, accordingly, the total power is approximately 50,000 hp. Bomb load depends on tactical range; it is up to 16,000 km without refueling, and even more with air refueling. The flight altitude reaches 20,000 m, and the crew can be 12 people. The speed of modern bombers exceeds 2000 km/h; at the moment, bombers are being designed that will have even greater speed. Defensive armament consists of missiles, machine guns and automatic cannons.

Like all types of aircraft, bombers can also be classified according to various aspects, such as bomb load and thus takeoff weight (light, medium and heavy bombers) or depending on their combat mission (tactical and strategic bombers).

Tactical bombers are aircraft that are designed to solve certain particular tasks of operational warfare, namely for tactical missions. This refers to such actions that change the situation on a certain sector of the front and subjugate the entire target, and therefore the destruction of enemy troops, assembly areas, firing positions, airfields, supply routes, etc. in a certain area of ​​​​concentration of enemy troops.

Proceeding from such a statement of the problem, it is possible to formulate the main requirements for tactical bombers: high combat speed, bomb load up to 10 tons, maximum flight range up to 6000 km. As a result of these requirements, design features are defined that can be summarized as follows: aircraft with one, two, three or four jet engines with a takeoff weight of 20 to 50 tons, with remotely controlled defensive weapons or air-to-air missiles, electronic and radar equipment, with a robust housing capable of withstanding heavy loads when flying at low altitudes. From all this, it can be argued that tactical bombers have a certain similarity with heavy fighters, both in their tasks and in terms of parameters.

strategic bombers. Strategy is the science of waging war on a large scale. The word strategic means large-scale military operations. This also explains the combat mission of strategic bombers. These military aircraft are designed to perform combat missions deep behind enemy lines.

All bombers are equipped with radar devices to search for targets and determine the location of attacking fighter aircraft. A sortie is made in small groups or alone. Since modern bombers have almost the same speed as fighters, the same flight range as them, and also significant defense capability due to air-to-air missiles, fighter cover is often abandoned today.

For the first time, bombers began to be used during the First World War alone or in small groups. In the Second World War, "massive" sorties took place as part of large groups, which numbered several hundred bombers and flew under the cover of fighter planes. The then bombers had several engines, were relatively slow, designed for a maximum bomb load and a large number of defensive weapons. Modern ones, on the other hand, are designed for long range, altitude, and flight speed. In most cases, reconnaissance aircraft flew ahead and were intended to search for a target. Unlike the bombers of the time, they were equipped with radar instruments. Thanks to the luminous aerial bombs dropped by parachutes, the target was designated. A dive bomber was considered a special type, which, with high altitude approached the target, then rammed it in a fast dive flight, and dropped one or more bombs from a short distance. After that, the bomber again leveled its position in flight. After the design of intercontinental missiles, there was an opinion that strategic bombers were outdated. But thanks to their improvement to missile carriers and to flying launchers, they have recently regained their importance.

3) Reconnaissance aircraft (scouts)

These are multi-seat, lightly armed fighters or bombers (without bomb load), which are equipped with aerial cameras, radar instruments, often devices for transmitting television signals, or also shipborne aircraft for aerial reconnaissance, i.e. for reconnaissance of positions, objects, etc. of the enemy, territory and weather conditions in the interests of all parts of their own armed forces. Previously, depending on the maximum flight range and scope, short-range and long-range reconnaissance aircraft were distinguished. Today they talk, depending on the combat mission, about tactical and strategic intelligence officers. There are special reconnaissance aircraft for conducting artillery fire from the air, for reconnaissance of the area in the zone of fire of their own artillery thanks to visual reconnaissance or aerial photographs, as well as to control the camouflage of their own artillery. Such aircraft are called artillery aircraft. They refer to short-range reconnaissance or tactical reconnaissance.

4) Military transport aircraft

These are large aircraft that have from 2 to 8 engines and a flight range of 3000 km or more. They are lightly armed or not armed at all and are designed to transport supplies for the troops (food, fuel, ammunition, weapons, as well as guns, tanks, vehicles, etc.). Military transport aircraft are used for the landing (landing) of airborne troops, as well as the transportation of troops during regroupings. The fleet of military transport aviation vehicles consists of transport aircraft, cargo gliders and helicopters, which are suitably equipped.

Knows a very large number of aircraft of various types and types. It is unlikely that all the names of the aircraft can even be listed. However, it is quite possible to cover the main models. Let's find out how aircraft are classified, their types, types, names will also be considered.

Names

Let's take a look at the list of names of the main foreign aircraft manufacturers in alphabetical order. The list includes both currently existing companies and abolished ones:

• Aerospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (USA).
• British Aerospace (Great Britain).
• British Aircraft (Great Britain).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

The names of aircraft in alphabetical order, produced in the USSR and the countries of the post-Soviet space, are given below:

• An (Antonov).
• I (Polikarpov).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MiG (Mikoyan and Gurevich).
• By (Polikarpov).
• Su (Dry).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

How are aircraft classified?

First of all, let's find out what planes are. The names of aircraft can tell a lot, but the classification will tell us even more. How are aircraft classified? They do it according to the following parameters:

• by appointment;
• speed;
• number of engines;
• type of engines;
• chassis type;
• mass;
• the number of wings;
• fuselage size;
• type of management;
• takeoff shape.

We will now dwell on some of the above points in more detail.

Classification by purpose

It is considered the most common. According to this indicator, all aircraft were divided into two large types: military and civilian. In addition, each of these groups has its own division into smaller categories.

In accordance with the specific functional affiliation, military aircraft are classified into the following specialized categories: bombers, interceptor aircraft, aircraft fighters, attack aircraft, military transport ships, fighter-bombers, and reconnaissance aircraft.

In civil aviation, flight devices are divided into the following categories: passenger, agricultural, transport, postal, experimental, etc.

Bombers

The task of the bomber is to destroy targets on the ground. They do it with bombs and missiles.

Now let's find out the names of military aircraft. Among the bombers, the following models of domestic production can be distinguished: Su-24, Tu-160, Su-34. During the Second World War, the domestic Pe-2 bomber was especially famous. But the very first can be called the famous "Ilya Muromets" - the creation of the great designer Igor Sikorsky. This device took off for the first time in the air in 1913. In the era of the First World War, it was converted into a bomber. Aircraft "Ilya Muromets" were also used during the Civil War.

Among foreign devices, one can single out modern American strategic bombers Northrop B-2 Spirit, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US-made aircraft of the 30s Boeing B-17 and Martin B- 10, German WWII era bombers Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is the destruction of aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter planes will also say a lot to a connoisseur of military affairs. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, German aircraft Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190, as well as jet Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager won world fame.

Among the Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be distinguished. Currently, the sky is filled with modern Russian aircraft. Their names are well known to aviation specialists. These are 4++ generation fighters Su-35 and MiG-35.

Among modern American models, the world's first number five generation fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle models, stand out.

Fighter-bombers

They combine the functions of the first two categories of aircraft described by us. That is, they destroy both air and ground targets.

The German Me.262, a modified model of the British Supermarine Spitfire fighter, De Havilland Mosquito, and the Soviet Yak-9 are considered the first fighter-bombers.

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most massive of all passenger aircraft. The Boeing 747, produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. The Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, which has been produced since 1994, has become the most popular in the passenger aviation market. The newest model of the corporation at the moment is the 2009 Boeing 787.

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the world market is the European company Airbus, headquartered in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous aircraft names of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB.

Launched in 1972, the A300 is the very first twin-engined wide-body aircraft. The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use a fly-by-wire form of control. The A380, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world. He is able to take on board up to 480 passengers. The latest development of the company is the A350 XWB. Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, bypassing its rival in terms of efficiency.

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner is the Tu-104, released in 1955. Tu-154, the first takeoff of which was made in 1972, is considered the most massive Soviet passenger aircraft. The 1968 Tu-144 gained legendary status as the world's first airliner to break the sound barrier. He could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km / h, and this record has not been broken to our time. At the moment, the latest operating model of an airliner developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft of 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Naturally, besides the Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The most popular names are An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Airliners of other countries of the world

In addition to the above, there are noteworthy models from other manufacturers. passenger aircraft.

The British airliner De Havilland Comet, released in 1949, is the first jet airliner in world history. The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, gained wide popularity. He went down in history due to the fact that he is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. And so far, these two airliners are unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation, capable of moving faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport goods over long distances.

Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to designate Western models of passenger aircraft modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, and Boeing 747-8F.

But most of all in the production of transport aircraft, the Soviet, and now the Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov, became famous. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records in terms of carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (takes on board 253, 8 t). The latest model holds the hitherto unbroken load capacity record. In addition, it was planned to use it to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized.

In the Russian Federation with transport aviation, everything is not so rosy. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the currently produced Il-76 was developed back in Soviet times, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircraft whose tasks include the treatment of fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural.

Of the Soviet samples of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called "maize" by the people.

Speed ​​Division

In addition to the classification of aircraft by purpose, which we studied in detail above, there are other types of ranking. These include classification by flight speed. On this basis, aircraft are divided into the following categories: subsonic, transonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft and hypersonic.

It is easy to understand that subsonic aircraft move slower than sound. Transonic aircraft fly at speeds close to sonic, supersonic aircraft overcome and hypersonic exceed this figure by more than five times.

At the moment, the fastest hypersonic vehicle in the world is considered to be an experimental hypersonic vehicle from the USA X-43A 2001. It can reach speeds of 11,200 km/h. In second place is his compatriot X-15, released back in 1959. The speed is 7273 km / h. If we talk not about experimental devices, but about those aircraft that perform specific tasks, then the American SR-71, capable of reaching speeds of up to 3530 km / h, has the championship. Among domestic vehicles, the supersonic MiG-25 should be singled out. Its maximum speed can reach up to 3000 km/h.

In passenger aviation, things are much worse with speed. To date, only two supersonic airliners have been produced: the domestic Tu-144 (1968) and the Franco-English Concorde (1969). The first of them can develop speed indicators up to 2.5 thousand km / h, which is a civil aviation record, but this is only the tenth place among aircraft of all purposes. It should also be noted that at the moment there is not a single supersonic airliner that is in operation, since the use of the Tu-144 was abandoned back in 1978, and the use of the Concorde was stopped in 2003.

Hypersonic passenger aircraft never existed at all. True, now there are several projects of both domestic and foreign design bureaus for the production of a hypersonic airliner. Among them, the most famous is the European ZEHST. This aircraft will be able to reach speeds of up to 5.0 thousand km / h, but the timing of its creation is unclear. In Russia, there are two similar projects - Tu-244 and Tu-444, but at the moment both of them are frozen.

Other types of classification

By the number of engines, aircraft have a ranking from one to twelve engines.

According to the type of engine, aircraft are divided into the following categories: with an electric engine, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, and also devices with a combined engine.

According to the type of chassis, the classification of aircraft is as follows: wheeled, ski, hovercraft, tracked, float, amphibian. Naturally, the most common are aircraft with wheeled landing gear.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light vehicles, medium-weight aircraft, heavy and super-heavy.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are divided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes and monoplanes.

There is also a classification according to the size of the fuselage: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of the type of control, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

According to the form of take-off, all aircraft can be divided into the following categories: vertical take-off, horizontal and short.

Manifold

We learned what the classification of aircraft is, their types, types, names were also considered. As you can see, a very large number of models are presented that perform various functions and have very different technical characteristics. The world of aviation is really multifaceted, and in one review it will not be possible to describe absolutely all of its aspects.

Nonetheless general idea we can give on this issue by describing the most famous aircraft that have gone down in history. Species and names, despite their large number, are still really systematized in a certain way in order to clarify the essence of this topic.

Aircraft classification
according to their functions

The purpose of the aircraft is determined mainly by the design of its individual fragments, the overall assembly, the equipment used on the aircraft, as well as flight, weight and geometric properties. The site notes that there are two large groups of aircraft - these are military and civil.

Military aircraft are involved in air strikes against various military installations, manpower and equipment, as well as enemy communications. Air strikes are carried out both in the rear of the opposite side and in the frontal zone. In addition, military aircraft serve to protect their manpower and facilities from air strikes, as well as to transport troops and equipment, cargo and troops. Sometimes military aircraft are used in reconnaissance and to communicate with "friends". Military aircraft, in turn, are divided according to their purpose into several types - bombers, fighters, fighter-bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, military transport and auxiliary aircraft.

Bombers deliver bombing strikes on the most important enemy targets, as well as on communications centers and places where the largest number of manpower and equipment is observed. Basically, the action of the bomber takes place in the rear. Fighters are used to repel enemy air strikes. They are divided into escort fighters (protecting their bombers from air strikes), front-line fighters (protecting their troops over the battlefield and not far from the front line), interceptor fighters (intercepting and destroying enemy bombers). Fighter-bombers are equipped with bombs, rockets and cannons. They participate in delivering strikes in the forward zone and the near rear, destroying the enemy air army.

Military transport aircraft are used when it is necessary to transfer cargo, equipment and troops. Reconnaissance aircraft conduct reconnaissance in the rear of the opposite side, and auxiliary aircraft carry out communication, corrective, sanitary and other functions.

Unlike the military, civil aircraft operate in the field of transportation of goods, mail, passengers, and are also used in some sectors of the national economy. They can be divided into several types, also depending on the purpose. Passenger aircraft used to move passengers, various luggage, as well as mail. They are trunk, as well as local lines. The site notes that the division depends on the number of passengers, the range of air travel, as well as the size of the runways. Trunk lines are divided into short, medium and long-range, and carry out transportation at a distance of one to eleven thousand kilometers. Aircraft of local lines include heavy, medium and light, and can carry from fifty-five (maximum) to eight (minimum) people.

Civil aircraft are also cargo planes; they are used to transport cargo of various volumes and weights. Special planes are used in agricultural, sanitary and polar aviation. In addition, there are aircraft that take part in geological exploration to ensure the safety of forests (from fires, for example), and even for aerial photography. For the training of pilots, there are special training aircraft - they are initial training and transitional. There are only two seats in the initial training aircraft, they are quite easy to master and technically, they are used for pilots who have sat "at the helm" for the first time. Transition aircraft serve to train already experienced pilots to fly production aircraft already used by various airlines.

In addition to the appointment, there is also the definition of aircraft according to the scheme. The relative position, types, shapes, number of individual parts of the aircraft are taken into account. For example, aircraft differ in the number of wings and their arrangement, in the typhus of the fuselage, undercarriage and engines, and in the arrangement of the empennage. There are also mixed schemes, one of which is an amphibious boat. The location, type and number of engines greatly affects the scheme and is determined mainly by the purpose of the aircraft, which was discussed above.